1st SEMESTER | 2022-2023
LESSON 2: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
LECTURER: Mr. Lordiel M. Miasco, LPT
TOPIC OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
ORGANIZING DATA
NUMERICAL MEASURES
INTRODUCTION
What is meant by statistics?
o STATISTIC
- Is a number used to communicate a
piece of information
- e.g. inflation rate is 2% or your grade
point average is 2.5 or the price of a new
iPhone is P70,000
- each of these statistics is a numerical
fact and communicates a very limited
piece of information that is not very
useful by itself. However, if we recognize
that each of these statistics is part of a
larger discussion, then the question of
“What is Statistics?” is applicable.
o STATISTICS
- is a set of knowledge and skills used to
organize, summarize, and analyze data.
- e.g. the inflation rate for the calendar
year was 0.7%
- by applying statistics, we could
compare this year’s inflation rate to the
past observations of inflation if it is
higher, lower, or about the same.
- this shows that statistics is more than the
presentation of numerical information.
- it is about collecting and processing
information to create a conversation, to
stimulate additional questions, and to
provide a basis for making decisions.
- specifically, we define statistics as the
science of collecting, organizing,
presenting, analyzing, and interpreting
data to assist in making more effective
decisions.
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SEPTEMBER 5, 2022
Why study statistics?
- a good working knowledge of statistics
is useful for:
➢ summarizing and analyzing data to
provide information that is useful
and is supportive of decision
making;
➢ making valid comparisons and to
predict the outcomes of decisions;
➢ making professional and personal
decisions;
➢ understanding the world and to be
conversant in whatever career you
are in.
What are the uses and application of statistics?
- Statistical techniques are applied and
used in all fields of research like in
marketing, accounting, business,
quality control, politics, sports, health
administration, education, etc.
- Statistical techniques or tools are used
extensively in quantitative research
TYPES OF STATISTICS
- When we use statistics to generate
information for decision making from
data, we use either:
➢ Descriptive statistics
▪ It is the method of
organizing,
summarizing, and
providing a description
of the sample data in
an informative way.
➢ Inferential statistics
• Making inferences,
hypothesis testing,
determining
relationships, and
making predictions.
- Their applications depends on the
questions asked and the type of data
available.
- Sometimes, masses of unorganized
data such as the census of the
population, are of little value as it is.
However, descriptive statistics can be
 used to organize data into a EXAMPLE: Scores of 20 students on a 20-item
meaningful form. quiz: 15, 8, 9, 14, 18, 7, 17, 3, 15, 19, 7, 20, 13, 15,
18, 15, 2, 9, 2, 5
o DESCRIPTIVE DATA ➢ Grouped data
• it is organized or
EXAMPLE 1: A poll found that 49% of the people processed data that is
in a survey knew the name of the first book of the presented in a
Bible. The statistic 49 describes the percentage frequency table.
(proportion) of persons who knew the first book EXAMPLE: Rating of 70 students on their
of the Bible. performance task.
- In the example, the statistic 49 is simply RATING FREQUENCY
the proportion of persons. We are not Superior 6
drawing conclusions but just describing Good 28
the percentage. Average 21
Poor 12
EXAMPLE 2: According to consumer reports, Inferior 3
Sharp washing machine owners reported 9
problems per 100 machines in 2011. The statistic
9 describes the number of problems out of every ORGANIZING DATA
100 reported machines. - we use statistics and analytics to
- The statistics being used here simply summarize and analyze data and
describes a proportion of 9 out of every information to support our decisions.
100. There is no conclusion being made, And with this, graphical representation
only the actual data is being described. of data is important to easily visualize the
amount of data that we process.
“Sometimes, we must make decisions with a - Descriptive statistics organize data to
limited set of data. For example, we would like to show the general pattern of the data to
know the operating characteristics such as fuel identify where values tend to
efficiency measured by km/L of SUV’s currently concentrate and to expose extreme
in use. If we spent a lot of time, money, and effort, data values.
all the owners of SUV’s could be surveyed. In this
case, our goal would be to survey the population CONSTRUCTING FREQUENCY TABLES
of SUV owners. However, based on Inferential - A frequency table is a grouping of
statistics, we can survey a limited number of SUV qualitative data into mutually exclusive
owners and collect a sample from the and collectively exhaustive classes
population. Samples are often used to obtain showing the number of observations in
reliable estimates of population parameters. In each class.
the process, we can save time, money, and EXAMPLE: Suppose that you are a car sales
effort in collecting the data.” agent, and you want to summarize last month's
sale by location.
TYPES OF DATA
- “datum” is the singular form and it is just
one information.
- “data” is the plural form and it is a group
of information, facts, observations,
statistics, records, and reports.
- Data can be classified into two:
➢ Ungrouped Data
• Raw and unorganized
information

