FEDERAL COOPERATIVE COLLEGE KADUNA

NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

COURSE: COMPUTER APPLICATION PACKAGES I

COURSE CODE: COM 115

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Software
System software refers to the computer's essential component, which constitutes established
instructions that control the operation of the hardware. The role of systems software is to
generate a user-desired output. It links the computer device and the computer operator by
providing the necessary platform for running a program.
The term 'software' refers to the set of electronic program instructions or data a computer
processor reads in order to perform a task or operation. In contrast, the term 'hardware'
refers to the physical components that you can see and touch, such as the computer hard
drive, mouse, and keyboard.
Application software functions to direct the computer to implement commands given by
the user. Computer users cannot be able to accomplish their tasks without system software.
Examples of system software include: utility software (antivirus, system utilities), device
drivers (printer, touchpads), operating systems (Linux), and management software
(Windows Explorer).
Software Types
The term 'software' refers to the set of electronic program instructions or data a computer
processor reads in order to perform a task or operation. In contrast, the term 'hardware'
refers to the physical components that you can see and touch, such as the computer hard
drive, mouse, and keyboard.
Software can be categorized according to what it is designed to accomplish. There are two
main types of software: systems software and application software.
Systems Software
Systems software includes the programs that are dedicated to managing the computer itself,
such as the operating system, file management utilities, and disk operating system (or
DOS). The operating system manages the computer hardware resources in addition to
applications and data. Without systems software installed in our computers we would have
to type the instructions for everything we wanted the computer to do!
Applications Software
Application software, or simply applications, are often called productivity programs or end-
user programs because they enable the user to complete tasks, such as creating documents,
spreadsheets, databases and publications, doing online research, sending email, designing
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graphics, running businesses, and even playing games! Application software is specific to
the task it is designed for and can be as simple as a calculator application or as complex as
a word processing application. When you begin creating a document, the word processing
software has already set the margins, font style and size, and the line spacing for you. But
you can change these settings, and you have many more formatting options available. For
example, the word processor application makes it easy to add color, headings, and pictures
or delete, copy, move, and change the document's appearance to suit your needs.
Office Applications
Microsoft Word is a popular word-processing application that is included in the software
suite of applications called Microsoft Office. A software suite is a group of software
applications with related functionality. For example, office software suites might include
word processing, spreadsheet, database, presentation, and email applications. Graphics
suites such as Adobe Creative Suite include applications for creating and editing images,
while Sony Audio Master Suite is used for audio production.
A Web browser, or simply browser, is an application specifically designed to locate,
retrieve, and display content found on the Internet. By clicking a hyperlink or by typing the
URL of a website, the user is able to view Web sites consisting of one or more Web pages.
Browsers such as Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, and Safari are just a
few of the many available to choose from.
Program Generator
A program generator is a computer program that enables a user to create a new program, or
piece of code, by providing input to the program generator which is then used to produce
the new program. This input can be in the form of natural language, or a more specific
programming language.
The output of a program generator can be in the form of source code, or a compiled binary.
Program generators are used in a variety of applications, such as creating new programs
from scratch, or modifying existing programs. They can also be used to generate test data,
or to create new programs from existing programs.
Microsoft Word 2016
Microsoft Word 2016 is a word processing application that allows you to create a variety of
documents, including letters, resumes, and more. In this lesson, you'll learn how to navigate
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the Word interface and become familiar with some of its most important features, such as
the Ribbon, Quick Access Toolbar, and Backstage view.
Quick Access Toolbar
The Quick Access Toolbar lets you access common commands no matter which tab is
selected. By default, it includes the Save, Undo, and Redo commands.

The Ribbon
The Ribbon contains all of the commands you will need to perform common tasks in Word.
It has multiple tabs, each with several groups of commands.

Microsoft Account
From here, you can access your Microsoft account information, view your profile, and
switch accounts.

Command Group
Each group contains a series of different commands. Simply click any command to apply it.
Some groups also have an arrow in the bottom-right corner, which you can click to see even
more commands.

The Ruler
The Ruler is located at the top and to the left of your document. It makes it easier to make
alignment and spacing adjustments.

Document Pane
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This is where you'll type and edit text in the document.
Scroll Bar
Click and drag the vertical scroll bar to move up and down through the pages of your
document.
Page and Word Count
From here, you can quickly see the number of words and pages in your document.
Document Views
There are three ways to view a document:
Read Mode displays your document in full-screen mode.
Print Layout is selected by default. It shows the document as it would appear on the printed
page.
Web Layout shows how your document would look as a webpage.
Zoom Control
Click and drag the slider to use the zoom control. The number to the right of the slider bar
reflects the zoom percentage.
Working with the Word environment
Like other recent versions, Word 2016 continues to use features like the Ribbon and the
Quick Access Toolbar where you will find commands to perform common tasks in Wordas
well as Backstage view.
The Ribbon
Word uses a tabbed Ribbon system instead of traditional menus. The Ribbon contains
multiple tabs, which you can find near the top of the Word window.
Each tab contains several groups of related commands. For example, the Font group on the
Home tab contains commands for formatting text in the document.

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 What is cut, copy, and paste.

The Cut, Copy, and Paste commands are nearly universal. These three functions are used
by almost every Windows program and perform more or less the same function in each of
them. You can cut, copy, and paste programs, disks, and text, to name just a few things.

Cut: When you cut something, it is deleted from its current location and saved to the
Clipboard. Information saved to the Clipboard stays there until new information is either
cut or copied. Each time you execute Cut or Copy, you replace the old information on the
Clipboard with whatever you just cut or copied. You can paste the same Clipboard
information as often as you like.

