dy ∆x

= lim
dx ∆ x⟶ 0 ∆ y

dy f ( x + Δ x )−f ( x )
= lim
dx Δ x⟶ 0 Δx

 Derivative of f at z 0

Let f be a function whose domain of definition contains a

neighborhood |Z−Z |< ε of a point z 0 0

 The derivative of f at Z is the 0

f ( z )−f ( z 0 )
(1) f ( z ) = lim
'
0
z ⟶ z0 z−z 0

 The function f is said to be differentiable at z0 when '

f ( z0 )

exists.
f ( z 0+ Δ z )−f ( z 0 )
(2) f ( z ) = lim
'
0
Δ z ⟶0 z−z 0

∆ z=z −z 0 →where ∆ z be complex number

∆ z + z 0=z−z 0 + z 0 →adding z 0 to both sides
∆ z + z 0=z →by definition of additive Inverse (−z + z ) 0 0
 z 0 +∆ z=z →by Commutative Property for Addition of C
( z+ ∆ z )−f ( z )
(3) f ( z )= lim
'

∆ z⟶0 ∆z
dw
Introduce ∆ w=f ( z+ ∆ z )−f ( z ) and
'
for f ( z )
dz
dw Δw
= lim
dz ∆ z → 0 Δ z

Example 1: f ( z )=z 2

Take f ( x )=x 2

f ' ( x )=2 x 2−1=2 x → f ' ( x )

Based on section 20, POWER RULE is also applied in

d n n−1 d 2 2−1 '
C z =n z = z =2 z =2 z ⟶ f ( z )
dz dz

Solving derivatives using definition

f ( z+ Δ z )−f ( z )
(3) f ( z )= lim
'

Δz→0 Δz

( z + Δ z )2−z 2
¿ lim → substitute ( z + Δ z ) to the f(z)= z 2
Δz→0 Δ z

z 2 +2 z Δ z + Δ z 2−z 2
¿ lim → simplifying ( z + Δ z )2
Δz→0 Δz
2
2 z Δ z+ Δ z
¿ lim → by additive inverse z 2 and −z 2
Δz→0 Δz
Δ z(2 z + Δ z )
¿ lim → factor out Δ z
Δz→0 Δz

¿ lim 2 z + Δ z → simplifying Δ z (2 z + Δ z)
Δz→0 Δz
`¿ 2 z+ 0

f ' ( z )=2 z
Example 2: f ( z )=z

SOLUTION:
f ( z + Δ z )−f ( z )
¿ ( 3 ) . f ' ( z ) = lim
Δ z →0 Δz
( z+ ∆ z )−z
f ' ( z )= lim
∆ z⟶0 ∆z

Simplifying,
z+ Δ z−z z + Δ z −z
lim = ⟶by property of conjugates z 1+ z2 =z1 + z 2
Δz⟶0 Δz Δz

z+ Δ z−z Δ z
lim = ⟶by definition of additive inverse z∧−z
Δz⟶0 Δz Δz

 If the limit exist , it can be found by letting the point ∆ z= ( ∆ x , ∆ y )

approaches to the origin (0,0) in the ∆ z plane.

(a) ∆ z Approaches (0,0) horizontally through the points ( ∆ x , 0 )on the

real axis.
∆ z= ( ∆ x , 0 )
∆ z=∆ x+ i0
¿ Δ x−i 0 ⟶by definition of conjugates
¿ Δ x ⟶simplifying −i 0

¿ ∆ z →for ∆ z= ( ∆ x , 0 )

Δz Δz
lim = =1
Δz→0 Δz ∆z
 (b) ∆ z approaches (0,0) vertically through the point ( 0 , ∆ y ) on the
imaginary axis,

∆ z=(0 , ∆ y )

∆ z=0+i ∆ y
¿ 0−i ∆ y →definition of conjugates

¿−( 0+i ∆ y ) →factor out –1 from 0−i ∆ y

¿−∆ z → for ∆ z=0+i ∆ y

So,
Δz −Δz
lim = =−1
Δz→0 ∆z Δz

Since, the limits on the real axis and imaginary axis is not equal, it
dw
follows that dz does not exist.

Example 3:
2
f ( z )=| z|
f ( z+ Δ z )−f ( z )
f ' ( z )= lim
∆ z→0 Δz
2 2
' f |z+ Δ z| −|z|
f ( z )= lim
∆ z→0 Δz
( z +∆ z ) ( z+ ∆ z )−z z
¿ lim ⟶ by property of conjugates |z|2=z z
∆ z →0 Δz
( z + Δ z ) ( z +∆ z )−z z
¿ lim ⟶property of conjugates z 1+ z2 =z1 + z 2
∆ z⟶0 ∆z
z z+ z ∆ z + ∆ z z+ ∆ z ∆ z−z z
¿ lim ⟶ FOIL Method
∆ z⟶0 ∆z
z ∆ z + ∆ z z+ ∆ z ∆ z
= lim∆ z⟶0 ∆z
⟶ by definition of additive inverse z z ∧−z z
 lim z ∆ z
∆z⟶0 ∆ z z ∆ z ∆ z ⟶ rewriting z ∆ z + ∆ z z+ ∆ z ∆ z as z ∆ z + ∆ z z + ∆ z ∆ z
¿ + + ∆z ∆z ∆z ∆z
∆z ∆z ∆z
lim z ∆ z ∆ z z ∆ z∆ z
¿ ∆z⟶0
+ z + ∆ z ⟶ simplifying ∆ z + ∆ z
∆z
∆z z∆ z ∆z
¿ lim z + z+ ∆ z ⟶rewriting as z
∆ z⟶0 ∆z ∆z ∆z

Proceeding as in Example 2, where horizontal and vertical approaches of ∆ z

toward the origin gave us ∆ z=∆ z∧∆ z=−∆ z respectively,
When ∆ z ( x , 0 )
∆z
lim z . + z + ∆ z ⟶eq.(3.1)
∆ z⟶0 ∆z
∆z
¿ lim z . + z + ∆ z ⟶ substitute the value of ∆ z
∆ z⟶0 ∆z

¿ lim z .1+ z +∆ z ⟶ ∆z
∆ z⟶0 simplifying ∆ z

¿ lim z+ z+ ∆ z ⟶ simplifying z.1

∆ z⟶0

When ∆ z = (0, ∆ y )
∆z
lim z . + z + ∆ z ⟶eq.(3.1)
∆ z⟶0 ∆z
−∆ z
¿ lim z . + z + ∆ z ⟶ substitute the value of ∆ z which is −∆ z
∆ z⟶0 ∆z

¿ lim z .(−1)+ z +∆ z ⟶ −∆ z
∆ z⟶0 simplifying ∆ z

¿ lim −z + z+ ∆ z ⟶ simplifying z(-1)

∆ z⟶0

∆w
Hence, of the limit of exist as ∆ z tends to zero, the uniqueness of the limits tell us that z + z = z -z
∆z
or z=0

dw
Evidently, the cannot exist when z is not equal to 0.
dz
dw
Therefore, exist only at z=0.
dz