Future Foundations

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SOLUTIONS
Class 12 - Chemistry
Time Allowed: 30 minutes
Maximum Marks: 50

1. Distinguish between the terms molality and molarity. Under what condition are the molarity and molality of a [3]
solution nearly the same?
2. Draw the graphs of both deviations from ideal behaviours? [3]
3. A weak electrolyte AB in 5% dissociated in aqueous solution? What is the freezing point of a 0.10 molar [3]
aqueous solution of AB? Kf = 1.86 deg/molal?
4. One litre of sea water weight 1030 g and contains about 6 × 10 −3
g of dissolved. Calculate the concentration of [3]
dissolved oxygen in ppm?
5. What is the mole fraction of a solute, in 2.5 m aqueous solution? [3]
6. Calculate the depression in the freezing point of water when 10 g of CH3CH2CHCl COOH is added to 250 g of [3]

water. Ka = 1.4 × 10-3 , Kf for water = 1.86 K Kg mol-1.

7. Concentration terms such as mass percentage, ppm, mole fraction and molality are independent of temperature, [3]
however, molarity is a function of temperature. Explain.
8. A solution of glucose (C 6 H12 O6 ) in water is labelled as 10% by weight. What would be the molality of [3]
solution? (Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol −1
)
9. A solution containing 8 g of a substance in 100 g of diethyl ether boils at 36.86 0
C , whereas pure ether boils at [3]
35.60
0
C . Determine the molecular mass of the solute. [For ether, K = 2.02K kgmol
b
−1
]
10. What is meant by: [3]
i. Colligative properties?
ii. Molality of a solution?

Question No. 11 to 14 are based on the given text. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
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Vapour pressure of a liquid or a solution is the pressure exerted by the vapour in equilibrium with the liquid or solution
at a particular temperature. It depends upon the nature of the liquid and temperature. The non-volatile solute in solution
reduces the escaping tendency of the solvent molecules in the vapour phase because some of the solute particles occupy
the positions of the solvent molecules on the liquid surface. The relative lowering of the vapour pressure of a solution
containing a non-volatile solute is equal to the mole fraction of the solute in the solution. This is also known as Raoult's
law. However, for solutions of volatile solutes, the vapour pressure of a component in a solution at a given temperature
is equal to the mole fraction of that component in the solution multiplied by the vapour pressure of that pure
component. The solutions in which each component obeys Raoult's law is called an ideal solution. For ideal solutions
ΔHmixing and ΔV mixing are also zero. Practically no solution is ideal. A non-ideal solution is that solution in which
solute and solvent molecules interact with one another with a different force than the forces of interaction between the
molecules of the pure components. There are two types of non-ideal solutions, showing positive deviations and
negative deviations from ideal behaviour. If for the two components A and B, the forces of interaction between A and B
molecules are less than the A-A and B-B interactions, the non-ideal solutions have positive deviations. On the other

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hand, if the forces of interaction between A and B molecules are more than the A-A and B-B interactions, the non-ideal
solutions have negative deviations.

11. What is the mole fraction of A in solution obeying result's low if the vapour pressure of a pure liquid A is 40 mm of Hg
at 300 K. The vapour pressure of this liquid in solution with liquid B is 32 mm of Hg?
12. Vapour pressure of a solution of heptane & octane is given by the equation:

P(sol.)(mm Hg) = 35 + 65x, where x is the mole fraction of heptane. Calculate the vapour pressure of pure octane.
13. What is the value of ΔVmixing and ΔHmixing for non-ideal solution showing negative deviation?
14. Acetic acid + pyridine, the mixture is an example of which type of solution?
Question No. 15 to 18 are based on the given text. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
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The boiling point elevation and the freezing point depression of solutions have a number of practical applications.
Ethylene glycol (CH2OH⋅ CH2OH) is used in automobile radiators as an antifreeze because it lowers the freezing point

of the coolant. The same substance also helps to prevent the radiator coolant from boiling away by elevating the boiling
point. Ethylene glycol has a low vapour pressure. We can also use glycerol as an antifreeze. In order for boiling point
elevation to occur, the solute must be non-volatile, but no such restriction applies to freezing point depression. For

example, methanol (CH3OH), a fairly volatile liquid that boils only at 65oC is sometimes used as antifreeze in
automobile radiators.