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 ➢ The first step is to sort out the
vehicles sold last month
according to their location.
➢ Then tally or count the vehicles
that are sold in each of the four
locations. The four locations are
used to develop a frequency
table with four mutually
exclusive or distinctive classes.
Mutually exclusive classes
means that a particular vehicle
can be assigned to only one
class. In addition, the frequency
table must be collectively
exhaustive that is every vehicle
sold last month is accounted for
in the table. If every vehicle is
included in table, then the
table is collectively exhaustive,
and the total number of
vehicles will be equal to all
vehicles sold last month.
What is a relative class frequency?
- You can convert class frequencies into
relative class frequencies to show the
fraction of the total number of
observations in each class.
- A relative frequency captures the
relationship between a class frequency
and the total number of observations.
EXAMPLE:
➢ In the example we want to
know the percentage of the
total car sold at each of the four
locations.
➢ To convert a frequency table to
a relative frequency table,
each of the class frequencies is
divided by the total number of
observations.
➢ Now suppose you want to
summarize last month's sale by
profit earned by each vehicle,
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we can describe profit by using
frequency distribution.
What is a frequency distribution?
- It is a grouping of quantitative data into
mutually exclusive and collectively
exhaustive classes showing the number
of observations in each class.
How do we develop a frequency distribution?
- The following examples will show the
steps on how to develop a frequency
distribution.
- Our goal is to summarize quantitative
variable profit with a frequency
distribution and display it using charts
and graphs. With this information, we
can easily answer the following
questions:
➢ What is the typical profit for
each sale?
➢ What is the largest or maximum
profit for any sale?
➢ What is the smallest or minimum
profit for any sale?
➢ Around what value do the
profits tend to cluster?
➢ We show the profits of each of
the 180 vehicle sales. Here we
have a data set of 180 vehicle
sales. Here you can see that the
information is raw or ungrouped
because it is just simply a listing
of the individual observed
profits.
 ➢ And it is possible to search the
list to find the smallest or
minimum profit at $294. As for
the largest or the maximum
profit would be $3292. Those are
just the two we can see or
search in the table.
➢ It is difficult to determine the
typical profit or to visualize
where the profits tend to cluster.
➢ To do this, the raw data must be
summarized with a frequency
distribution table to be easily
interpreted.
STEPS ON HOW TO MAKE A DISTRIBUTION TABLE:
Decide on the number of classes.
STEP 1
To do this, we use the rule 2k.
In the example, there were 180 vehicles sold.
n= 180
k = 7 (7 classes)
27 = 128 (less than 180)
*we could not use 7 as our k because it gives us
a result less than the total vehicles sold which is
180. We will try a number greater than 7 to give
us a result greater than 180.
k = 8 (8 classes)
28 = 256 (greater than 180)
Determine the class interval.
Generally, the class interval is the
same for all classes. The classes
taken altogether, must cover at
least the distance from the minimum
value in the data up to the
STEP 2
maximum value. We have the
formula:
i = class interval
k = number of classes
Minimum value = 294
Maximum value = 3292
k = 8 classes
i=
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*in practice, the interval size is rounded up to
some convenient number such as a multiple of
10 or 100. For the example, we will round up the
class interval to 400 because it is a reasonable
choice to round off to multiple of 100.
Set the individual class limits.
We state clear class limits so that we
can put each observation into only
one category. This means we must
STEP 3 avoid overlapping or unclear class
limits. We must always remember
that the data must be mutually
exclusive which means that it can
only belong in one class.
Number of classes = 8
Class interval = 400
*we base the lower limit
of the first class from the
minimum value of
datum in our set data.
Since our minimum
datum is 294, we use
200 as our lower limit.
Since our class interval
is 400, we add this to the
lower limit which will give us 600 as the upper
limit in the first class. For the rest of the classes,
you continue to add 400. From 600, add 400, you
get 1000 which is for the second class. From 1000,
add 400, you get 1400 for the third class and so
on and so forth. Remember to check if the
maximum value fits in a class. Since we have
decided that there are 8 classes, take note on
the 8th class if your maximum value should fit
there.
Tally.
Tally the vehicle profits into classes
and determine the number of
STEP 4
observations in each class. This is just
basically tallying the data into which
class they belong or fall under.
When the profits are tallied, the table will appear
like this:
→ The class midpoint can be determined
*the number of observations in each class is
called the frequency. For the first class which is
from 200 up to 600, the frequency would be 8. In
the second class, which is 600 up to 1000, the
frequency would be 11. Since the total number
of profits is 180, then the frequency should sum
up to 180.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
RELATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
- With the use of frequency distribution,
- With relative frequency we can be able
*now we have made the frequency distribution
table. We have organized the data into a
frequency distribution wherein we can
summarize the profits of the vehicles. From the
table above, we can observe the following:
→ The profits from vehicle sales range
- We may want to know what percentage
between $200 to $3400.
→ The vehicle profits are classified using a
class interval of 400.
→ We can see that the profits are
concentrated between $1000 and $3000
which is basically between the 3rd class
and the 7th class. This will give us a total
of 157 vehicles which is 87% of the
vehicles falls under this range.
→ For each class, we can determine the
typical profit or as what we call “the
class midpoint”. This is halfway between
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the lower limit and the upper limit of
each class.
by adding the lower limit and the upper
limit and the answer to that would be
divided to 2. For Class 1, we add 200 and
600, we get 800. 800 would be divided
into 2 so the class midpoint of class 1
would be 400. The class midpoint of 400
best represents the profit for eight
vehicles in Class 1. The largest
concentration or the highest frequency
of vehicles sold is within the class of
$1800 to $2200 or the 5th class with the
frequency of 45. The class midpoint of
the 5th class will be determined by
adding $2200 and $1800 which will give
us $4000 we divide this by two then we
get the class midpoint of $2000.
Therefore, the typical profit with the
class the has the highest frequency
would be $2000.
we can make a clear presentation and
summary of last month’s profit data.
to determine the proportion of sales in
each class.
of the vehicle profits are in the 1000 up
to 1400 class. To convert a frequency
distribution to a relative frequency
distribution, each of the class
frequencies is divided by the total
number of observations which is 180. So,
the relative frequency of the class of
1000 up to 1400 is 0.128. We can get this
by dividing the frequency of that class
which is 23 over 180 then there we get
0.128. Therefore, in the class 1400 the
percentage of the vehicle profits is
12.8%.

