UTILIZING WASTE COCONUT FIBERS AND RICE HUSK ASH AS

AGGREGATES IN MIX PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE HOLLOW

BLOCKS

A research presented to

The Faculty of Sto. Niňo Academy of Bamban, Inc.

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements in

Capstone Research

CANLAS, Jade Louie M.

MULDONG, Dianna Gwenn G.

PILLADO, Denzel France P.

RAMOS, Erica Joy S.

REALINO, Lezahnayr Azy P.

May 2022
 ii

Sto.Niño Academy of Bamban, Inc.

Rizal Ave., San Nicolas, Bamban, Tarlac
Cellular Phone : 0943-293-1881

APPROVAL SHEET
This research entitled “WASTE COCONUT FIBERS AND RICE HUSK ASH AS
AGGREGATES IN MIX PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS” by
CANLAS, Jade Louie M., MULDONG, Dianna Gwenn G., PILLADO, Denzel France P.,
RAMOS, Erica Joy S., REALINO, Lezahnayr Azy P., which is prepared and submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Research Project is hereby accepted.

___________________
Ms. Eva C. Garcia

Research Committee and Panel of Examiners

Ms. Eva C. Garcia Mr. Klaine P. Arcangel

Capstone Teacher/Committee Research Head/Committee
___________________ __________________
Date signed Date signed

Ms. Anneth T. Cortez Ms. Dioselle A. Tañala

Capstone Teacher/Committee Guidance Counselor/Committee
___________________ __________________
Date signed Date signed

Noted by:

Mr. Jason V. Manalang

SHS Coordinator/ Committee
___________________
Date signed

Approved by:

Mr. Ronald D. David

Principal
___________________
Date signed
 iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praises, gratitude and recognition are given to the Lord Almighty.

Without Him, the researchers are nothing more than objects, yet everything was done and produced

through and with Him, and all glory will be for Him forever.

This research study is the result of many people giving their time and effort to produce the

finest results possible. The researchers are immensely grateful as they were able to finish the

research paper on time and without any complications. Without the effort and cooperation of the

group members, the study would not be accomplished with good outcome. The researchers would

like to express their thanks and gratitude to the people who participated in this study.

Mrs. Eva C. Garcia, the researchers' uncomplaining and remarkable class adviser and

capstone teacher, provided the necessary guidance and encouragement throughout the study. The

researchers would have been utterly unaware of the potential if it had not been for her efforts. She

taught the researchers not only how to accurately predict the future, but also how to do so. This

research cannot be completed without her direction and brilliant suggestions.

The researchers would also like to express their gratitude to Mr. Klaine P. Arcangel,

member of the respective panel, for his persistent supervision, insightful comments and

recommendations. The researchers are immensely thankful to Mr. Arcangel for providing the

essential data for this study. His statements concluded the investigation and provided a stepping

stone for future academics interested in this study.

Gratefulness goes to Ms. Frienchie Ann Yamauchi, who was also a member of the panel,

as she shared her knowledge and expertise in this study. The researchers were grateful for her

important advice, bright ideas, great suggestions and for helping the researchers on how to further

improve the research paper. The researchers would like to extend their thankfulness and would

never forget the patience and understanding she has shown in this whole journey.

The researchers' road to completion was not without bumps, but they are eternally grateful

to Ms. Kelly Cervantes for patiently answering all of their queries. She didn't hesitate to make

fantastic recommendations. Even when she is pressed for time, she has the ability to provide. This

research would not have been possible without her insight and guidance.
 iv

The Vessel of Honor Class of 2021-2022 provided the motivation and determination to

conduct this research. Despite the fact that the epidemic has caused a great deal of suffering, the

support and assistance supplied by one another has made a little impact. These students will be

remembered not only for their academic achievements, but also for who they were as a whole.

The researchers' loving and caring parents were extremely appreciated and thanked for

their unwavering support, encouragement and understanding, which helped them reach a positive

outcome in their study. Without them, there would be no achievement or growth.

Finally, yet importantly, the researchers would like to acknowledge Mr. Pablo Borbon Jr.

who showed willingness to wholeheartedly assist the researchers in conducting the experiment and

provided the materials of the blocks at no cost. It is a great delight because the product would not

have been produced without his benevolence.

 v

ABSTRACT

Through the past years, in the Philippines, seismic effects have become a major factor in

the analysis, design, and construction of structures. This is primarily due to the country's frequent

occurrence of severe earthquakes. Consequently, it is essential to consider these factors when

constructing a building. Being prepared for unanticipated events (i.e., typhoons and earthquakes)

is advantageous, but may cause larger problems for the building in the long run. Thus, materials

used in infrastructure construction must be produced with extreme care. In addition to its

abundance of agricultural resources, the Philippines is currently struggling with the disposal of

agricultural waste.

Hollow blocks are widely used in the construction of a wide range load-bearing and non-

load-bearing structures. In this study, the researchers aim to develop a product from agricultural

waste and an alternative construction material in light of the current economic and environmental

climate. This study examines the effects of mixing waste coconut fibers and rice husk ash as

aggregates in the flexural and compressive strength of concrete hollow blocks. The study's primary

objective is to assess the durability of hollow blocks made with varying proportions of coconut

fibers and rice husk ash. This study sought to know if the added percentages of the materials will

have effects in the development of concrete. It also focused on evaluating if these concrete hollow

blocks made with coconut fibers and rice husk ash will be more durable than the ordinary concrete

hollow blocks. Thus, a comparison was made between concrete hollow blocks manufactured with

the added materials and standard concrete hollow blocks.

 vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page…………………………………………………………………………………………..i

Approval Sheet………………………………………………………………………………........ii

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………..iii

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………....v

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………....vi

List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………viii

List of Figure……………………………………………………………………………………..ix

CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND………………………………...1

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..1

Statement of the Problem………………………………………………………………………….3

Hypotheses of the Study…………………………………………………………………………..4

Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………………………………4

Scope and Delimitations…………………………………………………………………………..5

Significance of the Study………………………………………………………………………….6

Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………………………….7

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES…………………..9

Related Literature…………………………………………………………………………………9

Related Studies………………………………………………………………………………...…15

Foreign Studies………………………………………………………………..…………………15

Local Studies……………………………………………………………………………………..16
 vii

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………..18

Research Design………………………………………………………………………………….18

Materials…………………………………………………………………………………………18

Procedure………………………………………………………………………………………...19

Ethical Consideration…………………………………………………………………………….20

Statistical Treatment……………………………………………………………………………..21

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS……………………………………………..22

Results and Discussions…………………………………………………………………………22

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS……………………………26

Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………26

Recommendations………………………………………………………………………………..27

BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………29

APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………………..31

The Materials…………………………………………………………………………….31

The Making of the Blocks………………………………………………………………..32

Testing the Durability of the Blocks……………………………………………………..33

 viii

LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Effects in the development of concrete blocks………………………………………….23

2. Flexural Strength Test……………………………………………………………….….24

3. Total Breaking Point in Drop Testing…………………………………………………..24

 ix

LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Page
1. Conceptual Framework………………………………………………………………….4
 １

Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

People start their lives in their houses, buildings, and other infrastructures and the collapse

of these structures has negatively affected the engineering and architecture industry across the

world. However, the materials that are used for building infrastructures are not as flawless as they

seem when an incident occurs. Given that the needed premises in people’s daily lives are houses,

the manner how it was constructed must be supervised carefully by an engineer or an architect as

this phase is critical and can be the root of an accident.

