BT5 Module-3

BUILDING TECHNOLGY
5
Alternative Building Construction Systems
MODULE 3
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
1.0
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
• Moment Resistive
versus Pin-Jointed steel
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
• Open Web Steel Joists
(OWSJ)
• Cold-rolled steel
sections
FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS
•
•
METAL FRAMING
METAL DECKING
PRESTRESS CONCRETE
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
• LONG SPAN FRAMING
• STRENGTHENING THE
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Tensile structure
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
1.0
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
PRESTRESSING OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING PRESTRESSING IS THE
• Moment Resistive APPLICATION OF AN INITIAL
frames LOAD ON THE CONCRETE
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
• Open Web Steel Joists STRUCTURE, SO THAT THE
(OWSJ) STURUCTURE IS ABLE TO
sections COUNTER ACT OR
• METAL FRAMING WITHSTAND THE STRESSES
• METAL DECKING COMING DUE TO THE
STRUCTURAL FRAMING SERVICE LOADS.
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
There are two methods of
SYSTEM prestressed concrete, namely:
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
a. Pre-tensioning or bonded
• Tensile structure prestressing.
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
b. Post-tensioning or unbonded
• FOLDED PLATE pre-stressing.
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
1.0
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING 1.
• Moment Resistive a. Pre-tensioning or bonded prestressing.
frames In this method the reinforcing steel is first
• LATERAL SYSTEMS prestressed and then the concrete is poured.
(OWSJ) When the concrete has developed strength, the
• Cold-rolled steel stress in the steel is released.
sections
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING
PRINCIPLE:
2.
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
1.0
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
•
STEEL BUILDING
Moment Resistive
CAN BE USE IN CONSTRUCTION OF:
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
(OWSJ)
sections
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF 1.0
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED b. Post-tensioning or unbonded pre-
•
STEEL BUILDING
Moment Resistive stressing. In this method, tubes, 2.
versus Pin-Jointed steel conduits, or channels are inserted
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS in the concrete where reinforcing
• Open Web Steel Joists steel is required.
(OWSJ)
sections After the concrete is adequately cured,
• METAL FRAMING steel reinforcement is inserted in the
• METAL DECKING tubes or channels, stretched to the 3.
STRUCTURAL FRAMING proper tension, and anchored at the
• LONG SPAN FRAMING ends to put a squeeze on the beam.
FRAMING SYSTEM Tensioning is done with hydraulic jacks.
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
1.
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF 1.0
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
(OWSJ)
sections
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF 1.0
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
(OWSJ)
sections
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF 1.0
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
The advantages of pre-stressed concrete are:
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
• Moment Resistive 1. It is economical of materials due to the use of higher steel and concrete stresses.
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS 2. It eliminates cracks because the concrete is always in compression.
(OWSJ)
3. It has remarkable elastic properties. For example, tests were made on a floor slab only 1-5/s8”
sections thick reinforced with not more than 1% steel. Although the span was only 10 ft. the slab
FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS deflected 3” under a load of 1070lb. at its center. When the load was removed it returned to its
• METAL FRAMING original level, undamaged.
• METAL DECKING
STRUCTURAL FRAMING 4. Beams do not have to be cast at the side in one form, but may be cast in small sections or
blocks at the factory with reinforcing wires threaded through them. When the wires are
FRAMING SYSTEM stressed, the small units are brought together like one large beam.
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
5. It develops remarkable resistance to shear stresses.
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs Pre-stressed concrete is used where spans and loads cannot be adequately designed in
• Tensile structure reinforced-concrete, and for deckings, beams, girders and other prefabricated units where
• Geodesic dome
greater spans and loads with thinner, stronger, and in some cases, lighter members are
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE required.
• BARREL VAULTS The designing of pre-stressed concrete for structures is highly technical and the architect
• DOMES OF should always work with a structural engineer, even when using prefabricated pre-stressed
REVOLUTION
concrete units.
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION 2.0
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
(OWSJ)
sections
•
•
METAL FRAMING
METAL DECKING
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION 2.0
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
• Open Web Steel Joists The composite
(OWSJ)
• Cold-rolled steel construction is a modern
sections
building method that is
• METAL FRAMING based in the combination
• METAL DECKING
of steel cross sections and
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
reinforced concrete
• STRENGTHENING THE elements and is aimed at
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING the maximum possible
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
utilization of their
• Curved roofs properties to the benefit
• Geodesic dome of the structure.
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION 2.0
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
Advantages versus conventional
frames •Provides an anti-seismic shield. The supports and beams have been replaced by
• LATERAL SYSTEMS structural steel cross sections the can provide an anti-seismic shield for the
(OWSJ) building.
• Cold-rolled steel •Ensures constant and high level construction specifications due to the use of
sections
FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS industrial elements.
• METAL FRAMING •Provides freedom of architectural design. Allows the design of large uniform
• METAL DECKING
spaces without any intervening support structures.
STRUCTURAL FRAMING •It is recommended for the construction of high rise buildings without the use of
• STRENGTHENING THE large cross sections.
FRAMING SYSTEM •Favors the vertical expansion, due to smaller weight.
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM •Requires a shorter time of delivery (approximately one half of the
• Tensegrity conventional)
• Curved roofs
• Tensile structure •Provides a reduced contribution in social security stamps (50% less than
• Geodesic dome conventional).
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE •Requires a lower cost for foundation due to smaller loads borne.
• BARREL VAULTS •There is no transportation cost involved (in the case of composite construction,
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION the metal framework is built at the job site and can be erected with a few hours
at the project site).
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION 2.0
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING Construction Method
• Moment Resistive •Load – Bearing Structure
frames The system consists of a
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
• Open Web Steel Joists metal framework (supports,
(OWSJ) beams), which are connected
sections with each other and
FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS constitute the load bearing
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING structure of the building. The
cross sections arise following
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
• LONG SPAN FRAMING the structural (static)
• STRENGTHENING THE resolution of the
The slabs are load bearing
constructed from
FRAMING SYSTEM
structure,
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
reinforced concrete and it may
• Tensegrity be concreted (laid) in wood
• Curved roofs
shuttering (exactly as in the
• Geodesic dome conventional construction) or
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
metal shuttering made from
• BARREL VAULTS trapezoid sheet metal. The
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
solid slab is then coated with
plaster
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION 2.0
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
(OWSJ)
sections
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL 3.0
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
(OWSJ)
STRUCTURAL STEEL
sections
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
Pre-Engineered Metal Buildings (PEMB)

CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
3.1
• Moment Resistive A PEMB consists of panels
versus Pin-Jointed steel and components that are pre-
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS fabricated in a factory, and
• Open Web Steel Joists transported to the
(OWSJ) construction site ready to be
sections
assembled.
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
Pre-Engineered Metal Buildings (PEMB)
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
3.1
The Advantages of Pre-Engineered Metal Buildings – PEMB
frames •Design of the structure:
• LATERAL SYSTEMS •Construction speed: The PEMB project can be completed within a
few weeks, depending on the size and scope of the construction
(OWSJ)
• Cold-rolled steel project. The construction of conventional steel structures can often
sections be delayed due to material supply hold-ups. Erection of the PEMB is
also quicker than conventional structures, speeding up construction
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING times even more.
•Effective quality control:
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
•Efficient and lightweight building alternative: The frames of
• STRENGTHENING THE conventional steel structures are built from all-purpose beams, which
FRAMING SYSTEM are quite robust and heavy. The frame of a PEMB is specially
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
designed and highly efficient, resulting in NO material waste or
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity unnecessary use of thereof (causing extra weight). This also results in
• Curved roofs a lighter overall building weight, making PEMB up to 30% lighter than
conventional steel structures.
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE •Structural flexibility: The flexibility of the steel structure is an
• FOLDED PLATE important aspect, especially in seismic areas. The more flexible the
• BARREL VAULTS
structure, the more resistant it is to seismic activity. PEMB are known
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION for their flexibility, and ability to handle seismic tremors well, which is
a great advantage over the rigidness of conventional steel structures.
Moment Resistive versus Pin-Jointed
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
steel frames
STEEL BUILDING
versus Pin-Jointed steel 3.2
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
(OWSJ)
sections
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
LATERAL SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING One project may use multiple types of
• Moment Resistive lateral systems because each system has its
versus Pin-Jointed steel own strengths, limitations, and potential
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS 3.3 architectural implications. There are three
• Open Web Steel Joists common types of lateral resisting systems:
(OWSJ) braced frames, rigid frames, and shear
sections walls.
• METAL FRAMING BRACED FRAMES - GENERAL
• METAL DECKING
There are several variations on the braced-
STRUCTURAL FRAMING frame model, using cross-brace, chevron
• LONG SPAN FRAMING brace, inverted chevron brace, and
FRAMING SYSTEM eccentric brace systems.
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
The location of doors and/or windows on the
• Tensegrity braced frame frequently determine the bracing
• Curved roofs configuration for the structure.
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE Eccentric bracing can help dissipate seismic forces
• FOLDED PLATE through the beam or girder and therefore is
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
commonly used in areas with a lot of seismic
REVOLUTION activity.
Braced frames are generally more cost-effective
than other lateral systems.
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
LATERAL SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED CROSS-BRACING
STEEL BUILDING
frames The cross-brace frame, represented in
• LATERAL SYSTEMS 3.3 Figures 4 and 5, is perhaps the most
commonly used system.
(OWSJ)
sections Figure 4 shows a typical floor framing plan
with cross bracing denoted by the dashed-
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING line drawn between two center columns. The
solid lines indicate the floor beams and
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
girders.
FRAMING SYSTEM Figure 5 depicts a typical multi-floor building
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
elevation with cross-braced bays beginning at
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity the foundation level. It shows only one bay of
• Curved roofs bracing, the height and size of the specific
structure may call for bracing multiple bays
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE along a given column line. As with all braced-
• FOLDED PLATE frame configurations, it's important to
• BARREL VAULTS
establish the location of these bays quite