NUMERICAL MEASURES
- This section is concerned with two
numerical ways on describing
quantitative variables namely:
➢ Measures of location
• this is often referred to
as “averages”.
• The purpose of this is to
pinpoint the center of
the distribution of data.
• An average is a
measure of location. It
shows the central value
of the data. If we only
consider the measures
of location in the data,
we may draw an
erroneous conclusion.
➢ Measures of dispersion
• This is often called “the
variation or the spread
in the data.”
• To describe the
dispersion, we would
consider the range, the
variants, and the
standard deviation.
o MEASURES OF LOCATION
- there is not just one measure of location, in fact
there are many. We will consider four measures
of location and the following are:
1. Arithmetic mean
• This is commonly called
the “mean” or
“average”
• This is the most widely
used and widely
reported measure of
location
• We study the mean as
both a population
parameter and a 192 miles.
sample statistic.
➢ Population mean
- Many studies involve all the values in a
population. For example, there are 1000
medical technology students enrolled
at Velez College. This is a population
value because we considered the
enrollment of all medical technology
students at Velez College.
- For raw data—that is, data that have
not been grouped in a frequency
distribution—the population mean is the
sum of all the values in the population
divided by the number of values in the
population.
To find the population mean, we use the formula:
where:
μ = represents the population mean. It is the
Greek lowercase letter “mu.”
N = is the number of values in the population.
x = represents any particular value.
Σ = is the Greek capital letter “sigma” and
indicates the operation of adding.
Σx = is the sum of the x values in the population.
- Any measurable characteristic of a
population is called a parameter. The
mean of a population is an example of
a parameter. PARAMETER is a
characteristic of a population.
EXERCISE:
➢ This problem is considered a
population because we are
considering the number of exits
on the I-75.
➢ We add the distances between
the 42 exits which is a total of
➢ To find the arithmetic mean, we
divide this total by 42.