Considering that the Philippines is a country that has been surviving earthquakes and

several typhoons every year, it is crucial to let these things be considered as one of the factors that

must be seen through when it comes to constructing a building. When a natural disaster strikes

unexpectedly, individuals are forced to restart their lives owing to infrastructure that was not built

with sufficient precautions. Considering such factors is an advantage for the building to be

prepared when unforeseen events (i.e., typhoons, earthquakes) occur, these issues may generate

bigger problems for the premises in the following years. This includes the materials that make up

the whole premise itself. The important materials in building infrastructures must be made with

maximum control considering the flaws it may have in particular situations comparable to

earthquakes, fires, or typhoons that caused floods in specific areas.

Concrete masonry blocks (CMU), cinder blocks, breeze blocks, clinker blocks, and hollow

blocks are all names for normal concrete blocks. These concrete blocks have been used for

centuries around the world as one of the essential elements in the construction of buildings,

schools, hospitals, houses, establishments, pavements (road surfaces), dams, tunnels, and other

structures, as they will improve and enhance the long-term performance and durability of whatever

is built (Brkzi, 2011). Powdered cement, water, sand, and lahar are usually used to make these

ordinary concrete blocks. Following that, the four fundamental techniques of mixing, molding,

curing, and cubing will be used to process the components. These operations will result in a light

gray block with a fine and smooth surface and a comprehensive strength that will speed
 ２

up construction since the blocks are easy to install due to their consistent sizes and shapes,

allowing even untrained employees to work with them. These blocks are also less expensive to

utilize than other building materials. They minimize workers' working hours since they are simple

to install. One of the most well-known advantages of concrete blocks is their durability and

strength in comparison to other building materials; they can handle heavy loads and have a good

fire resistance.

As reported by Michael J. Berry, the Senior Project Manager of a well-known construction

company, for most structures, concrete is the most commonly used material as a main foundation

in the construction industry (Troidl, 2018), with that being said, it is a crucial material for building

infrastructures. Hollow blocks are indeed a good step in the construction industry but their flexural

strength is not considered to be strong, instead, it is considered weak and causes the wall to

collapse. It cannot handle the pressure of having heavy objects hanging onto it or pressure from

external conditions namely storms and seismic activities that are caused by earthquakes. Hollow

blocks are considered to be a porous material; hence, it is not waterproof and is a material that

makes water seep through them resulting in long-term problems. If the water is continuously

seeping through the hollow block and letting it leak with water, this will make it fall apart more

quickly than the expected reinforcement time.

On the other hand, everything manufactured and made around the world comes from

natural resources. There are a lot of minerals and natural resources in the Philippines, including a

wide range of raw materials that are mined. The primary sector gets these things from nature so

that the Filipino people can survive by utilizing them. The secondary sector turns these raw

materials into new products that can be sold to other countries. The tertiary sector provides services

to its customers. The primary sector is very important to the long-term health of the local economy.

According to Ramli et al. (2013), the structures in the Philippines have suffered from earthquakes

and typhoons every year. Thus far, the best approach to minimize the deleterious effects on these

structures is to use high-strength, high-performance concrete hollow blocks. However, this

approach has limitations. When a crack starts due to the impact of the earthquake and expansive

products are formed due to the sulfate attack, the crack will grow and become uncontrollable. To

prevent the effect on these structures, there are many resources that can be placed in concrete
 ３

hollow blocks to make them even more durable such as concrete hollow blocks combined with

agricultural waste.

Since the Philippines is rich in agricultural resources, the most common agricultural wastes

are rice husk, coconut husk, coconut shell, and bagasse. The Philippines has the largest number of

coconut trees in the world as it produces most of the world's market for coconut oil and copra meal.

Coconut shells, coconut husks, and coconut coir dust are the most common coconut wastes (Zafar,

2021). The non-food part of a coconut is the shell, which is one of the hard agro wastes. Due to its

excellent strength and modulus qualities, the coconut shell has a lot of potential. When compared

to other materials, coconut shell powder has excellent qualities such as low cost, renewable, high

specific strength to weight ratio, low density, low abrasion on machine, and environmental

friendliness.

According to Singh (2018), rice husk is an abundantly available waste material in all rice-

producing countries. Rice husks are the hard protective coverings of rice grains that are separated

from the grains during milling process. In the course of a typical milling process, the husks are

removed from the raw grain to reveal whole brown rice which upon further milling to remove the

bran layer will yield white rice. Furthermore, rice husk, an agro-waste material, contains about

20% ash which can be retrieved as amorphous, chemically reactive silica. This silica finds wide

applications as filler, catalyst/catalyst support, adsorbent, and a source for synthesizing high-

performance silicon and its compounds.

The objective of this research is to propose coconut fibers and rice husk ash as materials in

making concrete hollow blocks. The goal of the study is to test if the added materials can make

the blocks more durable than regular concrete blocks. This study will focus on testing if concrete

blocks produced from coconut fibers and rice husk are more durable than standard concrete hollow

blocks.

Statement of the Problem

Due to the current economic and environmental problems, the goal of this research is to

create a product out of agricultural waste and to produce an alternative construction material. This
 ４

study aims to know the effect of coconut fibers and rice husk ash to the durability of concrete

hollow blocks.

Specifically, it will answer if:

1) The added percentages of coconut fibers and rice husk ash (75%, 50%, and 25%) have effects

in the development of concrete.

2) These concrete hollow blocks made with coconut fibers and rice husk ash put through a flexural

strength test will be more durable than the ordinary concrete hollow blocks.

3) These concrete hollow blocks made with coconut fibers and rice husk ash will be more durable

than the ordinary concrete hollow blocks when dropped.

Hypothesis

The researchers will compare the durability of normal concrete blocks to those constructed

from rice husk ash and coconut fibers. To further evaluate the work, the researchers developed

hypothesis:

1. The added percentages of coconut fibers and rice husk ash (75%, 50%, and 25%) have no

effects in the development of concrete.

2. The addition of coconut fibers and rice husk ash to normal hollow concrete blocks have

no effect on their flexural strength.

3. The standard concrete hollow blocks are still more durable than the blocks made with

coconut fibers and rice husk ash when dropped.