Copy: Copy is similar to Cut except the original item is not deleted. When you copy
something, a copy of the item is saved to the Clipboard. Information stored on the
Clipboard stays there until new information is either cut or copied. Each time you execute
Cut or Copy, you replace the old information on the Clipboard with whatever you just cut
or copied. You can paste Clipboard information as often as you like, until you replace it
with something else.

Clipboard: The Clipboard is the storage area for items that have been cut or
copied. Each time you execute Cut or Copy, you replace the old information on the
Clipboard with whatever you just cut or copied. You can paste Clipboard
information as often as you like, until you replace it with something else.
The taskbar

The taskbar is a long bar that by default runs along the bottom of your desktop. The Start
button, Quick Launch toolbar, active program buttons, and the notification area are
located on the taskbar.

1 Start 2 Quick Launch Toolbar

3 Active Program Buttons 4 Notification Area

You click the Start button to display the Start menu. You use the Start menu to open
programs and to perform other functions such as searching for files.

On the taskbar, right next to the Start button is the Quick Launch toolbar. Using the
Quick Launch toolbar, you can open a program or file simply by clicking its icon. To add
an icon to the Quick Launch toolbar:

1. Locate the program you want to add.

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 2. Right-click. A context menu appears.
3. Click Add to Quick Launch. Vista adds the program to the Quick Launch toolbar.

Show Desktop 2 Switch Between

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Windows

To shut down your computer:

1.
Click the Start button. The Start menu will appear.
2. Click Turn Off Computer. The Turn Off Computer dialog box will appear.
3. Click the Turn Off icon. Your computer will shut down.
Keyboard
A computer keyboard is an input device used with all types of computers. Newer devices
like a smartphone and tablet even still use an on-screen keyboard. This page is designed to
help new computer users become more familiar and efficient with their keyboard. For new
users, we suggest reading through all the sections below and doing all the practices.

Connecting the Keyboard

Before you can use the keyboard, it must be connected properly to the computer. If you
have a new computer and need help connecting the keyboard, or the keyboard is not
working, see our steps on connecting and installing a keyboard.
How to turn on the Keyboard
All computer keyboards with a cord connecting them to the computer automatically turn on
when the computer turns on. However, if you have a wireless keyboard, it can be turned on
and off to conserve the batteries. To turn these keyboards on, flip the keyboard over and
look at the back of the keyboard. Near the bottom or top of the keyboard should be a switch
that can be moved to the on or off position.
Familiarizing with the Keyboard
Below is an overview of a desktop computer keyboard. This picture shows the major
sections of the keyboard. Each section is explained in detail below.

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Overview of each section of the keyboard
Alphanumeric keyboard
The alphanumeric keyboard is the primary portion of the keyboard with letters, numbers,
punctuation, and some symbol keys. Today, most users use QWERTY keyboards, as shown
in the illustrations. You can tell if you are using a QWERTY keyboard by looking at the
first six letters to see if they spell "QWERTY."
Each of the group of alphanumeric keys is positioned on rows of keys. Most keyboards
have six rows of keys with the fingers resting on the home row. Other keyboard rows
include the function keys, number keys, top row, bottom row, and spacebar row.
Function keys
The function keys or F1 through F12 or F19 keys are used in programs as shortcut keys to
performed frequently performed tasks. For example, the F1 key is the key to open the
online help for most programs.
Control and toggle keys

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The control keys or toggle keys give the user additional control over text manipulation and
cursor placement. They may also be used as shortcut keys in many programs. See our
control keys definition for additional information and examples.
Keypad
Although not available on all computer keyboards, especially laptops, the keypad gives the
user quick access to numbers and math functions such as plus, divide, times, and subtract.
See the numeric keypad page for further information, pictures, and related links.

Wrist pad
In our example picture, the Saitek keyboard has a wrist pad intended to help support the
user's wrists. Although many keyboards do not include a wrist pad, hundreds of different
options can be purchased at a computer store or online.
Arrow keys

The arrow keys are four directional keys that allow you to move the cursor or change a
highlighted selection. See our arrow keys page for further information.
Special keys or media keys on a multimedia keyboard

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Multimedia keyboards have additional buttons not found on a traditional keyboard. See our
special keys page for further information.
Start typing and how to position hands
Before typing, place your hands in the proper position, with your fingers on the home row
keys. When you are typing, glance at your fingers to ensure that each finger is pressing the
correct key.
Below is a picture to help illustrate where each finger should be positioned and the home
row keys. Your left-hand fingers should be positioned over A, S, D, and F keys, and your
right hand should be positioned over the J, K, L, and; keys. Also, each color helps illustrate
what fingers are responsible for what key.
User should learn how to type properly and use the hunt-and-peck method of typing; we
strongly encourage user to practice throughout this page using the proper technique. Not
only does this improve the typing efficiency, but it also reduces the strain user may
encounter from look down at the keyboard.
Once the hands are in the proper position, practice typing the below sentence, which has
every letter in the alphabet.

Practice typing every letter

the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
Where should fingers be placed on the keyboard?
Correcting errors
It's inevitable that user will make errors as they type, the backspace key and delete key help
you correct these errors. Using the backspace key erases one character to the left of the
cursor, and delete erases one character to the right of the cursor.
Using the arrow keys to move around
One of the best methods to improve user efficiency on the keyboard is to avoid using the
mouse whenever possible. Having to move the hand away from the keyboard to the mouse
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and then back to the keyboard wastes a lot of time. One method of avoiding the mouse is to
use the arrow keys to move the cursor instead of using the mouse to move the cursor.
In the practice area below, use the arrow keys to move the cursor to where you want to
make a correction or add new text.

