TEMA 1.

GENERAL CONCEPTS

EJEMPLO 1

Draft a horizontal-axis wind turbine with the following data:

- Hub height: 100 m

- Blade diameter: 130 m
- Rotating speed: 14 rpm

Using the former data, determine the following:

A) Swept area of blades

2 2
A=ᴨ· r =ᴨ· 65 =13273,22 mB) Total wind turbine height

H T =Hub height + bladeradio=100+65=165

C) Tip speed

2ᴨ m
v=ω·r =14 · · 65=95,29
60 s

EJEMPLO 2

A horizontal-axis wind turbine has:

- Hub height: 100 m; Blade diameter: 130 m; Rated speed: 14 rpm; Cp = 0.40; Rated wind
speed: 11 m/s

Using these previous data, determine the following:

1) Swept area of blades

2 2
A=ᴨ· r =ᴨ· 65 =13273,22 m2) Tip speed

2ᴨ m
v=ω·r =14 · · 65=95,29
60 s

3) Tip speed ratio at rated wind speed

2ᴨ
14 · · 65
ω·r 60
λ= = =8,66
V 11

4) Rated power

1 1
P=C p · · ρ·A· V 3=0,4 · · 1· 13273· 113=3,53 MW
2 2
5) Power with a wind speed 5, 7, 9 and 13 m/s (Cp = 0.4)

1 3
P=C p · · ρ·A· V
2

1
P=0,4 · · 1· 13273 ·53 =0,33 MW
2

1 3
P=0,4 · · 1· 13273 ·7 =0,91 MW
2

1 3
P=0,4 · · 1· 13273 ·9 =1,93 MW
2

1
P=0,4 · · 1· 13273 ·133 =5,83 MW
2

6) Power with a wind speed 5, 7, 9 and 13 m/s (Cp = 0.4)

5
Power [MW]

0
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Wind speed [m/s]
EJEMPLO 3

Calculate rotor speed (low speed) at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of rated power.
- Constant speed WT (Eco62) P=1300 kW
- Generator 2P / 50 Hz ωs = 1500 rpm
- Gearbox ratio: 81,05

Slip

−0,009 · P [KW ]
Slip [ % ] =
100

−0,009 · 0
Slip [ % ] = =0 %
100

−0,009 ·325
Slip [ % ] = =−0,2925 %
100

−0,009 ·650
Slip [ % ] = =−0,585 %
100

−0,009 · 975
Slip [ % ] = =−0,8775 %
100

−0,009 ·1300
Slip [ % ] = =−1,17 %
100

Generator speed

ω=Slip·ω s +ω s

ω=0 · 1500+1500=1500 rpm

ω=0,2925 ·1500+ 1500=1938,75 rpm

ω=0,585 ·1500+ 1500=2377,5 rpm

ω=0,8775 ·1500+ 1500=2816,25 rpm

ω=1,17 · 1500+ 1500=3255 rpm

Rotor speed

ω
ω r=
Gr

1500
ω r= =18,51 rpm
81,05
 1938,75
ω r= =23,92 rpm
81,05

2377,5
ω r= =29,33 rpm
81,05

2816,25
ω r= =34,75 rpm
81,05

3255
ω r= =40,16 rpm
81,05

Tabla de resultados:

Power [KW] Slip [%] Generator speed [rpm] Rotor speed [rpm]
0 0 1500 18,51
325 -0,2925 1938,75 23,95
650 -0,585 2377,5 29,33
975 -0,8775 2816,25 34,75
1300 -1,17 3255 40,16

TEMA 2. THE WIND RESOURCE

EJEMPLO 1

A wind profile with the following feature:

-Wind speed = 10 m/s at reference height (10 m)

Determine the wind speed at height of 100 m, if:

1) Roughness length = 0.03 m

( ) ( )( hz ) ( 0,03 )
100
ln ln
m
V ( h )=V ( href )· =10· =13,96
ln ( ) ln ( )
h ref 10 s
z 0,03

2) Roughness length = 0,25 m

(
( )
0,25 )
100
ln
m
V ( h )=10 · =16,24
ln ( )
10 s
0,25
 3) Roughness length = 1 m

( ) ( 1001 ) =20 m
ln
V ( h )=10 ·
ln ( )
10 s
1

EJEMPLO 2

A Weibull distribution with k=2 and c=9 m/s

Determine

1) The probability of a wind speed of 8 m/s.

