Strive in your life to do the best you ca And show respect for your fellow man, . Cearn to love what's true and fair, yas Do everything with love and care, . : Cearn to appreciate that justice is grand, And give the weak a helping hand, Always have faith in what you choose; Cearn to win battles, though some you may lose Cearn to take criticism - we all nake mistakes, Cearn te find courage the recovery takes, Cearn above all that man must be free, Ree mec BeeliceOTHE R (itera Times © Peekaboo (Preschool uitng sis) Published by © Lollipop (Prejunior course) LITERA a © Say Cheese (Pre-Junior & Junior Activities) © Build it Up (une seis) Cee onan oee, © @ All Aboard (Junior sels) 6 Tel.: 210 55 61 920-3 | © All Aboard Junior A & B ee eee (combined unter eouse) © Lucky Stars (Junior seis) © dunior Smarties (unir series) ¢ Junior Profile on English Grammar (wo-level series) © www.literabooks.com info@literabooks.com © LITERA, 2008 |) @ Pen Pal (Three-evel composition series) [© Write Right writing skis for intermediate - Upper Intermediate) 8 : | © Daylight (Fourie! sees) | © Adventures with English (Fieve! course) “je The Adventures of Captain Nelson /U L ITER A | 5 (Readers or Boginers- Intermediate) ra] | e Hit The Road Fouilevel course) Lariaetpepeenatestamreereaaere £ © Profile (Fivesergranmar sees -Greck version) : | ® Profile (ivefevl grammar sels Engsh version) |) © Top Speed (Tireelevel intensive grammar sees) |, © To The Point (sicleve grammar series) All igh om ; Racine fees satan |) © Getting to Cambridge frerceantece {ransmited, in any form or by ary material and tests) means, photocopying, recording, | ® B Graded Practice Tests (for PreFCE and FOE) or otherwise, without the prior | © On Line for FCE (an intensive revision course permission ofthe copyright owner. [fer FoE canis) |e Highway To Michigan (Pre ECCE & ECCE course) | © Highway To Michigan Practice Tests (Pre- ECCE 8 ECCE) © Highway To Michigan Speaking & Listening (Three-tevel serles) © On Line for ECCE (an infonsve course for ECCE candles) ® On Line for EGCE Practice Tests (Michigan ECCE) © Practice London Tests (forthe Edexcel exams- Levels 2,9, 488) © Links to Lancashire (Practice Tests forthe UCLAN exams Levels B1- C2) ‘© Mastering Michigan lichigan Proficiency soles) © License.to Pass (Practice Tests for ECPE) t Content, Design arid Illustration @ LITERA PUBLICATIONS 2008 ISBN — 978-960-544-388-7 (Student's) AcKNow EDOEMENTS asses rose fen or een SINE SL SPER R OT ee a ee Every effort has. been made to contact all copyright holders of material used in this book: If there are any omissions, the publishers apologise and, if notiied, will be pleased to make the necessary adjustments when the tie is-reprinted,The new, revised BRIDGING THE GAP, 1" YEAR PROFICIENCY, as its name suggests, is designed to take the student from FCE level to the necessary standard for the Cambridge Proficiency Examination. It has, therefore, a specific purpose and exisis in response to the need for a graded link between the two levels. It comes as a result of exhaustive research and after close ‘consultation with teachers involved in teaching at CPE level. The post-FCE student preparing for CPE not only needs to revise previously-learned grammar and vocabulary, but must also acquire and assimilate more complicated structures and advanced vocabulary. BRIDGING THE GAP meets this demand through its gradual development and clear, comprehensive presentation of theory, allowing the student to put this theory into practice with ease. The wealth of idiomatic expressions and wide range of vocabulary included in this book serve to reflect the changes in the CPE exam itself, with its greater emphasis on the language in use in a modern, communicative context. The ultimate aim of this book is to expand the student's knowledge and control of the language demanded by the new CPE exam and to extend vocabulary and refine the student’s usage and command of style and register. in Units 1-5 two pages are devoted to the presentation of grammar, together with Oral Practice to exercise the structures in class. Each unit features Special Transformations study boxes, illustrating changes In syntax and expression tested at CPE level. These give further examples of rephrasing structures already presented, or show forms which do not fit into any specific grammatical category. These forms are tested in the new format key word transformation exercise which foliows. The remainder of each unit concentrates on vocabulary as follows: derivatives (in cloze test context) open cloze tests (testing grammar & vocabulary - one guided and the other open), verbs and their related expressions, prepositional expressions and idioms, specific categories of colfocations and confusing/related words. The vocabulary presented is tested in the context of key word transformation, open cloze test, match or fill-in exercises, gapped sentences and MCQ cloze tests. Each unit concludes with MCQ cloze tests, as per CPE Paper 1 (Reading), Part 1, and is followed by a Preparatory Test of grammar and vocabulary, in preparation for the Revision Test administered by the teacher. Units 6 -10 follows the same format as Part One, with the following additional features: topic vocabulary & idioms/expressions presented in a contextualised passage and tested in key word transformation, open cloze test and gapped sentence exercises, related words through pictures (ways of cutting, walking, sounds, etc.). Finally, included at the end of each unit is a Reading CPE passage, which is analysed through an idioms/expressions study box, a