Practice using the arrow keys

Deleting text one letter and one word at a time
It may also be necessary to delete more than one letter or even a word at a time. Use the
below practice to delete all of the text from a line.

Practice deleting one letter and one word at a time

Uppercase, lowercase, and all caps

Unless the Caps Lock key is turned on, your computer types everything in lowercase. To
make the first letter of a sentence or word uppercase, hold down Shift on the keyboard and
press the letter you want to capitalize.
If user want all the words capitalized press Caps Lock, which should turn on an LED
indicator indicating it is enabled. Once enabled, everything remains capitalized unless you
hold down Shift or press Caps Lock again.
Use the below practice to type text in uppercase and lowercase.
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Practice typing uppercase, lowercase, and all caps
Type "Example" by holding down the left Shift and pressing e to get an uppercase "E" and
then letting go of Shift and typing the remaining of the word in lowercase.

Example
Type "EXAMPLE" by pressing Caps Lock once and then typing out the word. After you
have finished using Caps Lock, press the key again to return it back to normal.

EXAMPLE
Now knowing what you know practice using the Shift key and Caps Lock key to complete
the below sentence. Again, make sure that when you are typing these practices that you
have your hands on the home row keys and are using the correct fingers.

The QUICK brown Fox jumps OVER the LaZy dOg.

Getting to the beginning and end of a line
The Home key and End key can also be used to get to the beginning of the line. Use the
below practice to get to the beginning and end of the line of text.

Practice going to the beginning and end of a line using the keyboard
Click anywhere in the middle of the text below and then press Home to get to the beginning
of the line and then End to get to the end of the line.

The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

Highlighting text using the keyboard

It is also possible to highlight text using the keyboard with the Shift key. Follow the below
practice to highlight text in the below sentence.
Practice highlighting text using the keyboard
Move to the end of the sentence and then press and hold Shift and while continuing to hold
Shift press left arrow to begin highlighting the sentence. You can highlight the whole
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sentence if you continue to press or hold down left arrow.
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
User can highlight one word at a time by holding down Shift and Ctrl and pressing left
arrow or right arrow to highlight one word in that direction.
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
Highlight all of the below text by clicking anywhere in the below box and then use the
keyboard shortcut Ctrl+A (press and hold Ctrl and then while holding Ctrl press the "a"
key). If you are using an Apple Computer, press Command+A (press and hold the
command key and while holding the key press the "a" key).
Typing numbers and symbols above numbers
The keyboard has two areas where numbers can be typed on the keyboard. In this section,
we go over the numbers and symbols above the numbers at the top of the keyboard. Using
the 10-key keypad is covered later.
The numbers 1 through 0 at the top of the keyboard each have two functions, the number
and the symbol. The number key alone enters the number, and if you hold down Shift while
pressing the number, its symbol is entered. For example, pressing 2 enters "2" on the
screen. Holding down Shift and pressing 2 enters the at sign (@).

Below is a list of each number key and the symbols on a US keyboard. Clicking any of the
links opens a page with full information about each of the symbols with their uses.

1 (!) exclamation mark

2 (@) at sign
3 (#) hash
4 ($) dollar sign
5 (%) percent
6 (^) caret
7 (&) ampersand
8 (*) asterisk
9 (() open parenthesis
0 ()) close parenthesis
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Practice entering numbers and symbols
Type the following text by pressing the number 1 when typing "1st" and ending the
sentence with an exclamation mark by holding down Shift and pressing 1.

Finally, type the following sentence containing parentheses. To type the open parenthesis,
press and hold Shift and press 9. To type the close parenthesis, press and hold Shift and
press 0 (zero).
This text is the final (last) example.
Copy and paste text using the keyboard
Copying and pasting text is something every computer user is going to do more than once.
Knowing how to copy and paste text using the keyboard can save you a lot of time on the
computer.
Practice copying and pasting text using the keyboard
Click in the below text box, and then using the steps we learned earlier, highlight either part
of the below sentence or the whole sentence. Once the text is highlighted, press Ctrl+C or
Command+C to copy the highlighted text.

The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

Once the text is copied to the clipboard, click in the box below or press Tab to move the
cursor to the below box and paste text by pressing Ctrl+V or Command+V on the keyboard.
Keyboard shortcuts
One of the best methods of becoming more efficient with your computer is to learn and
memorize as many keyboard shortcuts as possible. As mentioned above, your typing
becomes much faster if you don't have to move your hand to the mouse. So, keyboard
shortcuts help increase the speed at which you can use your computer.

Computer Hope has hundreds of keyboard shortcuts for popular programs and operating
systems. Below are a few links to our keyboard shortcuts to help get you started.
Additional practice sentences
Practice makes perfect, and the only way to increase your speed and become better at
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typing is to practice. Below are some more sentences to practice that also relate to
everything you learned on this page. Not only the below practices going to help you learn
to type, but it also helps reinforce everything you learned on this page and teach you a little
more.
Exercise
Type each of the additional practice sentences
A keyboard has alphanumeric keys, function keys, control keys, and arrow keys.
The "asdf" keys are on the left hand, and the "jkl;" keys are on the right hand.
Press Tab to move between boxes or Shift+Tab to move backwards.
Using the arrow keys, I can move to an error and correct that error.
Use the backspace to remove a character to the left and the delete key to delete to the right.
Use the Caps Lock to type IN ALL CAPS or the Shift key to capitalize one letter.
I can use the Shift key to highlight text and the Ctrl key to move one word at a time.
Today, I typed "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." too many times.
I can use the keypad to type 1456 + 96571 = 98027 quickly.
I don't need the mouse to copy and paste because I know the keyboard shortcuts.