(Uc ) (89 )
k 2
− −
Q { U ≥U 1 } =e =e =0,45 %

2) The probability of the wind speed between >= 3 m/ and < 25 m/s.

( 39 )
2
−
Q { 3 ≥U 1 } =e =0,89 %
( )
2
25
−
Q { 25 ≥U 1 } =e
9
=0,0004456 %

Q { 25 ≥3 }=0,89−0,0004456=0,89 %

3) The number of hours with a V = 6 m/s and V = 10 m/s.

( 69 )
2
−
Q { 6 ≥ U 1 }=e =0,6411 %
( )
2
10
−
Q { 10 ≥U 1 } =e
9
=0,29 %

h any=24 ·365=8760 h
m
Numero de horas a 6 =0,6411 · 8760=5616,74 h
s
m
Numero de horas a 10 =0,29 · 8760=2548,81 h
s

TEMA 3. FUNDAMENTALS OF WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM CONTROL

EJEMPLO 1

The analytical formula of Cp has the following data:

Where:
- λ is the tip speed ratio
- T is the Blade pitch angle in degrees
- C1 = 0.6; C2 = 128; C3 = 0.6; C4 = 0; C5 =8 and C6 = 20

Determine the curve Cp versus tip speed ratio (0 to 16), and with T = 0, 3, 6, 10, 15 & 24º

How could be controlled a WT?

Modo de ejemplo para lambda =1 y Angulo =3.

1 1 0,035
= − =0,805.
β 1+0,08 ·3 1+33

(
C p ( 1,3 ) =0,6 · 128 ·0,805−0,6 · ( 0,805
1
) · 3−0−8)· e
−20 ·0,805
=5,6 · 10−6 ≅ 0

·
Todos los resultados más la gráfica representando el valor de Cp para cada grado:
 CP(0º)
Cp(3º)
Cp(6º)
Cp(10º)
Cp(15º)
Cp(24º)

0.000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

EJEMPLO 2

Fix speed (squirrel cage) wind turbines:

- 3.2 MW WT
- Rotor D = 100 m
- Ngb = 80 based on an induction generator
- 960 V; 50 Hz (2 pair of poles)
- p= 1,225 kg/m3.

Neglecting slip (assuming s = 0). Calculate the mechanical power generated for wind speeds of
5, 8, 11 and 14 m/s

60 · f 60 · 50
n= = =1500 rpm
p 2

2ᴨ 2ᴨ rad
ω=n· =1500 · =157,08
60 60 s

ω·R
λ=
Vw

157,07 · 50
λ 1= =19,63
5 · 80

157,07· 50
λ= =12,27
8· 80

157,07· 50
λ= =8,92
11· 80

157,07· 50
λ= =7,01
14 · 80
 C p=0,0045 · ( 100−( λ−10 )2 )

C p 1=0,0045 · ( 100−( 19,63−10 )2) =0,036

C p 2=0,0045 · ( 100−( 12,27−10 )2 )=0,43

C p 3=0,0045 · ( 100−( 8,92−10 )2 )=0,44

C p 4=0,0045· ( 100−( 7,01−10 )2 ) =0,41

1 3
Pw = · ρ·A· V w ·C p
2
1 2 3
Pw 1= · 1,225· ᴨ· 50 · 5 ·0,036=19603 W
2

1
Pw 2= · 1,225· ᴨ· 502 · 83 · 0,43=1051148 W
2

1
Pw 3= · 1,225· ᴨ· 502 · 113 · 0,44=2847989 W
2

1 2 3
Pw 4 = ·1,225 · ᴨ·50 · 14 ·0,41=5409916W
2

EJEMPLO 3

Geared (GFC) or Gearless (DD) Wind turbines.

