HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL

Nola J. Pender

Nola J. Pender, PhD, RN, FAAN (born August 16, 1941) earned her BS in 1964 and her MA
in 1965 from Michigan State University in East Lansing, MI. She received a PhD. from
Northwestern University of Evanston, IL in 1969. She was a nurse educator for over 40 years.

Pender is also known as a scholar, presenter, and consultant in health promotion. She has
collaborated with nurse scientists in Japan, Korea, Mexico, Thailand, the Dominican Republic,
Jamaica, England, New Zealand, And Chile.

CAREER

- She is a professor emerita of nursing at the University of Michigan.

Pender has served as a member of a number of organizations.

- She is also a co-founder of the Midwest Nursing Research Society, and currently serves as
a trustee.

- She serves as a Distinguished Professor at Loyola University Chicago’s School of Nursing.

- She is currently retired and spends her time consulting on health promotion research
nationally and internationally.

HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL

Nola Pender developed her Health Promotion model, after seeing professionals intervening
only after patients developed acute or chronic health problems

She has also written a textbook, Health Promotion in Nursing Practice; several editions of
the book have been published. Her publications include eight textbooks and 50 scholarly
writings.

. She became convinced that patients’ quality of life could be improved by the prevention of
problems before this occurred, and health care dollars could be saved by the promotion of
healthy lifestyles. After researching current models and discovering that most focused on
negative motivation, she developed a model that focused on positive motivation. The first
version of the model appeared in literature in 1982. It was revised in 1996 based on
changing theoretical perspectives and empirical findings.

Works
During her doctoral studies, Pender became interested in health promotion. She said that
she was influenced by a doctoral advisor named James Hall, who studied how people's
thoughts shape their motivations and behaviors.

As regards health promotion, Nola Pender has written and issued various articles on
exercise, behavior change, and relaxation training. She also has served on editorial boards
and as an editor for journals and books.

By contributing leadership as a consultant to research centers and giving scholar

consultations, Pender resumes influencing nursing. She also collaborates with the American
Journal of Health Promotion editor, promoting legislation to support health promotion
research.

 Health Promotion in Nursing Practice (6th Edition)

 Pender, Nola J. Study Guide for Health Promotion in Nursing Practice
 Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice
 Robbins, L.B., Gretebeck, K.A., Kazanis, A.S. and Pender, Nola.J. Girls on the Move
 Program to Increase Physical Activity Participation, Nursing Research, 2006
 Pender, Nola.J., Bar-Or, O., Wilk, B. and Mitchell, S. Self-Efficacy and Perceived
Exertion of Girls During Exercise, Nursing Research, 2002
 Eden, K.B., Orleans, C.T., Mulrow, C.D., Pender, Nola.J. and Teutsch, S.M. Does
Counseling by Clinicians Improve Physical Activity? A Summary of the Evidence for
the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Annals of Internal Medicine, 2002
 Robbins, L.B., Pender, Nola.J., Conn, V.S., Frenn, M.D., Neuberger, G.B., Nies, M.A.,
Topp, R.V. and Wilbur, J.E. Physical Activity Research in Nursing, Nursing School
Journal, 2001

MODEL BACKGROUND

Pender was exposed to nursing at the early age of seven when she witnessed how health
workers provided care to her ill aunt— it was this encounter which, despite being prompted
to pursue the path, influenced her desire to serve others by helping others to help
themselves.

Upon attaining a degree in nursing in 1962, Pender became affiliated with graduate and
research programs which, according to her, advanced her interest in knowledge, concerning
psychology and care for children and adolescents.

With this background and some motivations rooted in her personal relationships, Pender
published her study entitled “A Conceptual Model for Preventive Health Behavior” which
highlights the importance of one’s cognitive processes in human behavior.
MAJOR CONCEPTS

The model focuses on the following three areas: individual characteristics and experiences,
behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral outcomes.

 Individual characteristics and experiences

-prior related behavior and personal factors.

 Behavior-specific cognitions and affect

-perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers to action, perceived self-efficacy, activity-

related affect, interpersonal influences, and situational influences.

 Behavioral outcomes

-commitment to a plan of action, immediate competing demands and preferences, and

health-promoting behavior.

SUBCONCEPTS OF THE HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL

1. PERSONAL FACTORS

Personal factors are divided by three, that are predictive of a given behavior and shaped by
the target behavior’s nature being considered.

•Personal biological factors

-Include variables such as age, gender, body mass index(BMI), pubertal status, aerobic
capacity, strength, agility, or balance.