Excel or Spreadsheet
A spreadsheet is a software program you use to easily perform mathematical calculations
on statistical data and totaling long columns of numbers or determining percentages and
averages.

Definition of a Spreadsheet
A spreadsheet is a program that manipulates number and string data in rows and columns
 Advantages of a Spreadsheet
 Main advantage of using a spreadsheet program is that it enables you to
perform simple row-and-column arithmetic

Introduction to Excel
 Excel is a spreadsheet program with various components
 Rows-are referenced by the row number
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  1:1 is the reference to the first row
 Columns-are referenced by the column name such as “A”
 Cell-is an intersection of a row and a column
 It can contain various types of data – numeric/character
 A cell is referenced by the combination of a column and row
name. E.g., first cell A1 is in column A and row 1
 Worksheet-contains rows and columns of cells. A sample worksheet is displayed
 Components of the Excel Worksheet window is described in next slide

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The Microsoft Excel Window includes the following components:
ITEMS MEANINGS
Rows Rows are referenced by the numbers.
Columns Columns are referenced by the alphabets.
Cell A cell is an intersection of a row and a column. Cells can contain various types of data. A
cell is referenced by the name of the column and row. For example, the first cell A1 is in
Worksheet column
A A andcontains
worksheet row 1. rows and columns and their intersection forms the cells. A worksheet
consists of 65,536 rows and 256 columns.
Workbook A workbook consists of worksheets. It is also referred to as an Excel file. A workbook can
be defined as a set of worksheets.
The Down Arrow You can use the down arrow key to move downward one cell at a time.
Key
The Up Arrow You can use the Up Arrow key to move upward one cell at a time.
Key
The Tab Key You can use the Tab key to move across the page to the right, one cell at a time.

Name box: A name box displays the name of a selected cell and a range of cells.
Task Pane A task pane serves as an additional navigation tool substituting the frequently used dialog
boxes. The task pane appears each time you start Excel.
Horizontal scroll A horizontal scroll bar serves as a tool to view the left or right part of the worksheet that is
bar not displayed on the screen.
Vertical scroll A vertical scroll bar serves as a tool to view the top or bottom part of the worksheet that is
bar not displayed on the screen.
Sheet Tab A sheet tab helps to navigate between worksheets in a workbook.
The Shift+Tab You can hold down the Shift key and then press the Tab key to move to the left, one cell at
Keys a time.
The Right and You can use the right and left arrow keys to move right or left one cell at a time.
Left Arrow Keys

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 Title bar: A title bar displays the name of the current workbook.

Menu bar: A menu bar consists of various menus, such as File, Edit, and View.

Toolbar: A toolbar contains buttons that provide easy access to the

commands and functions of Excel.

Formula bar: A formula bar contains tools for creating and editing formulas.

Starting Excel
Opening Excel Worksheet
To start Excel, we perform the following
Click Start  Programs  Microsoft Excel
 A blank workbook is opened.

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You can enter three different types of information into a cell:

Creating a Workbook
 Task 1: Identify the type of data to be inserted in the worksheet
 Before you decide the type of data to be inserted in the worksheet you
should know about the methods of representing information in a worksheet
 You can represent information in the following manner in a worksheet:
Data - includes normal text, numbers and date
 Charts - graphically represent data in a worksheet
 Pictures - pictorially represent data in a worksheet
 Task 2: Determine the type of data manipulation required
 You can perform the following types of data manipulation:
 Generate a series of data
 Perform calculations on data
 Task 3: Determine whether you have to generate a series of data, e.g.,
 Text - includes series like Product'1, Product2, Products
 Number - includes series like 1, 2, 3
 Date - includes series like Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and
January, February, March
 Task 4: Determine whether you have to perform calculations on data
 Types of calculations include:
 Mathematical - includes addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division
 Statistical - includes finding average, maximum and

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 minimum values
 Financial
 You can use formulas and functions to perform calculations in
a worksheet (more later)
 To create a workbook, perform the following steps:
 Select the File  New command (New Workbook task pane is
displayed on the right-hand side of the screen)
 The New Workbook task pane displays the following sections:
 Open a workbook: Enables you to open an existing workbook.
 New: Enables you to create a workbook.
 New from existing workbook: Creates a new workbook with the
same contents as the existing workbook, but with a different name.
 New from template: Enables you to create a new workbook from
an existing template.

Select the Blank Workbook option from the New section. This opens a new
workbook, as shown:
 Alternatively, you can hold down the Ctrl key and press the N key to create

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 a workbook.
 By default, the first cell A1 in a new worksheet is active when you create a
new workbook.

Opening a Workbook

When you start Excel, it opens a blank workbook. To open an existing

workbook,
perform the following steps:
1. Select the File  Open command from Microsoft Excel Window
to display the Open dialog box
2. From the Look in drop-down list, select the folder that contains the
file you want to open
An alternative way to browse to the required location of the file is to click the Up
one level icon ()
1. Select the required file(s) from the list of files displayed in the dialog box
2. Click the Open button to open the selected file(s)
To open multiple adjacent files, select the first file in the block from the Open
dialog box, press the Shift key, and select the last file

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Creating a Workbook Using Templates
Excel provides many pre-defined template files to store data such as Invoice
information,
Expense statements, Purchase orders, etc. Template files have the extension .xlt. Steps
to create Microsoft Excel files using a template:
1. Select General Templates option from the New from template section
of the New Workbook task pane, as shown
 The Templates dialog box is displayed (not shown)