vocabulary exercise (match) and sets of comprehension and true/false questions before the student approaches the actual MCQ exercise, followed by a Preparatory Test as per Units 1-5. The book concludes with REVISION EXERCISES, followed by CAE practice on Papers 1 & 3. as. further practice for students intending to sit the CAE exam, and finally a GRAMMAR REFERENCE intended for constant consultation by students. Further practice on structures and vocabulary is contained in the accompanying BRIDGING THE GAP PRACTICE BOOK. The second book of the series, BRIDGING THE GAP, 2"° YEAR PROFICIENCY, concentrates on the more complex aspects of language tested in the CPE exam. As for Book 1, the approach is graded and adopts the following format: ® revision of grammar presented in Book 1, together with further analysis on more complex forms ® further development of idiomatic expressions and vocabulary © adapted past CPE papers & additional exercises for consolidation © guided approach to Papers 1 &3 with analysis(pias 102 2) TENSES: FuuLyBane IneINeTIVE IvERSION Conpmionats: Past Mopats’' i rat pao, 1 ana vot If ponbe, doer. apex, ca Peni opine [ obstrict attend, | enthuse, human, |. disturb, agree, FL bell, repute, |} quay, educate, Derivarives || imorove, rao, || “unte, poltes,"|| reason, "Jf populate, ham, |)” estinate, profession," |'compet, achieve! | understand, frighten, Inspect, | respand ay, decide, direct, [strong endure, | behave, cheer, | breathe, curious, 4 sere, pit, fascinate | heat, adm, flex | care, sense i eHanoune |b | (OPEN) THE Suaan Cuoze Tests | Mrenvecy. "7p * Emavcenen + Bioveurs Sd Vena MAKE BEAR EXPRESSIONS fe Prepositiona |} (BE) ATF _- (BE) IN (BE) IN | ie, ios genuine, fake, article tim, prune, EXPRESSIONS} Sithende, flo, mock, ‘mout, cl, ¢ Couocarions fi rea), tue counterfeit shave Iproms, [ sopy Pants (Pip Bopy Parts (II)} — ANmats EXPRESSIONS i | ‘speak, speech, error, blame, Conrusingy remark, sa, lk wrong, RELATED chat, word, espana! ae gossip, phrase, || responsibilty, Worps scone, sight” run mistake, fault b a READING (icq CLOZE TESTS) « Each Unit i followed by a PREPARATORY TEST baiied on gfammar and point, time @ on no» account, occasion © inno > way, town, place... @ injunder no circumstances n (very) few (cases) © by no means CLAUSES OF RESULT * so/such... (that) « to such a degrec/an extent/lengths! apitch/a point/extremes,.. that i nor omy... BUT ALSO../ BUT. AS WELL No SOONER. THAN GI wverren conpimionats {Ist Ifyou (should)... = Should you. and eifitwere.. =» Wereit.. Srd © theyhad.. = Had they, GE otuen expressions in vain, nowhere, not often, not a word/soul, no longer, in none of, not for, not since, rot even once, neither .. nor, neither/nor/so/as (with aux. verbs) INVERSION Ga = 1 i Only when the sun is shining will a good friend i: lend you an umbrella. but he wands it straight back when it starts to rain! ~ a os J © He didn’t know/had no idea what was going to happen. \e Little did he know what was going to happen. had only just entered the room when | was asked to wait outside. t= Hardly had | entered the room when I was asked to wait outside, © The outcome of the match was never in doubt. = At no time was the outcome of the match in doubt. © The customer would on no account pay the added cost. te On no account would the customer pay the added cost © Whatever happens, don't tell them, '» Under no circumstances should you tell them. The runner was so exhausted that he couldn't breathe, ‘= So exhausted was the runner that he couldn't breathe. He was so afraid of confined spaces that he never took the lift. > Such/To such a degree was his fear of confined spaces that he never took the lift © He set fire not only to the car, but also to the house. \e Not only did he set fie to the car, but also to the house. ‘ Not only dlc he set fire to the car, but fo the house as well. # Fé no sooner contacted the agency than I received your offer. © No sooner hed contacted the agency than | received your offer. © Immediately after his election, he was assassinated. te No sooner had he been elected than he was assassinated. ‘ Ityou (should) come first, leave the keys on the table. \ Should you come first, leave the keys on the table. 7 © Ifthe boat were mine, | wouldn't hire it out. = Were the boat mine, | wouldn't hire it out © Ifthey had known, they would have told us. ‘» Had they known, they would have told us. © | wasn't afraid of his threats any more. <= No longer was I afraid of his threats. © The chernist's will not be open either today or tomarrow. Neither today nor tomorrow will the chemist’s be open. © Both he and his brother play the piano well te He plays the piano well, as does/and so does his brother.Gil « tino rr nor BEEN FoR © The only reason the concert wasn't a success was the rain. e BUY FOR © wirHour © Had it nof been forthe san, the concert would have been a success. *> Bul forlWithout the rain, the concert would have been @ success. cranaes mipants OF sPeecH «Tho hadn't advised her, she wouldn't have accepted the job. © Had it not heen for his advice, she would nol have accepted the job, (El omy... inversion in main eteuse) «I heard only by chance that his father had passed away. only then, only by chance/luck, only & is in this way jay, oly Only by chance did I hear that his father had passed avvay. Yesterdayfon (rare) occasions © He gave in only after we had (had) a long argument. ‘ONLY (inversion in main clause) ‘= Only after we had (had) a long argument did he give in. only when, only if, © The only way to learn is by practice. only after, only by ‘= Only by practice|practising