Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ATG-MET11-L1-Correlation Analysis
ATG-MET11-L1-Correlation Analysis
Prerequisite Content
Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing
Knowledge:
Prerequisite Skill: Analytical skills to check the understanding of students on the fundamental concepts of hypothesis testing
2. Statement 1: If the test statistic is greater than the critical value, then reject the null hypothesis.
Statement 2: If the critical value is greater than the test statistic, then fail to reject the null hypothesis.
3. Statement 1: The first step in hypothesis testing is determining the level of significance.
Statement 2: The last step in hypothesis testing is formulating the hypothesis.
A school reports an average grade of 84 among its currently enrolled Senior High School students. Some parents believe that this is an underestimate of the actual average.
H o : The average grade of currently enrolled Senior High School students is equal to 84. H o : μ=84
H a : The average grade of currently enrolled Senior High School students is greater than 84. H a : μ>84
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
Introduction
In this lesson, the students will learn about correlation analysis, its meaning, and when to use it to solve or address a problematic situation. They will also be equipped to
conduct hypothesis testing to determine the relationship between the two variables. They will learn to solve the relationship between the two variables manually, or using a
calculator, or statistical software (Jamovi). They will organize and present the data and interpret the results. Thus, it will enable the students to think critically by formulating
good and valid arguments to make sound decisions/judgments.
The lesson will approximately run for 120 minutes and if the need arises the teacher can be reached through e-mail or using the contact number 09xxxxxxxxx.
Situation: Suppose that a researcher of a school wanted to investigate Situation: Suppose that a researcher of a school wanted to investigate whether
whether there is a relationship between two variables. These two there is a relationship between two variables. These two variables are the grades
variables are the grades of the students and the amount of time spent of the students and the amount of time spent studying
studying
Questions to ponder: Do you think there is a direct or indirect relationship between
Chunk 1 Questions to ponder: Do you think there is a direct or indirect relationship the two variables? What variables might have a direct and indirect relationship to
between the two variables? What variables might have a direct and the grades of the students?
What is Correlation Analysis? indirect relationship to the grades of the students?
What do you observe with the following examples below?
What do you observe with the following examples below?
Variable 1 Variable 2
Variable 1 Variable 2 income no of hours working
income no of hours working Alcohol consumption Cholesterol level
Alcohol consumption Cholesterol level grade Time spent using online games
grade Time spent using online games
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
Questions:
Questions:
1. What do you observe with the given data?
1. What do you observe with the given data? 2. How could you describe the variables?
2. How could you describe the variables? 3. If you try to plot the data, what could be the behavior of the graph?
3. If you try to plot the data, what could be the behavior of the graph? 4. What conclusion could you make given the data?
4. What conclusion could you make given the data?
Bivariate data – examines the relationship between two variables.
Bivariate data – examines the relationship between two variables.
Correlation = Relationship
STEPS in Solving Pearson Product Correlation: STEPS in Solving Pearson Product Correlation:
b) Solve for the summation of x (∑x) b) Solve for the summation of x (∑x)
c) Solve for the summation of y (∑y) Solve for the summation of x times y c) Solve for the summation of y (∑y) Solve for the summation of x times y (∑xy)
(∑xy)
d) Solve for the summation of x times x (∑x2)
d) Solve for the summation of x times x (∑x ) 2
Set Studying time as our y variable, then following the required variables
A. Use Jamovi to generate data needed to conduct hypothesis testing (such as, xy, x 2 , y 2 ) as taken from the formula above. We then follow the
First, we correlate the variables: Grades and Studying time.
following steps:
∑ x =2658
c. Solve for the summation of y ( ∑ y )
∑ y=3+4+2+5+6+5+4+5+2+4+3+5+6+5+5+2+
3+3+2+2+2+2+3+4+5+6+5+7+6+5
∑ y=¿ 121
d. Solve for the summation of xy (∑ xy ¿
∑ xy = 255 + 348 + 168 + 450 + 588 + 475 + 384 + 475 + 172 +
352 + 258 + 450 + 564 + 470 + 465 + 168 + 252 + 240 + 164 + 162
+ 162 + 164 + 249 + 352 + 450 + 564 + 450 + 665 + 570 + 440
∑ xy =¿ 10 926
Step 2. Label the data with the two variables
e. Solve for the summation of x 2 (∑ x ¿
2
27 90 5 450 8100 25
28 95 7 665 9025 49
29 95 6 570 9025 36
30 88 5 440 7744 25
∑ x =2658
∑ y=121 ∑ xy =10 926
∑ x 2=¿ 236322
∑ y¿2 =¿ 555¿
t c =9.3370
0.05
h.5 Decision: Since |9.3370∨¿ ( 28 )=2.048 , reject Ho
2
h.6 Conclusion: The result reveals that there is a significant degree of
relationship between the student’s grades and their studying time.