Options are:
 General: Displays the general template and is selected by default.
 Spreadsheet Solutions: Displays various types of spreadsheet
samples, such as Balance Sheet, Expense Statement, Loan
Amortization, Purchase Order, Sales Invoice, and Timecard
2. Select the required template and click the OK button

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Saving the Workbook
Saving a workbook is similar as in saving any file in microsoft office (word, power
point,
etc). After adding data to a workbook, you need to save it for future use. Steps to save
a workbook
1. Select the File  Save command from the Microsoft Excel
Window
(Save As dialog box is displayed)
2. From the Save in list, select the folder in which you want to save
the workbook
3. Enter a file name in the File name text box of the Save As dialog box
4. Select the type of file that has to be saved from the Save as type
drop- down list
5. Click the Save button to save the workbook
Alternatively, you can hold down the Ctrl key and press the S key to save a workbook

Closing the Workbook

You need to close a workbook after you finish working on it. To close a
workbook,
perform the following steps:
1. Select the File  Close command.
If the workbook has any unsaved changes, the Microsoft Excel message box appears
as shown in the following figure:

2. Click the Yes button to save the changes before closing the
workbook.

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 Click the No button to close the workbook without saving the changes.
Click the Cancel button to return to the active worksheet without
saving the workbook.

Performing Operations on
Data
You can perform the following operations on the data in worksheets and
workbooks:
 Entering data
 Moving and Copying data
 Deleting data
You can enter text, numbers, and date and time entries in a worksheet
 Entering Text and Numbers
 To enter text or numbers in a single cell, perform the following steps:
1. Select cell in which you want to enter the text or number
2. Type data in the cell
 As you type in the cell, the contents of the cell also
appear in the Formula bar
3. Press the Enter key
 If you want to edit the data of the cell, double-click on the cell or press
the
F2 key
 Entering Date and Time
 To enter date and time in a cell, perform the following steps:
1. Select the cell where the date and time is to be entered and type
the required date and time.
2. There are many formats to enter the date, the most common
are date with hyphen or slashes, for example, 08-10-
2006 or
08/10/2006
 To enter the current date, select the required cell and hold down the

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 Ctrl
key and press the ; key.
 To enter the current time, select the required cell and hold down
the combination of Ctrl and Shift keys and then press the : key.
 Moving and Copying Data
 You can move data from one location to another. You can move data
by
using the Edit menu or by using the shortcut key
 To move the contents of selected cells, perform the following steps:
1. Select the range of cells having data to be moved
2. Select the Edit  Cut command
 In case the cell needs to be moved to a location
across worksheet or across workbook, select the
destination worksheet.
3. Select the cell in the destination worksheet
4. Select the Edit  Paste command to move the selected contents

 Alternatively, select the required cells, and drag the border of the selected

cells to the desired location in the current worksheet

 Copying Data in a Worksheet
 When you want the same data to be present at several locations, it is
best
to copy this data rather than type it at each location
 You can copy data within a worksheet, across worksheets, across
workbooks, or even to and from other applications
 You can copy a part of the cell’s content or the entire cell. To copy
the
content you can use menu command or by using the shortcut key.
 The steps to copy data to another location in the same worksheet are:
1. Select the range of cells to be copied
2. Select Edit  Copy command to copy the contents of the

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 selected range of cells
 In case the cell needs to be pasted to a location
across worksheet or across workbook, select the
destination worksheet
3. Select the cell in the destination worksheet
4. Select the Edit  Paste command to copy the selected contents
 A Paste Options button will appear next to the pasted data
 Alternatively, select the required cells, hold down the Ctrl key, and
drag the selected cells to the desired location in the current worksheet
 Copying Data in a Worksheet with Clipboard
 In addition to the standard Windows Clipboard, Office XP has a
new
Clipboard task pane. This Clipboard is integrated across all Office
applications and stores multiple items instead of a single item
 You can paste these items one at a time or all together. You can copy
a maximum of 24 items to the Office Clipboard. The last item copied to
the Office Clipboard is also copied to the Windows Clipboard
 Even when you close the Clipboard task pane, its contents are not
cleared.
However, the Office Clipboard becomes inactive and the Windows
Clipboard is used to copy and paste items

26
To accomplish this task, perform the following steps:
 Select the cell having the first manager name that needs to be copied
 Select the Edit  Copy command
Implement the Solution
1. Open the workbook
2. Insert data in the worksheet
3. Perform data manipulation
3.1 Generate a series of data
3.2 Insert data in the worksheet
3.3 Perform calculations in the worksheet
1. Save the workbook

Open the Workbook

1. Click File  Open (Open dialog box is displayed)
2. Click on the Look in drop down list box
3. Select the drive in which the workbook is stored
4. Select the folder in which the workbook exists
5. Select the workbook
6. Click Open (The workbook is opened)

Insert data in the

worksheet
1. Click Edit  Go To
2. Type the reference of the cell. For example, C6
3. Click Ok
Or
1. Move the mouse pointer to the cell in which you want to enter the data.
 Start typing in the cell
 Press Enter after you finish typing

Perform data manipulation

27
  Task 3.1: Generate a series of data
 To generate a series you need to specify the first and second members
of the series. For example, to generate a number series you need to
specify 1 and 2 in consecutive cells and fill the series.
•
 AutoFill Feature
 You can use the AutoFill feature to fill a series of data.
The AutoFill feature displays an AutoFill handle, which is a
small plus sign at the bottom right corner of the active cell (refer
Figure 1.3). The AutoFill handle appears only when you
place the mouse pointer at the bottom right corner of the
selected cell(s).
 You can drag the handle to fill series.
 Generate a series of data
 1 . Select the cell from which you want to start the series
 2. Enter Monday in the cell and Tuesday in the cell below it
 3. Select both the cells
 4. Drag the AutoFill handle over the range of cells you want to fill
 5. Release the mouse button The data series is generated.