canjwill you learn. (GD onty ween... cran.. © I didn't realise how violent the film was untill saw it, NOT UNTIL... (THAT)... ‘= [twas only when/not until | saw the film that | realised how violent it was. (emphatic, no inversion) ‘% Only when|Not until | saw the film did I realise ‘how violent it was. (emphatic, inversion in main clause) C8 ony mor unuess © You can see the doctor only if you have an appointment. (aversion in main clause) ‘= Only if you have an appointment can you see the doctor. ‘Not unless you have an appointment can you see the doctor. hl inversion based on ‘© There are not many newspapers which covered the accident in detail. © passne © FrOsmEs ‘= In few newspapers was the accident covered in detail. (passive) © You will only fail your exam if you don't study hard, ‘© Only if you study hard will you pass your exam. (opposites) ‘SPECIAL, TRANSFORMATIONS. ¢ In-(very) few cities do they (have)... The only way to find out Is to ask. Only if we (ask) can/will we find out. {£6 You'll achieve your goals only if you are patient. Only with patience will you achieve your goals. It’s unusual to (see). : Seldom do you (see). ‘As soon as | (arrived). ‘No sooner had I (arrived) Iwas the first time that | (had been)... ‘Never before had I (been) 4) ORAL PRACTICE 1. Whatever you do, don't eave me alone. Under... 6, Had itnot been for her support, he wouldn't 2, The robbers did not realise that armed police have passed the exams. Without... were waiting forthem. Little... 7. Had it not been for his hard work, he wouldn't 3. Immediately after Paul heard from Angela, her have succeeded. But for... sister dropped in, Wo sooner... 8, | forgot about the appointment until 4, She was so anxious about the exam that I eceived the call, Not until, she couldn't sleep. such... 9. The publics alowed in very rarely. only on.. 5. I would have given him the job ithe hadn't 10. The only way you won't lose your job is by been so rude. Had it not..; accepting his conditions. only by...GX kev worn vRanseonmarion (based on Inversion) 4. Smoking is stitly forbidden in this building, (should) Under smoke in this building 2. The moment | walked in there was a power cut. (sooner) No wo there was a power cut 3, Patients rarely make a full recovery from this disease. (cases) & Invery a ull recovery from this disease. It was my frst time ata rock concert. (been) Never .@ rock concert 5. had no idea that we were supposed to keep a record ofall our expenses. (know) Little. -» We were supposed to keep a record of all our expenses. . We finished on time because Karen gave us a hand. (given) Had Karen not. — es /. They did not decide to move to a bigger house unt after the birt of their second child. (been) Only when their second child toa bigger house. finished on time. 3. He didn't refer to the incident at all. (point) At as . the incident. 3. The two sides never looked likely to reach an agreement, (time) at 7” . The reason they didn't give him the job was because he couldn't use a computer. (inability) Had it not... _». computer, they would have given him the job. likely to reach an agreement. GJ verwvarives Your Stars You're in a (0). . mood this week and must make sure you REST control your (1)... You might well feel in the circumstances PATIENT that a pariner is being (2)... . though most probably OBSTRUCT they feel that you should be paying them more (3 ATTEND. So try your best to avoid a row in the next few days and you will definitely see a7 (4). . in your close personal IMPROVE (ee It would appear that some aspects of your work : RELATE this week are (6). snonne Challenging, and when you make PROFESSION YOUF (7) rane _ concerning whether it would be wise right now DECIDE to take your career in a different (8)..... sve it Won't be easy. DIRECT People close to home might give you selfish 9)... which ADVISE will be far more (10). : ...to them than to you. BENEFITIS Gq cuinen cioze vest. ru. aaa Stopeine A dumpo dev Inthe early days of aviation, pilots had more important things (0). fo ‘worry about than braking. Their main problem was getting into the ait. (1). een bY using-all available horsepower (2) .. they able to work up enough speed to take off. When they landed again, their machines had so litle weight and momentum that they rolled to a hall on the grass only a few metres (3), touching down, Those da, (4).uruinnnnnnone » Af8 LONG gone. As aircraft weights have risen, (5). . have landing speeds, which has meant that undercarriage brakes (6)... had to become more effective. Today, airliners travelling at speeds of up to 250 kilometres per hour ate (7)... .» brought down to taxing speed in a (8)... of seconds. A jumbo coring into land can weigh more than 200 tons, 50 Its Wheels a (9) nnn . with a complete set of disc brakes. (10)..c0.mnnnne ft simply allowed 10 roll to a halt, it would need a runway twice the normal length, Aitfiners, therefore, have a second braking system which, (11)... v @ passenger, you cannot fail to hear during landing. Hardly have the tyres made (12)... ow with the QrOUNG (13) ae the engines start roaring again. This is the system known as reverse thrUSt (14)...n.0nnmnseon Applied, the effect of which isto slow down the aircraft well before it (15). the end of the runway. 