Conceptual Framework

The paradigm of the study is shown in Figure 1. The researchers’ goal is to know which is

more durable between normal concrete hollow blocks and concrete made with coconut fibers and

rice husk ash. The researchers added 25%, 50%, and 75% of coconut fibers and rice husk ash to

the usual ingredients of the concrete blocks. The researchers produced nine blocks three for the

25% coconut fibers and rice husk ash made, three for 50%, and three for 75%. The researchers

will test which among the three percentage of materials added to the blocks is more durable. Then

to answer the second and third problem, two methods were used by the researchers to assess the
 ５

durability of concrete blocks made from coconut fibers and rice husk ash. The flexural test involves

stacking standard hollow blocks on top of each other to see which could withstand the weight of

the standard blocks. The blocks were then subjected to a drop test, wherein the height of the

dropping point is increased until the blocks cracked.

The researchers chose this theoretical framework to emphasize the variables of the study

which are the coconut fibers and rice husk ash as the independent variable (the variable which will

be manipulated by the researchers to see if it will make the dependent variable change) and

concrete hollow blocks as the dependent variable (the variable that is being tested in an

experiment) to find out the conclusion for this study.

Figure 1: The Paradigm of the Study

Scope and Delimitation

The researchers’ goal is to do an experimental research to see which is more durable: a regular

concrete hollow block or a hollow block made of coconut fibers and rice husk ash. Thus, the goal

of this study is to create a concrete hollow block produced from coconut fibers and rice husk ash

and compare it to a standard concrete hollow block to see which can bear the weights of the things

that will be tested for durability. Another method of testing the blocks was also utilized by the

researchers which involved increasing the height of the dropping point until the blocks cracked.

The researchers will compare the two concretes to see which has the most demonstrated firmness.

In this study, the researchers are also delimiting the study on anything over the making of concrete
 ６

hollow blocks made with coconut fibers and rice husk ash such as making of houses, buildings,

infrastructures, etc. made of hollow blocks.

Significance of the Study

In light of the current economic and environmental conditions, the goal of this research is

to develop a product from agricultural waste as well as a new type of construction material that is

environmentally friendly. If it is proven that hollow blocks made from rice husk ash and coconut

fibers are more durable than regular concrete blocks, they could serve as a more stable foundation

for the entire infrastructure while requiring less maintenance. Using their own natural resources,

locals may be able to manufacture long-lasting and durable concrete hollow blocks that will last

for decades.

The following will benefit from the study's findings:

The local community of Bamban would be beneficial, since the people will be able to utilize

it to promote sustainable management to the entire community. Not only will the building costs be

reduced, but the anticipated cost of infrastructure damage and mortality will also be lower.

Concrete Blocks Manufacturers in Bamban will also benefit the most in this research; if

the study concludes that blocks made with coconut fibers and rice husk ash are more durable than

regular blocks, the makers will have the idea to make the blocks stronger and sell them for a higher

price without having to spend money on expensive materials.

A Civil Engineer’s main responsibility relies on both creating and protecting the

environment in which we live in. They plan, design, and supervise the maintenance of the streets,

tower blocks, roadways, and other infrastructures. If the study proves that coconut fibers and rice

husk ash can make hollow blocks more durable, these civil engineers will start to promote and

begin to include the said materials as basic ingredients in making concrete hollow blocks, since

the blocks are one of the foundations of any infrastructure, and the foundation must be the strongest

of all the parts.

Construction site workers will be able to install the blocks easier as they will be tougher

than the normal hollow blocks which are quite tricky to put as they require more care in handling

them.
 ７

The findings of this research are aimed to be instrumental to the people who are planning

to build houses, buildings, or institutions in the municipality of Bamban. They will be informed

about low-cost materials, allowing them to choose an alternative that is beneficial to both

individuals and the environment since this study was conducted with both areas in mind. People

who are going to construct might make a wise option by selecting these concrete blocks.

The Researchers will have a significant knowledge they can carry to their careers. This

study can serve as a guide for them to expand their knowledge in using innovative ingredients that

can better their plans hypothetically and literally.

This study may serve as a tool for the Future Researchers as it will give the information

needed by them if they choose to conduct a related, similar, or duplicate study.

Definition of Terms

• Amorphous – Having no definite form: shapeless (Merriam Webster).

• Aggregate - Something formed by adding together several amounts or things (Cambridge

Dictionary).

• Copra – Defined by the Oxford Languages (n.d.), these are the dried sections of the meat

of the coconut, the kernel of the fruit of the coconut palm.

• Coir- is a natural fiber extracted from the outer husk of the coconut (Oxford Languages).

• Cinder - are extrusive igneous rocks; they are fragments of solidified lava (Merriam

Webster).

• Cement Clinker – According to the Merriam Webster, it is the glassy clinker-like product

of fusing together clay and limestone as the first stage in the manufacture of portland

cement.

• Concrete - A heavy, rough building material made from a mixture of broken stone or

gravel, sand, cement, and water, that can be spread or poured into molds and that forms a

mass resembling stone on hardening (Oxford Languages)

• Deleterious - Harmful often in a subtle or unexpected way (Merriam Webster).

 ８

• Flexural Strength - is the ability of composites or materials to resist bending deflection

when energy is applied to the structure (Wypych, 2018).

• Fluorescence - is the emission of electromagnetic radiation, usually visible light, caused

by excitation of atoms in a material, which then reemit almost immediately (Britannica).

• Husk - The dry outer covering of some fruits or seeds (Oxford Languages).

• Masonry - Masonry is bricks or pieces of stone which have been stuck together with

cement as part of a wall or building (Collins Dictionary).

• Mortar- It is a mixture of sand, water, and cement or lime which is put between bricks to

hold them together (Collins Dictionary)

• Silica fume – In a study conducted by Bubshait et al. (2007), silica fume is an excellent

admixture for concrete as it leads to better engineering properties.

 ９

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The researchers were able to gather various relevant data from sources such as books, journals,

credible web publications, and previous studies conducted both locally and worldwide in order to

finish this investigation. In this chapter, the readers will be able to gain a deeper understanding of

the study as the researchers will make use of studied literature as the basis of the current study.

The studies that were similar to their own were critical in strengthening the base of their

investigation, providing adaptable procedures, and enhancing probable outcomes.

Related Literature

A shelter, or a place to dwell, is one of the most fundamental requirements of mankind. Caves,

under mountain cliffs, and certain underground locations were utilized by ancient humans as a

place to sleep, rest, and for protection. It provided them with a safe haven from the elements at the

time. The notion of a secure haven and long-lasting refuge was unthinkable in ancient times. But,

as time passes, human thinking has progressed to the point where they decided to build a shelter

that is not only safe, but also durable, using readily available materials such as woods, mud, and

stones. But it has still been a long journey to figure out the best possible construction material that

can be used to build a shelter. Until human demand opened the path for the use of concrete blocks

(Thorat et al., 2013).

