’’Year of Strengthening National Sovereignty’’

(Año de Fortalecimiento de la Soberanía Nacional)

LANGUAGE CENTER - UNHEVAL

INTERMEDIATE VI

TEACHER : Ms. Nadia Emilia Ruiz Medina

GROUP : 5

TOPIC : Tuberculosis

Team members :

- Chávez Rivera, Favio

- De la cruz Onofre, Luis
- Fernández Quijano, Willy Jesús

HUÁNUCO
2022
INTRODUCTION:

Tuberculosis is an infectious and seriously serious disease that mainly affects

the lungs. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis are spread from person to
person through small droplets spread in the air by coughing or sneezing.

Whereas previously rare in developed countries, tuberculosis infections began

to rise in 1985, in part because of the emergence of HIV, the virus that causes
AIDS. HIV weakens a person's immune system, which can no longer fight off
the TB germs. In the United States, because of strict control programs,
tuberculosis began to disappear again in 1993. But it remains a cause for
concern.

Many strains of tuberculosis are resistant to the drugs most commonly used to
treat the disease. People with active tuberculosis must take many types of
medications for months to get rid of the infection and prevent resistance to
antibiotics.

Symptoms

Although your body can harbor the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, your
immune system usually prevents you from getting sick. For this reason, doctors
distinguish between:

Latent tuberculosis: You are infected with tuberculosis, but the bacteria in your
body are in an inactive state and you have no symptoms. Latent tuberculosis,
also called inactive tuberculosis or tuberculosis infection, is not contagious.
Latent tuberculosis can develop into active tuberculosis, so treatment is
important.

Active tuberculosis: Also called tuberculosis disease, this condition makes you
sick and, in most cases, can spread to other people. It can manifest weeks or
years after infection by the tuberculosis bacteria.
 • Signs and symptoms of active tuberculosis include:
✓ Cough that lasts three weeks or more
✓ Coughing up blood or mucus
✓ Chest pain or pain when breathing or coughing
✓ Unintentional weight loss
✓ Fatigue
✓ Fever
✓ Night sweats
✓ Shaking chills
✓ Loss of appetite

Tuberculosis can also affect other parts of the body, including the kidneys,
spine, or brain. When tuberculosis occurs outside the lungs, the signs and
symptoms vary according to the affected organs. For example, tuberculosis of
the spine can cause back pain, and tuberculosis of the kidneys can cause blood
in the urine.

BODY:

Causes of tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria that spread from person to person through

microscopic droplets spread in the air. This can happen when a person with
untreated active TB coughs, talks, sneezes, spits, laughs, or sings.
Unlike what happens with other more contagious pathogenic agents, such as
the coronavirus that causes Covid-19, the transmission of the tuberculosis
bacillus requires very close and prolonged contact over time. "It is estimated
that a sick person can infect about 15 people a year"

Other factors

-Substance use: Intravenous substances or excessive alcohol

consumption weaken your immune system and make
you more vulnerable to tuberculosis.

-Tobacco use: Tobacco use greatly increases the risk of contracting

tuberculosis and dying from it.
 -Work in health care: Regular contact with sick people increases the
chance of exposure to the TB bacteria. Wearing a
mask and washing your hands frequently greatly
reduces your risk.

Consequences of tuberculosis

Without treatment, tuberculosis can be fatal. This active, untreated disease

usually affects the lungs, but can also spread to other parts of the body

Some consequences of contracting tuberculosis are:

1. Spinal pain.
2. Joint damage.
3. Inflammation of the membranes that cover your brain (meningitis).
4. Liver or kidney problems.
5. Cardiac disorders.

CONCLUSION:

Prevention - is it possible to prevent Tuberculosis?

Prevention of tuberculosis depends on the following:

✓ Avoid contact with people with active disease
✓ Use medications as a preventive measure in high-risk cases
✓ Maintain good living conditions
✓ Eating a balanced diet will strengthen the immune system
✓ Practice physical exercise, it will strengthen good health

To prevent the spread of the germs that cause tuberculosis and other infections,
encourage everyone in your family to do the following:
✓ Keep the environments ventilated, it will keep the environment free of
microbes
✓ Wash your hands frequently and properly.
✓ Sneeze or cough into a tissue or into your elbow, never into your
hands.
✓ Use your own towels, glasses, and cutlery instead of sharing them.
Treatment

Treatment can be performed on an outpatient basis, although respiratory

isolation is required for at least the first two weeks.
Antituberculous drugs of first choice include isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide,
ethambutol, and streptomycin.
The international associations of infectious diseases currently recommend
starting treatment with three first-line antibiotics for 2 months, followed by two of
them for an additional 4 months.
The most common treatment regimen is the combination of isoniazid, rifampin,
and pyrazinamide for the first two months, followed by isoniazid and rifampicin
for four more months. Depending on the case, longer-term regimens with a
greater number of drugs may be necessary.