0. to / for | than 6. have / would / had 11. like | as / because 4. Even | Only / Not 7. being | about | to 412, touch / contact | communication 2. were / should | could 8. few / matter | lack 13. than | that / when 3. when { by | after 9, placed | equipped | found 14. be /being /is 4, despite / however / although 10. Although / Were / If 15. gets / reaches | arrives 5. so / and / also Z PAPER 3 EJ Fin each of the numbered blanks in the passage PAST PAPERS with one suitable word. re THE CONCEPT OF TiME Astronomy was one of the earliest of the sciences. Primitive man saw the sun rising (0). at. ditferent times, but always on the (1)... horizon. He saw it set, but always onthe opposite horizon, and so he recognised the rising inthe east and the setting in the west. Given (2). fixed point f reference -a pila, atree ora pole -he noticed thatthe shadows thal moved (3), : it were longer in the morning and evening, and at their shortest when the sun was highest in the sky at noon. He acquired a sense of timekeeping (4). the shortest shadow conveniently divided his working day (5... motning and etemoon (6) ‘the heat of the noondey sun to emphasise this dhsion. Thousands of years 290, (7)... .. astronomy was In (8). infancy, it was realised that the movements of the stars followed a consistent pattern, if (9)..cnrs ne . groups of stars éppeared to change their positions as the night progressed, just (10), sueueununnane the SUN did during the day. Inthe Northern Hemisphere the observer (11). sun Roti that (12).. _ Star (the Pole Star) would always be seen (13) _~the same point on the horizon at sunrise and sunset, (14). or sane the “shadow clock” the other stars revolved about the fixed star from east to west. So, (15). of ‘the daytime he added the “star clock” of the night. “Se + sees encore remsininaenaneamceatenelEXPRESSIONS [BO {efers tothe performance BINS ofa service or activly =) ® haveado do business © that wilwon't do + perform/put into practice a job, work, atest, a play, one's duly doa favour 4 achieve sth good)usetullright ‘do damage 4 commit sth badiwrong do research 4 practise a sportihobby do (sb) a good tum: do something nice forsb else —-—_do the donkey work: do most ofthe heavy work She’s so helpful; she always likes to do a good © Although he does all the donkey work, she turn for people. takes the credit do the honours: act as host/hostess; perform do wonders/miractes: have a very good effect on a social dutyloeremony # You work too hard; long holiday would ® Excuse me a moment, the phone's ringing. do miracles for you. Pau}, will you do the honours and pour do one’s best: try as hard as possible ‘everyone a drink? © She always does her best to please everyone. do the sights: go sightseeing , do the best one can: try as hard as one can © We did all the sights when we were in Lisbon. ® You should do the best you can if you want do justice to: do or show something in the best light to succeed. © The photograph does not do full justice to the colours of the painting. do the trick: work, succeed in doing something © ifyou've got a headache, these pills will do the trick KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION 4. Why do Ihave to do all the hard work? (donkey) Why . 2, The photograph does not show all her good points. (do) ‘The photograph ..... 3, The medicine produced excellent results on my grandmother. (miracles) The medicine .. 4, Sue is always ready to help you out. (good) Sue is 5. When we weng.to London, we visited all the interesting places. (sights) We revi 6, Itty as hard as | can notto be late. (best) ee — a 7. These tools will accomplish the task in half the time. (trick) These tools ...... when we went to London, eon FRG, vin half the time. 8, Ido everything | possibly can to help you. (power) r to help you.(BE) AT EXpRessions A Disastrous WEEKEND Last weekend | was at rather a low ebb, s0 I decided to call a few of my friends to see if any of them were at a loose end, in which case we could have gone oul somewhere. Luckily, my father’s car was at my disposal so there was no problem with transportation. First! phoned my bestfriend Henry, but he refused to come out because he was at loggerheads with our other frends for some reason or other \When I phoned them they sald the same thing and wouldn't have been at ease if we'd all gone out together. | was at my wits’ end. Then I called Olga but she didn't want to go out because she was making a new dress. n the end, | spent the evening watching TV. «ata low ebb: worse than usual; depressed « ata loose end: having nothing to do : available for use disagreement at ease: completely relaxed «© at one’s wits’ end: not knowing what to do or say because one is very worried -uncertain at large: escape ‘moving, stopped © at itg/one’s best GQ open cuoze test T have my uncle's vila in the South of France at My (NJrommrnmmannnn » and 1am presently at a ) fend, s0 | decided to fly down and make use of i, That part of the world is at 3) .. best in spring, but | was at @ (4)... as to know who to invite to come along with me, My brother is at a (8) _ ebb at the moment following his divorce, and is at odds (6. a most of the family, so | invited him. | didn't reetise he was (7). Joggerheads with my uncle too, until my uncle made it. clear that neither of us was welcome to use the villa, Now ...a8 to what to do. | think I'll stay at home. . 'm at my wits’ (8) G3 couocarions (matcH) a. love, fiend, story, concem, likeness... b. signature, antique, article; painting, interest 1. genuine authentic: - 3. real 4c tue ¢. signature, document, painting, story d. sik, love, rend, gold, name, pi 0000:ipioms - EXPRESSIONS Bony Parts 1 GY vers » GAPPED SENTENCES curr coMirON WonD) 1. .» the same problems every year. © mouth the words: pretend to sing . east, they get a lt of sunlight © thumb aif: hitchhike in the morning. © face up to sth: deal with ‘Why wort you _ Up to the fact that you're too old © head for somewhere: go to do this kind of work? pe ee ve obey 2. Hor husbarid was asked to... a committee of inquiry. 