According to McCoy, T. (n.d.), Concrete Masonry Units are also known as concrete hollow

blocks, concrete bricks, or concrete masonry. The hollow concrete blocks are made, hardened, and

cured before being delivered to the job site, and they are extremely durable and sturdy material.

These blocks are used to construct both internal and exterior walls. Because of its vast proportions,

the concrete hollow block saves time while constructing walls. The Hollow Block plays an

essential role in the building sector because of its load-carrying capacity. Concrete blocks are said

to be one of the most widely used building materials, with applications in practically every sector.

Cement is used to bind components together, resulting in hollow blocks that are stronger and last

longer (BESS, 2021).

 １０

The concept of the concrete blocks started in 1890 in the United States and it was created by

Harmon S. Palmer. Palmer was attempting to develop a substance that would increase the

dwellings' durability and ability to handle large loads. He opted to mix the sand, lahar, and tiny

stones known as gravel with water, the universal solvent. He formed the mixture into a box and

set it aside to solidify. Palmer completed the concept in 1900 after 10 years of experimentation

and testing. These concrete blocks were originally utilized in the United States as a substitute for

stones and woods, and this first use led to the conclusion that these blocks are actually sturdy and

can serve as a good foundation for any structure. The first popular concrete block house was

constructed in 1837 on Staten Island, New York. The building was plain at the time because paints

and colors had not yet been developed (Ovitt, n.d.).

Concrete blocks were limited in the 1800s since there were no machines to speed up

manufacturing. A worker could only create 10 blocks at a time. It became popular from the 1900s

through the 1920s, notably as a principal building material for shelters. People demonstrated that

this new or "modern" substance had the ability to make people's lives safer. These blocks were

marketed as fireproof and weatherproof all throughout the world, and their inexpensive price

attracted a lot of attention. It was regarded as the strongest material in the construction of

dwellings, not just houses, but also establishments, buildings, and other structures, in 1920. It also

made its way to the top of the construction materials list (Thorat et al., 2013).

Concrete blocks are now machine-made in the modern time, and their manufacture is much

faster than in the past (Tajing, 2018). In the Philippines, concrete blocks are referred to as Hollow

Blocks. These hollow blocks are one of the most widely used building materials. The fact that they

are very inexpensive and simple to install, especially by competent laborers, are two of the main

reasons. The lahar is one of the components that makes the hollow blocks of the Philippines more

durable than other blocks. Cement, sand, lahar, and water are typical components in the

Philippines. Lahar is one of the essential elements in constructing hollow blocks, and it comes

from volcanoes that have erupted in the last ten years. As a result, hollow blocks are affordable in

the Philippines since the materials used are readily available, and the blocks' endurance has been

proven (Global Shelter Cluster, 2014).

 １１

Concrete blocks have a number of advantages as a building material. To begin with, it is quite

long-lasting. Concrete blocks are compressed using a machine (molder) under high pressure and

vibration, making the blocks sturdy and able to endure enormous loads and other variables that

might cause damage to companies, houses, and other structures. Another reason is that they are

fire resistant, which means that they can sustain a lot of heat without the blocks discoloring (Tajing,

2018).

Another advantage of hollow blocks is that they are cost-effective; they reduce the structural

design of structures by being light weight and shrinking the size of structural components in both

the foundation and superstructure. In comparison to conventional bricks, which emit hazardous

gases, concrete blocks are also ecologically beneficial. Because of the insulating features of

concrete blocks, they helped to minimize energy consumption, so contributing to the creation of a

greener world for future generations. Due to various common and comparable forms and sizes,

hollow blocks are also uncomplicated to install that even inexperienced laborers can work with

them and correctly install them (Ovitt, n.d.).

Concrete hollow blocks (CHB) are more earthquake resistant considering that they are

lightweight. This decreases the strain on the building greatly. As a result, the establishment's

foundation is stable, and it is resistant to natural disasters such as earthquakes (Ahmed, 2018). Due

to their thermal insulation, concrete blocks make for pleasant interiors. Outside heat or cold will

not be able to enter the enterprises due to the natural air within the blocks. Additionally, they have

the ability to soundproof the facility.

Despite these advantages, concrete hollow blocks also have flaws that greatly affects the

whole structure of the building. Concrete blocks have downsides, according to an article (Shashe,

2017), and one of those is concrete hollow blocks (CHB) are not visually pleasing since they are

usually set out in a brick-like pattern. Whereas these blocks are difficult to cover, some individuals

employ paints to conceal the ugliness of the blocks, and additional landscaping is required to

conceal the block foundations. Another example is while installing the blocks; some laborers may

take shortcuts when applying the mortar as the paste to join the blocks together, compromising the

foundation's stability and making the structure vulnerable.

 １２

Shashe (2017) further enumerated that concrete blocks are fire resistant, but they are not water

resistant. Because the mortar is not leak proof, severe rains may cause damage to the blocks,

causing them to become weak over time. Lastly, the blocks require a lot of upkeep. They may be

long-lasting, but they may crack and finally fall apart over time since they become weaker when

they are subjected to strong loads and weights.

Buildings, houses, and other structures are the ones constructing the very foundation of where

people begin their lives. The situation where these infrastructures collapsed has shaken the

engineering and architecture industry around the world. However, the materials used to build

infrastructures are not as flawless as they appear when an incident occurs. Given that the premises

that humans require (i.e., houses) are the ones that protect them, the way the building was made or

built must be at fault in circumstances where the infrastructure itself collapsed due to unreasonable

reasons such as defects in the construction process under the supervision of an engineer or an

architect.

Considering that the Philippines is one of the most natural hazard-prone countries in the world

(The World Bank, 2005), it is crucial to let these things be considered as one of the factors that

must be seen through when it comes to constructing a building. Reducing the risk of disasters will

be the key to achieving the development goals in the Philippines. In her news article, Mina (2021)

stated that due to the archipelago's location along both the route of tropical storms building in the

western Pacific and the Ring of Fire, at least 60% of the country's total land area, approximately

300,000 square kilometers (116,000 square miles), is exposed to natural disasters. According to

the World Risk Index, 74% of the country's population of more than 100 million is affected by

natural disasters, and the country is consistently ranked among the top 10 natural disaster-prone

countries in the world. Thus, the important materials in building infrastructures must be made with

maximum control considering the flaws it may have in particular situations comparable to

earthquakes, fires, or typhoons that caused floods in specific areas.

President Rodrigo R. Duterte of the Philippines has ordered that hollow blocks should be

added to the list of items that must be certified after previous earthquakes raised concerns about

the quality of building materials (“Duterte Orders Compulsory Quality Checks for Hollow

Blocks,” 2019). Following the recent earthquakes in Mindanao, the President expressed worries
 １３

regarding building materials during a Cabinet meeting, particularly those supplied by small

suppliers.

