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Nazaripouya 2015
Nazaripouya 2015
Nazaripouya 2015
Abstract—This paper proposes a new strategy to achieve voltage employing both active and reactive power and finding a
regulation in distributed power systems in the presence of solar tradeoff between these two parameters to optimally regulate
energy sources and battery storage systems. The goal is to find the the voltage [7]. One of the practical and effective solutions to
minimum size of battery storage and its corresponding location in the achieve a flexible real power control and solve the
network based on the size and place of the integrated solar
generation. The proposed method formulates the problem by overvoltage issue is the deployment of energy storage systems
employing the network impedance matrix to obtain an analytical [8]. Among all feasible types of energy storage technologies,
solution instead of using a recursive algorithm such as power flow. a battery based energy storage system can be considered as
The required modifications for modeling the slack and PV buses widely used and fairly developed. As a result, batteries in the
(generator buses) are utilized to increase the accuracy of the form of battery energy storage systems (BESS) and its
approach. The use of reactive power control to regulate the voltage application in electric vehicles (EVs) are being actively
regulation is not always an optimal solution as in distribution
systems R/X is large. In this paper the minimum size and the best researched in the field of distributed generation [9]-[11]. The
place of battery storage is achieved by optimizing the amount of both application of battery storage system for voltage regulation
active and reactive power exchanged by battery storage and its grid- and peak load shaving is investigated in previous works [12]-
tie inverter (GTI) based on the network topology and R/X ratios in [13]. It is shown in [4] how the BESS could help devices such
the distribution system. Simulation results for the IEEE 14-bus as on-load tap changer and step voltage regulator to mitigate
system verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach. the overvoltage through reducing or eliminating the burden
Index Terms – Battery Storage, Solar, Distributed System, Micro
from these devices. The optimized size and best location of
Grid, Optimal Placement, Minimum Sizing. BESS has not been investigated in these researches. To
expand the application of BESS in distribution systems,
I. INTRODUCTION research on BESS size optimization and placement is
important and beneficial for cost justification of their
Electric utility companies are concerned about potential
commercial applications in distribution systems.
difficulties due to the large scale penetration of photovoltaics
Different algorithms have been proposed to minimize the
(PVs) in the power grid. One of the challenges that may stem
size of battery storage system in [7], [14]-[17]. While many of
from the high penetration level of solar PVs and supply-
them focus on reducing cost or increasing revenue of bulk
demand imbalances is reverse power flow which may lead to
energy arbitrage [14]-[15], some aim to compensate for
voltage rise and variation. This issue will especially affect the
intermittent nature and power fluctuation of renewable energy
distribution side of the grid where household PVs are
such as solar and wind [16]-[17]. However, these studies
connected [1]-[3]. In addition, voltage variation due to
have not concentrated on battery storage system capability to
uncontrollable nature of PVs can have a direct impact on the
improve the voltage regulation of the supply side of the
operation of load tap changers, voltage-controlled capacitor
distribution system and reduced workload on tap changer and
banks, and line voltage regulators, which may cause
voltage regulator. In addition, the optimal placement of
additional step-voltage changes. Based on the delays (30-90s)
battery storage system in distribution systems to affect
in the control of the existing devices, minute-based step-
maximum nodes voltage is yet a research topic to be
voltage variations may be experienced. In addition, more
addressed.
frequent operation of these devices leads to more maintenance
In this paper, a new strategy is presented to solve the
requirements, which consequently makes the expected life
overvoltage and undervoltage issues in a distribution system
cycle of these devices short. Therefore methods to improved
with solar energy penetration. Based on the location of solar
voltage regulation have been developed to overcome the issue
energy and amount of penetration, the size and place of
of overvoltage [4]–[6]. However, in distribution side and Low
battery storage system are obtained such that a BESS with
Voltage (LV) feeders the impedance is mostly resistive and
minimum size is able to improve the voltage profile at
the R/X ratio is considerable, as opposed to medium voltage
maximum number of nodes in an optimal way. This approach
feeder and transmission lines. Thus, the role of active power
benefits from active and reactive power control for voltage
can be as important as reactive power on voltage variations
regulation and based on the topology of distribution system
and losses in a radial LV distribution feeder. This fact justifies
the optimum ratio of exchanging active and reactive power by
the investigation to solve the voltage regulation problem by
BESS and grid-tie inverter is calculated. In this method first
1
Authors are with University of California, Los Angeles Smart Grid
the power system is presented in terms of impedance matrix
Energy Research Center (UCLA SMERC), Contact authors: which is a fast and powerful tool for power system analysis.
hnazari@g.ucla.edu, ybwang@ucla.edu, chichengwi@gmail.com, Then the minimum transferring active and reactive power
gadh@ucla.edu.
2
Author is with The University of NSW h.pota@adfa.edu.au
through BESS and inverter is formulated as a function of solar
energy penetration, and location of solar, battery and
III. SIMULATION RESULTS Fig. 1. Algorithm of finding the best BESS placement
The IEEE 14-bus benchmarks [21] are considered as the The voltage profile shown in Table I, with 0.2pu Ppv
case studies as shown in Figs. 2. resolution, validates the regulated voltage in range of
The proposed algorithm is applied to find the minimum 1 0.05 pu. Note that the voltage of bus 1 and 2 (slack and PV
BESS size besides its best place. The obtained results from bus) are always constant.
proposed algorithm are applied to the power load flow to In second scenario, again 1pu solar is applied to the system
validate their accuracy. but this time the total 1pu power is distributed between nodes
In first scenario, without loss of generality the solar source 5 to 14. Since the nodes geographically are close to each
is placed at node 5 in IEEE 14-bus while its power varies other, it is assumed that all of them receive the same radiation
from 0 to 1pu with resolution of 0.1pu. The BESS is designed and they have the identical capacity (0.1pu). The other
to regulate the node voltages for whole range of solar power conditions are as same as scenario one. This scenario can
variation. In addition, referring to ANSI C84.1 the acceptable represent integration of solar to a neighborhood’s houses.
voltage tolerance range is considered as 5% . The results are Results are shown in Table II. In this scenario the algorithm
shown in Table I. As illustrated in Table I, the best location proposes bus 7 as the best location for BESS while less active
for BESS is bus number 9 while 0.1196pu multiple by the power (0.0845pu) and more reactive power (0.4338pu) is
desired time of voltage regulation at maximum solar required for voltage regulation.