6 footthe bil: pay | jumped into a taxi and told the driver to. for the airport. ee Ce {nthe final minutes of the game, a player managed t ° me's way marine through the crowd: push the ball into the net. shoulder the blame/ 3. The impudent child .rsnmenonene fis nose at met responsibility: accept While I was waiting to see the doctor, |. through a magazine. © hand itto sb: praise We missed the last bus so we ft nto town, 3 nouns hands of the cock: pointers in this neck of the woods: in this arealaround here spine of a hook: narrow part of the cover ® in the back of beyond: ata distantlisolated place Teg of ajourey: stage of trip + have alot of cheek: have cool confidence! foot ofa mountain: the lowest part impudence arm of a chair: part atthe side of a chair @ “have the heartto: be willing to do atthe head ofthe abe: at the end ofthe able orsaysth unkind or unpleasant with the heavy heart very unwilingly * NOUNS & VERBS — FILLIN footing the bil! 4, My boss expects everyone to the line in the office. 2. The fist. ‘ofthe journey wil take two days. 3, Dad always sits atthe . of the table, 4, We forgot to turn back the. fhe clock. 5, Don't bend the book. You'l break its 6. You'll never find it t's in the. 7. We walked towards the .. 8, He's got a lot 9. Ihate people who lke to 10. I'm the captain so I warcu |. pick someone's brains 1 of beyond, the mountain. fo ask me for money again. .w into other people's affairs,» the blame for anything that happens. “a do or say what seems best at the time put on a brave face =a} 'b,- attempt not to smile or laugh play it by ear Co ¢. enter or visita place ' 1. (look) down in the mouth Cod d. find out what sb knows by asking questions . hear sth from sb's own lips | @, avoid loss of prestige/be humiliated + put one's foot in it Eo f.. put yourself in a dangerous/unpleasant situation $et foot injon Co g. say or do sth foolishjtactless ‘ 1. Keep a straight face Co fh, show courage.in times of difficulty CI {. hear sth from the person himself Cd ithout spiritCNGLIS th Hh GAPPED SE ENCES (WITH COMMON WORD) © Think of one word only which van be used appropriately in all three sentences. CED (based on 00 expressions, (BG) A¥ expressions, ROBY PARTS idioms) 4. He asked her to..... and..........him the newspaper. Under no circumstances woild the terrorists hand. cover their hostages. [must orem. onnune it tO him. He always has an answer for everything 2, Will you teach me that card so, SOY? ‘My brother doesn't miss a sonenene wht Gomes fo making money. A ttle bit of glue Will do the ....s.nnminnnnnen aNd YOur teapot will be as good as ever, Mum, 3, We went on . a8 itwas such a beautiful day. He stood at the . of the stairs and gazed upwards. Well, you really put your... init; that was our new boss. 4, She was ata... . for words when she heard the news. THO ser nuns OF IS Child was a great blow to him. {sell the house now, will | make a profit ora... 5, don't think | could Don't forget to He promised he oon ... without my mobile phone now. up your coat; it's freezing outside. everything within his power to help you. 6. Iwas at my wits’ Iyou're ata loose 1'm going to put an with worry by the time they found the child . this evening, drop in for a game of chess. .wwt this situation, one way or another, 1. I'm going to the shops. Do you want to keep me a? ® presence Tanya is never at €a8@ in the nn of strangers © association Martha's uncle has started up a new . of actors, © company 2, There's nothing rare about it its just a . . garden variety. > © common That the sun moved round the Earth was a belief centuries ago. * normal ‘She has 80 little in. -- With him that i's a wonder they're still together. ° natural 3, Well, I've done my best but the boss is sure to find . .-with my report. © enor Itold you the play started at eight sharp, so i's your There's plenty of petrol in the car, so there must be a(n) - that you missed the first act. # fault in the electrical system.» lapse 4, The power station the local inhabitants to serioys respiratory diseases. _* exposed ‘Once the local newspaper his seoret double life, the mayor resigned. > uncovered You the film too long and you can’t see any details in the photograph. ° revealed 5. His shop is just a. for his illegal activities. * cover Acold brought a blanket of snow from the north. * face General Franco came to the . during the Spanish Civil War. * front 6. Asimile is a(n) . of speech where you say one thing is ike another. * outing A public .. Such as a politician must expect to have his private life scrutinised, figure You'll keep your ifyou exercise and eat fewer sweet things formVa JL Conrusine/Retares Wor © CHARACTER/PERSONALITY - MOGD . TEMPER © VIEW - SCENERY - SCENE . SIGHT bs Travers Wire My Aunt Travelling with my aunt is no fun, but | needed a change of scenery, so last year we took a train trip through the Canadian Rockies. You never know what mood my aunt is going to be in from one minute to the next and she loses her temper at the drop of a het. She has a very strong character and takes the view that the whole ‘world is there to serve her. Wherevet.we stopped she made a scene about something - the hotel food, the lack of her favourite newspaper, even the weather. She always set her sights on the best room in any of the hotels wwe stayed in, and | shall never forget her chasing the hotel manager through the dining room because he had forgotten to put fresh flowers on our table. Next year we're planning