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 ➢ Sample mean
- We often select a sample of the
population to estimate a specific
characteristic of the population.
EXAMPLE: A quality assurance department
needs to be assured that the amount of
orange marmalade in a jar labeled 12
ounces contains the amount. But it would be
very expensive and time consuming to
check the weight of each jar. Therefore, a
sample of 20 jars is selected and the mean
of the sample is determined, and the value
is used to estimate the amount in each jar.
- For raw data—that is, data that have
not been grouped in a frequency
distribution— the mean is the sum of all
the sample values and then it is divided
by the total number of the sample
values.
- To find the mean of a sample, we use
the formula:
where:
x̄ = represents the sample mean.
n = is the number of values in the sample.
x = represents any particular value.
Σ = is the Greek capital letter “sigma” and
indicates the operation of adding.
Σx = the summation of the x values.
- Any measurable characteristic of a
sample is called a “statistic.”
EXERCISE:
1.A. PROPERTIES OF ARITHMETIC MEAN
- The arithmetic mean has several
different properties:
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→ To compute a mean, the data
must be at the interval or ratio
level. Ratio level data include
such data as ages, income,
and weight.
→ All the values are included in
computing the mean.
→ The mean is unique. That is
there is only one mean in a set
of data.
→ The sum of the deviations of
each value from the mean is 0.
e.g.
*the mean of 3, 8 and 4 is 5. If we subtract the
mean from the data, such as 3 minus 5 we get 2,
8 minus 5 we get 3, and 4 minus 5 we get -1. If we
add all these together, they said that the sum of
the deviations of each value is equal to 0.
• We can now consider the mean as the
balance point of the data. However, the
mean does have a weakness.
Considering that the mean is the sum of
all the values in a set of data, if one or
two values are extremely large or
extremely small compared to the
majority of the data, the mean might not
be an appropriate average to represent
the data.
2. Median
• We have stressed that one or two data
is extremely large or extremely small, the
arithmetic mean might not be a
representative. The center for such data,
is better described by a measure of the
location called the median.
• The median is the midpoint of the values
after they have been ordered from the
minimum to the maximum values.
• The data must be atleast an ordinal
level of measurement.
• It is not affected by extremely low or
extremely high values.
EXAMPLE: Suppose that you are seeking to buy a
condominium in California.
Your real estate agent says that the typical price
of the units currently available is $110,000. Would
you still want to look if your budgeted price is at
$75,000? This may be out of your price range
however, looking at the price of the individual
units you found out that the prices are $60,000,
$65,000, $70,000, $80,000, and the Super deluxe
penthouse unit is worth $275,000. The arithmetic
mean price is $110,000 as what your real estate
agent reported. But the $275,000 price is pulling
the arithmetic mean upward causing it to be an
unrepresentative average. It does seem that the
price around $70,000 is a more typical
representative average. In cases like this, the
midpoint gives a more accurate measure of
location.
• For larger data sets, finding the median
is by manually listing the values in
ascending or descending order would
prove to be difficult. In such case, a
formula for the median is given:
where:
n = total number of data in the set
EXERCISE:
➢ First step is to order the number
of hours according to
ascending order.
➢ And then we identify the two
middle times.
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➢ The arithmetic mean of the two
medial observations gives us
the median hours.
➢ The median is found by
averaging the two middle
values. The middle values are 5
hours and 7 hours. And the
mean of these two values is 6.
➢ So, we conclude that adults
spend 6 hours every month in
Facebook.
2.A. PROPERTIES OF MEDIAN
→ It is not affected by extremely large or
extremely small values. Therefore, the
median is a valuable measure of
location when such values do occur.
→ It can be computed for ordinal level
data or higher. Ordinal level data can
be ranked low to high.
3. Mode
• The mode is especially useful for
summarizing nominal level data.
EXAMPLE:
A company has developed 5 bath oils. The bar
chart shows the results of a marketing survey to
find which bath oil consumers prefer. The largest
number of respondents favored Lamoure as
evidenced by the highest bar and it is
considered the mode.
EXERCISE: Conversely for some data sets,
What is the modal distance of the following there is more than one mode.
values shown below:
SYMMETRY AND SKEWNESS
- It has two types:
➢ Normal or Symmetrical
Distribution

