Chem101 7/16/2021

CHAPTER 2: ATOMS AND

PERIODIC TABLE

PART 1
Lecturer: Dr. Trần Thị Nhung
Email: nhungtt@hcmute.edu.vn

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e 1 Copyright  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e 43 Copyright  2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE Electronic structure of atoms

• Atoms compose of nuclei (proton and neutron) at the center and
electron moving around Hypotheses:
Nucleus charge or atomic number (Z)  Mutual wave/ particles – like
= number of proton
= number of electron behavior of quantum objects
 Heisenberg uncertainty

Atomic mass = proton mass + neutron masss principle.

 Schrodinger wave function.

Electron move around nuclear to

form electron cloud and they can
appear at any time/ any position
with different probability. Electron cloud
44 45
Hạt Quark
Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e Copyright  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e Copyright  2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Quantum Numbers Orbital

• The space surrounding the nucleus
• Solving the wave equation gives a set of • The electrons move inside
wave functions, or orbitals, and their • The accepted probability of finding
corresponding energies. electron is 90%
• Each orbital describes a spatial • Space: the size, shape, and orientation
distribution of electron density.
• An orbital is described by a set of three
quantum numbers.
Electronic Electronic
Structure Structure
46Atoms
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Wave Function, y Principal Quantum Number (n)

• calculations show that the size, shape and
orientation in space of an orbital are • The principal quantum number, n,
determined be three integer terms in the wave describes the energy level on which the
function orbital resides.
• these integers are called quantum numbers • The values of n are integers ≥ 1.
principal quantum number, n
angular momentum quantum number, l
magnetic quantum number, ml
Electronic
Structure
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PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER (n) AND

AZIMUTAL/ANGULAR QUANTUM NUMBER: (l)
ENERGY LEVEL OF ELECTRON
n = 1, 2, 3, ...∞.  Value: l = 0, 1, 2, ... (n-1).
• Describe electron shell and energy level of an electron. n = 1  l = 0.
• The larger n  the higher energy  electron stays father n = 2  l = 0, 1.
n = 3  l = 0, 1, 2.
from the nuclear (in general) = − .
Represent the shape and type of orbital and
• Electrons have the same principal n number  lie in the
its sub-energy level
same electron shell
Electrons with same n and l  have same
eneregy
Electronic Electronic
Structure Structure
of Atoms of Atoms
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Azimutal/ secondary Quantum Azimutal/Angular Momentum

Number (l) Quantum Number (l)

• This quantum number defines the Value of l 0 1 2 3

shape of the orbital. Type of orbital s p d f
• Allowed values of l are integers ranging
from 0 to n − 1.
• We use letter designations to
communicate the different values of l
and, therefore, the shapes and types of
orbitals. Electronic Electronic
Structure Structure
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Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER (ml)

• Value: ml = 0, ± , ± 2, ...± . (with each l  (2l +1) posible
• The magnetic quantum number describes the value of ml.
three-dimensional orientation of the orbital.
• Represent the the projection of the orbital angular
• Allowed values of ml are integers ranging
from −l to l: momentum along a specified axis.  the number of orbital

−l ≤ ml ≤ l in each sub-shell (n, l).

-1 0 +1
• Therefore, on any given energy level, there l = 1 (orbital p).
can be up to 1 s orbital, 3 p orbitals, 5 d
ml = -1, 0, +1
orbitals, 7 f orbitals, and so forth.
3 ways to project in
Electronic space Electronic
Structure Structure
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ml = 0, ± , ± 2, ...± SUMMARY
l = 2, orbital d • Orbitals with the same value of n form a shell.
ml = 0, ± , ±2  5 orbitals d in the subshell l = 2 • Different orbital types within a shell are subshells.