- P = 6000 kW
- n = 11,5 rpm

GFC WT:

F= 50 kN/m2
Rgear= 34,78
R=0,5 m
V? Y L?

n g=n· R gear=11,5 ·34,78=399,97 rpm

2ᴨ rad
ω g=399,97· =41,88
60 s

P 6000· 103
V g= = =1,43 m3
2· ω g · F 2 · 41,88 ·50000
 Vg 1,432
Lg = 2
= 2
=1,823 m
ᴨ·r g ᴨ·0,5

DD WT:

F= 50 kN/m2
Rgear= 1
R=3,5 m
V? Y L?

n g=n· R gear=11,5 ·1=11,5 rpm

2ᴨ rad
ω g=399,97· =1,2
60 s

P 6000 · 103 3
V g= = =49,82 m
2· ω g · F 2 ·1,2 · 50000

Vg 49,82
Lg = 2
= 2
=1,294 m
ᴨ·r g ᴨ·3,5

TEMA 4. WIND GENERATORS AND MODELING

EJEMPLO 1. INDUCTION GENERATOR

2.3 MW, 690 V, 50 Hz squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) is used in a fixed-speed wind
energy system. The SCIG is directly connected to the grid of 690 V 50Hz. The generator
parameters are given in Table B. At a given wind speed, the SCIG operates at the rated speed
of 1512 rpm. Using the induction generator equivalent circuit, determine the following:

- a) The slip, and rotor mechanical and electrical speeds (rad/s).

- b) The stator and rotor currents.
- c) The mechanical power and torque.
- d) The stator and rotor winding losses.
- e) The generator efficiency and power factor.
- f) The stator and rotor flux linkages.
A)

rad
w s=2 · ᴨ·f =2 · ᴨ·50=314,16
s

2ᴨ 2ᴨ rad
w m=n m · =1512 · =158,33
60 60 s

n s−n m 1500−1512
s= ·100= · 100=−0,8 %
ns 1500
rad
w r= (1−s ) · w s= ( 1−(−0,008 ) ) · 314,16=316,67
s

B)

2 1−d
Pm=3· Rr · I r ·
d

√ √
3
Pm 2334 · 10
I r= = =2030,92 j A
1−d −3 1− ( −0,008 )
3· Rr · 3· 1,497 · 10 ·
d −0,008

C)

Pm 2334 · 103
T m= = =14,74 kNm
wm 158,33

D)
 2 2 −3
Pcu , r=3· I r · R r=3 · 2030,92 · 1,497 ·10 =18523 W

Pcu , s=3 · I 2s · R s=3 · 21682 · 1,102· 10−3=15539W

E)

P 2,3 M
η= ·100= · 100=98,54 %
Pm 2,334 M

F)

Resultados en la tabla.

EJEMPLO 2. SINCRON GENERATOR

A 2.0 MW, 690 V, 11.25 Hz salient-pole, permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is

used in a stand-alone wind energy system. The parameters of the generator are given in table
B. The generator is connected to an RL load. The load parameters are given by RL = 0.19125 O
and LL = 1.3104 mH. At wind speed of 12 m/s, the generator operates at 1.0 pu rotor speed.
Neglecting the rotational and stator core losses, determine the following:

- a) The rotor mechanical and electrical speeds, and load impedance value.
- b) The dq-axis and rms stator currents.
- c) The dq-axis and rms stator voltages.
- d) The mechanical power and torque.
- e) The stator winding loss and power factor.
- f) The stator active and reactive powers, and generator efficiency.
A)
60· f 60 · 11,25
n m= = =22,5 rpm
p 30
2ᴨ rad
w m=22,5 · =2,356
60 s
rad
w r=wm · p=2,356 ·30=70,68
s
−3
Z L =RL + j X L=0,19125+ j 70,68· 1,3104 · 10 =0,2125∠25,84 º Ω

