CALCULATIONS

OBJECTIVES

• To understand the factors which affect the

thermal comfort inside a space.
• To evaluate the impact of the thermal
characteristics of the building envelope on the
design of HVAC system.
• To apply the load calculation in selecting the
proper size and number of units of the HVAC
system.
 BUILDING ENVELOPE

• The building envelope is the physical barrier

between the exterior and interior
environments enclosing a structure
(Hagentoft, 2001).

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑦

 THERMAL COMFORT

• Thermal Comfort is the condition of mind that

expresses satisfaction with the thermal
environment and is assessed by subjective
evaluation. (Standard 55, ASHRAE Handbook and Fundamentals, 2017)
FACTORS AFFECTING THERMAL COMFORT

Environmental factors
 RECOMMENDED DESIGN CONDITIONS

• INDOOR CONDITIONS:
Summer - 24°C to 26°C DB 40% to 60 % RH
Winter - 20°C to 22°C DB 40% to 60% RH

• OUTDOOR CONDITIONS:
- Based on the local weather bureau (PAG-ASA)
data.
 AIR QUALITY

• Air quality must also be maintained to provide

a healthy, comfortable indoor environment.
Sources of pollution exist in both the internal
and external environment. Indoor air quality is
controlled by removal of the contaminant or
by dilution.
HEAT SOURCES FOR LOAD CALCULATION
Sources for cooling load is categorized in different forms:
• Transmission. Heat loss or heat gain due to a temperature
difference across a building element
• Solar. Heat gain due to transmission of solar energy through a
transparent building component or absorption by an opaque
building component
• Infiltration. Heat loss or heat gain due to the infiltration of
outside air into a conditioned space
• Internal. Heat gain due to the release of energy within a space
(lights, people, equipment, etc.)
 SPACE HEAT LOAD ITEMS
• SENSIBLE HEAT GAINS IN THE SPACE
1. Heat transmission through the structure.
2. Solar Radiation
a. Solar loads through transparent surfaces.
b. Solar load on opaque surfaces.
3. Infiltration or air leakage into the space.
4. Heat emission from occupants.
5. Heat from electric lights
6. Heat to be extracted from materials or
products bought in at temperature higher
than the room temperature.
7. Heat from other interior sources such as
motors or other appliances present.
 SPACE HEAT LOAD ITEMS

• LATENT HEAT GAINS IN THE SPACE

1. Infiltration by air leakage and by vapor-
pressure difference.
2. Moisture from occupants.
3. Moisture from materials or products in the
space.
4. Moisture from other internal sources such
as wet surfaces and chemical, gas, steam,
hot water, electrical and other appliances.
 SPACE HEAT LOAD ITEMS

• OUTSIDE VENTILATION AIR

1. Sensible heat gain due to the temperature
difference.
2. Latent heat gain due to moisture
difference.

 VENTILATION AIR – is air supplied by

natural or mechanical means to a space.
GENERAL PROCEDURE
FOR COOLING LOAD
CALCULATIONS
(ASHRAE)
 Obtain the characteristics of the building.
Building materials, component size, external
surface colors, and shapes are usually determined
from building plans and specifications.
 Determine the building location, orientation, and
external shading. Plans and specifications should
contain these information. Shading from adjacent
buildings can be determined by site plan or by
visiting the proposed site. The possibility of
abnormally high ground reflected by solar
radiation (i.e., from adjacent water, sand, or
parking lots) should not be overlooked.
Obtain appropriate weather data and select
outdoor design conditions. Weather data may
be obtained from local weather station.
Select indoor design conditions, such as
indoor DB temperature, indoor WB
temperature, and ventilation rate. Include
permissible variations and control limits.
Obtain a proposed schedule of lightings,
occupants, internal equipment, appliances,
and processes that would contribute to the
internal thermal load.
Select the time of day and month to be the
cooling load calculations. Frequency, several
different times on a given day, is required.
Particular day and month are often dictated
by peak solar radiation, determined from
tables.
Calculate the space-cooling load at design
conditions.