This means that as the amount of time spent studying increases the grades
would tend to increase as well. It further implies that the two variables are
dependent on one another.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
Secondly, we correlate the variables: Grades and time spent playing online
games
Set Time spent playing online games as our y variable, then following the
required variables (such as, xy, x 2 , y 2) as taken from the formula above.
We then follow the following steps:
−7 062
r=
8 584. 4548
r =−0.82
h. Test the degree of the relationship of Student’s Grades and their
Studying Time
h.1 Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.
Ho = There is no relationship between the student’s grades
and the time they spent playing games.
Ha = There is no significant relationship between the
student’s grades and the time they spent playing
games.
h.2 Test statistics:
Use t-test at 5% level of significance.
h.3 Rejection Criterion
0.05
Reject Ho if |t c|> ( 30 −2 )=2.048
2
h.4 Computation for the Test-Statistics
r √n −2
t c=
√ 1− r 2
− 0.82 √ 30 −2
t c=
√1 −(−0.82)2
−0.82 √ 28
t c=
√1 −0.6724
(− 0.82)(5.2915)
t c=
√0.3276
− 4.33903
t c=
0.57236
t c =−7.5809
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
0.05
h.5 Decision: Since ¿ −7.5809∨¿ ( 28 )=2.048 , reject Ho
2
h.6 Conclusion: The result reveals that there is a significant degree of
relationship between the student’s grades and the time they spent
playing games. This means that as the amount of time spent playing
online games increases the grades would tend to decrease and vice versa.
It further implies that the two variables are dependent on one another.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
27 90 5 450 8100 25
28 95 7 665 9025 49
29 95 6 570 9025 36
30 88 5 440 7744 25
∑ x =2658
∑ y=121 ∑ xy =10 926
∑ x 2=¿ 236322
∑ y¿2 =¿ 555¿
studying time.
t c =9.3370
0.05
h.5 Decision: Since |9.3370∨¿ ( 28 )=2.048 , reject
2
Ho
h.6 Conclusion: The result reveals that there is a
significant degree of relationship between the
student’s grades and their studying time.
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
23 83 6 498 6889 36
24 88 5 440 7744 25
25 90 2 180 8100 4
26 94 2 188 8836 4
27 90 3 270 8100 9
28 95 4 380 9025 16
29 95 2 190 9025 4
30 88 6 528 7744 36
∑ x =2658 ∑ y=124 ∑ xy =10733
∑ x 2=¿∑ 2
236322
y =¿¿612¿
( 30 ) ( 10733 ) −(2658)(124)
r=
√ [ ( 30 ) ( 236322 ) − ( 2658 ) ] [ (30 )( 612 ) − ( 124 ) ]
2 2
t c =−7.5809
0.05
h.5 Decision: Since |−7.5809∨¿ ( 28 )=2.048 ,
2
reject Ho
h.6 Conclusion: The result reveals that there is a
significant degree of relationship between the
student’s grades and the time they spent playing
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
games.
Synthesis
In this lesson, the students learned how to explore the association of variables by correlating the given data manually and by using statistical software (Jamovi) following the steps in
hypothesis testing using correlation analysis. Also, the students were equipped to measure the degree of association between the two variables and learned how to analyze and
interpret the results. Thus, developed the students’ critical thinking by formulating good and valid arguments to make sound decisions/judgments.
In this activity, the students can work individually, by pair, or as a group of three members and interpret the result in written form or a video recording.
Weight (kg) Time spent exercising per day Sleeping time per day
(hours) (hours)
36 3 8
40 4 7
45 2 6
45 3 8
44 2 6
43 4 7
42 4 8
45 2 6
40 5 5
37 6 6
35 5 7
50 1 8
50 1 9
49 2 8
PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE
48 2 9
46 3 6
45 2 7
53 1 6
52 1 4
2. A. Using the hypothetical/dummy data above, conduct a hypothesis test to see if there is a significant relationship between weight and the time spent exercising. Use a 5% level of
significance.
B. Using the hypothetical/dummy data above, conduct a hypothesis test to see if there is a significant relationship between weight and sleeping time. Use a 5% level of significance.
C. State the implications of the results on you.
3. As a student, what real-life situations can you give that use correlation analysis? Give at least two.
4. Provide a hypothetical or empirical data from one of the real-life situations you have identified in number 3 above. And conduct a hypothesis test if there is a significant
relationship between the variables you have identified. Use level of significance of 0.05.
For numbers 2a, 2b, 2c & 4, you will organize, present, and interpret the results using the format below. Take screenshots of the results from JAMOVI and attach them
here in your output.
Ho:
Ha:
Test Statistic:
Level of Significance: 5%
r p-value Interpretation
Variable
Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the statistical analysis, we have concluded that _________