Using high-strength and high-performance concrete hollow blocks has shown to be the most

effective way to reduce the negative impacts on these constructions so far, according to Ramli,

Kwan, and Abas (2013). However, there are certain drawbacks to this strategy. When a crack

develops as a result of the earthquake's impact and expanding products occur as a result of the

sulfate assault, the crack will spread and become uncontrolled.

The usage of aggregates in construction is one of the most significant aspects of the job since

it gives the concrete more strength. Because quarrying aggregates from rivers and mountains hurts

the environment, finding an alternative for the aggregates used today is a subject worth

considering. If a natural equivalent for aggregate can be found and the source is plentiful and

renewable, getting the aggregate would deplete the source (Ganiron Jr. et al., 2018).

There are numerous materials that may be added in concrete hollow blocks to make them even

more durable, such as concrete hollow blocks mixed with agricultural waste, to prevent the damage

on these constructions. Environmental pollution rises with population growth as a result of waste

production and uncontrolled raw resource usage. Agricultural waste is being dumped openly,

which is becoming a serious problem. Since open damping harms public health and degrades the

beautiful look of nature, agricultural waste products must be turned into valuable resources to

lessen the negative impact on the environment.

Since the Philippines is rich in agricultural resources, the most common agricultural wastes

are rice husk, coconut husk, coconut shell, and bagasse. Being a tropical country, the Philippines

is a major producer of coconut goods such as coconut oil, copra (dried coconut), and desiccated

coconut. Historically, the Southern Tagalog, Bicol, areas of Luzon and Eastern Visayas, were the

centers of coconut productions of land with coconut trees, and its people was at least partly

depended on it for their living, but a considerable quantity of agricultural waste was discarded.

Poor waste management can result in a social and economic problem.

Rice husk is a readily available waste material in all rice-producing nations, according to

Singh (2018). The hard protective coverings of rice grains that are removed from the grains during

the milling process are known as rice husks. The husks are removed from the raw grain during a
 １４

normal milling operation, revealing complete brown rice, which is subsequently milled to remove

the bran layer, yielding white rice. Furthermore, rice husk, which is an agricultural waste product,

includes around 20% ash, which may be recovered as amorphous, chemically reactive silica. As a

filler, catalyst support, adsorbent, and a source for manufacturing high-performance silicon and

related derivatives, this silica has a wide range of uses.

A study conducted by Syed et al. (2020) showed the rising expense of building, along with

the progressive impact on the environment, has driven academics to adopt natural fibers such as

coconut fibers as a mean of boosting concrete strength. Coconut fibers are readily available at the

test site, making it a viable option for use as a concrete reinforcing material. Varied strengths

metrics such as bending, compression, and tensile strength of coconut fiber were investigated in

concrete with different fiber contents using ordinary concrete or prestressed concrete.

In their study, Agrawal et al. (2014) revealed that the addition of coconut fiber to concrete

improves several of the concrete's attributes, including torsion, toughness, and, most importantly,

tensile strength, which is one of the most important. On the other hand, according to Pandagre et

al. (2015) because of their high strength and modulus, coconut fiber aggregates are viable

candidates for the creation of innovative composites. Among natural fibers, coconut fibers have

the highest tenacity. They might be utilized as reinforcement in low-cost concrete constructions,

particularly in areas prone to earthquakes.

Akeke et al. (2013) identified Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as an agricultural waste product, and

waste managers are grappling with how to dispose it. Concrete, on the other hand, has risen to

become the most extensively used building material on the planet. The binder (cement) is the most

expensive concrete ingredient, and if this all-important expensive substance is largely replaced

with a more natural, local, and economical resource like RHA, not only will waste be managed,

but it will also alleviate the problem of high concrete and housing costs. In another study conducted

by Madandoust et al. (2011), it was proven that at the older ages, concrete containing RHA had a

greater compressive strength. The microstructure of mortar specimens was studied using scanning

electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed that the RHA filled the pores, explaining the higher

mechanical performance of the RHA mortar.

 １５

Related Studies

Foreign Studies

Selecting proper building materials for construction is one of the keys to achieving sustainable

construction goals in green projects. Such initiatives strive to employ environmentally friendly

materials that promote the use of recycled and renewable materials, which are locally created with

lower harmful gas emissions and have long and lasting profiles. Construction material

manufacturers must deliver materials that may be utilized in ecologically responsible structures

without jeopardizing environmental circumstances as worldwide demand for sustainable materials

grows. Agricultural waste disposal is a severe environmental issue. The use of agricultural wastes

in concrete block production might help to minimize global pollution. As a result of the

environmental and economical crisis, an experiment by Sathiparan and De Zoysa (2018) to

establish the physical, strength, and durability qualities of concrete hollow blocks have been

conducted. Test results show that concrete blocks made with agricultural waste were satisfied the

strength requirement according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

standard.

Another study conducted by Ganiron Jr. (2013) aims to generate a product made from

agricultural waste as well as an alternative construction material that would reduce social and

environmental problems. The workability and compressive strength of concrete with various

percentages of coconut shell as partial aggregate replacement are shown in this research. ASTM

C136 and ASTM C137 were used to conduct the workability and compressive strength tests,

respectively. The results suggest that by replacing the right coconut shell component, workable

concrete with acceptable strength may be produced. The addition of coconut shell increased the

concrete's strength, making it the strongest of all the concrete mixtures tested.

India is a large rice-growing country, and the husk created during milling is mostly utilized as

a fuel in paddy-processing boilers, creating electricity by direct combustion and/or gasification.

Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is generated in around 20 million tons per year. This RHA poses a

significant environmental risk by causing harm to the ground and surrounding region where it is

deposited. There are a lot of ideas circulating about regarding how to get rid of them by b ringing
 １６

this RHA to business usage. RHA can be utilized as a concrete substitute (15 to 25%). This study

conducted by Nagrale, Hajare & Modak (2012) examines how the amount of Rice Husk Ash added

to concrete affects its physical and mechanical qualities.

Local Studies

Rice is one of the major crops consumed and developed all over the world as a source of

nourishment for the world's population. In a study conducted by Carig et al. (2015), it was stated

that rice husk ash (RHA) was made from rice husks from Simimbaan, Roxas, and Isabela. The

silica concentration of RHA was determined by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry in accordance

with ASTMC 618. In non-load bearing concrete hollow blocks, RHA was utilized as a partial

replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The compressive strength, water absorption, and

thermal conductivity of the CHB samples are then determined. The findings reveal that the

compressive strength and water absorption tests passed the Philippine National Standard on the

28th day (PNS). As a result, the 15% RHA replacement had the best thermal performance, with a

thermal conductivity of 0.3190 W/m.K. This study demonstrates that RHA is a possible risk factor

based on the aforementioned findings.

Coconut shells are mostly utilized as decorations and as a source of activated carbon in the

plastics, adhesives, and abrasive materials sectors. Because they are generated in enormous

numbers, they are the most prevalent trash discovered in landfills. This scenario is hazardous to

the environment since landfills contribute to global warming by generating dangerous chemicals

such as carbon dioxide and methane, which contribute to global warming. In another study

conducted by Kho et al. (2013), it was stated that the researchers decided to utilize coconut shell

as an addition in concrete to see if it increased the flexural and compressive strength of the material.