Electronic Electronic
Structure Structure
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The Shapes of Atomic Orbitals s Orbitals

• the l quantum number primarily determines the
shape of the orbital
• each value of l is called by a particular letter that
designates the shape of the orbital
s orbitals are spherical
p orbitals are like two balloons tied at the knots • The value of l for s orbitals is 0.
d orbitals are mainly like 4 balloons tied at the knot • They are spherical in shape.
f orbitals are mainly like 8 balloons tied at the knot • The radius of the sphere increases with the
value of n.
Electronic
Structure
58 59Atoms
of

l = 0, the s orbital s Orbitals

• each principal energy state
has 1 s orbital
• lowest energy orbital in a
principal energy state Observing a graph of
probabilities of finding an
• spherical electron versus distance
from the nucleus, we see
• number of nodes = (n – 1) that s orbitals possess n
− 1 nodes, or regions
where there is 0
probability of finding an
electron. Electronic
Structure
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2s and 3s
p Orbitals
2s 3s
n = 2, n = 3,
l=0 l=0 • The value of l for p orbitals is 1.
• They have two lobes with a node between
them.

Electronic
Structure
62 63Atoms
of

l = 1, p orbitals p orbitals
• each principal energy state above n = 1 has 3
p orbitals
– ml = -1, 0, +1
• each of the 3 orbitals point along a different
axis
– p x, p y , p z
• 2nd lowest energy orbitals in a principal
energy state
• two-lobed
• node at the nucleus Electronic
Structure
Electronic
Structure
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d Orbitals
l = 2, d orbitals
• each principal energy state above l = 2 has 5 d orbitals • The value of l for a
 ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 d orbital is 2.
• 4 of the 5 orbitals are aligned in a different plane • Four of the five d
 the fifth is aligned with the z axis, dz squared orbitals have 4
 dxy, dyz, dxz, dx squared – y squared lobes; the other
• 3rd lowest energy orbitals in a principal energy state resembles a p
• mainly 4-lobed orbital with a
 one is two-lobed with a toroid
doughnut around
• planar nodes the center.
 higher principal levels also have spherical nodes
Electronic
Structure
66 67Atoms
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d orbitals
l = 3, f orbitals
• each principal energy state above n = 3 has 7 d orbitals
 ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3
• 4th lowest energy orbitals in a principal energy state
• mainly 8-lobed
 some 2-lobed with a toroid
• planar nodes
 higher principal levels also have spherical nodes

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f orbitals

70 71

Energies of Orbitals Energies of Orbitals

• For a one-electron • As the number of

hydrogen atom, electrons increases,
orbitals on the same though, so does the
energy level have repulsion between
them.
the same energy.
• Therefore, in many-
• That is, they are electron atoms,
degenerate. orbitals on the same
energy level are no
longer degenerate.
Electronic Electronic
Structure Structure
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Spin Quantum Number, ms Spin Quantum Number, ms

• In the 1920s, it was • This led to a fourth

discovered that two quantum number, the
electrons in the same spin quantum number,
orbital do not have ms.
exactly the same energy. • The spin quantum
• The “spin” of an electron number has only 2
describes its magnetic allowed values: +1/2
field, which affects its and −1/2.
energy.
Electronic Electronic
Structure Structure
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Exercise Exercise
Which set of quantum number is not allowed? • Describe the set of quantumn number of the
• a) n = 3, l = 1, ml = 2, ms = 1//2 orbital 4f ?
• b) n = 4, l = 4, ml = -4, ms= -1/2 • 4f: n = 4, l = 3 ,
• c) n = 2, l = 2, ml = 0, ms = ½ • ml = -3, -2,…2, 3
• d) n = 5, l = 4, ml = 3, ms= 1 Next video : electron configuration of an atom

Electronic Electronic
Structure Structure
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Electron configuration
• The distribution of electrons into the various
orbitals in an atom in its ground state is called
its electron configuration.
• (The ground state of the electron is the lowest
PART 2 energy orbital it can occupy)

unoccupied orbital with orbital with

Electronic
orbital 1 electron 2 electrons
Electronic
Structure Structure
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Pauli Exclusion Principle Hund’s Rule “For

degenerate
• No two electrons in the same orbitals, the
atom can have exactly the lowest
same energy. energy is
• Therefore, no two electrons attained
in the same atom can have when the
identical sets of quantum number of
numbers.
electrons with
• (n, l, ml, ms)
the same
Each orbital only can contain up to two electrons spin is
Lone e Paired e maximized.”
Electronic Electronic
Structure Structure
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Energy Shells and Subshells Electron configuration