•Personal psychological factors

- Include variables such as self-esteem, self-motivation, personal competence, perceived

health status, and definition of health.

•Personal socio-cultural factors

-Include variables such as race, ethnicity, acculturation, education, and socioeconomic

status.

2.PERCEIVED BENEFITS OF ACTION

Anticipated positive outcomes that will occur from health behavior.

3. PERCEIVED BARRIERS TO ACTION

Anticipated, imagined, or real blocks and personal costs of understanding a given behavior.

4. PERCEIVED SELF-EFFICACY

The evaluation of a person's capacity to plan and carry out a behavior that promotes health.
Higher efficacy leads to lowered perceptions of barriers to the behavior's performance
because perceived self-efficacy influences perceived barriers to action.

5. ACTIVITY-RELATED AFFECT

Based on the stimulus characteristics of the conduct itself, subjectively favorable or

unfavorable feelings might be experienced before to, during, or after behavior.

Perceived self-efficacy is influenced by activity-related emotion, therefore the more upbeat

the subjective sensation, the more effective it is. Increased efficacy feelings in turn can have
additional positive effects.

6. INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCES

awareness of other people's actions, opinions, or attitudes. Norms (expectations of close

friends and family), social support (instrumental and emotional encouragement), and
modeling are examples of interpersonal influences (vicarious learning through observing
others engaged in a particular behavior). Families, friends, and healthcare professionals are
the main sources of interpersonal impacts.

7. SITUATIONAL INFLUENCES

Any given situation's or context's personal perceptions and cognitions can help or hinder
behavior. Include impressions of the options available, demand factors, and aesthetically
pleasing aspects of the setting where the proposed health promotion is to occur. Situational
factors may affect health behavior directly or indirectly.

8. COMMITMENT TO PLAN OF ACTION

Implementing a healthy behavior is facilitated by the idea of intention and the development
of a planned strategy.
9. IMMEDIATE COMPETING DEMANDS AND PREFERENCES

Competing demands are those alternative behaviors over which people have little control
due to outside factors like work or family obligations. Alternative behaviors, such as
choosing between an apple and ice cream for a snack, are examples of competing desires.

10. HEALTH-PROMOTING BEHAVIOR

A behavior that promotes health is one that has as its goal or action-outcome the
achievement of favorable health outcomes, such as maximum wellbeing, personal fulfillment,
and productive living.

The Health Promotion Model makes four assumptions:

• Individuals actively attempt to control their own behavior.

• Through their interactions with the environment, people in all of their biopsychosocial
complexity both gradually change the surroundings and themselves through time.

• Health professionals are an element of the interpersonal environment that affects people
throughout their lives.

• Behavior transformation requires self-initiated reconfiguration of person-environment

interactional patterns.

METAPARADIGM

Nursing

Nurses assess individuals’ self-perceptions holistically, and they tailor nursing interventions
to facilitate health-promoting behaviors (Dickoff et al., as cited by McEwen & Wills, 2007).

Person

The person is considered the focal point of the model. Each person has unique experience
and characteristics that affect their behavior and actions (Pender et al.,2011)

Environment

An environment's quality is determined by the absence of harmful elements, the presence of

healing activities, and the availability of the financial and human resources required for a
healthy lifestyle( Butts and Rich, 2015).
Healthy environmental wellbeing is demonstrated by a balance between people and their
surroundings, which is necessary for an individual to achieve it ( Pender et al., 2011, p. 8)

Health

Pender views health in context of health and promotion and disease and prevention. and
emphasize that the person's concept of health is more important than any other definition
of health (Pender et al., 2011). Health is viewed as Positive high level state.

SUMMARY

Steps toward optimum health alleviation is the focus of Nola J. Pender’s Health Promotion
Model. Revolving around three major areas: individual characteristics and experiences,
behavior-specific conditions and affect, and behavioral outcome, Pender elaborates how
initial percepts relate to the patient's commitment to health-promoting behaviours. Her
model, therefore, makes it possible for health workers to carry out nursing interventions by
creating care plans that are specific to a patient’s background, environment, and
preconceived ideas.

Leader:

•Mariani Abegail Malundo

Members:

Ferwyn Jan A. Java

Arjulie Reasonable

Kathleen Jane Loquinario

Priyanka Latayan

Althea Cassandra Villanueva

Heart Marie Salde

Rhea Jane G. Tambis

Ruvenh Francis Darl Menduza

Lara Mae E. Obidas

Crystal Mae Mahilum