➢ The first step is to organize the

distances into a frequency
table. This will help us determine
the distance that occurred most
frequently.
- It is a symmetrical distribution, and it is
also mound shaped. This distribution has
the same shape at either side from the
center.
- For any symmetrical distribution, the
mean, median, and mode are located
at the center and are always equal.
- Logically, any of the three measures
would be appropriate to represent the
center.
➢ Nonsymmetrical or Skewed
➢ The distance that occurs most Distribution
often is 1 mile. This happened 8 - The distribution is skewed if the values of
times. That is that there are 8 each of the three measures are
exits with 1 mile apart. So, the different.
modal distance between the • Positively skewed
exits is 1 mile.
➢ In summary we can determine
the mode for all levels of data:
nominal, ordinal, interval, and
ratio.
➢ The mode also has an
advantage of not being
affected by extremely high or
low values.
➢ The mode also has its
disadvantages that is why it is
being used less frequently than
the mean and median. For - The arithmetic mean has the largest
many sets of data there is no value out of the three measures. This is
mode because no value because the mean is influenced by a
appears more than once. number of extremely high values. The

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 median we could have the next largest ➢ The formula of the weighted
value and the mode is the smallest of mean is:
the three measures.
- If the distribution is highly skewed, the
mean would not be a good measure to
use. And the median and mode would
be more representative.
• Negatively skewed
Note: the denominator of the weighted mean is
always the sum of the weights.
➢ Using the formula in the
problem:

EXERCISE:

➢ To find the mean hourly rate, we

- The mean is the lowest of all the three multiply the rate of per hour to
measures. This is because the mean is the number of employees
influenced by a number of extremely earning that rate.
low values. The median is larger than the
mean while the mode is the largest
among the three measures.
Why do we have to study dispersion?
4. Weighted mean - The measures of location only describes
• It is a convenient way to the center of the data. It does not tell us
compute the arithmetic mean anything about the spread of the data.
when there are several - This is to compare the spread in two or
observations in the same value. more distributions.
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
Suppose a restaurant sold medium, large, and
extra-large size softdrinks for 1.84 dollars, 2.07
dollars, and 2.40 dollars respectively. Of the last
10 drinks sold, 3 were medium, 4 were large, and
3 were extra-large. To find the mean price of the
last 10 drinks sold, we can use the similar formula
for the arithmetic mean.