15. Out of the CH3OH and C6H12O6, which is a better reagent for depression in freezing point but not for elevation in

boiling point?
16. Will the depression in freezing point be same or different, if 0.1 moles of sugar or 0.1 moles of glucose is dissolved in 1
L of water?
17. 124 g each of the two reagents glycerol and glycol are added in 5 kg water of the radiators in the two cars. Which one is
better for a car? Justify your answer.
18. If the cost of glycerol, glycol and methanol are the same, then what would be the sequence of the economy to use these
compounds as antifreeze?
Question No. 19 to 22 are based on the given text. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
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The solutions which boil at a constant temperature like a pure liquid and possess the same composition in liquid, as
well as vapour state are called azeotropes. The components of azeotropes cannot be separated by fractional distillation.
Only non-ideal solutions form azeotropes. Solutions with negative deviation form maximum boiling azeotrope and the
solutions with positive deviation form minimum boiling azeotrope. The boiling point of azeotrope is never equal to the
boiling points of any of the components of the azeotrope.

19. The azeotropic solutions of two miscible liquids show what type of deviation from Raoult's law?
20. The azeotropic mixture of water & HCI boils at 108.5 ∘
C . What type of deviation is shown by the solution? Does this
solution behave as ideal or non-ideal?
21. Do ideal solutions form azeotropes?
22. Out of pure liquid and azeotrope showing positive deviation, Which one has a higher boiling point?
Question No. 23 to 26 are based on the given text. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
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The colligative properties of electrolytes require a slightly different approach than the one used for the colligative
properties of non-electrolytes. The electrolytes dissociate into ions in solution. It is the number of solute particles that

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determines the colligative properties of a solution. The electron solutions, therefore, show abnormal colligative
properties. To account for this effect we define a quantity called the van't Hoft factor, given by

Actual number of particles in solution after dissociation
i= Number of formula units initially dissolved in solution

i = 1 (for non-electrolytes);

i > 1 (for electrolytes, undergoing dissociation)

i < 1 (for solutes, undergoing association).

23. 0.1M K4[Fe(CN)6] is 60% ionized. What will be its van't Hoff factor?
24. When a solution of benzoic acid dissolved in benzene such that it undergoes in molecular association and its molar mass
approaches 244. In which form Benzoic molecules will exist?
25. How does van't Hoff factor i and degree of association a are related if benzoic acid undergoes dimerisation in benzene
​
−α
solution? (i = 1 2
or i = 1 + α)
26. What do you mean by colligative properties of solutions?
Question No. 27 to 30 are based on the given text. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
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Many chemical and biological processes depend on osmosis, the selective passage of solvent molecules through the
porous membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one. The osmotic pressure π depends on molar
concentration of the solution (π = CRT). If two solutions are of equal solute concentration and, hence, have the same
osmotic pressure, they are said to be isotonic. If two solutions are of unequal osmotic pressures, the more concentrated
solution is said to be hypertonic and the more diluted solution is described as hypotonic.

Osmosis is the major mechanism, for transporting water upward in the plants. Transpiration is the leaves supports the
transport mechanism of water. The osmotic pressure of seawater is about 30 atm; this is the pressure that must be
applied to the seawater (separated from pure water using a semi-permeable membrane) to get drinking water.

27. What will happen if a plant cell kept in a hypertonic solution?

28. Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. What happens if we place blood cells in a solution
containing in 1.2% sodium chloride solution?
29. What happens when the external pressure applied becomes more than the osmotic pressure of solution?
30. Which mechanisms helps in the transportation of water in a plant?

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