B)

w r · λr · ( R L + R s ) 70,68 · 4,696 · ( 0,19125+ 0,73051· 10−3 )

i qs = 2
= 2
( R L+ Rs ) + w2r · ( L L + Ld ) · ( L L + Lq ) j ( 0,19125+0,73051 ·10−3 ) +70,682 · ( 1,3104 · 10−3 +1,21· 10−3 ) · ( 1,310

w r · ( L L + Lq ) 70,68· ( 1,3104 · 10 +2,31 ·10 )

−3 −3
i ds = · i qs= · 1087∠−51=1448,85 ∠−51 A=911,8−1126 j A
( RL + R s ) ( 0,19125+ 0,73051· 10−3 )

i s=i ds + ji qs=911,8−844,7 j=1242,96 ∠−42,81 A

C)
 −3
V qs =R L · i qs+ wr · LL · i ds =0,19125 ·1087+70,68 · 1,3104 ·10 · 1448,85=342 V

−3
V ds =R L · i ds−w r · L L · i qs=0,19125 · 1448−70,68 ·1,3104 · 10 · 1087=176,4 V

V s =Z L ·i s =0,2125 ·1242,9=264,7 V

D)

Pm=3· V s · I s · cos ( φ optimal ) =3 ·264,7 · 1243 ·cos (19,738 )=929,07 kW

Pm 929,07 · 103
T m= = =394,34 kNm
ωm 2,356
E)

2 −3 2
Pcu, s=3 · Rs · I s ·cos ( φ )=3 · 0,73051· 10 ·1288 · cos ( 0,8967 ) =3,635 kW

F)

Ps 884,4 · 103
η= ·100= · 100=95,19 %
Pm 929,07· 10
3

Ps =3 ·V s · I s · cos ( φ )=3 ·264,7 · 1242· 0,8967=884,4 kW

Qs =tan ⁡¿

TEMA 5. CONVERTIDORES DE ENERGÍA EN LOS SISTEMAS DE CONVERSIÓN DE ENERGÍA

EÓLICA

EJEMPLO 1
 V rect =V n− j·ω·L· I s−R· I s
rad
ω=2 ᴨ·f =2 ᴨ· 50=314,16
s
Fase a:
−3
V rect ( a )=400 ∠ 0 º− j·314,16 · 0,1· 10 ·50 ∠25 º−2 ·50 ∠25 º=313,1 ∠−8 º V

Fase b:
V rect ( b )=400 ∠−120º − j· 314,16 · 0,1 ·10−3 · 50 ∠−95º −2· 50 ∠−95º =313,1∠−128 º V
Fase c:
−3
V rect ( c )=400 ∠120º − j· 314,16 · 0,1· 10 · 50∠ 145 º−2 · 50∠ 145 º=313,1∠−112º V

EJEMPLO 2
Dos a nivel de VSC con SVPWM
Considere un inversor de fuente de tensión de dos niveles. El inversor está conectado a una
carga RL trifásica equilibrada, y su tensión de CC es 1,220 V. El inversor está modulada por
SVPWM. La frecuencia de conmutación del convertidor es 720 Hz. En una instancia de tiempo
dado, la referencia de tres voltajes de fase V * a, v * b y v * c se encuentran para ser 398,37 V,
145,81 V, y -544,18 V, respectivamente. Determinar lo siguiente:
a) Los componentes α-beta de las tensiones de referencia de tres fases.
b) El ángulo del vector de voltaje de referencia y el número de sector.
c) El vector de voltaje de referencia y el índice de modulación.
d) los tiempos de permanencia.
e) Tres vectores espaciales fijas que se utilizan para sintetizar el vector de voltaje de referencia.

a)

V α =398,37 V

V β=398,37 V

b)
Phi:

phi=tan
−1
( )
Vβ
Vα
=tan (
−1 398,37
398,37 )
=45 º

Sector: 1

c)
V ref =V α +V β j=398,37+398,37 j=563,37∠ 45 º

Índice de modulación:
√ 3 ·V ref √ 3· 563,38
m a= = =0,8
V dc 1220

d)