➢ An easier way to find the mean

selling price, is to determine the
weighted mean. That is, we
multiply each observation by
the number of times it occurs.
A computer monitor is assembled in Baton
Rouge and also in Tucson. The arithmetic mean
hourly output in both plants is 50. Based on the
two means, you might conclude that the
distributions are identical. Production records for
9 hours of the two plants however revealed that
the conclusion is not correct. The Baton Rouge

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production varies from 48 to 52 assemblies per by the difference between the
hour. While production at the Tucson plant, is maximum number of 60 and the
more erratic ranging from 40 to 60 per hour. minimum number of 40.
Therefore, the hourly output for Baton Rouge is ➢ Therefore, there is less
clustered near the mean of 50 while for Tucson, it dispersion in the hourly
is more dispersed. production of the Baton Rouge
- We will consider several measures of plant than in the Tucson plant
dispersion. because the range of 4
- The variants and the standard deviation computer monitors is less than
use all the values in the data set and are the range of 20.
based on deviation on the arithmetic • A limitation of the range is
mean. that it is based on only 2
values. It does not take into
o MEASURES OF DISPERSION consideration all the values.
1. Range
• It is the difference between 2. Variance
the maximum and • It measures the mean
minimum values in a data amount by which the
set. values in the population or
• Sometimes, the range is sample vary from their
interpreted as an interval. mean.
• It is the arithmetic mean of
the squared deviations
• It is widely used in from the mean.
production management EXAMPLE:
and control applications
because it is very easy to
calculate and understand.
EXERCISE:
Find the range of the number of computer
monitors produced per hour for the Baton Rouge
and the Tucson plant and interpret the two
ranges.

The chart shows the number of cappuccinos sold

at a Starbucks in Orange County and Ontario
between 4-5PM for the sample of 5 days. We can
see that the three measures for the sets of data
are exactly the same for both locations. We can
get a clear difference of the two sets of data by
calculating the Variance.
➢ The range for the Baton Rouge
➢ For Orange County, the
plant would be 4 which was
variance is 400.
found by the difference
between the maximum number
of 52 and the minimum number ➢ For Ontario, the variance is 370.
of 48.
➢ The range for the Tucson plant
would be 20 which was found

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 ➢ If we compare the variance for
Orange County and Ontario,
we conclude that the
dispersion of the sales of the
coffee distribution in Ontario is
more concentrated which
means it is nearer to the mean
of 50.
• The variance shows the closeness or
clustering of the data relative to the
mean or center of the distribution.
• The variance has an important
advantage over the range because it
uses all the values in the computation.
➢ Population Variance
- It is the mean of the squared difference
between each value and the mean.
- The formula is as follows:

where:
σ2 = the population variance. The symbol is a
Greek letter sigma which is read as “sigma
squared.”
x = value of a particular observation in the
population
μ = is the arithmetic mean of the population
N = number of observations in the population.
- For populations whose values are near
the mean, the population variance will
be small.
- For populations whose values are
dispersed from the mean, the
population variance will be large.
- The variance overcomes the weakness
of the range by using all the values in the
population.
EXERCISE:
The number of traffic citations issued last year is
posted. Determine the population variance.
- The variance can be used to compare
the dispersion in two or more sets of
observation.
- The smaller the variance, the more
clustered the data are closer to the
mean. The larger the variance, the set of
data are scattered far away from the
mean.
➢ Population Standard Deviation
- By taking the square root of the
variance, we can transform it to the
same unit of measurement used for the
original data.
- This is the square root of the population
variance.
- The formula for this is as follows:

➢ Sample Variance

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where: - This is just simply the square root of the
s2 = the sample variance. sample variance.
x = value of a particular observation in the - The formula of this is as follows:
sample
x̄ = is the sample mean.
n = number of observations in the sample.

- The conversion from the population

variance to the sample variance is not
as direct. It requires a change in the
denominator. The denominator is n-1 for
the sample variance instead of only n.
- The use of n-1 in the denominator
provides the appropriate correction for ➢ Since this is the sample variance
this tendency. The primary use of sample of the example, we will just
square root this 10 dollars which
statistics like s2 is to estimate population
will give us 3.16 dollars as the
parameters like σ2 . So, n-1 is preferred sample standard deviation.
to describe the sample variance.
INTERPRETATION AND USES OF STANDARD
EXERCISE: DEVIATION

➢ The first step is to find the - The standard deviation is used to

average or the mean. compare the spread in 2 or more sets of
observations.