The efficacy of adding crushed coconut shell as an addition in concrete mixture was investigated

using an experimental approach. The flexural and compressive strength of concrete with crushed

coconut shell was considerably greater than the flexural and compressive strength of concrete
 １７

without crushed coconut shell, according to the t-test analysis. These studies suggest that adding

crushed coconut shell to concrete improves its flexural and compressive strength.
 １８

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter will cover the study methodologies, materials, detailed procedures, expanded

research processes, and statistical treatment that were utilized by the researchers to gather and

analyze the necessary data and information.

Research Design

The research design that the researchers utilized to completely conduct this research is a

type of experimental research design namely: the true experimental research design in which two

different variables are compared to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship. It is used to test

and compare two set-ups wherein the other has received treatment or intervention while the other

does not (Voxco, n.d.).

In this study, the research design was utilized to evaluate the two different set-ups that were

used to compare the two different variables as it involves manipulation of the independent variable

which is the coconut fibers and rice husk ash that substituted to the other materials used to create

ordinary hollow blocks. This will also allow the researchers to understand the effect of the

independent variable on the dependent variable and whether it makes them more durable or not.

In this research, the two different set-ups are put together for the reason that this will allow the

researchers to either accept or reject the utilized hypotheses.

Materials

The researchers used the following materials to conduct the research:

• Coconut Fibers were used as an added ingredient in the normal ingredients of hollow

blocks, coconut shells were collected in the town's public market and coconut fibers

were extracted by the researchers, with the purpose of creating a product out of

agricultural waste and producing an alternative construction material.

• Rice Husk Ash was also utilized as an added ingredient in the normal ingredients of

hollow blocks.
 １９

• The Normal Blocks’ original ingredients such as powdered cement, sand, lahar and

water were used in making the normal blocks and even the blocks made with coconut

fibers and rice husk ash. These will be found at the construction sites where hollow

blocks are made.

• The Molder was utilized in both hollow blocks manufactured with coconut fibers and

rice husk ash and those created without to shape the blocks.

• Normal Hollow Blocks seven (7) kilograms each. These blocks served as the testing

material; they were layered on top of the coconut fiber and rice husk ash blocks until

they collapse.

Procedure

In the interest of everyone's health and safety during this pandemic, the researchers conduct

the experiment in accordance with the protocols and precautionary measures established by the

World Health Organization (WHO) and the Department of Health (DOH).

After relevant literature and previous studies were found that would serve as the foundation

for this study and potentially aid in explaining its likely outcomes, the researchers went about

acquiring the data they needed. To formally conduct the experimentation, the researchers asked

the approval of the school and teachers about the research topic and the permission to do the

research outside the school premises.

Subsequent to being approved, the researchers went to a certain hollow blocks

manufacturer to ask questions about how hollow blocks are made. They explained the objective

and aim of the study before asking if the blocks’ maker could create 9 hollow blocks made with

coconut fibers and rice husk ash. The manufacturer then agreed in making 9 blocks and 13 normal

CHB will be given to the researchers as the testing material for free.

To proceed, the next step is the collection of coconut shells in the town’s public market.

Following the collection of one sack of coconut shells, the researchers extracted the coconut fibers

from them. These fibers were shredded into smaller pieces, for they will be mixed in the ingredients
 ２０

of hollow blocks. The researchers also prepared the rice husk ash which they bought online. The

burning of rice husks is also possible to produce the ash, but, since the researchers were only given

a small amount of time to finish the experiment, they chose to buy 20 liters of carbonized rice

husks online.

After all the materials were prepared, the researchers decided to meet and set a date to

make the hollow blocks. The researchers made nine CHB with the help of the blocks

manufacturers. The first three were made up of 25% coconut fibers and rice husk ash, the other

three were 50% coconut fibers and rice husk ash, and the last three were made with 75% coconut

fibers and rice husk ash. Three hollow blocks were also made with the original ingredients that

serves as the control group.

The blocks were exposed under the sun in five days for the curing period. The researchers

then tested their products at the school. The durability of concrete blocks made from coconut fibers

and rice husk ash were evaluated in two ways. The first test consisted of placing standard hollow

blocks on top of them to determine which could hold the weight of the standard blocks. The second

test was the blocks were subjected to a drop test, which consists mainly of increasing the height of

the dropping point until the blocks cracked.

After gathering the needed data, the researchers examineded the information by analyzing

it in a statistical manner to produce results and a conclusion. In the conclusion, the researchers will

present the analyzations about the observations made.

Ethical Consideration

Some crucial research promotes or provides valuable knowledge to anything that may be

improved, and studying it provides the necessary amount of research to address the topic.

Each teacher assigned to the researchers must approve the research, and performing a

research study or capstone requires the support of each member of the group at all times. Obtaining

authorization for each action that must be carried out because it must be done outside is one of the

requirements for conducting the study. Researchers must also be in the right place at the right
 ２１

moment to build a project. Substantial research is required to reach the goal and desire indicated

by researchers.

Statistical Treatment

The researchers tested the durability of the concrete blocks made with coconut fibers and

rice husk ash by testing it in two ways. The first test known as the flexural strength test involves

putting normal hollow blocks above them until the blocks break. These testing blocks have a

weight of 7 kilograms each. The durability will be known by calculating the breaking point (adding

all the weight of the blocks that the hollow blocks can withstand) of each block (75%, 50%, 25%

hollow blocks made with coconut fibers and rice husk ash and the normal hollow blocks). The

formula for this is as shown below:

𝑥̅ = ∑ 𝑥

Whereas in this study:

𝑥̅ – breaking point

∑ 𝑥 – summation of all the weights that the hollow blocks can withstand

The second test was drop testing of the blocks, which involves raising the height of the

dropping point until the blocks break. The durability will be known by calculating the breaking

point (adding all the breaking point of the 3 trials and dividing it into 3) of each block (75%, 50%,

25% hollow blocks made with coconut fibers and rice husk ash and the normal hollow blocks).
 ２２

Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

After undertaking the steps in the methodology and carefully conducting the experiment,

the researchers came up with the results that would be presented in this chapter. Moreover, this

chapter would also include the outcomes, findings, and discussion of the results, as well as

supporting literature and studies that could explain them.

1. Effects of the added 25%, 50%, 75% coconut fibers and rice husk ash in the development of

concrete blocks.

The researchers conducted an experimental research about how will the waste coconut

fibers and rice husk ash contribute to the durability of hollow blocks. The researchers gathered

enough materials and decided to know if the amount of these added materials will have effects

on the development of the concrete.