Customizing a Worksheet
Microsoft Excel enables you to customize the appearance of a worksheet. The
operations
that you can perform to customize the appearance of a worksheet are:
 Resizing rows and columns
 Hiding rows and columns
 Freezing or unfreezing panes
 Renaming a Worksheet

28
 Alternatively, you can specify the height of a row manually as follows:
1. Select the Format  Row  Height command to display the
Row
Height dialog box
2. Specify the height in the Row Height text box (from 0-409)
3. Click the OK button to close the Row Height dialog box

Resizing Column Width

1. Select the required column whose width is to be modified
2. Position the cursor on the right-hand border of the column name till the
cursor changes to a thick crosshair as shown in the following figure:
3. Drag the mouse cursor to increase or decrease the column width

Alternatively, you can specify the width of a column manually as

follows:
1. Select the Format  Column  Width command to display the

29
 Column Width dialog box
2. Specify the width in the Column Width text box
3. Click the OK button to close the Column Width dialog box

Using Sorting Feature

Excel enables you to sort data in rows or columns. You can sort data based on
ascending
or descending order. To sort data perform the following steps:
1. Select the range of cells containing the data that need to be sorted
2. Select the Data  Sort command to display the Sort dialog box
3. Select the required options and click the OK button
 The Sort Dialog box options:
 Sort by: sort data by the specified column based on ascending or
descending order.
 Then by: sort data by more than one column. Excel first sorts the
column specified in the Sort By box and then by the columns specified in Then
By boxes in sequence.
 My list has: This contains two radio buttons, Header row and No header row.
If the first row has column labels, click the Header row radio button to exclude
the first row from the sort. In contrast if you need to include the first row in the
sort, you can click the No Header row radio button.

30
 Using formulas and functions
At times there may be a need to perform some calculations on some numerical data that
is
represented in an Excel worksheet. To perform calculations, a formula can be used
 Formulas in Excel begin with an equal sign (=)
 E.g., =A1+A2+A3 is a formula to add the contents of cells A1, A2, and A3
 The Formula bar is a bar at the top of the Excel window that displays the
formula of the active cell

The Formula bar is displayed by default. You can choose not to view the Formula
Bar. To stop viewing the Formula Bar, select View  Formula Bar command. You
can later view the Formula Bar by selecting the same option.
 Entering Formulas in a
Worksheet
 A formula can be typed in a cell to calculate and display the result of
the
formula in that cell. Eg., in a cell A1 a formula given as =B4+C5 adds
the cell contents of cell B4 and cell C5 and display the result in cell A1
 The formula specified must be preceded by an equal to (=) sign
otherwise the calculation will not be performed
 Listed below are some examples of formulas:
 =35 * 44
 =23 ^ 2

31
  =C5 -C3
 =C1+C2+C3+C4+C5
 =S3 - D6 * 44 / 3
An important and useful feature of Excel is that it automatically recalculates the value
of the cell that contains a formula if the values of the cells to which the formula refers
to change. For example, the formula =C3+C4 in cell C5 is recalculated if the values of
cells C3 or C4 change.

Functions
Excel provides many functions - mathematical, statistical, logical,
etc.
 Mathematical functions
 Sum(), Product()
 E.g, to calculate the sum of values stored in cells C1 to C5,
use
=SUM(C1:C5).
 Statistical functions
 Average(), Max(), Min(), Count(), Round()
 Eg., to find the average of the values in cells C1 to C5,
use
=AVERAGE(C1:C5).
 Date and time functions
 Now(), Today(), Date(), Time()
 Eg., =TIME(9,0,0) returns 9:00 A.M and =TIME(20,15,30) returns
8:15
P.
M.
 Logical functions
 If(), Not()
 E.g., For the formula =If(B2>70, “A”, “B”), a grade A is displayed
if marks are above 70 and a grade B is displayed if marks are below or

32
 equal to 70.
Spreadsheet Terminologies
Cell: A cell is a rectangular area formed by the intersection of a column and a row. Cells
are identified by the Cell Name (or Reference, which is found by combining the Column
Letter with the Row Number. For example the cell in Column "C" in Row "3" would be
cell C3. Cells may contain Labels, Numbers, Formulas or Functions.
Column: Columns run vertically on the spreadsheet screen. An Excel spreadsheet
contains 256 columns that are labeled with the letters of the alphabet. When the column
labels reach letter "Z" they continue on with AA, AB, AC...... AZ and then BA, BB,
BC.....BZ etc.
Rows: Rows run horizontally on the spreadsheet screen. An Excel spreadsheet contains
16,384 rows which are labeled numerically.
Workbook: A workbook is a collection of worksheets that are saved together in one file.
Individual worksheets can be given descriptive names and you can switch from one
worksheet to another by using the sheet tabs that appear beneath the worksheet grid area.

Worksheet: A worksheet is the grid of columns and rows that information is inputted
into. In many spreadsheet applications (such as Microsoft Excel) one file called a
workbook can contain several worksheets. Worksheets can be named using the sheet tabs
of the bottom of the spreadsheet window. The sheet tabs can also be used to switch from
one worksheet to another within a workbook.
Uses of forecast
Forecasting Methods and Forecasting in Excel
There are several of forecasting methods for forecasting in Excel, and each rely on
various techniques. Obviously, none will give you definitive answers without the ability
to see the future. These results are best used to make educated guesses. In our article, we
focus on 3 commonly used quantitative methods that can be easily used in Excel.