THE EMPIRICAL RULE

➢ It is 10 dollar squared because

this is still the computation for
the variance.

➢ Sample Standard Deviation

- It is used as an estimator of the - The distribution of values can have any
population standard deviation. shape. However, for a symmetrical, bell-

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 shaped frequency distribution, we can - One method is to determine the
be more precise in explaining the location of values that divide a set of
dispersion about the mean. These observations into equal parts.
relationships involving the standard - These measures include:
deviation and the mean, are described ➢ Quartiles
by the Empirical Rule sometimes called • These are values of an
the “Normal Rule.” ordered data set (min.
- The empirical rule states that for a to max.) that divide the
symmetrical, bell-shaped frequency data into four intervals.
distribution, approximately 68% of the • The first quartile usually
observations lie within plus & minus one labeled as Q1, is the
standard deviation of the mean; about value below in which
95% of the observations will lie within plus 25% of the observations
& minus two standard deviations of the occur.
mean; and practically all 99.7% will lie • The third quartile
within plus & minus three standard usually labeled as Q3, is
deviations of the mean. the value which 75% of
- The relationships are found in the picture the observations occur.
above with a mean of 100 and a ➢ Deciles
standard deviation of 10. • These are values of an
- Applying the empirical rule where in it is ordered data set that
symmetrical and bell-shaped, divide the data into 10
practically all the observations lie intervals or equal parts.
between the mean plus and minus three ➢ Percentiles
standard deviations. Thus, if the mean is • These are values of
equal to 100, and standard deviation is unordered data set
equal to 10, practically all the that divide the data
observations lie between 100 and 130 into 100 intervals or
and also between 100 and 70. equal parts.
• Percentile scores are
EXERCISE: frequently used to
The monthly apartment rental rates near a report results of such
university approximate a symmetrical, bell- national standardized
shaped distribution. The sample mean is $500; test such as NMAT and
the standard deviation is $20. LSAT.
Using the Empirical Rule, answer these questions: - To formalize the computation of
1. About 68% of the monthly rentals are procedure,
between what two amounts?
- Between $480 and $520
2. About 95% of the monthly rentals are
between what two amounts?
- Between $460 and $540 EXERCISE:
3. Almost all of the monthly rentals are Morgan Stanley Is an investment company
between what two amounts? with offices located throughout the United
- Between $440 and $560 States. Listed below are the commissions
earned last month by a sample of 15 brokers
o MEASURES OF POSITION at the Morgan Stanley office in Oakland CA.
- There are other ways to describe the Locate the median, the first quartile, and the
variation and spread in a set of data. third quartile for the commissions earned.

TAGUIBAO | BSMT 2D
 We know that 5.25 is between
the 5th and 6th position. What
we should do is to calculate the
distance between the 5th and
6th position and the result is 29.
With the result of 29 we will
➢ The first step is to arrange the
multiply it with .25 so that we will
data into the smallest
get 7.25. We will then add 7.25
commission to the biggest one.
to the 5th position which is
$1758. Therefore, the exact
value in the fifth position
➢ The median value is the
considering the 0.25 is $1765.25
observation in the center which
is the same as the 50th
PRACTICE EXERCISES
percentile. So, P is equal to 50.
Substituting the values, L50 = (15
+ 1)50/100 which will result to 8.
The number 8 is the 8th position
from the largest number which
will give us 2,038 dollars as our
median.
➢ To locate the 1st quartile:

We will now get 1,721 dollars

which is located in the 4th
position from the smallest
number, and it is the first
quartile.
➢ To locate the 3rd quartile:

We now got 2,205 dollars which

is in the 12th position from the
smallest number, and it is the
third quartile.
➢ If there will be an instance
where in the given result would
be a decimal in finding the first
quartile:

We will first locate the 5th

position in the order array and
move .25 to get the exact result
or position of 5.25. To get the
position, we must first locate the
fifth position which is $1758 and
the sixth position which is $1787.

TAGUIBAO | BSMT 2D
TAGUIBAO | BSMT 2D
TAGUIBAO | BSMT 2D