Orbital s: l = 0, ml = 0  s1-2
Orbital p: l = 1, ml = -1, 0, 1  p1-6
Orbital d: l = 2, ml = -2,…,2  d1-10
Orbital f: l = 3, ml = -3,…,3  f1-14

Example:
Al (Z = 13) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
Fe (Z = 26) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6

s→p→d→f
The electrons will arrange into various orbitals by the
order of increasing energy
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p.
Electronic Electronic
Structure Structure
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6 Order of Subshell Filling

7s
6p d 5f
5d in Ground State Electron Configurations
6s 4f
5p
4d Start by drawing a diagram
5s 1s
4p with each energy shell on one
Energy

3d row, and list the subshells 2s 2p

4s (s, p, d, f) for that shell in
3p Notice the following: 3s 3p 3d
1. Because of penetration, sublevels within order of energy (left to right).
3s an energy level are not degenerate. 4s 4p 4d 4f
2. Penetration of the fourth and higher Next, draw arrows down
2p energy levels is so strong that their s through the diagonals, looping 5s 5p 5d 5f
sublevels are lower in energy than the d back to the next diagonal
2s sublevels of the lower energy level. 6s 6p 6d
3. The energy difference between levels
each time.
7s
becomes smaller for higher energy levels
Electronic Electronic
(and can cause anomalous electronStructure Structure
84 1s configurations for certain elements).
of Atoms 85 of Atoms

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Example—Write the full ground state orbital diagram Practice—Write the full ground state orbital diagram
and electron configuration of manganese. and electron configuration of potassium.

Mn: Z = 25; therefore, 25 e− K: Z = 19; therefore, 19 e−

s subshell holds 2 e− s subshell holds 2 e−
1s 1s
p
subshell
holds
6 e−        p
subshell
holds −
 6 e    2    
2 
e− e− 
2s 2p 2s 2p
d1s
subshell2s
holds 102pe − d1s
subshell2s
holds 102pe −
4e−
+2 =3s 3p 4e−
+2 =3s
3s 3p 3d4s 3s
3p
3p 3d
4s
f subshell holds 14 e− +6 12e−
 +2=  4s f subshell holds
−
+6 +2 = 12e is 1s22s22p63s23p64s1.
14 e−configuration
4p 4d 4f Therefore, the electron 4s 4p 4d 4f
+6 +2 = 20e− +10 = 30e− +6 +2 = 20e−
3d
Therefore, the electron configuration 1s22sthe
is need
Based on the order of subshell filling, we will
22p63s23p64s23d5.
first 7 subshells Based on the order of subshell filling, we will need the first six subshells.
Electronic Electronic
Structure Structure
86 of Atoms 87 of Atoms

Exception: Electron configuration Exception: Electron configuration

Rb = 37 : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1 = [Kr]5s1 Rb = 37 : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1 = [Kr]5s1

Saturated and semi-saturated e configuration: Electron configuration of ions

• Semi-saturated: p3, d5, f7
• Saturated: p6, d10, f14 • Anion: add more e

Element Anticipated config Real connfig • Cation: remove e at the outermost layer
Cr (Z=24) [Ar]3d44s2 [Ar]3d54s1

Cu (Z=29) [Ar]3d94s2 [Ar3d104s1

Exp:

Mo Z=42) [Kr]4d45s2 [Kr]4d55s1 Given A: [Ar] 4s2 3d7

Ag (Z=47) [Kr]4d95s2 [Kr]4d105s1 A2+ : [Ar] 3d7

Au (Z=79) [Xe]4f145d96s2
Electronic
[Xe]4f145d106s1 Structure A2- : [Ar] 4s2 3d9  [Ar] 4s1 3d10 Electronic
Structure
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Exercise
Suppose an element with the set of quantum number of
last e in its e config is (4, 2, -1, -1/2) with ml has the
increasing value from left to right. Write down the e PART 3
config of that element:
Solve: (4, 2, -1, -1/2)
PERIODIC TABLE
-2 -1 0 1 2
n = 4,
     
l = 2: orb d 4d 4d7
ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d7

ms= -1/2 (down arrow) Electronic Electronic

Structure Structure
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Valence Electrons Electron configuration