 Moving Averages
 Exponential Smoothing (ETS)
 Linear Regression automatically adds formulas and creates a chart in a new sheet.

33
Uses of spreadsheet in financial analysis

Accounting functions
Almost all accounting functions can be processed by financial spreadsheets: budgets,
depreciation schedules, account reviews and financial statements. Preparing this
information usually requires a standard spreadsheet form to be created, and then the
financial information can be input from department paperwork.
Production scheduling and control
Product Registration
Record all raw materials and quantities required for the development of an end product
Production script
For each product, set the average production time (in hours), the expected quantity
produced, and the cost of that approximate production
Purchasing Management
Track your daily purchase of raw materials and have precise control of production costs
Control of expenses
Register monthly operating and financial expenses for your business
Production control
Launch the final products produced daily, establishing the number of hours of operation, the date of
delivery and know the efficiency and cost of production per lot

Presentation package
Presentation
A presentation is a collection of slides. A slide is like a frame in a presentation
that
represents data. During a presentation, the slides are displayed one after the other and
the contents of the presentation are displayed through these slides on screen.

Presentations are designed for delivering information to an audience. Presentations can

contain text to display information or have multi-media effects to make them
impressive and interactive. Presentations are saved as files with a .ppt extension

34
 Starting Power Point
To start Microsoft Power Point, select the:
Start  Programs  Microsoft PowerPoint command
 This displays the Microsoft PowerPoint window (see next slide)
 Title bar
 Menu bar
 Toolbar
 Task Pane
 Slide pane
 Slides tab
 Outline tab
 Status bar
 Notes pane

35
 NAMES FUNCTION
Title bar Displays the name of the current presentation
Menu bar Consists of menus, such as File, Edit, and View
Each menu consists of commands that enable you to perform corresponding actions, e.g.,
Edit menu contains Copy command that enables you to copy text or images to the
Toolbar Contains buttons that provide easy access to the commands and functions of PowerPoint
clipboard
By default, PowerPoint displays the Standard, Formatting, and Drawing toolbars
To display or hide a toolbar, select the View  Toolbars command from the Menu bar
and select the appropriate toolbar
To move a toolbar, place the cursor at the left-most corner of the toolbar and move the
Task Pane Located on the right side of the screen, the task pane changes depending on the current
cursor until it changes to a 4-headed arrow
status of presentation
Then, drag the toolbar to the position where you want to place the toolbar
This component provides shortcuts for performing commonly used commands, such as
creating new presentations or applying character formatting
Slide pane For
It is example, to display
the workspace that isthe New
used slides. task pane, you can select the File  New
Presentation
to create
Slides tab It enables
Command you to display a miniature image of the presentation slides
Click the image to view the corresponding slide in the slide pane.
Outline tab It enables you to display an outline of the slide content.

Opening, Creating, Saving, and Closing a Presentation

Opening an Existing Presentation

Action Task

Opening an 1. Select File Open command (open dialog box is displayed)

existing
Presentation

36
Action Task

Opening an 2. In the Look in drop-down list, browse for the presentation file you
existing want to open
Presentation 3. Select the file that you want to open
4. Click the Open button to open the presentation file

Creating New Presentations

Action Task

Create a new 1. Select File Open command (open dialog box displayed)
presentation 2. The New Presentation task pane is displayed on the right side of the PowerPoint window.
The New section of the New Presentation task pane contains the following options:

 Blank Presentation: Enables the creation of a new presentation

with default settings for text and colors

37
  From Design Template: Enables you to display a collection of
templates
(predefined formats) that you can use to design a presentation
 From AutoContent Wizard: Enables you to create a presentation
based on the content, purpose, and style of the presentation through a
wizard

Action Task

Creating a new 1. Click the Blank Presentation option in the New section. This displays the Slide
Presentation using Layout task pane
the Blank
Presentation

38
 Similarly, you can insert text in the Click to add subtitle placeholder
Adding New Slides to the Presentation
Different ways to add slides and navigate through the slides in a presentation are:
1. To add new slides to the presentation, select the Insert  New
Slide
command
2. To add a new slide, hold down the Ctrl key and press the M key
3. To scroll through each slide, click the down arrow of the vertical scroll
bar

Deleting Slides in
Presentation

 Power Point
enables you to:
 Delete a slides in a presentation
 Delete all the slides in a presentation

Action Task

39
 Delete a slide 1. Click the slide that needs to be deleted in the Slide Pane
Delete all slides 2. Select the Edit Delete Slide command to delete the slide
1. Select View Slide Sorter command
2. Click on any thumbnail image of the slide
3. Select Edit  Select All command to select all the slides in the slide sorter view
4. Select the Edit  Delete Slide command to delete the slide
Copying Text in Presentation
Power Point enables you to:
 Copy text or objects such as image from one slide to another or
from one presentation to another
Action Task

Copy a 1. Select the text that needs to be copied

slide 2. Select the Edit Copy command
 Alternatively, holding down the Ctrl key, press C key
 You can view the contents of the clipboard by selecting the Edit Office
Clipboard command.
3. Place the cursor wherever you need to copy the text
4. Select the Edit  Paste command to paste the text that was copied.
 Alternatively, holding down the Ctrl, press the V key

Moving Text in Presentation

To move text, perform the following steps:
1. Select the text that needs to be moved
2. Select the Edit Cut command from the menu bar
 Alternatively, you can cut text by selecting the text
and holding down the Ctrl key and pressing the X key
3. Place the cursor wherever you need to insert the text
4. Select the Edit Paste command to paste the cut text
 Alternatively, you can paste the copied text by holding down
the
Ctrl and pressing the V key