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION early in a project's development.
PRESTRESSING OF
LATERAL SYSTEMS
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
• Moment Resistive CROSS-BRACING
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS 3.3
• Open Web Steel Joists Each intersection will have a
(OWSJ) common "work point" at which the
sections centerlines of a column, beams, and
FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS diagonal members intersect. Gusset
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING plate connections are used to join
the steel members because all of
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
• LONG SPAN FRAMING them can't physically intersect at the
• STRENGTHENING THE work point. Figure 6 illustrates a
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING typical beam-to-column joint for a
SYSTEM cross-braced frame.
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
LATERAL SYSTEMS
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
• Moment Resistive CHEVRON BRACING
frames Chevron bracing is a modified brace-
• LATERAL SYSTEMS 3.3 frame form that generally allows for
(OWSJ) doorways or corridors in the center of the
• Cold-rolled steel bays.
sections
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING
Figure 7 shows a typical floor framing
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
plan with the bays using chevron
• STRENGTHENING THE bracing, as denoted by the dashed-line
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
drawn from between the two center
SYSTEM columns. The solid lines indicate the
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
floor beams and girders. Figure 8
• Tensile structure shows a typical multi-floor building
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
elevation using chevron bracing.
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION LATERAL SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
Eccentrically braced
versus Pin-Jointed steel frames are very similar to
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS 3.3 chevron-braced frames. In
• Open Web Steel Joists both systems, the general
(OWSJ)
configuration is a rotated
sections "K" shape with the brace
• METAL FRAMING
connected to a column
• METAL DECKING and to the beam/girder at
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
the level above.
FRAMING SYSTEM
An eccentric brace is
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING commonly used in seismic
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
regions where a structure
• Curved roofs must have a significant
• Geodesic dome
amount of ductility or
SHELL STRUCTURE energy absorption.
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE LATERAL SYSTEMS
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
•
STEEL BUILDING
Moment Resistive
RIGID FRAMES
frames Rigid frames, or moment frames, are used
• Open Web Steel Joists when the architectural design or some
(OWSJ) other constraint does not allow for
sections diagonally braced frames.
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING This type of lateral resisting system
incorporates rigid welded or bolted
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
• LONG SPAN FRAMING connections between the columns and
• STRENGTHENING THE the beams/girders. Rigid frames are
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING generally more expensive and less
SYSTEM efficient at resisting lateral loads than a
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs braced-frame system
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
versus Pin-Jointed steel RIGID FRAMES
frames
(OWSJ)
• Cold-rolled steel Figure 12 shows a typical moment
sections
FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS connection between the beam/girder and
• METAL FRAMING a column; these connections typically use
• METAL DECKING
a shear connection along the web to
STRUCTURAL FRAMING support the gravity loads on the member,
• STRENGTHENING THE as well as field-welded beam-flange to
FRAMING SYSTEM column-flange connections to resist
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM lateral loads.
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
frames SHEAR WALLS
(OWSJ)
• Cold-rolled steel This type of lateral load-resisting
sections
FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS system engages a vertical element of
• METAL FRAMING the building, usually concrete or
• METAL DECKING
masonry, to transfer the horizontal
STRUCTURAL FRAMING forces to the ground by a primary
• STRENGTHENING THE shear behavior. Shear walls are
FRAMING SYSTEM inherently stiff elements and are
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM therefore extremely effective at
• Tensegrity resisting lateral wind loads.
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
Open Web Steel Joists (OWSJ)

CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING Widely used in the pre-engineered metal
versus Pin-Jointed steel building (PEMB) industry mainly as roof and
frames floor support systems. Their capacity to
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
• Open Web Steel Joists sustain loads with long span and lightweight
(OWSJ) 3.4 configurations gives this system a great
sections advantage over conventional wide flange
FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS steel beams and girders in the industry.
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
Cold-rolled steel sections
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
COLD-FORMED STEEL (CFS)
versus Pin-Jointed steel Cold-formed steel (CFS) section is the
frames term used for products which are
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
• Open Web Steel Joists made by rolling or pressing thin
(OWSJ) gauges of steel sheets into goods. CFS
sections 3.5 goods are created by the working of
FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS thin steel sheets using stamping,
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING rolling or presses to deform the steel
sheets into a proper product which
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
• LONG SPAN FRAMING are usable
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
The applications of CFS members includes the buildings, bridges, car bodies, storage
SYSTEM tanks, highway products, railway coaches, transmission towers, drainage facilities,
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
etc. The thin-walled steel members are of having the thicknesses usually having 0.4
• Tensile structure mm to 7 mm. The steel plates and steel bars of thickness 25.4 mm can be made into
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
the cold formed structural shapes.
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
(OWSJ)
sections
• METAL FRAMING
4.0 FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS
• METAL DECKING
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE METAL FRAMING
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
One-Way Beam System –
• PRE-ENGINEERED each pair of external
STEEL BUILDING columns supports a long-
spanning beam or girders.
frames This form of construction is
• LATERAL SYSTEMS suitable for long, narrow
(OWSJ)
buildings, especially when a
• Cold-rolled steel column-free space is
sections desired. The absence of
• METAL FRAMING 4.1 columns in the interior is an
• METAL DECKING advantage in structures
such as car parks, as
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
freedom from obstruction
• STRENGTHENING THE makes for greater and safer
FRAMING SYSTEM maneuverability, besides
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
allowing the layout of the
• Tensegrity parking spaces to be
• Curved roofs altered at any time.
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
(OWSJ)
Two-Way Beam System – a two-layer
• Cold-rolled steel system, where beams frame into girders,
sections
increases floor depth considerably and
• METAL FRAMING 4.1 provides more space for mechanical
• METAL DECKING
systems. Steel girders span the short axis of
STRUCTURAL FRAMING a building bay thus contributing to the
lateral stability of the structure.
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING Three-Way Beam System – is
versus Pin-Jointed steel used when a large column-free
frames space is required, where long-
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
• Open Web Steel Joists spanning plate girders or trusses
(OWSJ)
• Cold-rolled steel can be used to carry the primary
sections beam, which in turn support a
• METAL FRAMING 4.1 layer of secondary beams.
• METAL DECKING
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION METAL DECKING
STRUCTURAL STEEL Metal decking are corrugated steel
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING panels used as a working platform
• Moment Resistive during construction and eventually
frames as formwork for site cast concrete
• LATERAL SYSTEMS slab. The decking panels are
(OWSJ) secured with puddle-welds or
• Cold-rolled steel shear welded through the decking
sections
FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS to the supporting steel joists or
• METAL FRAMING beams. The panels are fastened to
• METAL DECKING 4.2
each other along their sides with
STRUCTURAL FRAMING screws, weld, or button punching
• STRENGTHENING THE standing seams.
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM . There are three major types of
• Tensegrity metal decking:
• Curved roofs
• Tensile structure Form Decking
• Geodesic dome Composite Decking
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE Cellular Decking
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE METAL DECKING
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED Form Decking – serves as a permanent
STEEL BUILDING formwork for a reinforced concrete slab until
versus Pin-Jointed steel the slab can support itself and its live load.
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS Composite Decking – serves as a tensile
(OWSJ) reinforcement for the concrete slab to
• Cold-rolled steel which it is bonded with embossed rib
sections
FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS pattern. Composite action between the
• METAL FRAMING concrete slab and the floor beams or joists
• METAL DECKING 4.2
can be achieved by welding shear studs
STRUCTURAL FRAMING through the decking to the supporting
• STRENGTHENING THE beam below.
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING Cellular Decking – is manufactured by
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
welding a corrugated sheet to a flat steel
• Curved roofs sheet, forming a series of spaces or
• Geodesic dome
raceways for electrical and communications
SHELL STRUCTURE wiring; special cutouts are available for floor
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
outlets. The decking may serve as an
• DOMES OF acoustic ceiling when the perforated cells
REVOLUTION
are filled with glass fiber.
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
(OWSJ)
sections
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING
STRUCTURAL FRAMING 5.0

FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
LONG SPAN FRAMING
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
frames Long-span buildings create
• LATERAL SYSTEMS unobstructed, column-free spaces
(OWSJ) greater than 30 metres (100 feet)
• Cold-rolled steel for a variety of functions. These
sections
FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS include activities where visibility is
• METAL FRAMING important for large audiences
• METAL DECKING
(auditoriums and covered stadiums),
STRUCTURAL FRAMING where flexibility is important
• LONG SPAN FRAMING 5.1 (exhibition halls and certain types
FRAMING SYSTEM of manufacturing facility), and
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM where large movable objects are
• Tensegrity housed (aircraft hangars).
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
STRENGTHENING THE FRAMING SYSTEM

CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING The framing system can be
• Moment Resistive stiffened against horizontal
frames forces in the following three
• LATERAL SYSTEMS (3) methods:
(OWSJ)
• Cold-rolled steel 1.The structure is composed
sections
FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS of rigid frames which may
• METAL FRAMING comprise some hinged joints
• METAL DECKING
but there must be sufficient
STRUCTURAL FRAMING rigid joints to ensure that
• STRENGTHENING THE none of the nodes of the
FRAMING SYSTEM
5.2
frame is free to move
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM sideways. The members may
• Tensegrity be straight or curved and a
• Curved roofs
• Tensile structure variety of shapes may be
• Geodesic dome chosen for such framed
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE structure.
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE STRENGTHENING THE FRAMING SYSTEM
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
• Moment Resistive 2. A bracing system which consists of a
frames
triangulated framework of rolled sections
• LATERAL SYSTEMS will hold the joints together and further
(OWSJ)
strengthen the framework against lateral
• Cold-rolled steel loads
sections
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING
3. Finally, shear walls in the form of more
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
• LONG SPAN FRAMING or less solid diaphragms, usually of
• STRENGTHENING THE reinforced concrete, transmit the wind
FRAMING SYSTEM
5.2
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING and earthquake forces by shear and
SYSTEM bending
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
(OWSJ)
sections
•
•
METAL FRAMING
METAL DECKING
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
6.0
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE Tensegrity is defined a pin-joined
COMPOSITE system with a particular configuration
CONSTRUCTION of cables
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED and struts that form a statically
STEEL BUILDING indeterminate structure in a stable
• Moment Resistive equilibrium. Infinitesimal mechanism
frames should exist in a
• LATERAL SYSTEMS tensegrity with equivalent self-stress
• Open Web Steel Joists state. Major advantages of tensegrity
(OWSJ)
• Cold-rolled steel are: large stiffness-to-mass ratio, deploy
sections ability,
FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS reliability and controllability.
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity 6.1
• Curved roofs 6.2
• Geodesic dome Curved roofs may be formed using
SHELL STRUCTURE single-curved tubular members,
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS double-layer members connected
• DOMES OF periodically, or tubular trusses
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE Tensile structure is the term
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
usually used to refer to the
STRUCTURAL STEEL construction of roofs using a
• PRE-ENGINEERED membrane held in place on
STEEL BUILDING
steel cables. Their main
versus Pin-Jointed steel characteristics are the way in
frames which they work under stress
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
tensile, their ease of pre-
(OWSJ) fabrication, their ability to
• Cold-rolled steel cover large spans, and their
sections
malleability. This
• METAL FRAMING structural system calls for a
• METAL DECKING small amount of material
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
thanks to the use of thin
• LONG SPAN FRAMING canvases, which when
• STRENGTHENING THE stretched using steel cables,
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
create surfaces capable of
SYSTEM overcoming the forces
• Tensegrity imposed upon them.
• Curved roofs
• Tensile structure 6.3
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL The geodesic dome was developed by the
• PRE-ENGINEERED
American designer Buckminster Fuller, who turned
STEEL BUILDING
• Moment Resistive architects’ attention to the advantages of braced
versus Pin-Jointed steel domes in which the elements forming the
frames framework
• LATERAL SYSTEMS of the structure are lying on the great circle of a
• Open Web Steel Joists sphere. This is where the name “geodesic” came
(OWSJ)
from
sections (Figure 13.14f).
• METAL FRAMING The framework of these intersecting elements
• METAL DECKING forms a three-way grid comprising
virtually equilateral spherical triangles.
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
• STRENGTHENING THE In Fuller’s original geodesic domes, he used an
FRAMING SYSTEM icosahedron
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING as the basis for the geodesic subdivision of a
SYSTEM sphere, then the spherical surface is divided into 20
• Tensegrity equilateral triangles as shown in Figure 13.15a. This
• Curved roofs
is the maximum number of equilateral triangles
• Geodesic dome into which a sphere can be divided
6.4
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
(OWSJ)
sections
SHELL STRUCTURES
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE 7.0
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE FOLDED PLATE
COMPOSITE THE DISTINGUISHING FEATURE OF THE FOLDED
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL PLATE IS THE EASE IN FORMING PLANE
• PRE-ENGINEERED SURFACES. A FOLDED PLATE MAY BE FORMED
STEEL BUILDING FOR ABOUT THE SAME COST AS A HORIZONTAL
versus Pin-Jointed steel SLAB AND HAS MUCH LESS STEEL AND CONCRETE
frames FOR THE SAME SPANS.
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
(OWSJ) THE PRINCIPLE COMPONENTS IN A FOLDED
• Cold-rolled steel PLATE STRUCTURE CONSIST OF :
sections 1) THE INCLINED PLATES
• METAL FRAMING 2) EDGE PLATES WHICH MUST BE USED TO
• METAL DECKING STIFFEN THE WIDE PLATES
3) STIFFENERS TO CARRY THE LOADS TO THE
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
• LONG SPAN FRAMING SUPPORTS AND TO HOLD THE PLATES IN LINE
• STRENGTHENING THE 4) COLUMNS TO SUPPORT THE STRUCTURE IN
FRAMING SYSTEM THE AIR.
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE 7.1
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
BARREL VAULTS
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING BARREL VAULTS ARE PERHAPS
• Moment Resistive THE MOST USEFUL OF THE
frames SHELL STRUCTURES BECAUSE
• LATERAL SYSTEMS THEY CAN SPAN UPT O 150 FEET
• Open Web Steel Joists WITH A MINIMUM OF MATERIAL.
(OWSJ)
• Cold-rolled steel THEY ARE VERY EFFICIENT
sections STRUCTURES BECAUSE THE USE
FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS THE ARCH FORM TO REDUCE
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING STRESSES AND THICKNESSES IN
THE TRANSVERSE DIRECTION.
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS 7.2
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION DOMES OF REVOLUTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
versus Pin-Jointed steel A DOME IS A SPACE STRUCTURE
frames COVERING A MORE OR LESS
• LATERAL SYSTEMS SQUARE OR CIRCULAR AREA. THE
BEST KNOWN EXAMPLE IS THE
(OWSJ)
• Cold-rolled steel DOME OF REVOLUTION, AND IT IS
sections ONE OF THE EARLIEST OF THE
FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS SHELL STRUCTURES. EXCELLENT
• METAL FRAMING EXAMPLES ARE STILL IN
• METAL DECKING EXISTENCE THAT WERE BUILT IN
ROMAN TIMES.
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
• STRENGTHENING THE THEY ARE FORMED BY A SURFACE
FRAMING SYSTEM GENERATED BY A CURVE OF ANY
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING FORM REVOLVING ABOUT A
SYSTEM VERTICAL LINE. THIS SURFACE
• Tensegrity
HAS DOUBLE CURVATURE AND
• Curved roofs
• Tensile structure THE RESULTING STRUCTURE IS
• Geodesic dome MUCH STIFFER AND STRONGER
SHELL STRUCTURE THAN A SINGLE CURVED
• FOLDED PLATE SURFACE, SUCH AS A
• BARREL VAULTS CYLINDRICAL SHELL.
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION 7.3
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
(OWSJ)
sections
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION 7.3
PRESTRESSING OF
CONCRETE
COMPOSITE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL
• PRE-ENGINEERED
STEEL BUILDING
frames
• LATERAL SYSTEMS
(OWSJ)
sections
• METAL FRAMING
• METAL DECKING
STRUCTURAL FRAMING
FRAMING SYSTEM
ROOF/FLOOR FRAMING
SYSTEM
• Tensegrity
• Curved roofs
• Geodesic dome
SHELL STRUCTURE
• FOLDED PLATE
• BARREL VAULTS
• DOMES OF
REVOLUTION 7.3

BT5 Module-3

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BT5 Module-3

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BUILDING TECHNOLGY

Pre-Engineered Metal Buildings (PEMB)

Open Web Steel Joists (OWSJ)

STRUCTURAL FRAMING 5.0

STRENGTHENING THE FRAMING SYSTEM

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