After conducting the experiment, the researchers discovered that as more coconut fibers

and rice husk ash are added to the mixture of the hollow blocks that serve as aggregate

substitutes, the blocks will gain less weight, but their shape and size will not change due to the

molder that shapes the blocks.

• 25% coconut fibers and rice husk ash blocks are the heaviest among the rest. Each of

them has a weight of eight (8) kilograms, meaning it is one kilogram heavier than the

normal concrete block which is seven kilograms. The color did not usually change but

it turned a little bit darker.

• 50% coconut fibers and rice husk ash blocks have a weight of seven and one fourth (7

and ¼) kilograms each. It is one fourth (¼) heavier compare to the normal concrete

block and three fourths (¾) lighter than the 25% block made with coconut fibers and

rice husk ash. The color did not change but it turned a little bit darker, as well.

• 75% coconut fibers and rice husk ash blocks are the lightest among them. Each has a

weight of six and a half (6 and ½) kilograms. It means that they are a half (½) kilogram

lighter than the normal block, one and a half (1 and ½) kilograms lighter than the 25%
 ２３

block, and three fourths (¾) kilogram lighter than the 50% block with the added

materials. Unlike the first blocks, the color of these blocks turned into a darker shade of

gray.

Table 1

BLOCK WEIGHT COLOR

7kg Light gray

Normal Concrete Block

25% made with coconut fibers 8kg Light gray

and rice husk ash

50% made with coconut fibers 7 and ¼ kg Light gray

and rice husk ash

75% made with coconut fibers 6 and ½ kg Dark gray

and rice husk ash

According to EMCON (2018), majority of the time, heavier blocks are used in construction

projects such as buildings and bridges because they are more long-lasting and resilient.

2. Concrete hollow blocks made with coconut fibers and rice husk ash will be more durable than

the ordinary concrete hollow blocks.

The researchers tested which among the three percentage of materials added to the blocks

is more durable. Two methods were utilized by the researchers to assess the durability of

concrete blocks made from coconut fibers and rice husk ash.

The first test known as the flexural strength test was conducted by placing seven hollow

blocks weighing 7 kilograms each, 18kg, 22kg and 20kg rocks on top of them. In spite of the

fact that the researchers had already stacked regular blocks and rocks weighing 109 kg, there

was not a single crack to be found on the three different percentage blocks made with coconut

fiber and rice husk ash, which were used in the experiment, as shown in the table below.
 ２４

Table 2

BLOCK WEIGHTS TALLY OF WEIGHTS

NORMAL Seven Normal Blocks - 7 kg each (49

25% kg)

18 kg rock
109 kg
50%
22 kg rock

75% 20 kg rock

Consequently, when it came to testing the blocks, the researchers used a different method

known as the drop test. A drop test is the most straightforward method of determining the strength

of a building block (Architecture for Humanity, 2011). It involves raising the height of the

dropping point until the blocks break. The durability was known by calculating the breaking point

(adding all the breaking point of the 3 trials and dividing it into 3) of each block (75%, 50%, 25%

hollow blocks made with coconut fibers and rice husk ash and the normal hollow blocks).

According to Schacher (2011), at the time of the earthquake in Haiti, there was only a

single testing machine available across the entire nation. In the absence of any formal testing

facilities for the quality control of concrete blocks, a straightforward field test that is known as the

"Drop Test" has been utilized to evaluate the quality of concrete blocks that are being used for the

Haitian reconstruction projects.

Table 3

TRIAL NORMAL 25% 50% 75%

Trial 1 10 cm 20 cm 30 cm 35 cm

Trial 2 10 cm 25 cm 25 cm 30 cm

Trial 3 10 cm 25 cm 30 cm 35 cm

Average 10 cm 23.3 cm 28.3 cm 31.7 cm

 ２５

Table 3 shows the comparison between the average total breaking point of standard concrete

blocks with those of blocks composed of 25%, 50%, and 75% coconut fibers and rice husk ash.

The normal concrete blocks only survived a 10-centimeter drop. In contrast, the three trials

for the 25% blocks withstood a 20cm fall and two 25cm falls, reaching their average breaking

point of 23.3cm. However, the 50% blocks withstood an average drop of 28.3 centimeters,

indicating that these blocks are more durable than standard concrete blocks and blocks made from

25% coconut fibers and rice husk ash.

The blocks comprised of 75% coconut fibers and rice husk ash, which contain a greater

proportion of the added materials as aggregates, are the most resilient. These blocks managed to

overcome an average drop of 31.7cm. This clearly indicates that hollow concrete blocks made with

coconut fibers and rice husk ash are more durable than standard hollow concrete blocks. The waste

coconut fibers and rice husk ash added to the blocks' strength and durability.

3. Implication of the study in making concrete hollow blocks

After conducting the experiment, the researchers determined that the blocks comprised of 75%

coconut fibers and rice husk ash are significantly stronger than the standard block. Upon evaluating

the blocks by placing similar weights on them and dropping them from a certain height to

determine their breaking points, it was proved that adding waste coconut fibers and rice husk ash

to the original ingredients of concrete blocks will make them even more durable.

The study implies that adding these materials as aggregates to concrete hollow blocks will

increase their durability compared to using only the original components (sand, lahar, water, and

cement). The addition of rice husk ash and coconut fibers can reduce the cost of the raw materials

required to produce concrete hollow blocks and practically dispose agricultural wastes.

An experiment to establish the physical, strength, and durability qualities of concrete hollow

blocks have been conducted by Sathiparan and De Zoysa (2018) as a result of the environmental

and economical crisis. Test results show that concrete blocks made with agricultural waste were

satisfied the strength requirement according to the American Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM) standard.
 ２６

Chapter V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The conclusions drawn by the researchers as a result of the study they conducted are presented

in this chapter, with the most significant findings being highlighted. The researchers of this study

performed the data gathering procedures to acquire needed information, analyzed the results, and

from these derived the conclusions that follow.

Conclusions

In terms of the reality that the Philippines is rich in agricultural resources but also suffers

from current economic and environmental problems, developing a product out of agricultural

waste and producing an alternative construction material would be extremely beneficial in

addressing the country's long-standing problem. This was proven by a study conducted by Ganiron

Jr. (2013). Making a product from agricultural waste and an alternative building material could

probably alleviate social and environmental issues.

Following the completion of the experiment, the researchers have concluded that when

more coconut fibers and rice husk ash are added to the mixture of hollow blocks that serve as

aggregate substitutes, the weight of the blocks decreases while the shape and size of the blocks

remain unchanged due to the molder that shapes the blocks during the experiment. As the

percentage of components added increases, the weight of hollow blocks made of coconut fibers

and rice husk ash decreases. It was also proven that the blocks comprised of 75% coconut fibers

and rice husk ash weigh the least at 6.5 kilograms. Second are the 50% blocks weighing

7.25 kilograms. The 8-kilogram blocks comprised of 25 % coconut fibers and rice husk ash are the

heaviest. The colors of blocks made with coconut fibers and rice husk ash are somewhat darker

than those of conventional concrete blocks.