to go to Italy together. Wish me luck! © change of scenery: something new © (be) in @ moods have a particular feeling stop making (good!badstrangel...) Sou two, lose one’s temper: get angry or it tose my « strong characlet/personality: a fot of characteripersonaliy ant a ¢ take the view: believe m men arguing © make a'scene: cause trouble 5 over a brush! ‘ get one’s sights on: decide whichiwhat you want CHARACTER/ ‘TEMPER (vin) SCENERY PERSONALITY © temper your © part of the soenery ® clash of language « spectacular seenery personalities - ® have atemper ‘SCENE © be a personality, ® bein a temper behind the scenes ® infout of character © change of scene main character VIEW (vin) © set the scene @ onview ‘stant moop © view sth with che . © catch sight of Ue be in the mood to © in full view @ infout of sight Don’ © in no mood to @ take adimview of ——_@ lose sight of * setthe mood © with a view to @ know by sight WCQ CLOZE TEST In (t. of the increasing violence in our towns the President has decided to impose a curfew. If government soldiers so much a8 Catch (2)..n.nummnnnnmnnne Of any troublemakers, they have been authorised to shoot and ask questions later. The President is in no (3)... sroanindnnns £0 DE threatened by mob violence. Talks behind the (4)... va With the rebels have so far produced iew results. The well-known (5). vw» lash between the President and the rebel leader is not makingsthings easier. The international community has urged both sides to (6)... their demands in the hope of an eventual ceasefire. 1. a, sight b. view 6, mood di, agreement 2. a, scene b, look ¢, sight di, seeing 3. a, mood b. view s. temper d, idea 4, a. view b. scenes 0, scenery. character 5. a, characler . b. mood ec, enemy ~—_d, personality 6 a, lose b temper, attack “d, setGQ wea eroze vest A’ Beraessine View istoo:! oa te balcony with is brecchtaking (ou. sun Of tha lake ancl ihe f-cled mounizins beyond. | wes tying to find peace of mind. Earlier that fight. She had been . about something for days, and suddenly morning, Jenny and | had had a(n) (2). down in the (2). losing her (4). , she had told me it was over. It had been with a heavy (3). dark and despatting ().. . that | waiched her leave, and | had sunk into a 4. a, scone b, view 6, sight d, scenery 2, a, genuine b, true 6, real d, authentic 3, a, mouth b, face «, lips d cheok 4, a, personality b, temper «, brains di, wits 8. a, head b. mood , mind d, heart 6. a, character b. mind , mood d. temper @I wea cioze rest PARENTAL LOVE I Experts agree that a parent's loving attention (1).. on ina CRIS 8 6 (2c ssnnne onnnee IO helping that chi stay off drugs in iaier years. Making chiren fae! foved and (8)...cununenear , and spending ‘ime with ther, deveiops a lifelong sense of seit-worth, Long before your children each sch0O! 9% (4horumunnnninennaninnne family guidelines for behaviour: honesty, famess, respect for other people and the lav. You can't prevent children from being (5) . to drugs, but you can make them strong and (6) --snnnn thet resistance to harmful influences 4. a recently f, lately ©. eatly 4 timely 2. a, main f. serious ¢, solemn 4. critical 3, a, needed bo secured ©. admitted 4, careci 4. a, direct b, menage «. establish dl, publish 5. a, exposed! b, exhibited «. displayad di shown 6. a, takeup b, build up 6. come 4. turnup| PREPARATORY KEY WORP TRANSFORMATION 4. Don't leave your car unlocked, whatever you do. (no) Under soonnseen YOur car unlocked. You dor't find such detailed maps in many atlases. (few) In... . such detailed maps. 3. His deep knowledge of the subject was never in doubt. (time) At. . subject in doubt. 4, If she hadn't been personally invelvéd, nothing would have got done. (for) But got done. &, The examiners rarely depart from established procedure. (very) In. from established procedure. 6. They had no idea that one of their fellow workers was spying on them. (know) Little ... . workers was spying on them. 7. You are entitled to a reduction but you must apply now. (if) .. entitled to a reduction. Only 8. The earthquake caused so inuch destruction that the town took years to rebuild. (destructive) $0 venve years to rebuild. 3] ce croze vss7 Twas at & (Penmanannnnnnen end on Sunday morning so | decided to bathe the puppy. Unfortunately, the puppy hed other ideas and in a very short time Iwas at my (2) . end. | was using sorne shampoo from the bathroom that I thought would do the (3)... . but my wife lost her (4).. when she saw it and began to (5)... . ascene. We shouted at each other while the puppy ran round barking, Next time, | think Ill bathe him in the house and not in full (6) . of the neighbours. 1 a, low b. loose c, dead d. wits’ a, loose b. wits! ©, loss d, dead a. justice b. sights ¢. honours d. trick 4, a. temper b. mood c. character d. personaity a, take b, set cc. make d. change a, scene b, sight c. view 4. looki. Gina doesn't look very good ia this photo. (justice) This photo Gina. 2, Jimmy isn’t normally so rude, is he? (character) Its 7 ae Jeune SO Fude, isn’t it? 3, Harry knows about the new regulations so let's ask him. (brains) Lets ... .. about the new regulations, 4, Tessa's little boy is very annoying so I hope she doesn't bring him. (neck) Tessa's litle boy .. eae that I hope she doesn't bring him. 5, Jenny is determined to be a doctor one day. (sights) Jenny .. a doctor one day. 6. The landlord told him never to enter the building again. (set) The landlord .... 7. I'm very grateful to Vicky for telling me about this great job. (turn) Vieky . . re when she told me about this great job. 8, | don't like the way your sister talks to me, Emma. (dim) ' .. the building again. your sister talks to me, Emma. Gy cappen sentences - comMoN WORD +. Mary's usually late but she arrived ‘The professor waited until there was silence before he started to speak I think we've reached a tend on this project so we'd better start again, 2. By the time we got to the market there were only a few ... and-ends left. If 'd known that Danny was at . with Joe, | wouldn't have invited them both, If David spent so much on a birthday present for Julie, the ... are that he’s in love! 3. Auntie Joan's never-ending chatier always gets my .. up. Jeff bought an old house If the vse of beyond near Lake Windermere. We'll go in round:the s0 that mum doesn't see us. 4, Soft music and warm candlelight .. . the scene for a romantic evening. He. .@.good example to his children by giving up smoking. ... She ... : her sights on a career in journalism when she was only twelve, You know I'm never at my . first thing in the morning. He's an awful man to work for so | wish you the .. snes OF1UCK, Tothe.. . of my knowledge, he went to Australia, Would you ike my wooly scartio keep your ... arm when you go out? Hi, Davel | didn't realise you lived in this .w» f the woods. think the boss is wrong but I'm not going to stick my I'm afraid this paint just won't Fiona says she'll on time today. 5. 2 svinenee OUt-ANd tell Him, forthe lving room; i's the wrong colour. the best she can to get here in time, ‘An early night will. you no harm whatsoever. 8, It was rather out of. ... for Edward to say stich a malicious thing. Ebenezer Scrooge did not really exist; he was just a ............. sae in a Dickens novel. Pete's uncle is a very strange .. if you ask me x© TENSES (special cases) | ei] ms. swice © The last time + past © haven't (done) © W’s/It has been... si ince/for.. ce... (Last). (E} vnservis..., HAT was... © the first, second,...time + present perfect ¢ the last tim present or future © That/t was the fist... ime + past perfect Gl rms. «© only whenlafter. not until. © untilbefore... + past perfect o Tenses o Past Mlowans % Been poor, Pve been rick, Rich is beter! |) (Sophie Tucker) I © | fast did business with him over a year ago. ‘> The fast time | did business with him was over a year ago. ‘ I haven't done business with him for over a year. we il’s over a year since | (las) did business with him. © He has never been abroad before. ‘© It’s the first time he has ever been abroad. © [will never let anyone interfere in my private life again. ‘© This is the last time | (wil) let anyone interfere in my private lite. © They had not played professionally before. <= It was the first time that they had played professional. © Peter went abroad only after he (had) graduatedthis graduation. IL wes only when Peter graduated that he went abroad, ‘= It was only afer his graduation that Peter went abroad. ‘ft was not until his graduation that Peter went abroad. HOW LONG (AGO)...WHEN © How long ago/When did you...? itthas it © How long isitvhas «© How long ago was it when...? ‘¢ When was the last time. ~ Untii/Before his graduation, Peter had never been abroad. © How long ago/When did they last make a profit? ‘» How long is it/has it been since they (have) made a profit? ‘» How long ago was it when they made a profit? \e When was the last time (that) they made a profit? « Paul was different then. | ® The train has been delayed, * He is missing, © She went missing over a year ago. He died ten years ago. © The last meeting took place... | © had planned to. ‘© What do you intend to do in the future? © There is a definite improvement in your work. Avussedons ‘SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS: Paul has changed since then. The train will be late. Ho has disappeared, She hasn't been seen for over a year. He has been dead for ten years. There hasn't been a meeting sinc My (original) intention was to. What are your plans for the future? Your work has definitely improved. r PAST MODALS i ZY must Have...CANT HAVE... © Nobody is answering the phone. They must have gone out. COULDN'T HAVE ® The car door is open. You can’t have locked it. (deduction, assumption, © It couldn't have been Judy you saw yesterday, because she’s been conclusion, certainty) in London for a week. EE] may won nave, + Jheyte ite. They mayimighTeould have missed the bus MIGHT (NOT) HAVE. ® Let phone Roger. He mayimight not have heard the news ‘COULD HAVE... ® Tmndtsure, bel he maylmighifcould have been speaking Russian (possbiliy) ® “Jane was very quiel.” "Yes, she maylmight not have been feeling Wel.” Why did you leave the door open? Someone might/could have got in.© You shiowichs'dougat not tos © He left ant hour ago so ie oh @ ssl haa kgoway Iv o anmoyance oy hight hao told ni « frony «Hels so careless, Imghishoull have ira is would fe he bok fen him, 6 assuinption/cetinty ‘omeone called hile you were out but ear is nn.” “Oh, tht whivould have been Rupe, probably.” SPEGIAL MODAL STRUCTURES & related non-modal structures: Gq oven ro vounvevestiony ¢ He may not show up. SPECULATION + whethor ‘= itis open fo doubt}question/speculetion whaths helt show up. FES NOT G&RTAUL + thet © It is not certain that he'll show up. FOR ALL KNOW + may ‘= For all know he may not show up. DOUBTFUL /UNLIKELY/HARDLY @ canraw 10 eounn te RAD BETTER ~ SHOULD/OUGHT Ta © I doubt/don't think he wiltiwould «Its certain to rin tonight turn down our offer. : «= its doubitulfuntikely that he witout eae eee tum down cur of. © You had betier not disturb him, Ho wltivoute hardly tur down our offer. = You should notiought not to sist hi, GG necessanvamronrantessentiat.. HEEDN'T HAVE = IT WASN'T RECESSPRY « [sit really necessary for you to be present? © Ineedin't have gone to the police += Do you realy have to be present? (J went butt wasn't necessary) ; But: © didn’t need to go to the police. © Itwon't be essential for you to go : ‘= You won't have toineedntidon't need to go {probably dant goto the police.) SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS. © can only assums he had probl > He must have had problems. : + The only explanation is that he didh'tknow. He can't have known. 