( ᴨ3 −θ )=0,8· 7201 · sin ( ᴨ3 − ᴨ4 )=287,57 µs

d 1=ma · T s · sin

·sin ( )=785,67 µs
1 ᴨ
d =m · T · sin ( θ )=0,8 ·
2 a s
720 4
1
d 0 =T s−d 1−d 2 = −287,57 µ−785,67 µ=315,64 µs
720

e)
2 −j0 2 −j0
V 1= · V dc · e = ·1220 · e =813,33V
3 3
ᴨ ᴨ
2 j 2 j
V 2= · V dc · e 3 = · 1220 ·e 3 =813,33∠ 60º
3 3
 V 0=0

EJEMPLO 3

Consider a grid-connected two-level VSC with voltage-oriented control (VOC). The inverter is
connected to the grid of 690V 50Hz and delivers 2.3 MW to the grid with unity power factor
operation. The inverter is modulated by an SVM scheme with modulation index of 0.8 and
operates under steady-state conditions. The line inductance Lg is 0.1098 mH. To simplify the
analysis, all the harmonics produced by the inverter are neglected. When the grid voltage
vector angle θgis -45ºC, determine the following:
1) The instantaneous three-phase grid voltage and currents.
2) The grid voltage angle.
3) The dq-axis grid voltages and currents.
4) The active and reactive powers delivered to the grid (using dq-axis grid voltages and
currents).
5) The dc-link voltage and corrent

1)
V 690
V g= · √2= · √ 2=563,38 V ( peak )
√3 √3
2 · P g 2· 2,3 ·106
ig = = =2721,6 A (peak )
3 · v g 3· 563,38

φ g=180 º

( −ᴨ4 )=398,37V
v ag =v g · cos ( ωg · t ) =v g · cos ( θ g ) =563,38· cos

v =v · cos ( ω · t− )=v · cos (θ − ) =563,38· cos ( − )=−544,19 V

2ᴨ 2ᴨ −ᴨ 2 ᴨ
bg g g g g
3 3 4 3
v =v · cos ( ω · t+ )=v · cos ( θ + )=563,38 · cos ( + )=145,81 V
2ᴨ 2ᴨ −ᴨ 2 ᴨ
cg g g g g
3 3 4 3

( −ᴨ4 −ᴨ)=−1924,5 A
i ag=i g · cos ( ω g ·t−φg ) =i g · cos ( θ g−φ g )=563,38 · cos

i =i · cos ( ω · t −φ − )=i · cos ( θ −φ − )=563,38 · cos ( −ᴨ− )=2628,9 A

2ᴨ 2ᴨ −ᴨ 2ᴨ
bg g g g g g g
3 3 4 3

(
i cg =i g · cos ω g ·t−φg +
2ᴨ
3) (
=i g · cos θg −φ g +
2ᴨ
3
=563,38 ·cos )
−ᴨ
4
−ᴨ+ (
2ᴨ
3 )
=−704,42 A

2)
v α =v ag=398,37V
√3 √3
v β = · ( v ag+ 2· v bg ) = · ( 398,37+2 ·−544,19 )=−398,37 V
3 3
3)

2 2
v dg = ·¿¿ · ¿
3 3

−2
v qg= ·¿
3
−2
·¿
3

2 2
i dg= · ¿¿ · ¿
3 3

−2
i qg= ·¿
3
−2
·¿
3

4)
3 3 6
Pg = · ( v dg i dg+ v qg i qg ) = · ( 563,38 ·−2721,6+ 0 )=−2,3 · 10 W
2 2
3 3
Q g= · ( v qg i qg + v dg i dg ) = · ( 0−0 ) =0 VAR
2 2

5)
V dc = √
2 · V √ 2 ·690
= =1220V
ma 0,8
Pg −2,3· 106
I dc = = =−1855,6 A
V dc 1220