The results of the study show that the most resilient blocks are those made up of 75%

coconut fibers and ash from rice husks, which contain a higher proportion of the added materials

as aggregates and contain a greater proportion of the added materials as fibers. These blocks were

able to withstand an average drop of 31.7cm in height compared to the normal hollow block, which
 ２７

has a breaking point of 10 cm. Clearly, hollow concrete blocks made from coconut fibers and rice

husk ash are more durable than standard hollow concrete blocks, as demonstrated by the results of

this study. According to the findings of recent studies listed in related literature and was also

proven in this study, coconut fibers and rice ash husk are excellent additional ingredients for

making hollow blocks more durable.

Using a variety of weights and dropping them from a specified height to determine their

breaking points and with the following statements mentioned thus far, the researchers arrived to

the definite conclusion that adding waste coconut fibers and rice husk ash to the original

ingredients of concrete blocks will increase their durability even further. Adding these materials

as aggregates to concrete hollow blocks, according to the findings of the study, will increase their

durability when compared to using only the original components alone (sand, lahar, water, and

cement). The addition of rice husk ash and coconut fibers to concrete hollow blocks can lower the

cost of the raw materials required to manufacture them while also providing a practical way to

dispose agricultural waste.

Recommendations

Given that typhoons and earthquakes cannot be avoided due to the Philippines' geological

location, infrastructure must be developed to resist the stated risks. Since the findings of this study

reveal that concrete hollow blocks constructed with rice husk ash and coconut fibers are more

durable than standard concrete hollow blocks, the researchers recommend the following:

To the citizens, the researchers would like to suggest that they favor this type of concrete

hollow block (CHB) if they ever plan to build something. This could also influence other

organizations, such as the Department of Human Settlement and Urban Development (DHSUD),

to recognize this type of sustainable concrete hollow block management.

As suggested by Aguilar et.al, the researchers would also like to recommend to the people

who are planning to build houses, buildings, and establishments to utilize concrete hollow

blocks that are made with rice husk ash and coconut fibers to build their wanted infrastructure. By

doing so, they can attain long-lasting establishments made with an affordable and durable material.
 ２８

The researchers would like to recommend the study to the concrete block manufacturers

to work with farmers who manage rice and coconuts to examine and review other resourceful

materials that can be used in the engineering and architectural fields. While the utility of coconut

fibers and rice husk ash has been demonstrated in this work, other components can be investigated

to make it more cost-effective and resource-efficient.

The researchers would also like to recommend to the civil engineers to examine this type

of alternative or option for use in the construction industry, particularly in areas where rice and

coconut are central aspects of daily life. It can reduce the cost of materials used to produce concrete

hollow blocks and practically dispose of agricultural waste this way.

Finally, the current student researchers would advise future researchers to use this study

as a basis or reference if they choose to undertake a similar research study. Future researchers

should devise new tests to verify these findings, as well as explore a new approach to measure its

strength, such as compressive strength testing. Furthermore, the current researchers would advise

future researchers to examine other resource-efficient materials to be used, so that agricultural

waste is not discarded without consideration of how it might be made useful.

 ２９

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agrawal, A. R., Dhase, S. S., & Agrawal, K. S. (2014, January). Coconut Fiber in Concrete to

Enhance its Strength and making Lightweight Concrete. International Journal of

Engineering Research and Development, 9(8).

Ahmed, S. (2018). Light weight concrete. Retrieved from https://www.cellconas.com/

Brkzi, A. (2011). Building Technology Guide. Retrieved from

https://theconstructor.org/building/types-concrete-blocks-masonry-units/12752/

Duterte orders compulsory quality checks for hollow blocks. (2019, November 7). BusinessWorld

Online. https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2019/11/07/263232/duterte-orders-

compulsory-quality-checks-for-hollow-blocks/

Ganiron Jr, T., Ganiron, N., & Ganiron III, T. (2018). Recycling of Waste Coconut Shells as

Substitute for Aggregates in Mix Proportioning of Concrete Hollow Blocks.

file:///C:/Users/Dianna%20Gwenn/Downloads/Recycling_of_Waste_Coconut_Shells_a.p

df

Ibrahim, A. (2013). How products are made? Retrieved from http://www.madehow.com/Volume-

3/Concrete-Block.html

McCoy, T. (n.d.). What are Hollow Concrete Blocks? McCoy Mart. Retrieved April 13, 2022,

from https://mccoymart.com/post/what-are-hollow-concrete-blocks/

Mina, R. (2021, March 10). Philippines looks to improve disaster preparedness with geospatial

tech. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/philippines-looks-to-improve-

disaster-preparedness-with-geospatial-tech/

Pandagre, N., Jain, D., & Singh, G. (2015). Effect of Coconut Shell and Plastic Waste on the

Properties of Concrete. International Journal for Scientific Research & Development,

3(11), 14. https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/44685973/IJSRDV3I110020-with-cover-

page-
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Shashe, M. (2017). Hollow blocks' advantages and disadvantages. Retrieved

fromhttp://m.unikblockmachines.com/info/hollow-block-advantages-and-disadvantages-

32198216.html

Syed, H., Nerella, R., & Madduru, S. R. C. (2020). Role of coconut coir fiber in concrete,

Proceedings 27, 1104-1110.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785320305824

Tajing, G. (2018). Advantages of using hollow blocks. Retrieved from

https://www.btibd.com/advantages-of-using-concrete-hollow-blocks-an-innovation-in-

building-products/

Thorat, I., Papal, J., Kacha, N., & Sarnobat, J. (2013). What is a hollow block? Retrieved from

https://bessconcreteblockmachine.com/what-is-hollow-block.htm

What is a Drop Test? (2011, July 31). Students Rebuild. Retrieved May 8, 2022, from

https://www.studentsrebuild.org/stories/what-is-a-drop-test

What is a True Experimental Design? (n.d.). Voxco. Retrieved May 2, 2022, from

https://www.voxco.com/blog/true-experimental-design/

What is Hollow Block? - BESS. (2021, December 10). Block making machines and concrete molds

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hollow-block.html

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Vulnerability. Open Knowledge Repository. Retrieved April 13, 2022, from

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/8754?locale-attribute=en
 ３１

APPENDICES

The Materials Needed

The coconut fibers and rice husk ash

Standard Blocks original ingredients (Cement, Lahar, and Water)

The Molder
 ３２

The Making of the Blocks

The Preparation

The Experimentation

The Products
 ３３

Testing the Durability of the Blocks

Flexural Strength Test

 ３４

Drop Test

NORMAL CONCRETE HOLLOW

BLOCKS

25% COCONUT FIBERS AND RICE HUSK

ASH CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS

50% COCONUT FIBERS AND RICE HUSK

ASH CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
 ３５

75% COCONUT FIBERS AND RICE HUSK

ASH CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS