Scientech 2132 A GSM

Understanding Dual SIM Mobile Phone
Scientech 2132A
Product Tutorials
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Designed & Manufactured by-

An ISO 9001:2008 company
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
94, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura, Indore - 452 010 India,
+ 91-731 4211100, : info@scientech.bz , : www.ScientechWorld.com
Scientech 2132A
Understanding Dual SIM Mobile Phone

Scientech 2132A
Table of Contents
1. Safety Instructions 5
2. Introduction 6
3. Features 7
4. Technical Specifications 8
5. Mobile phone: Technology History 9
6. Mobile Communication and Mobile Technology 10
7. GSM Technology: Features and Characteristics 11
8. An overview of GSM network 12
9. Introduction to GMSK 17
10. Introduction to Dual SIM Mobile phone section 21
• Experiment 1 27
Getting started with Dual SIM Mobile Phone TechBook
• Experiment 2 30
Study and observe Transmitted/Received RF signals
• Experiment 3 31
Study and observe Tx IQ/ Rx IQ signals
• Experiment 4 33
Study and observe signal constellation of GMSK signal (Rx I/Q)
• Experiment 5 34
Study and observe signal constellation of GMSK signal (Tx I/Q)
11. Battery and Battery Charging phenomena 35
• Experiment 6 37
Study and measure Battery voltages the Battery charging phenomena
• Experiment 7 39
Analyze the ‘Partially ON’ mode of phone while charging
• Experiment 8 41
Study of switch faults in Battery section
12. Power Management unit 43
• Experiment 9 45
Study and measurement voltages of Power management unit
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13. LCD Display section 46

• Experiment 10 48
Study and observe signals of LCD Display section
Study of switch faults in LCD Display section
14. Keypad section 53
Study of the Row/ Column configuration of key matrix
Study of switch faults in Keypad section
15. SIM Interface section 58
Study of SIM card detection with and without inserting SIM card
Study of switch faults in SIM interface section
16. User Interface section 66
Study and analyze the Buzzer section
Study and analyze the vibrator section
Study and analyze the LED control section
Study and analyze MIC & Speaker section
Study and analyze the Hands Free section (MIC/Speaker)
Study of switch faults in User Interface Section
Study and observe the control signals of Microprocessor Control unit
17. Real Clock Time 82
Analyze that a mobile is powered ON at the alarm Set Time

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18. Modes of operation: Active mode/Acting Dead mode/Sleep mode 84

Analyze the active mode of a mobile Phone
Analyze the Acting dead mode of a mobile Phone
Analyze the sleep mode of a mobile Phone
17. Test Points 88
18. Component Layout 89
19. Frequency List 90
20. Frequently Asked Question 91
21. Glossary 96
22. Service Tips 97
23. Warranty 99
24. List of Accessories 99

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Safety Instructions
Read the following safety instructions carefully before operating the product.
To avoid any personal injury, or damage to the product, or any products connected to it;
Do not operate the instrument if you suspect any damage within.
The instrument should be serviced by qualified personnel only.
For your Safety:
Use proper Mains cord : Use only the mains cord designed for this product.
Ensure that the mains cord is suitable for your country.
Ground the Instrument : This product is grounded through the protective earth
conductor of the mains cord. To avoid electric shock
the grounding conductor must be connected to the earth
ground. Before making connections to the input
terminals, ensure that the instrument is properly
grounded.
Observe Terminal Ratings : To avoid fire or shock hazards, observe all ratings and
marks on the instrument.
Use only the proper Fuse : Use the fuse type and rating specified for this product.
Use in proper Atmosphere : Please refer to operating conditions given in the
manual.
1. Do not operate in wet / damp conditions.
2. Do not operate in an explosive atmosphere.
3. Keep the product dust free, clean and dry.
• Handle carefully as you use your own mobile phone.
• Don’t short any test point or switched faults. It may result in permanent damage.
• Don’t leave the TechBook open for a long time. Since moisture may damage.
• Don’t put the battery other than supplied with the TechBook else warranty void.
• Don’t keep the mains cord or charging ON for long period, this may damage the
Battery/TechBook.
• Don’t connect the test probe unnecessary/much prior to the experiment.
• Remove the test probe in 4-5 seconds.
• If no network indications try SIM card of other service provider in the 900/1800
MHz band.
• Avoid other mobile phones near to the TechBook while performing experiments.
• Don’t try or alter “Security” or Lock code options of the mobile phone TechBook.
• Vibrator mode doesn’t operate whenever the TechBook is in charging ON mode.
• The operation is similar to a standard dual SIM mobile phone.

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Introduction
Scientech 2132A Understanding Dual SIM Mobile Phone TechBook is a unique,
self contained, easy to operate, training platform that demonstrates the complete
arrangement of a 2G Dual SIM GSM handset to understand the working of the Mobile
phone.
Mobile phone can be described; a product designed to global standards & has a leading
processor state of the smart power system, an ultra compact mechanical design and an
operating system with feature set which makes its studying a necessity.
Scientech 2132A Understanding Dual SIM Mobile Phone TechBook is the perfect
product for today's global technical profession. One of the main features of the
TechBook is its real time signals. This realistic classroom training TechBook
introduces the user to the fundamental of 2G Dual SIM GSM mobile equipment and
clears the concept of underlying GSM technology in simple way.
The Keypad of mobile handset, SIM sockets and User Interface section of the mobile
phone i.e. Vibrator, Buzzer, Microphone, Speaker, Hands free port and display LEDs
have been exposed onboard with switched faults creation facility and 58 test points for
signal observation and detailed study.
We hope our attempt will explore the user to the in-depth knowledge of the subject.
Also its attractive features and self explanatory multicolored chart containing useful
technical information will help user in creating a full imagination of dual SIM mobile
phone system.

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Features
• Real time mobile operation
• Operates on dual band frequency network (GSM 900/ DCS 1800)
• Colour TFT display
• Full understanding of Dual SIM mobile phone working
• Provides study of all sections in Dual SIM mobile phone
• Tx/ Rx frequency measurement and band verification
• 2G Technology GMSK signal
• Detail study of User Interface Control signals
• Detail study of Dual SIM Operation
• Battery identification and charging study
• Switched Faults
• Online Product Tutorial
Mobile phone working presentation software

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Technical Specifications
Cellular System : EGSM/GSM 900; DCS1800

(2G-Dual Band)
Rx Frequency Band : EGSM 900 – 925 to 935 MHz
GSM 900 – 935 to 960 MHz
DCS 1800 – 1805 to 1880 MHz
Tx Frequency Band : EGSM 900 – 880 to 890 MHz

GSM 900 – 890 to 915 MHz
DCS 1800 – 1710 to 1785 MHz
Output Power : +5… +33dBm/3.2mW… 2 W
Channel Spacing : 200 KHz
Display : TFT, 256K colours, 128X168 Pixels, 2.0”
SIM Support : Smart Dual SIM, Dual stand by (both GSM)
Battery type : Li-Ion 1000mAH
CPU : 208 MHz
Sound : Speaker and Earphone Jack (3.5mm)
On board Sections : Keypad, Dual SIM, Charging Circuit,
User interface: Buzzer, Vibrator, Mic, Speaker,
Hands free port and display LEDs.
Test Points : 58 nos. (Gold plated)
Switched Fault : 35 nos
Features that can be Set : Screen saver, Ring tones, Logos, SMS etc.
Power Consumption : 3.6VA (approximately)
Power Supply : 100 - 260V AC, 50/60 Hz
Fuse : 1A
Product Tutorial : Online (Theory, procedure, reference, results etc.)
Dimension (mm) : W 326 x D 252 113 x H 52
Weight : 2.5 Kg (approximately).
Operating Condition : 0-40oC, 85% RH

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Technology History
Mobile Phone Patents:
Dr Martin Cooper, a former general manager for the systems division at Motorola, is
considered the inventor of the first modern portable handset. Cooper made the first call
on a portable cell phone in April 1973. He made the call to his rival, Joel Engel, Bell
Labs head of research. Bell Laboratories introduced the idea of cellular
communications in 1947 with the police car technology. However, Motorola was the
first to incorporate the technology into portable device that was designed for outside of
a automobile use. Cooper and his co-inventors are listed: Martin Cooper, Richard W.
Dronsuth; Albert J. Mikulski, Charles N. Lynk Jr., James J. Mikulski, John F. Mitchell,
Roy A. Richardson, John H. Sangster .
By 1977, AT&T and Bell Labs had constructed a prototype cellular system. A year
later, public trials of the new system were started in Chicago with over 2000 trial
customers. In 1979, in a separate venture, the first commercial cellular telephone
system began operation in Tokyo. In 1981, Motorola and American Radio telephone
started a second U.S. cellular radio-telephone system test in the Washington/Baltimore
area. By 1982, the slow-moving FCC finally authorized commercial cellular service for
the USA. A year later, the first American commercial analog cellular service or AMPS
(Advanced Mobile Phone Service) was made available in Chicago by Ameritech.
Despite the incredible demand, it took cellular phone service 37 years to become
commercially available. Consumer demand quickly outstripped the 1982 system
standards. By 1987, cellular telephone subscribers exceeded one million and the
airways were crowded.
Dr Marting Cooper: The inventor of cell phone

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Mobile Communication and Mobile Technology

Mobile technology has already creating hype throughout the world. We are using so
many features in our mobile these days which most of us have never dreamed off. What
is making all these amazing features working so well? We are using SMS, deliver
messages in seconds throughout the world with just a little click of button “Send”,
MMS, sending pictures and video files in amazingly quick time, finding locations,
accessing high speed internet in your mobiles are the features which were not possible
just few years back, there are some technologies which are actually responsible for such
facilities on our mobiles and we are going to talk about all these technologies in mobile
communication section.
Today’s mobiles networks supports features likes SMS, GPRS, MMS, emailing facility
on mobile, Bluetooth, WAP and many more depending upon how reputed and bigger
mobile network company is, most of the networks worldwide provides these features as
they have become the standard features in mobile communication between their
customers and of course one cannot neglect how sophisticated mobiles phones are
available now, these mobile phones carries many features which sometimes are not
supported by mobile networks. Mobile phones of today’s age are now equal to portable
PCs. These mobile phones connect to their cellular networks and these cellular
networks are connected to Public Switching Telephone Network (PSTN).
Evolution of Mobile Communication Technologies

Cellular technology is one of the fastest and ongoing growing telecommunication
industries of the world. Unlike today, in back days telephonic systems were analog, the
biggest challenge faced by analog systems was inability to cope with the growing needs
of telecommunication industry with cost efficiency. This challenge brought evolution in
this industry and need for digital technology was realized. In result to introduction of
digital communication over analog system better receptions of signals were
experienced, low level of interference, integration, transmission, switching and
improved levels to meet the needs of current telecommunication industry challenges.
Mobile Internet Communication Technologies
There are number of mobile communication technologies which have been developed
ever since from analog days, every now and then new technology is released to cope
with telephonic industry demands. Currently we have following mobile and internet
communication technologies adopted by different mobile companies in different parts
of the world.
• GSM
• CDMA
• EDGE
• GPRS
• VoIP

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GSM Technology: Features and Characteristics

Main technical characteristics of the GSM system are:
GSM radio frequency spectrum
• For P-GSM-900: 890 - 915 MHz and 935 - 960 MHz
• For E-GSM: 880 - 915 MHz and 925 - 960 MHz
• For R-GSM: 876 - 915 MHz and 921 - 960 MHz
• For GSM-1800: 1710 - 1785 MHz and 1805 - 1880 MHz.
• For GSM-1900: 1850-1910 MHz and 1930-1990 MHz.
Techniques used in GSM
In the GSM system, TDMA in combination with FDMA is used; the usage of each
radio channel is partitioned into multiple (eight) timeslots, and each user is assigned a
specific frequency/timeslot combination. Thus, only a single mobile is using a given
frequency/timeslot combination at any particular time. Also the FDD technique is in
use, that is two symmetric frequency band, one band containing the uplink channels and
the other the downlink channels.
Features of GSM Technology
There are many features associated with GSM technology due to which it is bar far the
most leading mobile communication technology in the world today. GSM technology
facilitates with high speed integrated data, voice data, fax, mail, voice mail and mostly
used SMS feature. GSM also make sure that all the communication made between
networks are secured and protected from intruders and frauds.
GSM actually brought the concept of being Mobile way beyond the limits. It enabled us
to communicate across the continents.
GSM supports multiple frequency levels like 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz.
Different frequency bands are used by different mobile phone operators. If you are
using Mobile phone which supports 1800MHz and operators are available on this band,
phone can be used the network, where as if phone is out of the range of the frequency
band on mobile operator frequency than you need to have phone that supports the
frequency. To avoid such cases one should always adopt to have mobile phones that
support multiple frequency bands.
Different Frequency Bands
There are three different frequency bands on which mobile phones are usually operates
and these are Dual Band, Tri-Band and Quad Band.
Dual Band: Supports two frequencies; 900MHz and 1800 MHz.
Tri-Band: Supports three frequencies; 900 MHz, 1800MHz and 1900 MHz.
Quad-Band: Supports four frequencies; 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz.

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An overview of GSM network

GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication
During the period of Evolution of mobile communication technologies various systems
were introduced and deployed to achieve standardization in mobile industry but all the
efforts were failed. Multiple issues were sustained like incompatibility of systems,
development of digital radio frequency. That is when GSM (Global System for
Mobile Communication) Technology was introduced and problems like
standardization, incompatibility etc were overcame. TDMA solution was chosen in
1987. It is narrowband system and TDMA standards for Time Division Multiple
Access.
GSM network:
The GSM Network comprises three parts, Mobile Station (MS) which is similar to a
cordless phone with extra features, the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) that controls the
connection with the Mobile Station, the Base Station Controller (BSC) that controls
multiple Base Transceiver Station's and then the rest of the network covered further
below.
GSM System Architecture

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Mobile Station (MS):

A Digital Mobile Phone and a SIM card make up the Mobile Station. The SIM
(Subscriber Identity Module) is a card that fits into your handset. The SIM
microprocessor is based on a silicon chip which is designed to tolerate temperatures
between -25°C and +70°C, and will also withstand up to 85% humidity. However
silicon is fragile and therefore, if the card is tampered with, physically or electronically,
the card will be rendered useless. The SIM contains all of your identification details,
such as your IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity. This is a numeric string,
where the first 3 digits represent the country where the SIM is from, the next represent
the operator in that specific country. The other digits represent the subscriber’s identity
in his home-network), phone memories, billing information, SMS text messages, pin
numbers and international roaming information.
A IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) card is the serial number of the
GSM phone. The SIM card contains a IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
number that identifies the user to the network along with other user and security
information.
Base Transceiver Station (BTS):
The Base Transceiver Station consists of a radio transceiver with antenna that covers a
single cell. It handles the communications with the MS via radio interface. BTS are all
connected together to allow you to move from one cell to another. The antenna can take
on various forms.
Base Station Controller (BSC):
The Base Station Controller manages multiple BTSs. It controls the allocation and
release of radio channels and handovers between cells. A series of BTSs are connected
to each Base Station Controller, the BSC keeps an eye on each call and decides when to
pass the call off to another BTS and to which one.
The Rest of the Network:
Several BSCs are controlled by the Mobile Service Switching Center (MSC), the MSC
works with four databases (HLR, VLR, EIR and the AUC) and together they manage
the communications between Mobile Station user and the other network types. Each of
the databases has a separate job.
Mobile Switching Center (MSC):
The Mobile Switching Center is the interface between the base station system and the
switching subsystem of the mobile phone network. Furthermore, the MSC is also the
interface between the cellular network and the PSTN. The MSC generates all billing
records and ensures that all usage is directed to the appropriate account. The MSC has a
relatively complex task, as unlike a conventional telephone exchange, when GSM
subscribers make calls they could be anywhere within the network. The MSC must
ensure that calls are routed through to those subscribers, wherever they are and
wherever they move to throughout the duration of each cell. This situation becomes

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even more complex when two mobile subscribers wish to contact each other from two
distant locations.
In order to simplify the subscriber management function, a specific service area is
allocated to each MSC. The MSC has to control the switching of tariff to and from the
subscribers within its service area which involves the co-ordination of all radio
resources and the inter cell hand-off activities.
Home Location Register (HLR):
The HLR is the central data base for all the subscribers which contain details on the
identity of each subscriber, the services to which they have access and the locations
where the subscriber was last registered.
Once the Mobile Stations MSISDN has been used to identify the IMSI, the HLR
verifies the subscription records to ensure that the call can be delivered to the last
known location of the Mobile Station.
Visitor's Location Register (VLR):
The VLR is a database that is linked to an MSC and temporarily stares information
about each Mobile Station within the area served by that MSC.
Equipment Identity Register (EIR):
The EIR ensures that all Mobile Equipments are valid and authorized to function on the
PLMN.
Authentication Center (AUC):
The authentication center is used to validate the SIM Card being used by the Mobile
Station. Secret information that is held in the AUC and which is also contained within
the SIM Card is used to perform a complex mathematical calculation. Authentication
occurs if the results of these two calculations agree.
• SMSC (SMS Center or Service Center), the SMSC handled all the SMS messages
that are sent. The messages are sent on a data channel so you can receive them
while on a call.
• GMSC (Gateway MSC) is a gateway switch where the call is directed when
setting up a call to a GSM user. The GMSC looks for the subscriber by
interrogating the right HLR which then interrogates the VLR and routes the
incoming call towards the MSC where the subscriber can be reached.

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Outstanding Features
Quality:
With digital, sound quality is sharp and clear. Background sounds and static are vastly
reduced and crossed-line conversations are also eliminated. In comparison with analog
there are also far fewer dropouts, and overall the quality is more like that of a fixed
telephone.
Security:
Unlike analog, everything you say and send within the digital network is safe and
secure.
Some features are user authentication that prohibits unauthorized access, encryption
key distribution that guarantees the privacy of the call and caller identification
restrictions that can prevent the delivery of the calling user’s number to the receiver.
Convenience:
With digital, better technology means better battery life. You get up to twice as much
talk time from each battery charge, compared with analog. In addition the digital
service allows more calls to be handled at any one time, therefore reducing congestion
in areas of dense population and high usage.
Roaming:
Roaming is one more feature of GSM technology. With digital, you are able to use your
mobile phone, and number in other countries around the world that operate a GSM
network.
Features:
• Call Forwarding
• SMS Delivery Report
• All Calls
• No Answer
• Engaged
• Unreachable
• Call Barring
• Outgoing - Bar certain outgoing calls(e.g. ISD)
• Incoming - Bar certain incoming calls (Useful if in another country)
• Global roaming - Visit any other country with GSM and a roaming agreement and
use your phone.
• SMS - Short Message Service - Allows you to send text messages to and from
phones

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• Multi Party Calling - Talk to five other parties as well as yourself at the same time
• Call Holding - Place a call on Hold
• Call Waiting - Notifies you of another call whilst on a call
• Mobile Data Services - Allows handsets to communicate with computers
• Mobile Fax Service - Allows handsets to send, retrieve and receive faxes
• Calling Line Identity Service - This facility allows you to see the telephone
number of the incoming caller on our handset before answering
• Advice of Charge - Allows you to keep track of call costs
• Cell Broadcast - Allows you to subscribe to local news channels
• Mobile Terminating Fax - Another number you are issued with that receives faxes
that you can then download to the nearest fax machine.
• Available by 1998
• Upgrade and improvements to existing services
• Majority of the upgrade concerns data transmission, including bearer services and
packet switched data at 64 K bit/s and above
• SIM enhancements
Advantages of GSM Technology:
} The key advantage of GSM systems to consumers has been better voice quality
and low-cost alternatives to making calls, such as the Short message service
(SMS, also called "Text Messaging").
} The advantage for network operators has been the ease of deploying equipment
from any vendors that implement the standard.
} Like other cellular standards, GSM allows network operators to offer roaming
services so that subscribers can use their phones on GSM networks all over the
world.
} International roaming -- is available through GSM technologies. GSM's
economies of scale also offer attractive economic incentives, obvious when you
compare over 785 million GSM customers today to over 100 million-plus TDMA
or CDMA customers.

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GMSK: Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

Even though MSK's power spectrum density falls quite fast, it does not fall fast enough
so that interference between adjacent signals in the frequency band can be avoided. To
take care of the problem, the original binary signal is passed through a Gaussian shaped
filter before it is modulated with MSK.
Frequency Response:
The principle parameter in designing an appropriate Gaussian filter is the time
bandwidth product WTb. Please see the following figure for the frequency response of
different Gaussian filters. Note that MSK has a time-bandwidth product of infinity.
As can be seen from above, GMSKs power spectrum drops much quicker than MSK's.
Furthermore, as WTb is decreased, the roll-off is much quicker.
Time-Domain Response:

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Since lower time-bandwidth products produce a faster power-spectrum roll-off, why

not have very small time-bandwidth products. It happens that with lower time-
bandwidth products the pulse is spread over a longer time, which can cause inter-
symbol interference.
Therefore as a compromise between spectral efficiency and time-domain performance,
an intermediate time-bandwidth product must be chosen.
The reliability of a data message produced by a GMSK system is highly dependent on
the following:
} Receiver thermal noise: this is produced partly by the receive antenna and mostly
by the radio receiver.
} Channel fading: this is caused by the multipath propagation nature of the radio
channel.
} Band limiting: This is mostly associated with the receiver If frequency and phase
characteristics
} DC drifts: may be caused by a number of factors such as temperature variations,
asymmetry of the frequency response of the receiver, frequency drifts of the
receiver local oscillator.
} Frequency Offset:
• This refers to the receiver carrier frequency drift relative to the frequency
transmitted caused by the finite stability of all the frequency sources in the
receiver. The shift is also caused partly by Doppler shifts, which result due to
the relative transmitter/receiver motion.
• The frequency offset causes the received IF signal to be off-center with
respect to the IF filter response, and this cause more signal distortion.
• The frequency offset also results in a proportional DC component at the
discriminator output.
} Timing Errors:
• The timing reference causes the sampling instants to be offset from the center
of the transmit eye.
• As GMSK is a filtered version of MSK, this introduces another variable that
can be used to describe the exact nature of the GMSK modulation.
• This variable is referred to as the BT, where B is the 3dB point of the
Gaussian filter, and T is the bit duration. Therefore a BT of infinity would
relate to MSK.
• The smaller the BT the smaller the spectral density however this comes at a
trade off of increased inter-symbol interference.

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• This is because by smoothing the edges of the bit pulses they begin to overlap
each other. The greater the smoothing, the greater the overlapping, until
eventually individual bits may be undetectable.
GSM Modulation Specifications
In the GSM standard, Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying with a time-bandwidth product
of 0.3 was chosen as a compromise between spectral efficiency and inter-symbol
interference. With this value of WTb, 99% of the power spectrum is within a bandwidth
of 250 kHz, and since GSM spectrum is divided into 200 kHz channels for multiple
accesses, there is very little interference between the channels. The speed at which
GSM can transmit at, with WTb=0.3, is 271 kb/s.
(It cannot go faster, since that would cause inter-symbol interference).
GMSK Modulation in GSM
GSM uses a digital modulation format called 0.3GMSK (Gaussian minimum Shift
Keying). The 0.3 describes the bandwidth of the Gaussian filter with relation to the bit
rate. The bandwidth of 0.3 was chosen as a compromise between spectral efficiency
and inter-symbol interference.
GMSK is a special type of digital FM modulation. 1s and 0s are represented by shifting
the RF carrier by plus or minus 67.708 KHz. Modulation techniques which use two
frequencies to represent one and zero are denoted FSK (frequency shift keying). In the
case of GSM the data rate of 270.833 Kbit/sec is chosen to be exactly four times the RF
frequency shift. This has the effect of minimizing the modulation spectrum and
improving channel efficiency. FSK modulation where the bit rate is exactly four times
the frequency shift is called MSK (minimum shift keying). In GSM, the modulation
spectrum is further reduced by applying a Gaussian pre-modulation filter. This slows
down the rapid frequency transitions, which would otherwise spread energy into
adjacent channels.
0.3GMSK is not phase modulation (i.e. information is not conveyed by absolute phase
states, as in QPSK for example). It’s the frequency shift or change of phase state which
conveys information. GMSK can be visualized from an I/Q diagram. Without the
Gaussian filter, if a constant stream of 1s is being transmitted, MSK will effectively
stay 67.708 KHz above the carrier centre frequency. If the carrier centre frequency is
taken as a stationary phase reference, the 67.708 KHz signal will cause a steady
increase in phase. The phases will role 360 degrees at a rate of 67,708 revolutions per
second. In one bit period (1/270.833 KHz), the phase will get a quarter of the way
round the I/Q diagram or 90 degrees. 1s are seen as a phase increase of 90 degrees. Two
1s causes a phase increase of 180 degrees, three 1s 270 degrees and so on. 0s cause the
same phase change in the opposite direction.
The exact phase trajectory is very tightly controlled. GSM uses digital filters and I/Q or
digital FM modulators to accurately generate the correct trajectory. The GSM
specification allows no more than 5 degrees rms and 20 degrees peak deviation from
the ideal trajectory.

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GMSK Modulation

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Introduction to Dual SIM Mobile Phone Section

For understanding the basic circuit of any mobile phone it can be divided in following
sections:
A. Receiving Section
B. Transmitting Section
C. Microprocessor Control Unit & Memory Unit
D. User Interface Section
A. Receiver Section:
The Receiver section of the mobile phone receives the calls and gives the audio signals
at the speaker. The receiver is direct conversion dual band linear receive. It works for
dual band i.e. GSM and DCS frequency band.
Antenna Switch: Antenna switch is a type of diplexer. Diplexer or Multiplexer circuit
is a system in which more than one transmitters and receivers are connected to a single
antenna. It works both as a transmitter and as a receiver at the same time. Depending
upon the control signals form control circuit, it select the transmitting or receiving
action and GSM or DCS frequency band as required. Control signals to its respective
pins make the GSM or DCS band enable or disable for transmitting and receiving calls.
When any call is received in mobile phone, the receiving signal comes at antenna first,
which is of loop type and then reach to antenna switch (diplexer). This antenna switch
makes function of switching of receiving, transmitting, GSM and DCS frequency band.
After switching action the received GSM-RX or DCS RX signal is fed to Dual Saw
filter. Dual Saw filter has two Saw filters; one for GSM frequency band, and another
for DCS frequency band. This Saw filters removes the unwanted frequencies from the
received signals and forwarded the required frequencies to different high frequency
amplifiers.
Signal obtained from filter is given to LNA (Low Noise Amplifier). Control voltage is
given to amplifier from Processor unit; amplification gain of LNA is controlled by it.
Because this control voltage controls gain of amplifier in automatic way hence
considered AGC (Automatic Gain Control). Output level of receiver remains stable by
it.
These high frequency amplified signals again fed to a Dual Saw filter. This saw filter
again removes the unwanted frequencies from the signals. It is very essential to
separate these frequencies, otherwise further these frequencies can become reason of
noise. These signals are then fed to I. F. Processor section. I. F. processor completes
the mixing and demodulation (conversion to LF) process.
Oscillator Section: It is a very important part of the mobile phone. Mobile phones
works on dual band GMS and DCS hence for processing the signals of both the bands,
Local oscillator generates different values of local frequencies. These frequencies are
used to change the received RF signals to IF signals and for different demodulation

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processes and different processes related to transmission. Local oscillator module with
other supporting ICs creates a frequency synthesizer that generates the frequency
signals of maximum accurate value as compared to crystal oscillator circuit. The main
parts of this circuit are PLL and VCO. PLL is a circuit that controls the oscillations of
VCO continuously and keeps the frequency at a constant level. Any minor changes in
the frequency are sensed by the PLL and control it by sending a controlling voltage to
VCO.
Oscillation signal produced by VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator) is mixed in these
signals for this operation. This VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator) produces separate
local oscillation signals in GSM and DCS frequency band. VCO produces 3700-3840
MHz for GSM and 3610-3760 MHz for DCS 1800. This signal is given to a variable
gain amplifier (VGA) and the signal is amplified here. It is divided by four, for GSM
(local oscillation signal of 935 to 960 MHz) is obtained and by 2 for DCS 1800 (local
oscillation signals of 1805 to 1880 MHz) by PLL dividers. This I. F. signal is again
passed through a saw filter to remove the unwanted frequencies for the signal and fed
to next mixer section. The second mixer section generates the second I.F. frequency of
lower frequency than first I.F. frequency. These signals then filtered by Channel
selection filter and amplified by AGC amplifier and then fed to I/Q demodulator
section.
Audio Signal Processing Section: All the functions related to audio frequency like,
GMSK modulation, demodulation, digital to analog conversion, audio frequency
amplification etc. are performed in this section. The audio frequency processor i.e.
communication Processor under control of Microprocessor unit performs the all
functions mentioned above.
I/Q demodulator removes the carrier frequency from the signals and generates the pure
I and Q signals. These I and Q signals are then forwarded to Audio frequency
Processor section. This section has a GMSK Demodulator, Digital to Analog
Converter, Audio Frequency Amplifier, Speaker Circuit, Buzzer Circuit, Vibrator
Circuit, etc. The final audio signals are fed to speaker and we can here the caller’s
voice.
B. Transmitter Section:
The transmitter section of the mobile phone process the audio signals translated by
microphone and transmit it. The process of transmitting the signal is just reverse to the
receiving process.
MIC Interface Circuit: Here the audio signals are converted into electrical signals and
processed through the different sections and finally transmitted through antenna. At the
time of transmitting microphone converts voice signal in to electric signal.
Audio Processing Section: The electric signal is given to audio processor section of
Microprocessor Control Unit. The audio signals are first amplified and then converted
into digital format through Analog to digital converter and the modulated as Pulse
Code modulation and digital audio signals are produced. These digital audio signals are
sent to Microprocessor Control Unit for voice coding and channel coding at that place

Scientech 2132A
data stream is made which is sent back to audio processor for GMSK modulation. In
this way A/D conversion, coding, Encryption channel coding and modulation etc
functions are made in Microprocessor Control Unit. I/Q signals are serially transmitted
from Microprocessor Control Unit and given to transmitting modulation process in RF
transmitter section which can measured at (4) and (5).
IF Processing Section: VCO signals are mixed with TX-IQ signal in mixer. These
local oscillation signals are produced by local oscillation modules, VCO generates
local oscillation signals of two different values. Oscillation signals 3520 to 3660 MHz
in condition of GSM 900 frequency band, which is divided by four, 880 to 915 MHz
and in condition of DCS1800 frequency band, which is divided by 2, is obtained and
mixed with TX-IQ signal. Signal output level at this stage is 5dBm Working system of
VCO is controlled by PLL circuit.
Power Amplifier Section: After the modulation, Tx signal is converted to single
ended by balance circuit (mutual coupler) and after filtering the signal is amplified by
pre-amplifier circuit and buffered out the final amplification is realized with dual band
power amplifier. It has a gain control, which is controlled with a power control loop.
Power amplifier produces a signal over 2W in GSM band. Gain control range is over
35dBm.
Dual Directional Coupler: Now this signal is given to Dual band directional coupler
connected between PA and Antenna switch, Directional coupler take a sample from the
forward going power with certain ratio. This detected voltage is compared in error
amplifier to a Tx voltage.
Antenna Switch Circuit: Then the signal is given to Antenna switch. Antenna switch
selects the transmitting / receiving action as per the control signals from control circuit
and the signal is transmitted through antenna, the signal is of +33dBm approximately.
GSM and DCS Band RF Unit: GSM and DCS band RF Unit is used to convert the
GSM (900 MHz) and DCS (1800 MHz) uplink and downlink bands to an intermediate
frequency (IF) of 76.8 MHz (6 down conversion chains used to cover the full band of
GSM & DCS bands), each IF chain has 40MHz bandwidth.
The unit will also include the RF chains for the functionality of up converting 6
intermediate frequencies at 76.8 MHz to GSM & DCS bands. The up conversion and
down conversion chains will be controlled by Microcontroller and this acts as a slave
for External Microprocessor control unit. The unit generates its own LO’s through
reference generation circuit and PLL’s.
Quantum TM Dual-Band GSM/GPRS SP4T Transmit Module TQM6M4068: The
advanced dual-band (Broadband Tx) Transmit Module used with
GSM850/900/DCS/PCS mobile handset applications provides full RF transmit
functionality. The GSM850/900 and DCS/PCS power amplifier blocks including power
control are combined with a low insertion loss dual-band switch, Tx harmonics
filtering, integrated switch decoder, two receive ports, and ESD protection.

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C. Microprocessor Control Unit and Memory Unit:

Microprocessor Logic control unit controls the functions performed by all the
components of all the sections of mobile phone to complete the action systematically.
This is actually a central control unit that controls the functioning of complete mobile
phone to work properly. Any type of disorders in logic control circuit affects the
complete functioning of the mobile phone. The figure shows the block diagram of logic
control circuit. Microprocessor unit performs the following functions:
• Control the Mobile Machine System
• Control the Communication
• Test the Field Strength
• Control the Battery Voltage and Stand by Charging
• Key-board Scanning
• Control the Display
• Control the Power Supply
• Control the Power on/ off process
• Control the Sleeping State
• To confirm whether the user is authorized to use the mobile phone or not
• If not authorized then to stop the mobile phone immediately
• Control the Modulation & Demodulation

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Program code of all the functions being performed by Microprocessor unit (MPU) is
stored in the Flash memory connected to it. This flash memory transfers the 16 bit data
with the MPU by 16 bit data bus and 20 bit address bus. MPU collects the information
in the form of data and cont the data signals and decode them. After decoding it
generates the control signals to complete the required function. In conjunction with
Flash memory MPU also used SRAM memory to store the data. The main function of
the SRAM is data buffering.
The other sections of the MPU are Key-board, Display, Background LED, Charging
circuit, State instruction LEDs, Power on/off, MIC, Speaker, alert, Vibrator, etc.
The CPU of the mobile phone is a combination of Micro-processing unit, ASIC
system, and DSP (Digital Signal Processor). It is a BGA (Ball Grid Array) package
module. The CPU also has a Communication Processor for Audio Signal Processing
related functions and Application Processor for Display and User Interface Control
Functions.
Memory Unit: A temporary memory called SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
is also used with flash memory in the mobile phone. SRAM is a type of Random
Access Memory which consumes less current. SRAM is used to store the information
during the CPU functioning and other activities of the same type. When SRAM fails to
get the supply voltage then the information stored in it are stored into the Flash
Memory. In this way the CPU, flash memory, and SRAM together plays a very
important role in completing the functioning of the mobile phone.

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D. User Interface Section:

This section of the mobile phone has the direct connection with the user of mobile
phone hence called User Interface Section. Key-board, Screen Display Section,
Background LED Section, Charging Circuit, State Instruction LED Circuit,
Microphone Circuit, Speaker Circuit, etc. are the circuits that have direct connection
with the user. Maximum User interface sections have direct connection with the
Microprocessor unit and Memory section.

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Experiment 1
Objective: Getting started with Dual SIM Mobile Phone TechBook
Apparatus required:
• Dual SIM Mobile Phone TechBook
• SIM card(s) of any GSM service provider supporting 900/1800 frequency band
• Power Supply for Scientech 2132A with Mains Cord
• Hands free kit.
Operating Mode:
Dual SIM Mobile Phone training system works in two operating mode that can be
selected by a ‘Mode Selection Switch’ provided on the TechBook at left side near
Power connector.
• Battery Mode (Switch Released): In this mode the TechBook operates with
battery supplied & battery can be charged.
• Adaptor Mode (Switch Pressed): In this mode the TechBook operates on external
Power Supply. For this connect Scientech 2132A Power Supply with mains cord
to TechBook. The TechBook automatically disconnects the battery contacts when
the mode is changed from Battery to Adaptor. So physical presence of the battery
in the battery assembly doesn’t have any effect. The charging ‘On/Off’ switch
stops functioning in this mode.
• Switch off the TechBook before switching between the Operating modes.
Operating Condition:
Before performing this experiment, please ensure that;
• Insert SIM card(s) before switching on the TechBook (Most important point to
be noted)
• Also ensure that the SIM cards in use should be of any GSM service provider
supporting 900/1800 frequency band. (Don’t use any SIM of a CDMA service
provider)
• Battery should be fully charged if you want to operate the system in ‘Battery
Mode’.
• To charge the battery; connect Scientech 2132A Power Supply to TechBook with
Mains Cord; operate the TechBook in ‘Battery Mode’ and put the ‘Charging
Switch to ‘On’ position.
• While charging the Battery, Communication can be done using the TechBook.
• All the Switch Faults should be in ‘Off’ Position.

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Procedure:
} Before connecting the Battery/Power Supply to TechBook, insert the SIM card(s)
of any GSM service provider supporting 900/1800 frequency band.
Note:
• Out of both any SIM can be inserted in any SIM socket.
• Only one SIM can also be inserted in any SIM socket (GSM900/1800).
• Both the SIM can be of same service provider (GSM900/1800)
} Now, insert the battery so that the battery contacts and assembly terminal match.
} Select ‘Battery Mode’ by ‘Mode Selection Switch’ i.e. the switch should be in
released position and the respective LED will glow.
} Long press the Power switch to switch on the TechBook. Red Power switch is
given at left side top position of mimic near the Power Connector. The LED will
glow when the switch is pressed. Check the Battery status indicator.
Note: If the TechBook fails to switch on or if the battery is not charged properly,
you need to charge it. For this connect the Scientech 2132A Power Supply with
mains cord to TechBook and switch on the ‘Charger Supply’ switch and battery
will start to charge, check the battery status indicator.
} After some time TechBook will search the respective networks and display it.
} Once it detects the GSM service provider network(s) and the sufficient network
strength is present, communication can be done with this TechBook.
} Now you can communicate with this system by making call/ receiving a call. Use
hands free kit to talk and listen to the voice.
Making Calls:
} To make call from the TechBook follow the procedure given below;
Connect Hands free kit at the socket given in ‘User Interface Section’.
• Dial the number using alphanumeric keys you want to call and press the Dial
key.
• Use hands free to talk and listen to the voice.
• When finished, press the END key to end the call.

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Receiving/Answering Calls:
} To receive call from this TechBook follow the procedure given below;
• When the Buzzer rings or Vibrator vibrates, press Dial key to receive the call.
• Use hands free to talk and listen to the voice.
• When finished, press the END key to end the call.
Note: Adjust the speakerphone receiving volume by pressing the UP/Down (▲or
▼) keys during call.
End Calls:
} When you are on the call and you want to disconnect the call, Press END key to
return to the standby mode.
Conclusion:
Now, with existing GSM network, the Dual SIM Mobile Phone TechBook is ready to
make calls/receive calls and to study the voltages at various test points of various
blocks.
Note: The same experiment can be performed in Adaptor mode also. For this Connect
Scientech 2132A Power Supply with mains cord to TechBook and select the ‘Adaptor’
mode by ‘Mode Selection Switch’ and the respective LED will glow. Long press the
Power switch to switch on the TechBook.
Operating Setup

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Experiment 2
Objective: Study and observe Transmitted/Received RF Signal
Apparatus required:
• Dual SIM Mobile phone TechBook
• Hands free kit
• Spectrum Analyzer (Scientech)
Operating Mode:
Operate the TechBook either in Battery mode or in Adaptor mode as instructed in
previous experiments.
• Follow all the conditions as instructed in Experiment 1.
• Check that all the Switch Faults should be in ‘Off’ position.
Procedure:
} Once the TechBook is initially ready as per the set up given in Experiment 1 and
if it detects the GSM service provider network(s) with sufficient network strength,
further experiment can be done with this TechBook as follows.
} Make a Call to the TechBook or from the TechBook.
} Connect the probe of Spectrum Analyzer at test point 1 to observe the signal to
observe the transmitted/received RF signal in the respective Tx/ Rx band.
Capture the frequency in the range of 900 MHz if the SIM in use is of GSM 900
service provider or in the range of 1800 MHz if it is of GSM 1800 service
provider.
} You will receive a fluctuating/ blinking frequency component in the respective
range as shown in figure.
Tx RF signal

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Experiment 3
Objective: Study and observe Tx IQ/ Rx IQ RF Signals

Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
• Oscilloscope (Scientech)
Operating Mode:
Procedure:
if it detects the GSM service provider network(s) with sufficient network
strength, further experiment can be done with this TechBook as follows.
} Connect two probes of Oscilloscope to CH1(Y) at test point 2 (Rx I signal) and
CH2(X) at test point 3 (Rx Q signal) to observe them in dual mode as shown in
figure.

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Rx I/Q Data
} Similarly connect two probes of Oscilloscope to CH1(Y) at test point 4 (Tx I
signal) and CH2(X) at test point 5 (Tx Q signal) to observe them in dual mode as
shown in figure.
Tx I/Q Data

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 4
Objective: Study and observe signal constellation of GMSK Signal (Rx I/Q)
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
Procedure:
} Connect two probes of Oscilloscope to CH1(Y) at test point 2 (Rx I signal) and
CH2(X) at test point 3 (Rx Q signal) and observe them in XY mode as shown in
figure.
Rx I/Q Data in XY mode

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 5
Objective: Study and observe signal constellation of GMSK signal (Tx I/Q)
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
Procedure:
} Connect two probes of Oscilloscope to CH1(Y) at test point 4 (Tx I signal) and
CH2(X) at test point 5 (Tx Q signal) and observe them in XY mode as shown in
figure.
Tx I/Q Data in XY mode

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Battery and Battery Charging

Battery Connector:
The electrical specifications for the battery connector are shown in Table. It consists of
three terminals. 1) Battery +Ve 2) BSI 3) Ground
Table: Battery Connector Electrical Specification
Pin Name Voltage Measured parameter Test Point
1 VBATT 3.7V approx. Battery voltage 12
2 BSI 0.5V (when Battery size indication 13

charging)
3 GND 0V Battery Ground is 14

connected directly to
GND
Pin 1: Battery Voltage (VBATT):

This is the supply Pin of the battery; it supplies power to the system and also acts as a
charging terminal. The voltage available at this Pin is 3.7V (approximately) with
charger connected and no battery load. Measure this voltage at test point 12.
Pin 2: Battery Size Indicator (BSI):
The battery status/size is indicated by a resistor inside the battery pack. The resistor
value corresponds to a specific battery capacity. This capacity value is related to the
battery technology as different capacity values are achieved by using different battery
technology.
The battery identification line is used also for battery removal detection. The BSI line is
connected to a SIM Card Detection line of CPU. SIM Card Detection is a threshold
detector. The battery removal detection is used as a trigger to power down the SIM card
before the power is lost. The BSI contact in the battery is made 0.7mm small in
comparison to the supply contact and therefore it disconnects before the other contacts
so that there is a delay between battery removal detection and supply power off.
The BSI line is connected to SIM card Detection line of CPU. When the power is
switched ON with SIM inserted the BSI terminal is grounded by a resistor, all interface
line raises to SIM VCC, SIM Data, SIM Reset, SIM Clock. The battery identification
line is used also for battery removal detection. The SIM card is Powered Down before
the power is lost.

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Pin 3: Ground (GND):

This pin is directly connected to ground.
Block Diagram of Battery Terminal

Charging is allowed in any operating state ‘On/Off’. The battery voltage, size, and
current are measured by Power Management Unit which is controlled by the EM-
software (Energy Management) running in the CPU. The Energy-Management controls
the charging current delivered from the charger to the battery. Charging is controlled by
a PWM input signal, generated by the PMU. The PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is
controlled by the CPU and sent to the PMU through a serial data bus. The battery
voltage rise is limited by turning the Charging switch ‘Off’ when the battery voltage
has reached.
Charger detection: At the time of charging the charging voltage is sensed by the CPU
and starts the charging action and displays the charging indicator at LCD.
Charge Control: Charging process in active mode of mobile is controlled by the
digital section of the CPU. Charging voltage and charging current are controlled to
make the charging process safe. For this there is a charging cut-off limit program.
Charging cut-off limit is 3.6v and the charging current limit is 1.32A maximum. To
control this functioning, the digital section of the CPU generated the PWM signals.

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Experiment 6
Objective: Study and measure Battery voltages the Battery charging phenomena in
Dual SIM Mobile phone TechBook.
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
Operate the TechBook in Battery mode and to study the charging phenomena Connect
Scientech 2132A Power Supply to TechBook with mains cord. In this mode of
operation the TechBook operates with battery and charging supply is provided by
Scientech 2132A Power Supply.
Procedure:
} Select ‘Battery Mode’ by ‘Mode Selection Switch’ i.e. the switch should be in
} Connect the Scientech 2132A Power Supply with mains cord to TechBook.
glow when the switch is pressed. Check the battery status indicator.
} Check the battery Voltage at test point 12 with respect to ground test point 14. It
will be the +3.7V approximately if the battery is fully charged.

Scientech 2132A
} Check the Battery Status Indicator voltage at test point 13 with respect to ground
test point 14. It will now show 0V approximately. The voltage will be observed
on this test point when battery is charging. It will show 0.5V approximately.
} Measure the voltage supplied by external Scientech 2132A Power Supply adaptor
at ‘Charger Supply’ test point. It shows the charging voltage 6V approximately.
} Switch on the ‘Charger Supply’ switch and battery will start to charge, check the
battery status indicator at display.
} Measure the voltage at the Charging supply test point which is the same 6 V
approximately that is connected to the charging section of the phone.
} Now also measure the Battery status Indicator voltage at test point 13 with respect
to ground test point 14. It will now show 0.5V approximately. The voltage will be
observed on this test point when battery is charging.

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 7
Objective: Analyze the ‘Partially ON’ mode while charging Dual SIM Mobile phone
TechBook.
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
Operate the TechBook in Battery mode and connect the Scientech 2132A Power
Supply with mains cord for charging the battery.
Procedure:
} Connect the Battery.
} Select the Battery mode.
} Connect the Scientech 2132A Power Supply.
} Don’t switch ‘On’ the TechBook.
} Switch ‘On’ the charging.

} Observe the charging indication on the LCD.
} Measure the voltages of Power management unit and LCD display section.
} Base band voltage 2.8V at (18) can be measured using a DMM.

Scientech 2132A
Battery Charging Indication
Full Battery Charge

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 8
Objective: Study of switch faults in Battery section of Dual SIM Mobile phone
TechBook
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
Operate the TechBook in Battery mode and to study the charging phenomena Connect
Scientech 2132A Power Supply to TechBook with mains cord. In this mode of
operation the TechBook operates with battery and charging supply is provided by
Scientech 2132A Power Supply.
Procedure:
} Select ‘Battery mode’ by ‘Mode Selection Switch’ i.e. the switch should be in
} Connect the Scientech 2132A Power Supply with mains cord to TechBook.
glow when the switch is pressed. Check the battery status indicator.
} Now insert the faults one at a time from Switch fault 1 and observe the effects as
given in the table below.

Scientech 2132A
Fault Insertion & observation table for Switch Fault 1:
Switch
Description
Fault no.
Insert the fault and observe that the TechBook suddenly switches off.
1
This is due the fault stops to supply the battery voltage 3.7V to the
TechBook.
Before inserting this fault switch off the TechBook first.

Then Insert the fault and switch on the TechBook.
Observe that the TechBook will be suddenly switches off.
Now if ‘Charger Supply’ switch is switched on, observe that battery
2 does not start to charge and the TechBook continuously switches off and
restarts.
This is due to Battery status indicator voltage. It is because the system
switch on process is gone through a loop formatted by the “Battery
Status Indicator” pin of the battery, the disconnection of which fails the
system to be switched on.
Insert the fault and observe that the TechBook suddenly switches off.
3
This is due to battery ground. This fault stops providing ground to the
TechBook.
This fault observed in Battery charging mode.

Insert the fault and switch on the ‘Charger Supply’ switch.
4
Observe that battery does not start to charge. This is because the
Charger Voltage is disconnected from charger circuit.
Check the LED status, it is off, and no supply at the test point.

Scientech 2132A
Power Management Unit

Power Supply management unit supplies the power to all the section of the mobile
phone. There are following Power Supply sections.
RF Power Supply:
This supply is used in Transmitting/ Receiving section of the Mobile Phone. Various
regulators provide the Power Supply for Transmitter Enable, Receiver Enable, RF Band
Selection, Clock Generator, and Clock Amplifier.
Logic Power Supply:
This Power Supply section provides the Power Supply for RTC, Alert VCC supply,
Audio processor Power Supply, CPU section, Memory section, SIM switcher section,
User Interface section, LCD display, Keypad LED indication etc.
On/Off Circuit:
This circuit is made up of series of transistors and diodes, when on/off button is pushed,
the battery supply is connected to this circuit and disconnects when on/off button is
released. At the time of button contact, this section releases the power switching signals
and goes to Logic Power Supply section. Logic Power Supply then generates the
various voltages for different sections. The circuit toggle when on/off button is pushed
again for a while make the power switching signals discontinued and hence the mobile
phone switches off.
CPU Trigger Circuit:
This circuit sends the trigger signals to CPU to inform that the mobile phone is being
switched on/off by pushing the on/off button to give out the different control signals to
complete the various functions.

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Block Diagram of Power Distributor

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Experiment 9
Objective: Study and measurement voltages of Power management unit of Dual SIM
Mobile phone TechBook
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
• Multimeter (Scientech)
Operating Mode:
Operate the TechBook in Battery mode and connect the Scientech 2132A Power
Supply with mains cord for charging the battery.
• Check that all the Switch Faults should be in ‘off’ position.
Procedure:
} Observe the different types of voltages of Power management unit used by
different section of the system.
Test Value
Supply Remarks
point (approximately)
This is the Battery voltage provides
51 VCC 3.7V
input to Power management unit
52 VRF 2.8V Voltage for RF section
53 VDDIO 1.8V Voltage for I/O section
54 VDDINT 2.8V Voltage for Memory unit
55 VCPU 1.8V Voltage to CPU
56 VCTCXO 2.8V Voltage to VCO
Charger Voltage from Power Supply for

57 6V
supply Battery charging
Charging Voltage to Charging circuit when
58 6V
Voltage charging is on

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LCD Display
LCD display is a color active matrix TFT-LCD (Thin Film Transistor - Liquid crystal
display) that uses amorphous silicon TFT as a switching device. This module is
composed of a 2.8 inch TFT-LCD panel, a driving circuit and LED backlight system.
This TFT-LCD has a resolution of 128 X 160 pixels and can display up to 256K colors.
The TFT LCD module is a complete HMI module. It is able to handle the TFT panel by
UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) interface. The user can easy
use/control the TFT Panel by commands.
High Speed ASCI IC and rich function (Text support, draw pixel, draw Line, draw Arc,
draw Rectangle) design are some features of this module.
One Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) module is used in display section of mobile phone.
The display driver includes HW-reset, voltage triple or quadruple which depends on
temperature, temperature compensating circuit and low power control. Driver includes
84x48 bit RAM memory that is used when some elements are created on display.
Elements are created by software. Driver doesn’t include CG-ROM. When any button
is pressed in Mobile Phone then at first its information comes in CPU. CPU obtains
data from memory according to that pressed button and gives to LCD module and that
data displays at screen.
2.8 inch TFT LCD with Touch Screen

Scientech 2132A
Functional Block Diagram

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 10
Objective: Study and observe signals of LCD display section of Dual SIM Mobile
Phone TechBook
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
• Check that Switch Fault 3 should be in ‘off’ position.
Procedure:
} Observe the voltages/ signals at the following test points.
Test Point
Description
no.
6 LCD operating voltage: 3.8V approximately
7 LED operating voltage: 1.8V approximately
8 Write Enable Signal
9 Display Control Signal
10 I/O Voltage: 2.8V approximately
11 Reset Voltage: 1.6V approximately

Scientech 2132A
Write Enable signal (Test point 8)
Display control signal (Test point 9)

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 11
Objective: Study of switch faults in LCD display section of Dual SIM Mobile phone
TechBook
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
• Check that Switch Fault 3 should be in ‘Off’ position.
Procedure:
} To observe the effects of Switched faults 3 related to LCD section, now insert the
switch fault any one at a time and verify the results as shown in the table given
below:

Scientech 2132A

Switch Fault
Description
no.
Check the following setting
Menu -> Setting ->Display ->Backlight ->10 sec.
1 After inserting this fault, the backlight doesn’t go off completely after
10 sec but sustain as it is.
This is due to fault in LED operating voltage.
After inserting this fault, the display light starts blinking.
2
This is due to fault in LCD Reset Voltage.
After inserting this fault, the synchronization of display data disturbs
3 and dialed numbers do not
This is due to fault in ‘Display Control Signal’
After inserting this fault, the display stops showing the dialed numbers
4 on display, but can be seen when withdraw.
This is due to fault in ‘Write Enable Signal’.
Note: LCD display is that section in mobile phone which becomes defective more then
all. When any fault is observed in display then at first loose contact should be check
and spring contact of the LCD for bent or soiled and then supply of display module
should be checked. After that it should be observed that it’s all indicated data are
correct and all paths should be checked or not so that it can be identified that fault is of
main board or screen display.
LCD Display showing back light after inserting switch fault 1

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LCD Display showing Disturbance after inserting switch fault 3
LCD Display after inserting switch fault 4 (not showing digits)

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LCD Display after withdraw of switch fault 4 (showing digits)

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Keypad Section
Theory:
The complete arrangement of Keypad is of key matrix type. It has 21 keys and uses 5
rows and 5 columns. Rows and Columns are connected to CPU interface. Except Power
on/off button, all push buttons are connected to key matrix circuit. Power On/Off button
is directly connected to battery section. The ‘Key-Dots’, which are connected to the
Row-signals from the CPU, are sensible to ESD are protected by an ESD network. In
addition, serial resistors of 1K are inserted between the Keypad Rows and the CPU.
Every row is connected to key scan signal input pins of CPU and every column is
connected to key scan output pins of the CPU. Whenever any button is pushed the
relative row and column get shorted and scanning signal gets out form the key scan
output pin of CPU and flows through the column and through column push button it
flows in to the row and reaches to the key scan input pin of CPU. In this way CPU
came to know that which push button is pressed and it passes the necessary information
to the related section to complete that function.
When any push button of key pad is pressed then the background LEDs of the keypad
are glowed.
A keypad device having a circuit of electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection is
disclosed. The circuit has n and m numbers of column conductive lines and row
conductive lines formed on the print circuit board wherein at least one column or row
conductive line is connected to the ground and the others are, respectively, connected to
the data input terminals and data output terminals of the keypad encoder. The
intersections between the column (row) line which is grounded and the row (column)
lines are designed for those keys, which are readily attacked by ESD such as the side
keys.
Key Matrix:
Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col 5
Test Point
21 22 23 24 20
no.
Row 1 15 - Down - - -
Row 2 16 1 2 3 Back -
Row 3 17 4 5 6 Right Left
Row 4 18 7 8 9 Dial Menu
Row 5 19 * 0 # Up ►ll
Note: Shaded portion not used.

Power Key:
It is connected between GND and VCC. Power key active in low state and connected to
on/off control circuit.

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 12
Objective: Study of the Row/ Column configuration of key matrix of a Dual SIM
Mobile Phone TechBook
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
• Follow all the conditions as instructed in previous experiments.
• Check that Switch Fault 3 should be in ‘Off’ position.
Procedure:
} Refer the following table for Row/ Column configuration of key matrix.
Col 1 Col 2 Col 3 Col 4 Col 5
Test Point
21 22 23 24 20
no.
Row 1 15 - Down - - -
Row 2 16 1 2 3 Back -
Row 3 17 4 5 6 Right Left
Row 4 18 7 8 9 Dial Menu
Row 5 19 * 0 # Up ►ll
} Now using the above table we can easily find out that which key is belongs to
which Row/ Column.
} When any key is pressed the LED of respective Column glows and the signal can
be observed at the respective test point on Oscilloscope. As far as the Row LED

Scientech 2132A
concern the key matrix is designed in such a way that instead of activating the
LED of selected Row only, the LEDs of all Rows glow but there is a difference in
signals observed at Oscilloscope, and that difference of multilevel signal is
identified by the CPU.
Signal at any row test point
Signal at any column test point

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 13
Objective: Study of switch faults in Keypad section of a Dual SIM Mobile Phone
TechBook
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
• Check that Switch Fault 3 should be in ‘off’ position.
Procedure:
} To observe the effects of Switched faults 2 related to Keypad section, now insert
the switch fault any one at a time and verify the results as shown in the table
given below:

Scientech 2132A

Switch
Description
Fault no.
Scroll Down key stops functioning.
1 Since Down key is connected to Row 1, disconnection of path / loose contact of
ESD components / dry solder of CPU will make the keys to hang.
1, 2, 3 and Back keys stop functioning.
2 Since these keys are connected to Row 2, disconnection of path / loose contact
of ESD components / dry solder of CPU will make the keys to hang.
4, 5, 6, Right and Left keys stop functioning.
7, 8, 9, Dial and Menu keys stop functioning.
*/Lock, 0, #, Up and Confirm key (►II) stop functioning.
1, 4, 7 and */Lock keys stop functioning.
6 Since these keys are connected to Column 1, disconnection of path / loose
contact of ESD components / dry solder of CPU will make the keys to hang.
2, 5, 8, 0 and down keys stop functioning.
3, 6, 9, and # keys stop functioning.
Up, Back, Dial, and Right keys stop functioning.
Left, Menu, and Confirm key (►ll) keys stop functioning.
Note: Problems occurs in the keypad usually when the Handset is water dropped,
exposed to moisture / dust. In most of the cases it is due to breaking of path and looses
contact of ESD components / dry solder of CPU. This will lead to jamming of entire
row / column or sometimes individual key. For information cleaning with IPA and
heating the PCB will do the job.

Scientech 2132A
SIM Card
Theory:
SIM is short for Subscriber Identity Module. There are two different sizes used for
GSM phones, one is the same size as a credit card and the other is about the size of a
stamp. The two SIM card sizes are standardized and are the same all over the GSM
world. The advantage of the small card is that it makes it possible for the manufacturer
to build even smaller phones. The SIM card is the part of the phone that contains the
real phone. It’s on the SIM card that all personal facts are kept. The phone itself has no
phone number it’s kept on the SIM card. In other words, you can borrow almost any
other GSM phone and insert your own SIM card and make calls as usual. There are
many functions on the SIM cards like, for example, memory space for names and
phone numbers and SMSs (Short Text Messages). You can activate many different
services on the SIM cards.
The development of SIM cards is as fast as everything else in the mobile phone
business. The SIM cards are becoming more and more sophisticated and more and
more functions are being added and improved. It contains some parameter of the user
such as IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity). The SIM is also a database – it
stores network state information such as their current Location Areas Identify (LAI). If
the handset is turned off and back on again it will take data of the SIM and search for
the LAI it was in. This saves time by avoiding having to search the whole list of
frequencies that it normally would. The BSI line is connected to SIM card DETX line
of CPU. When the power is switched ON with SIM inserted the BSI terminal is
grounded by a resistor, all interface line raises to VSIM, DATA A, SIM RST,
SIMCLK. The battery identification line is used also for battery removal detection. The
SIM card is Powered Down before the power is lost.
Block Diagram of SIM CARD Circuit

Scientech 2132A
In this way, SIM Card Socket reads the information of SIM Card. After that this
information is given again to CPU through IC N201 for next processing and then after
this is sent to base station for registering.
How does a dual SIM phone work?
The SIM card provides the identity of a particular subscriber to the GSM operator
network. The network operator provides a set of services to the subscriber based on
his/her identity.
As a result of the varying costs, services, and cell coverage of different GSM operators
it may be beneficial to have a choice of GSM operator network at the time of making or
receiving a call. This can be achieved in a system which actively selects which one of
two SIM cards to activate before attaching to a network.
It depends on the type of phone. Some types of phones have two CPUs so it’s kind of
like having two phones in one; this allows user to answer two calls from two different
SIMs at the same time. Essentially the signals are received from both the numbers in
your phone.
The second type of dual SIM phones doesn’t have two CPUs so one can expect mixed
results. These types of phones have some sort of call secretary software that will direct
user incoming phone call to voice mail if you are busy on another call on the first SIM.
However if the phone does not have this type of software the caller will have to wait as
user line will give him the busy signal. The latter types of cell phones however are
considerably cheap.
The SIM connection signals from the SIM interface module consist of:
Signal Description
SIMVCC +3V or +5V Supply
GND System Ground
SIMCLK Synchronous Clock Output
SIMRST Reset Output
SIMDATA SIM Data Input/ Output
SIMPRESENCE SIM Present Detection Input

Scientech 2132A
Each of the output signals and the supply connections can be connected directly to both
SIM holders. With a little signal conditioning these signals have enough drive to fan out
to two SIM holders without need for signal buffering. For signal conditioning each SIM
holder has a supply decoupling capacitor associated with it.
The SIMDATA data input/output signal is the key to successful SIM access. When
active, the SIMDATA signal is pulled-up by the module. The signal is bidirectional and
is pulled-down by whichever side is sending data. In the case of the disabled SIM
holder in our dual SIM solution the unused SIMDATA must be pulled-up to SIMVCC.
This is a standard idle condition for a SIM.
The method used to redirect the SIMDATA signal to whichever SIM has been actively
selected is by a dual SPST analogue switch. The dual SPST analogue switch has a wide
operating voltage range and very low quiescent supply current. In addition it has two
independent switch enable controls, ideally suited to this application as one is active
high, the Dual SIM connection other active low, which permit a single control signal to
select either SIM1 or SIM2 without additional logic circuitry.
The pull-up resistor on SIMDAT1 and SIMDAT2 not only achieves the idle state pull-
up but also compensates for the insertion of the analogue switch into the SIMDATA
signal.
Dual SIM Switcher Circuit

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 14
Objective: Study of SIM card detection with and without inserting SIM card
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
Procedure:
(A) SIM Card(s) detection process without inserting the SIM card(s)
} Without inserting the SIM card(s), switch on the TechBook either in Battery
mode or in Adaptor mode as instructed in Experiment 1.
glow when the switch is pressed. Check the Battery status indicator.
Note: If the TechBook fails to switch on or if the battery is not charged properly,
you need to charge it. For this connect the Scientech 2132A Power supply with
mains cord to TechBook and switch on the ‘Charger Supply’ switch and battery
will start to charge, check the battery status indicator.
} Keep a watch on the four LEDs i.e. SIM ‘Supply’ and ‘SIM CLK’ of SIM 1 &
SIM 2.
} The four LEDs will flash for a moment. Sudden SIM card CLK rise & fall is
observed. Since SIM card is not present it falls it happens in less than 1 second.
This can be observed at test point 27 and 33.
} The same can be observed for SIM VCC voltage on Oscilloscope. The voltage at
test point 25 and 31 will sudden rise and fall.

Scientech 2132A
(B) SIM Card(s) detection process with SIM cards

} Now switch off the TechBook and insert the SIM card(s) and switch on the
TechBook again.
} Keep a watch on the four LEDs i.e. SIM ‘Supply’ and ‘SIM CLK’ of SIM 1 &
SIM 2.
} The SIM Supply LEDs stay ‘ON’ since SIM card(s) need power continuously
} The SIM CLK LEDs blink during network search and go off within 10 seconds
approximately after registering to the network.
} During this searching period the SIM CLK can be observed on Oscilloscope at
test point 27 for SIM 1 & test point 33 for SIM 2. A rise can be observed when
there is a Tx/Rx of call or some data is accessed from SIM.
SIM Clock
} Observe the Voltages/ Signals as per the table given below.

Scientech 2132A
Observation Table for SIM 1:
Pin Name Measured parameter Test Point
1 SIM VCC 2.8 V approximately 25
2 SIM Reset 2V approximately 26
3 SIM CLK Frequency - 3.2 MHz 27
4 SIM Ground 0V 28
5 SIM VPP Not connected 29
6 SIM data 2.8V approximately 30
Observation Table for SIM 2:
Pin Name Measured parameter Test Point
1 SIM VCC 2.8 V approximately 31
2 SIM Reset 2V approximately 32
3 SIM CLK Frequency - 3.2 MHz 33
4 SIM Ground 0V 34
5 SIM VPP Not connected 35
6 SIM data 2.8V approximately 36

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 15
Objective: Study of switch faults in SIM interface section of Dual SIM Mobile Phone
TechBook
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
• Check that Switch Fault 4 & Switch Fault 5 should be in ‘Off’ position.
Procedure:
} Before connecting the Battery/ Power Supply to TechBook, insert the SIM
card(s) of any GSM service provider supporting 900/1800 frequency band and
switch on the TechBook either in battery mode or in Adaptor mode.
glow when the switch is pressed.
} After some time TechBook will search the respective networks and display it.
} Once it detects the GSM service provider network(s) and the sufficient network
strength is present, communication can be done with this TechBook.
} To observe the effects of Switched faults 4 related to SIM 1, now insert the
switch fault any one at a time and verify the results as shown in the table given
below:

Scientech 2132A
Observation table for SIM 1 & Switch Fault 4:
Switch
Description
Fault no.
Insert the fault and wait for some time. After 1 – 2 minutes “Insert SIM
Card” appears on the screen. This is due to fault in SIM VCC voltage.
1
To return the normal operating mode, make the switch fault off and
restart the TechBook.
Card” appears on the screen. This is due to fault in SIM Reset voltage.
2
To return the normal operating mode, make the switch fault off and
restart the TechBook.
Card” appears on the screen. This is due to fault in SIM CLK. To return
3
the normal operating mode, make the switch fault off and restart the
TechBook.
Card” appears on the screen. This is due to fault in SIM Data. To return
4
the normal operating mode, make the switch fault off and restart the
TechBook.
Note: All the 6 terminals of the SIM card holds importance if any of the contact is
absent then card will not be accepted and shows “INSERT SIM CARD”. Usually this
occur when the SIM socket is bent/soiled or in loose contact with PCB or breakage of
path from the CPU else dry soldering of the IC.

Scientech 2132A
User Interface section: Buzzer

Theory:
This is the circuit which informs the incoming call by ringing the bell or ringtone. This
is also used to here the other tones of the mobile phone like Key tone, Alarm tone, Alert
tone etc. Ringer/ Buzzer Control circuit gets the signal form CPU at the time of
incoming call. These control signals activate the ringer circuit to provide the pulses to
buzzer and it starts ringing.
Alerting tones or melodies are generated by a buzzer. Ringing driving circuit is mainly
made by CPU, Buzzer driving circuit and Buzzer. Whenever there is an incoming call
or message else ringing is software activated. Ringing Driving Control signal that’s a
PWM signal is obtained from Central Processing Unit (CPU) and given driver circuit.
After amplification it reaches at one tapping of buzzer.
Block Diagram of Buzzer Control Circuit

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 16
Objective: Study and analyze the Buzzer in Dual SIM Mobile Phone TechBook.
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
Procedure:
} Press “Menu” button.
} Use scroll keys to until you get the option ‘Settings’.
} Select ‘Sound Profiles’ using Up/Down key.
} Select ‘Normal’ and press ‘Edit’. Select ‘Call Alert Type’ and press ‘Change’.
Select ‘Melody’ mode and save.
} Go back and select the ‘Voice Call Ringtone’. Press ’Change’ and select any ring
tone.
} Go back and select Volume and check the volume of Call alert. Save it. Go back
to initial window.
} Make a Call to the TechBook.
} You will observe that the Buzzer starts to ring when TechBook is called.
} Observe the Buzzer signal at test point in User Interface Section. It is a PWM
signal which is converted to sound as shown in figure.

Scientech 2132A
PWM Buzzer signal

Scientech 2132A
User Interface section: Vibrator

Theory:
The function of the Vibrator section is to inform the user at the time of incoming call by
vibrations. Vibrator control circuit receives the control signal form the CPU and
activates the controlling circuit to provide the operating voltage to the vibrator and
vibrator starts to vibrate until it gets the signals from the CPU.
The vibrator driving circuit is similar to that of ringer circuit. It is used for giving silent
information to user for incoming calls. This is also called Vibra Alert Device. When an
incoming call comes then this device gives its information to user by vibrating.
V BATT supply is given at other tapping of this vibrator. Operation of turning ‘On’
Vibrator is controlled by software. A vibra alerting device is similar to the DC motor.
In the mobile phone it is used to generate a vibration signal for an incoming call.
Block Diagram of Vibrator Control Circuit

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 17
Objective: Study and analyze the vibrator in Dual SIM Mobile Phone TechBook
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
Procedure:
} Use scroll keys to until you get the option ‘Settings’.
} Select ‘Sound Profiles’ using Up/Down key.
} Select ‘Normal’ and press ‘Edit’. Select ‘Call alert type’ and press ‘Change’.
Select ‘Vibration’ mode and save. Go back to initial window.
} Make a Call to the TechBook.
} You will observe that the vibrator starts to vibrate when TechBook is called.
} Observe the Vibrator signal at test point in User Interface Section. It is a DC
voltage which drives the vibrator to vibrate. It is approximately 1.5V to 3V.

Scientech 2132A
User Interface Section: LED

Theory:
Light Emitting Diode, helps the user while performing function. The LED in mobile
phone is of SMD type instead of traditional LED’s due to much compactness required
and many mobile specifications. The LED circuit consists of CPU, UI section and LED.
The DC signal is made out from CPU whenever handset is switched ‘On/Off’, Tx/Rx
even a key is pressed depending on the menu features. The signal obtained from the
CPU is given UI section.
The UI section gives output for keypad/Display LED separately but simultaneously.
The LED’s are connected in parallel. The anode of the LED’s is connected to VBAT.
Varistors are connected for protection in addition resistors are connected for both (LED
& Keypad) LED’s for intensity control. The time duration for the LED is software
controlled often menu driven.
Block Diagram of LED Control Circuit

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 18
Objective: Study and analyze the LED control in Dual SIM Mobile Phone
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
Procedure:
} Key pad LED 1 & Key Pad LED 2 are the part of Key pad LED section.
Whenever we press any key or when we receive a call or message the LEDs
glow.
} Observe the controlled LED driving voltage at the test points given in the User
Interface section. It is 2V approximately.

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 19
Objective: Study and analyze MIC & Speaker section
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
Procedure:
} Make a Call to the TechBook and receive the call.
} Now the volume of the speaker can be increased or decreased using the Up/
Down key. Set the volume level to maximum.
} Observe the received audio signal from caller at the Speaker test point in User
Interface section.
} Observe the transmitted audio signal from the called party at the MIC test point in
User Interface section.

Scientech 2132A
MIC- Transmitted Audio Signal
Speaker – Received Audio Signal

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 20
Objective: Study and analyze the Hands Free section (MIC/Speaker)
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
Procedure:
} Connect the Hands Free kit to Hands Free socket in the user Interface section.
} Now the volume of the speaker can be increased or decreased using the Up/
Down key. Set the volume level to maximum.
} Observe the received audio signal from caller at the Hands Free Speaker test
point in User Interface section.
} Observe the transmitted audio signal from the called party at the Hands Free MIC
test point in User Interface section.

Scientech 2132A
Hands free MIC- Transmitted Audio Signal
Hands free Speaker – Received Audio Signal

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 21
Objective: Study of switch faults in User Interface Section of Dual SIM Mobile Phone
TechBook
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
Procedure:
} To observe the effects of Switched faults 6 related to User Interface section, now
insert the switch fault any one at a time and verify the results as shown in the
table given below:

Scientech 2132A
Switch
Description
Fault no.
Insert the fault and observe that the Buzzer stops ringing.
1
This is due to PWM signal disconnected from buzzer circuit.
Insert the fault and observe that the Vibrator stops vibrating. This is due
2
to driving signal disconnected from vibrator circuit.
Insert the fault and observe that the Speaker stops functioning. This is
3
due to audio signal disconnected from Speaker circuit.
Insert the fault and observe that the MIC stops functioning. This is due
4
to audio signal disconnected from MIC circuit.
Insert the fault and observe that the LED of first column of key pad and
5 Key pad LED 1 stop glowing. This is due to controlled voltage
disconnected from LED circuit.
Insert the fault and observe that the LED of second column of key pad
6 and Key pad LED 2 stop glowing. This is due to controlled voltage
Insert the fault and observe that the LED of both column of key pad and
7 Key pad LED 1& 2 stop glowing. This is due to controlled voltage
Insert the fault and observe that the Hands Free Speaker stops
8 functioning. This is due to audio signal disconnected from Hands free
circuit.
Insert the fault and observe that the Hands Free MIC stops functioning.
9
This is due to audio signal disconnected from Hands free circuit.

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 22
Objective: Study and observe the control signals of Microprocessor Control Unit
Apparatus required:
• Hands free kit
Operating Mode:
Procedure:
} Observe the Chip Select input at test point ‘CS’ in the Microprocessor unit. This
signal is referred to LCD display section. When any key is press the signal can be
seen at the test point.
Chip select signal

Scientech 2132A
} Observe the Data/Command control signal input at test point ‘D/C’ in the
Microprocessor unit. This signal is referred to LCD display section. When any
key is press the signal can be seen at the test point.
Data/ Command Control Signal

} Observe the Serial Clock signal input at test point ‘SCL’ in the Microprocessor
unit. This signal is referred to memory unit. When any key is press the signal can
be seen at the test point.
Serial Clock

Scientech 2132A
} Observe the Serial Data signal input at test point ‘SDA’ in the Microprocessor
unit. This signal is referred to memory unit. When any key is press the signal can
be seen at the test point.
Serial Data
} ‘GSM EN’ and ‘DCS EN’ signals are referred to SIM Interface section.
If the SIM being used is of GSM 900 service provider, the GSM Enable control
signal can be observed at test point ‘GSM EN’ in the Microprocessor unit.
If the SIM being used is of DCS 1800 service provider, the DCS Enable control
signal can be observed at test point ‘DCS EN’ in the Microprocessor unit.
GSM/DCS Enable Signal

Scientech 2132A
Real Clock Time

Real Time Clock:
Requirements for a Real Time Clock (RTC) implementation are a basic clock (hours
and minutes), a calendar and a timer with alarm and power ‘On/Off’- function and
miscellaneous calls. The RTC will contain only the time base and the alarm timer but
all other functions (e.g. calendar) are implemented with the MCU software.
The RTC is integrated in the CCONT, because the CCONT already contains the power
up/ down functions and a 32 KHz sleep-clock, which is always running when the phone
battery connected. The 32 KHz sleep-clock is used as time source to a RTC block.
A RTC interrupt. If the real time clock is set to alarm and the phone is switched ‘Off’,
the RTC generates an interrupt signal. Which will power up the phone at the alarm set
time? The RTC interrupt signal is connected to the PURX line to give a power on
signal to the CCONT just like the power key.
Working Principal:
Since the 32 KHz signal of the oscillator is used or time source of RTC. The signal is
generated by the oscillator as long as battery is connected and time will be running.
Once the battery is removed the time data will be lost and the TechBook (Mobile
phone) asks to re-enter the time as soon as switch ‘On’.
For the reason some of the mobile phone brands has a rechargeable lithium Ion coin
cell on the PCB itself.

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 23
Objective: Analyze that a mobile is powered ON at the alarm Set Time (Function of
RTC system)
Power Up and Power Down
The phone is powered up by:
A. Connecting a charger to the phone. The CCONT recognizes the charge from the
CHAR voltage and starts the power up procedure.
Apparatus required:
Operating Mode:
Procedure:
} Use scroll keys to until you get the option ‘Organizer’.
} Press ‘Select’.
} You will get option ‘Alarms’.
} Press the ‘Select’.
} If you have not set the time. It will show ‘No Alarms’.
} Select ‘Create’.
} Scroll Up/Down key to select ‘Alarm Activation’ and make it ‘On’ using
Left/Right/Confirm key.
} Scroll down to select time and enter the time for 2 or 3 minutes duration from the
current time.
} Select other necessary option like ‘Name/Repeat/Type/Tone and save it and come
back to main menu.
} You should get an Alarm activated symbol in the display.
} Switch ‘Off’ the TechBook (Don’t remove the battery).
} Now, wait for the current time to reach the alarm set time.
} On reaching the alarm set time, you will observe the TechBook is getting ‘On’.
And you will hear the alarm ringing.

Scientech 2132A
Modes of Operation
A. Active Mode:
In the active mode the phone is in normal operation, scanning for channels, listening to
a base station, transmitting and processing information. All the CCONT regulators are
operating. There are several sub-states in the active mode depending on the phone is in
burst reception, burst transmission, if DSP is working etc.
B. Acting Dead Mode:
If the phone is ‘Off’ or Switched ‘Off’ and when the charger is connected, the phone is
powered on enters a state called “Acting Dead”. To the user, the phone acts as if was
switched ‘Off’. A battery-charging alert is given and a battery charging indication on
the display is shown to acknowledge the user that the battery is being charged.
C. Sleep Mode:
In the sleep mode all the regulators are off sleep mode is activated by the CPU after
CPU and DSP clocks have been switched ‘Off’. The voltage regulators for the RF
section are switched ‘Off’ and the VCTCXO power control. VCTCXOPwr is set low.
In this state, only the 32 KHz sleep clock oscillator in CCONT is running. The flash
memory power down during input is connected to the ExSysResetX signal, and the
flash is deep powered down during the Sleep Mode.

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 24
Objective: Analyze the Active Mode of a mobile Phone
Apparatus required:
Operating Mode:

Procedure:
} Measure the voltages at the test points given in Power Management unit and the
test points 6, 7, 10 & 11 of LCD display section.
} Call make and Call receive experiment can be done and the signals at the
respective test points can be observed.

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 25
Objective: Analyze the Acting Dead mode of a mobile phone
Apparatus required:
Operating Mode:
Procedure:
} Switch off the TechBook.
} Connect the Scientech 2132A Power Supply with mains cord.
} Do not switch on the TechBook. Only switch on the ‘Charger Supply’ switch for
charging the battery.
} Observe the battery charging status on display.
} Measure the voltages at the test points given in Power Management unit and the
test points 6, 7, 10 & 11 of LCD display section.
} Measure the voltages at the battery terminal test points 12 and 13 with respect to
ground test point 14.
} Observe that keypad LEDs glow when any key is pressed. And display shows the
battery charging status.
} You will observe that the phone acts as it is switched ‘Off’. A battery-charging
alert is given and a battery charging indication on the display is shown to
acknowledge the user that the battery is being charged.

Scientech 2132A
Experiment 26
Objective: Analyze the sleep mode of a mobile phone
Apparatus required:
Operating Mode:
Procedure:
} Now switch off the TechBook after some seconds.
} Do not remove the battery.
} Measure the voltages at the test points given in Power Management unit. All
voltages except VCC will be 0V.
} Measure the voltages at the battery terminal test points 12 and 13 with respect to
ground test point 14.
} You will observe that in the sleep mode all the regulators are off sleep mode is
activated by the CPU after CPU and DSP clocks have been switched ‘Off’.

Scientech 2132A
Test Points

Scientech 2132A
Component Layout
(For Information Only)

Scientech 2132A
Frequency List
} GSM band 900MHz – Tx – 880-890 MHz, Rx – 925-960 MHz
} Modulation - GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying)
} RF carrier Shift - + 67.708 KHz
} GSM data rate – 270.833 Kbit/sec
} Clock frequency – 32.768 KHz
} SIM clock - 3.2 MHz
} VCO signal for Rx – 3700-3840 MHz divided by 4
} VCO signal for Tx – 3520-3660 MHz divided by 4
} VCTXO signal – 26 MHz divided by 2
} System clock – 13 MHz

Scientech 2132A
Frequently Asked Question

Q. Why you made it with Nokia, we need the one with Samsung/Motorola.
Ans. Let us clear something first, this is not to teach Nokia or Samsung. The concept is
to give a working of GSM user end technology. We have chosen Nokia because it
is more popular and easy to explain/expand. Whether it is of any make they have
common GSM technology.
Q. Why there is no software section in the TechBook.
Ans. There is lot of scope for students to learn software many courses are being offered
for J2ME, NET, and Symbian etc. and sooner or later he/she will acquire
knowledge from professional field. We are considering customer feedback for
software section.
Q. Why there is less No. of test points in the network section/ there are only
(dead) block diagram not live circuits in network section.
Ans. The compactness and SMD components are the first phase of problems. Then as
GSM utilizes both TDMA and FDMA it makes the task more complicated. The
mobile phone should be in proper synchronization with the base station it
shouldn’t be more/less. If more then it affects the other users, if less it will lead no
network.
Q. Does the TechBook operate at 900MHz only?
Ans. The TechBook operates on both 900MHz & 1800MHz. But only the experiments
concerning network section are limited to 900MHz band.
Q. Why does the TechBook need continuous charging or why there is high
power consumption?
Ans. The battery needs continuous charging when there is a Tx/Rx operation. Because
the operation consumes more power. There is power loss because of the added
expansion and test points. Where as there is no need of charging during other
section experiments.
Q. What is dual SIM?
Ans. Dual SIM means the phone can hold and use two SIM cards in the same handset.
Each SIM card has its own phone number and may be from totally different
networks. The phone keeps both SIMs - i.e. both numbers- switched on at all
times, so you can make and receive calls on either of the two numbers.
Q. How does dual SIM work?
Ans. The answer to this question all depends on the phone. Some types of unlocked
phone have two CPUs (central processing units, the part of the phone that does
the ‘thinking’) which allow them to make two calls at the same time. You can
receive signals for both numbers. Not all dual SIM card phones have two CPUs
and this can have two results for consumers. If the phone has "call secretary"
software, or your carrier has an "online call secretary" service, then when another
call comes in, and you're busy, the incoming call will go to voicemail. If no such

Scientech 2132A
software or option exists on your GSM dual mobile then the other caller will just
be told that your line is busy.
Q. What is 2G?
Ans. 2G is short for Second-Generation wireless telephone technology.
The main differentiator to previous mobile telephone systems, retroactively
dubbed 1G, is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G
networks are digital. Note that both systems use digital signaling to connect the
radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone system.
Flavors of 2G
2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based standard and CDMA-based standard
depending on the type of multiplexing used.
The main 2G standards are:
• GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used worldwide
• iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used in the United States and in
Canada
• IS-136 aka D-AMPS, (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply TDMA in
the US), used in the Americas
• IS-95 aka cdmaOne, (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in
the US), used in the Americas and parts of Asia
• PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan
2.5G services, which enable high-speed data transfer over upgraded existing 2G
networks, are widely deployed worldwide. Next-generation 3G, designed to allow the
transmission of very large quantities of data, is also becoming increasingly popular.
Work on 4G has already started although its scope is not clear yet. Higher data speeds
enable new services for subscribers, such as picture messaging and video telephony.
Capacity
Using digital signals between the handsets and the towers increases system capacity in
two key ways:
• Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively
than analog voice encodings through the use of various CODECs, allowing
more calls to be packed into the same amount of radio bandwidth.
• The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the handsets.
This meant that cells could be smaller, so more cells could be placed in the
same amount of space. This was also made possible by cell towers and related
equipment getting less expensive.

Scientech 2132A
Advantages to 1G
Digital systems were embraced by consumers for several reasons.
• The lower powered radio signals require less battery power, so phones last much
longer between charges, and batteries can be smaller.
• The digital voice encoding allowed digital error checking which could increase
sound quality by reducing static and lowering the noise floor.
• The lower power emissions helped address health concerns.
• Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as
SMS and email.
A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that digital cellular calls are much
harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners. While the security algorithms used
have proved to not be as secure as initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more
private than 1G phones, which have no protection whatsoever against eavesdropping.
Disadvantages
The downsides of 2G systems, not often well publicized, are:
• In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal will not be sufficient to reach a
cell tower.
• Analogue has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged step one. This can be both an
advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound much
better. Under slightly worse conditions, analogue will have annoying static, while
digital has occasional dropouts. As conditions worsen, though, digital will start to
completely fail, by dropping calls or being unintelligible, while analogue just
slowly gets worse and worse, generally holding a call longer and allowing at least
a few words to get through.
• Despite the coverage maps provided by major phone companies, as of 2006
digital coverage in many areas is spotty at best.
• With analogue systems it was possible to have two or more "Cloned" handsets
that had the same phone number. This was widely abused for fraudulent purposes.
It was, however, of great advantage in many legitimate situations. One could have
a backup handset in case of damage or loss, a permanently installed handset in a
car or remote workshop, and so on. With digital systems, this is no longer
possible.
• While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy
compression used by the CODECs takes a toll; the range of sound that they
convey is reduced. You'll hear less of the tonality of someone's voice talking on a
digital cell phone, but you will hear it more clearly.

Scientech 2132A
Q. What is the difference between GSM and CDMA?

Ans. Before discussing and differentiating these two technologies we should know their
separate meanings.
GSM:
Global System for Mobile Communication and popularly known as GSM. It is
copyrighted term which refers to the use of Time-Division Multiple Access Technology
known as TDMA. This technology is now globally available over 100 countries and is
considered as the standard for communication especially in Asia and Europe. It
functions on four distinct frequencies i.e. 900MHz and 1,800MHz bands in Europe and
Asia while in North America and Latin America at 850 MHz and 1,900 MHz bands.
Eight simultaneous calls on the same radio frequency are possible with GSM. It uses
“Narrowband” TDMA which allows digital transmission between a cell phone and a
base station. It is termed as narrowband because the frequency band, with TDMA is
divided into numerous channels which are then piled together into a single stream. One
plus point is that more than one caller can share the same channel at the same time.
CDMA:
Code Division Multiple Access abbreviated as CDMA is an entirely different
technology. It particularly implicates multiplexing technology and technique used is for
digital communication. After the channel is digitized, it spreads data out over the
channel. It presents greater security as compared to GSM/TDMA as it is more efficient
in analog transmission, has increasing battery capacity, greater frequency reuse and rate
of dropped calls is improved. Because of its much reliable features, the experts favor its
development across the globe. It is mostly found in United States, Canada and North
and South Korea. The original CDMA is now called as CDMAoneTM.
Difference:
The basic difference between the two i.e. GSM and CDMA is regarding their frequency
bands. In case of GSM, the end user doesn’t have access to the entire frequency band
whereas in case of CDMA the end user can access the entire frequency. So we can say
that in CDMA frequencies re-use factor is 1. It’s a debate that either GSM or CDMA is
superior to the other but if we take account the users which need to the point
information to attain the services and make choice out of it, following consideration
will may help them.
Coverage: It is consider being most important factor that is you find cellular services
wherever you are but CDMA and GSM are the only carriers that provide cellular
services everywhere. In this case there will not be any difference but the customers still
have a choice.
Speed in Data Transferring:
People who use their phone more than making calls, it means use it as a streaming
video device or email devices, speed is the most vital factor and in this area CDMA is
said to be traditionally faster than GSM though both of these technologies claim 3rd
Generation Standards. So people have choice in this case.

Scientech 2132A
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Cards:

In United States, SIM cards are used by GSM only. Without carrier intervention, the
removable SIM cards enable cell phone to get instantly activated, upgraded and
swapped. GSM takes over CDMA in the case that the phones which are easily get
enabled with card and are also useable with any of the present carriers but in case of
CDMA phone, the old phone has to be deactivated by the carrier and then active the
new one. Hence, the old phone turns out to be useless.
Roaming:
GSM carriers are having roaming contracts with other GSM carriers which enable
wider and reliable coverage even in rural areas and the customers also do not have to
bear the charges whereas charges, in case of CDMA networks, are significantly higher
and they also do not cover rural areas but they may contract with GSM cells regarding
roaming in rural areas.
Q. What is the difference Multiple Access Techniques used in GSM?
Ans. In cellular and cordless terminology the three main types of multiple access used
to divide the radio frequency spectrum between the cell site radios and the mobile
stations are:
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA):
Each call is carried on a separate frequency channel.
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA):
Each frequency channel is further divided into a set of timeslots; each timeslot
carries the data of a voice call.
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA):
A Spread-Spectrum Technology is used, in which the radio signals associated
with a call are spread across a single broad frequency spectrum (1.25 MHz).
Each call in the spectrum is differentiated from other calls in that spectrum by
assigning a unique code to each call's signal. At the receiving end (mobile
station or cell site), the specific call's signal is isolated by decoding the full
received signal using the code assigned to that call's signal.
Q. What is the difference Multiplexing technique used in GSM?
Ans. The two multiplexing techniques used in cellular and cordless terminology are:
• Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)
In FDD two symmetric frequency bands are used, one contains the uplink
channels and the other the downlink channels.
• Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
TDD means that the uplink of the voice call is time multiplexed on the same
frequency channel as the downlink of the voice call.

Scientech 2132A
Glossary
BGA: A ball grid array is a type of surface-mount packaging used for integrated
circuits. It is descended from the Pin Grid Array (PGA), which is a package with one
face covered (or partly covered) with pins in a grid pattern. These pins are used to
conduct electrical signals from the integrated circuit to the Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
it is placed on. In a BGA, the pins are replaced by balls of solder stuck to the bottom of
the package. The device is placed on a PCB that carries copper pads in a pattern that
matches the solder balls. The assembly is then heated, either in a re-flow oven heater,
causing the solder balls to melt. Surface tension causes the molten solder to hold the
package in alignment with the circuit board, at the correct separation distance, while the
solder cools and solidifies. The composition of the solder alloy and the soldering
temperature are carefully choose so that the solder does not completely melt, but stays
semi-liquid, allowing each ball to stay separate from its neighbors.
The BGA is a solution to the problem of producing a miniature package for an

integrated circuit with many hundreds of pins. Pin grid arrays and dual-in-line surface
mount (SOIC) packages were being produced with more and more pins, and with
decreasing spacing between the pins, but this was causing difficulties for the soldering
process. As package pins got closer together, the danger of accidentally bridging
adjacent pins with solder grew. BGAs do not have this problem, because the solder is
factory-applied to the package in exactly the right amount.
COBBA: Common Base Band Analog.
RTC: Real Time Clock.
ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit.
RF: Radio Frequency
LCD: Liquid Crystal Display.
VCO: Voltage Controlled Oscillator
VCTCXO: Voltage Controlled Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator
PA: Power Amplifier
COG: Chip on Glass Technology
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access

Scientech 2132A
Service Tips
Important: The operation of Scientech 2132 is similar to that of a Samsung E2252
mobile phone.
Problems:
} Drop network- network bars varies a lot.
Solution:
a. Move a little bit closer to the Window / open the windows.
b. Try SIM of another 900 MHz / 1800 MHz service provider.
} No Network - No bars are observed on the screen.
Solution:
Scientech 2132 has been set to automatic network search option during
calibration for ideal conditions. Process for changing it to manual is
a. Menu > Settings > Network > Network selection> Automatic/ Manual>
(Select) Manual> save.
b. The phone starts Searching (a bar is displayed).
c. After searching a list of available networks is listed.
d. Select the network of the SIM inserted.
e. Again a bar with Requesting is displayed & network is selected.
f. Try by switching ‘On/Off’ the TechBook 3 -5 TechBook with SIM inserted.
g. After selection change the setting from ‘Manual to Automatic’
} “Reconnect Charger” appear on the screen
Solution:
a. Switch ‘Off’ charging
b. Then switch ‘Off’ TechBook
c. After few second switch ‘On’ TechBook and charging.
} No charging indication after the charging is switched ‘On’.
Solution:
a. Check mains cord is connected properly.
b. Check fuse.
c. Check any of the switches of Switch Fault 1 are not in ‘on’ position.
} “Not Charging” is displayed on the screen.

Scientech 2132A
Solution:
a. Check any of switches of Switch Fault 1 are not in ‘On’ position.
b. Switch ‘Off’ charging & then TechBooks remove the battery.
c. Again insert the battery & switch ‘On’ the TechBook.
d. Now switch ‘On’ the charging.
} No display on the screen.
Solution:
a. First confirm the TechBook is ‘On’ by LEDs.
b. Check that any of switches of Switch Fault 3 are not in ‘On’ position.
} TechBook gets ‘Off’ when Tx/Rx operation or as soon as switched ON.
Solution:
a. Check the battery provided is supplied by us.
b. Battery might be too low.
c. Connect the battery; don’t switch ‘On’ TechBook.
d. Switch ‘On’ the Charging & wait for 3- 5 minutes before switching ON the
TechBook
Important: Do not open the TechBook.
} SIM Card Rejection Problem

Solution:
a. Please check that after inserting the SIM Card in the socket, it should make all
the six contacts with the pads.
b. If the SIM Card is loosely connected, then please press the Metal strip so that
the SIM Card is perfectly fixed in the Socket.
c. Please check that at the connecting pads of SIM card Holder, there should be
no dust due to moisture. Please scratch slightly all pads with fine edge knife
or blade.

Scientech 2132A
Warranty
} We guarantee this product against all manufacturing defects for 24 months from
the date of sale by us or through our dealers.
} The guarantee will become void, if
a) The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the Learning
Material
b) The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
c) The customer resells the instrument to another party.
d) Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.
} The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately giving
full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the type,
serial number of the product and date of purchase etc.
} The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely
packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer
Hope you enjoyed the Scientech Experience.
List of Accessories
} TechBook Power Supply for Scientech 2132A ........................................... 1 No.
} Patch Cord 16” .......................................................................................... 2 Nos.
} Hands Free kit ............................................................................................ 1 No.
} Mains Cord ................................................................................................ 1 No.
} Battery (Li-Ion 1000mAH) ......................................................................... 1 No.
Optional Accessories:
} Switchable Probe 60Hz for Low Signal Location Area. ............................. 2 Nos.

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Understanding Dual SIM Mobile Phone

Designed & Manufactured by-

Understanding Dual SIM Mobile Phone

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13. LCD Display section 46

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18. Modes of operation: Active mode/Acting Dead mode/Sleep mode 84

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Mobile phone working presentation software

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Cellular System : EGSM/GSM 900; DCS1800

Tx Frequency Band : EGSM 900 – 880 to 890 MHz

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Dr Marting Cooper: The inventor of cell phone

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Mobile Communication and Mobile Technology

Evolution of Mobile Communication Technologies

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GSM Technology: Features and Characteristics

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An overview of GSM network

GSM System Architecture

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Mobile Station (MS):

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GMSK: Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

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Since lower time-bandwidth products produce a faster power-spectrum roll-off, why

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Introduction to Dual SIM Mobile Phone Section

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C. Microprocessor Control Unit and Memory Unit:

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D. User Interface Section:

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Objective: Study and observe Tx IQ/ Rx IQ RF Signals

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Rx I/Q Data in XY mode

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Tx I/Q Data in XY mode

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Battery and Battery Charging