• The electrons in all the subshells with
the highest principal energy shell are
called the valence electrons (e hóa trị)
• Electrons in lower energy shells are
called core electrons.
• Chemists have observed that one of the
most important factors in the way an
atom behaves, both chemically and
physically, is the number of valence
electrons.
92
• Kr = 36 electrons
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10 4p6
 The last orbital: 4p6
 Set of quantum number of the last e:
n = 4, l = 1, ml = 1, ms= -1/2
 the outermost layer: 4 (highest value of n)
Valance e : 4s2 4p6  2 + 6 = 8
If the last orbital ended by s or p  the valance
Electronic
e is the total e of the outermost layer Electronic
Structure Structure
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Electron Configuration of
Electron configuration Atoms in Their Ground State
• V = 23 electrons • Rb : Z= 37 electrons
1s22s22p63s23p64s2 3d3 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1
 The last orbital: 3d3 or [Kr]5s1
 Set of quantum number of the last e: • Outermost layer : 5
• Last orbital: 5s
n = 3, l = 2, ml = 0, ms= +1/2
• Valance e: 5s1  1
 the outermost layer: 4 (highest value of n)
Valance e : 4s2 3d3  2 + 3 = 5
If the last orbital ended by d or f  the valance e is
the total e of the outermost layer and the last orbital
Electronic Electronic
Structure Structure
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Electron Configuration and the

Fe (Z = 26):
Periodic Table
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 hoặc [Ar]4s23d6
• The group number corresponds to the
 number of valence electrons.
• Outermost layer: (E lớp ngoài cùng): 4s2 (n = 4). • The number of columns in each “block” is
• The last orbital: 3d6. the maximum number of electrons that
• Valance e: 4s23d6  2 + 6 = 8 valence e sublevel can hold.
• The period number corresponds to the
principal energy level of the valence
Electronic
electrons. Electronic
Structure Structure
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118 elements
7 rows = 7 periods (chu kì)
18 column = 18 groups (nhóm) = 8 main group + 8 transition group

Electronic Electronic
Structure Structure
98 of Atoms of Atoms
99

s1
s2 118 elements (nguyên tố)
1 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6
7 period (chu kỳ)
2
3 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 d10 18 groups (nhóm)
4
5
6
7
f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10 f11 f12 f13 f14 f14d1

Electronic Electronic
Structure Structure
100 of Atoms of Atoms
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Electron Configuration from

How to define the period?
the Periodic Table
1A 8A • Look at the e configuration
1 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A7A • The outermost layer or the highest value of n is the
2 Ne order of the period
3 3s2 P
4 3p3 Co (Z = 27): 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d7
5 • The highest value of n is 4  period 4 (row 4)
6
7
Mo (Z = 42): 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s14d5
• The highest value of n is 5  period 5 (row 5)
P= [Ne]3s23p3
Electronic Electronic
P has five valence electrons. Structure Structure
102 of Atoms 103
of Atoms

How to define group??? How to define group???

Look at the e configuration
Mo (Z = 42): 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s14d5
• The last orbital s or p  main group (A)
(phân nhóm chính) • The last orbital 4d5 : transition group (B)
• The last orbital is d or f  transition group (B) • Total valence e : 1 + 5 = 6  group VI B
(phân nhóm phụ)
The order of the group ≡ the valence electron Exception:
(some exception) • The total number of valence e is 8, 9, 10  group VIII B
• The total number of valence e is 11 groups IB
Expl: O (Z = 8): 1s2 2s2 2p4 • The total number of valence e is 12  group IIB
The last orbital p  main group (A)
[Ar]4s2 3d7  [Ar] 4s2 3d7 : group VIII B
Total valence e = 2 + 4 = 6  group VIA Electronic Electronic
Structure
104
• The last orbital is f  group III B Structure
105
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1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p
How to define group???
s1
Main group (A) Transition group (B) 1 s2 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6
Group (last orbital s and p) (last orbital d and f) 2
3 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 d10
I ns1 ns1(n-1)d10
4
II ns2 ns2(n-1)d10
5
III ns2np1 ns2(n-1)d1
6
IV ns2np2 ns2(n-1)d2
7
V ns2np3 ns2(n-1)d3
f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10 f11 f12 f13 f14 f14d1
VI ns2np4 ns1(n-1)d5
VII ns2np5 ns2(n-1)d5
VIII ns2np6 (n-1)d6,7,8ns2 Electronic Electronic
Structure Structure
of Atoms 107 of Atoms
106