40
 Alternatively, you can move text by selecting the text and drag it to the
location where you need to insert the text. This is known as Drop-and-
Drop

Inserting and Modifying the Text

Boxes
In Power Point, you can:
 Add a text box in a slide for inserting a new block of text
 Resize a text box according to the text content
To insert a text box, perform the following steps:
 Select the Insert Text Box command. This changes the mouse
pointer to an elongated cross ( )
 Click the mouse button at a point where you want to start the text box
and drag the mouse pointer to draw the text box of the required size
 Alternatively, you can use the Text Box button in the Drawing toolbar
to insert a text box
 Once the text box is drawn, you might need to resize the text
box according to the text content
To resize the text box perform the following steps:
1. Click within the text box to select it.
 The text box is displayed with the small circles at each corner
and edge. These are called handles.
2. Click on any of the handles and drag to the required size.
 Alternatively, you can move the text box by clicking any edge
of the selected text box and dragging the text box to the required
location
To move a text box
3. You can move the text box by clicking any edge of the selected text
box
and dragging the text box to the required location

41
 Inserting
Images
Power Point enables you to insert images in slides from:
 A file
 The Power Point ClipArt gallery
After inserting an image in a slide, it can be edited using the Format 
Picture
command from the pop-up menu.
To insert a Clip Art object in a document, do the following:
 Position the cursor at the desired location
 Select the Insert  Picture Clip Art command
If you are selecting the Clip Art option for the first time, the Add Clips to
Organizer
dialog box is displayed

Closing a Presentation

Action Task

To close a 1. Select the File  Close command; OR

presentation 2. Holding down the Ctrl key press the F4 key; OR
3. By clicking the Close button () displayed in the upper-right corner of the window
 If you make some changes to a presentation and then try to close without
saving, PowerPoint will prompt you to save the document
4. To close all active presentations, press the Shift button and select the File Close
Animation refers to theAllmovement
command of picture. It can also be stated as a creation of
moving illustrations 5.
thatInhelp a user
addition, to visualize
to exit a process
PowerPoint, select the File Exit command.

Using Custom Animation

Power Point enables you
to:
 Control the appearance of an object on a slide by using the

42
 Custom
Animation (CA) task pane
 Set the movement and timings of various objects on a slide by using
the custom animation feature.
In PPT you can control the appearance of an object on a slide by using Custom
Animation task pane. The animation feature enables you to set the movement
and timings of various objects on a slide. Steps To apply the animation effects:
 Open the slide to which you want to apply the animation effects
 Select the object to which you want to apply animation effect in the slide
 Select Slide Show  Custom Animation command to display
the Custom Animation task pane.

Transitions
Transitions determine how your presentations move from one slide to the next. For
example, a slide can move up onto the screen and replace the previous slide. PowerPoint
provides several transition methods. You can add sound to a transition and you can
control its speed. You can apply a transition to selected slides or to all of the slides in
your presentation.

43
App Culture
App Culture is the mobile application designed to respond to the need for safety during visits to
museums and archaeological areas through the dissemination of correct behavior and the guarantee of
social distancing along the way.
Different App Genres
Educational apps
Educational and informative apps do just that–educate and inform. While the purpose of
this type of app is fairly straightforward, there is a lot of diversity when it comes to
educational apps, like news and language apps. If you’re looking to break into this
crowded space, you’ll need to serve up news or other information in a fun and unique
format for learners of all ages, interests, and levels.
Lifestyle apps
This app category covers a lot of ground, literally. Where you’re going, how you’re
getting there, what you’re going to order off the menu–it all falls under lifestyle apps.
Think of apps you use for convenience, like fitness, dating, food, and travel. Lifestyle and
leisure apps are increasingly popular, especially for tasks that require an extra step aside
from the search itself (e.g. the scary action of actually picking up the phone to make a
call.)

Social media apps

Social media apps give users the opportunity to connect with people inside or outside
their social circles. For the most part, social media apps are universal and have a very
diverse user base. These apps are used to share live video, post images, facilitate
conversations, and more. Social media apps have quickly become part of our everyday
lives. .
Productivity apps
Also known as business apps, productivity apps typically organize and complete complex
tasks for you, anything from sending an email to figuring out the tip on your dinner bill.
Most productivity apps serve a single purpose and are built with a very intuitive interface
and design to increase efficiency and improve user experience.

44
Entertainment apps
This category of apps has one sole focus–keeping you busy. Entertainment apps are
often used to fill your time, whether you’re jet-setting across the country, lounging at
home, or really anywhere in-between. Along with their websites, a lot of popular
streaming services have mobile applications so users can access their library wherever
they are. Entertainment apps can include video, text, or audio content.

Strength and limits of App

Screen Size
Although a smartphone’s greatest appeal is that it is portable, the real estate afforded to a mobile
devices screen can pose a unique set of challenges for project teams. For software concepts originally
designed for a computer monitor, design teams need to completely imagine the UX methodology for a
smartphone. In some cases, developers may leverage icons, screen gestures, or other mechanisms to
substitute for windows, menus, and images.

Connectivity
By enabling people to connect to other people, places, and things, wireless networks have created an
entirely new world of possibilities. Now app developers can create an “always-connected”
experience that lives right inside a person’s pocket.
Peripherals
Smartphones come with a varied set of specifications, functions, and features. Every month, new
generations of technology are rolled out with better cameras, tougher screens, more biometrics
features, and more.
Multi-Tasking
Mobile devices are not necessarily the best machines for multi-tasking. From the user,s perspective,
they are often using their device when mobile, and potentially when distracted with the world around
them.

45