[2] Tonkoski, R.; Turcotte, D.; El-Fouly, T.H.M., "Impact of High PV
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Fig. 2. 14 buses IEEE benchmark [21]
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Table I. Results after BESS integration with one unit solar source [6] Ranamuka, D.; Agalgaonkar, A.P.; Muttaqi, K.M., "Online Voltage
Best Location for BESS Bus number 9 Control in Distribution Systems With Multiple Voltage Regulating
Minimum Active power (BESS) 0.1196 pu Devices," IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol.5, no.2, pp.617,628, April
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Bus Voltage profile [7] Ye Yang; Hui Li; Aichhorn, A.; Jianping Zheng; Greenleaf, M., "Sizing
# P=0pu P=0.2pu P=0.4pu P=0.6pu P=0.8pu P=1p.u Strategy of Distributed Battery Storage System With High Penetration
of Photovoltaic for Voltage Regulation and Peak Load Shaving," Smart
1 1.0600 1.0600 1.0600 1.0600 1.0600 1.0600
Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.5, no.2, pp.982,991, March 2014㸬
2 1.0450 1.0450 1.0450 1.0450 1.0450 1.0450
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3 0.9978 0.9989 0.9998 1.0007 1.0014 1.0017 Decentralized Storage Strategy for Residential Feeders With
4 0.9982 1.0003 1.0023 1.0041 1.0057 1.0065 Photovoltaics," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.5, no.2,
5 1.0032 1.0065 1.0096 1.0127 1.0154 1.0173 pp.974,981, March 2014.
6 1.0362 1.0380 1.0396 1.0413 1.0424 1.0420 [9] Y.Wang, H.Nazaripouya, C.Chu, R.Gadh, H. R. Pota. “Vehicle-to-Grid
7 1.0157 1.0158 1.0159 1.0160 1.0156 1.0134 Automatic Load Sharing with Driver Preference in Micro-Grids,” ISGT
8 1.0450 1.0452 1.0453 1.0454 1.0449 1.0428 Europe 14, Istanbul, Turkey, 12-15 Oct. 2014.
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Table II. Results after BESS integration with scattered solar source
[12] M. Zillmann, R. Yan, and T. K. Saha, “Regulation of distribution
Best Location for BESS Bus number 7 network voltage using dispersed battery storage systems: A case study
Minimum Active power (BESS) 0.0845 pu of a rural network,” in Proc. 2011 Power Energy Society General
Minimum Reactive Power (GTI) 0.4338 pu Meeting, Jul. 2011, pp. 1–8.㸬
[13] Khadkikar, V.; Varma, R.K.; Seethapathy, R., "Grid voltage regulation
VI. CONCLUSIONS utilizing storage batteries in PV solar — Wind plant based distributed
generation system," Electrical Power & Energy Conference (EPEC),
In this paper, a new method for designing a BESS in 2009 IEEE , vol., no., pp.1,6, 22-23 Oct. 2009.
distribution systems is developed. This method allows [14] Aichhorn, A.; Greenleaf, M.; Li, H.; Zheng, J., "A cost effective battery
sizing strategy based on a detailed battery lifetime model and an
calculating the optimal size and place of BESS based on the economic energy management strategy," Power and Energy Society
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voltage regulation. The optimal BESS current is formulated as [15] Yu Ru; Kleissl, J.; Martinez, S., "Storage Size Determination for Grid-
a function of solar current by employing modified impedance Connected Photovoltaic Systems," Sustainable Energy, IEEE
Transactions on, vol.4, no.1, pp.68,81, Jan. 2013.
matrix analysis. Then, the required power from BESS to [16] Lin Xu; Xinbo Ruan; Chengxiong Mao; Buhan Zhang; Yi Luo, "An
improve voltage profile is evaluated for all possible BESS Improved Optimal Sizing Method for Wind-Solar-Battery Hybrid
locations. The proposed approach by utilizing the active Power System," IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol.4, no.3, pp.774,785,
July 2013.
power control along with the reactive power control improves [17] Brekken, T.K.A.; Yokochi, A.; von Jouanne, A.; Yen, Z.Z.; Hapke,
the capability of voltage regulation in distribution system. The H.M.; Halamay, D.A., "Optimal Energy Storage Sizing and Control for
future work would be adding the effect of load levels change. Wind Power Applications," IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol.2, no.1,
pp.69,77, Jan. 2011.
[18] Yahyaie, F.; Soong, T., "Optimal operation strategy and sizing of
ACKNOWLEDGMENT battery energy storage systems," CCECE, 2012 25th IEEE Canadian
Conference on, vol., no., pp.1,4, April 29 2012-May 2 2012.
This work has been sponsored in part by grant from the [19] J. J. Grainger and W. D. Stevenson, Power System Analysis, New York,
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