EXERCISE

Electronic Electronic
Structure Structure
of Atoms 109
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Content
• The radius of atom/ ions
PART 3 • The ionization energy (I)
PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF • The electron affinity (F)  electron negativity
• Oxidation number
ELEMENTS
• Bán kính nguyên tử / ion
• Năng lượng ion hóa
• Ái lực electron  độ âm điện
• Số oxy hóa
Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e 110 Copyright  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e 111 Copyright  2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Principles Radius of atom/ ion

The attraction force between nucleus and
valence electron will determine all properties
of elements
In general, all principles
 Are clear for short period and main group
 Are unclear for long period and transition
group
Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e 112
Copyright  2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Stronger attractive force between nucleus and valance
electrons:
 Electrons stay close to the nucleus
 Radius reduces (R)
Rule:
Same period: go from LEFT to RIGHT
• The number of e shells (n) = constant
• Z increases  stronger force  R reduce
Same group: go from the TOP to BOTTOM
• Number of e shells increases  weaker force  R increase
• Z increase (ignore)
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BÁN KÍNH NGUYÊN TỬ – ATOMIC RADIUS

Tăng điện
tích hạt
nhân

Tăng số
lớp
electron

114 115
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Radius of cation (ion dương) Radius of anion (ion âm)

A – ne-  An+ A + ne-  An-
The number of positive charges exert/ outperform the The number of negative charges exert/ outperform the
number of electrons number of positive charge (protons in nucleus)
 Radius R (A) > R (An+ )  Radius R (An- ) > R (A)

116 117
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Ionization energy (I)

Ionization energy is the energy required to
remove e out of an atom
• Remove first e out of saturated atom  first
ionization energy
• Stronger force  difficult to remove e  I Period 
larger
Period: Left  Right : I increase Remove e out of saturated / simi-saturated e
config is very difficult  I increase
Group: Top  Bottom: I reduce For expl:
N: (Z = 7): 1s2 2s2 2p3 I > I
O: (Z =8): 1s2 2s2 2p4 N O

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Electron affinity / electron negativity Oxidation number

• An atom tends to receive more e or lost e in order
to have the saturated e config (STABLE) when An atom will tend to receive more or loose e in
they join in reactions order to have the stable e config of the noble
gases
• The e affinity/ negativity represent the ability of an
atom to attract more e to it.
• Receive more e: positive oxidation number
• Loose e: negative oxidation number
• Strong e affinity/ negativity  tend to receive e
Usually:
 Period: Left  Right: F stronger (I increase)
• Alkali atoms: loose e (I small, F small)
 Group: Top  bottom: F reduce (I reduce)
• And nonmetal atoms: receive e (I high, F high)
 Group VII A (halogen ) ns2 np5 : strongest F (most
negative value)q
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 The electron bound loosely to the nucleus

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TÓM TẮT – SỰ THAY ĐỔI TUẦN HOÀN TÍNH

CHẤT CÁC NGUYÊN TỐ
Trong một chu kỳ: (trái qua phải):
 Bán kính nguyên tử giảm.
 Năng lượng ion hóa tăng.
 Ái lực electron tăng.
 Số oxi hóa dương lớn nhất tăng và số oxi hóa âm nhỏ nhất
giảm.
Trong một phân nhóm (trên xuống dưới):
 Bán kính nguyên từ tăng.
 Năng lượng ion hóa giảm.
 Ái lực electron giảm cho phân nhóm chính (A) và tăng cho
phân nhóm phụ (B).
122 123
Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e
 Số oxi hóa khôngCopyright
đổi.  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e Copyright  2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

TỔNG KẾT

124
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