4 b * itis impossible that he had any money. He can't have had any money, | ‘Fim sure it cams as a shock to him. > [must have come as 4 shock to him. 4 © Onno account should you interrupt her. 2 The last thing you should do is (te) intenupt her. k # Itis quite possible that he isjcan.. > "He might (well) betbe able to... ? : © | suppose you've done/seen. > You must/will have done(seen... E # There is/was no point in staying. > We might (just) as well leave have fet i © He should have said nothing. > He would fave done well(o saylhave seid nothing, | « You've enough experience nottohave agreed. > You should knowihave iriown ketier than toagee, | eee pct eeepc oe onaL Practica 1. When was the last time you attenced achuich service? How fong tas. 2, He might be living in Francs. rar. 3. John went to a bar for the first time onthe day he vas sixteen. Until. ‘There hasn't been a bank robbery here for years. fe’. He had never periormed lve before, a wi Did you have to invite thorn to the pariy?. W Itisn't possible that she knew the truth. she Ann agreed to help only after we bogged her. pxees4. The minister's actions deserved praise, noteriticism. (been) The minister... 2, Ididn't intend to mislead you. (ay) It... Ms . There's no way that young man can succeed in this test. (bound) That . don't even know whether he's stil alive, (ally For s = 5, I's been over a week since the whale was last seen. (time) The ... over a week ago. 6. Does your aunt need to be met atthe station? (essential) is _ at the station? . Edward might not agree to the proposal. (doubt) Its 8, That United will beat City isa foregone conclusion. (bound) United ... . a 9, We were al shocked when he died. (came) . His ; 40, Laurais likely to leave before the post arrives. (time) - Ey Laurais likely to have left. 5 x THe Ouvipic Spinit indly........ hospitable welcome at the last AMAZE. Olympics, and talked to thousands of happy (1). who attended visit them, | am even more (2). _» about this wonderful event, ENTHUSE This is one of the few occasions when the whole of 2... Having experienced an (}. DERIVATIVES, | | | | ‘comes “HUMAN together, displaying a 4).. that is all too rare in today's world. ‘UNITE, rl Where (5). ‘ail, athletes appear to succeed. - POLITICS The (6). themselves hriling, spectacular and emotional, are the COMPETE = ultimate test of human (7. . They are not only a test of speed, ACHIEVE skil and (a but also a measure of the competitors’ courage STRONG ; and (9). For the thousands present, and for the millions watching ENDURE ‘on TV, the Olympics are the most (1) show on earth. FASCINATEUSE OF : 4 a ch EST « PAST PAPERS GQ eupep croze rest « Fue rare sc Waning THe inTERVIEW ‘The alm of the interview (0)....0.dS..u... to provide a case history of the candidate. It may (1). a tall order fo expect a candidate to (2) sous you the story of his of her fie in the time, usually quite short, which is available for the interview. When candidates are (3), 7 that there is a sympathetic listener, however, Its SURpISING (4).o..usunsnnnnenenenn communicative they can become. Conducting an interview successfully (5)... sounane @88entially on two things, The first is the establishment of a relationship with candidates which will encourage (6).....n.munmen 10 talk freely about themselves. This cannot be done if interviewers use interviews as an opportunity t0.(7)......0semnes What busy and important people they are. (@). _ can it be done by a series of set formulae for putting the candidate at ease, Ma. _. a8 shaking hands or offering coffee. The second task is to steer the candidate over the ground to be (10). . 0 thal the essential facts appear (12)... Quickly as possible and inrelevancies are cut down to a (12)... Each remark (13). ...guide the candidate to talk about the right things (14). interrupting the low of conversation. Each interview is fst and foremost a conversation, and (15). .. itis suocessful as such it will never be a good interview. 0. is has / must 6. more | them | easily 11, the [as | more 4. come | be / put 7. make | see | show 42. minimum | least | half 2. explali | say | tell 8. Nor / Only | Unless 18. should / is | better 3, believed /convinced known 9. such | soto 44, not [unless | without 4, when | how | quickly 10. cover covering / covered 18. only unless / although |. 8. depends / results | means . | | PAPER 3 i rin each of the numbered blanks in the passage ae | with one sultable word. - t . Bicycles “The standard design ofthe bicycle has been in existence for about a hundred years. Butin the (0). ten years there have been more changes than during (1 her decade, | Bioycles have much in (2), .. With aireraft, Both are (3). ‘to minimise wind resistance, to maximise energy efficiency, and to (4) demands placed on them, and yet to weigh very litle (5). that so much ofthe technology used in aerospace ha (6) The heart ofthe bicyole sits frame, Which (7)...n-.msnene 8 Strong, light and flexible (2).. to absorb bumps, but not so (9).. so that it wastes the energy that the (10). transmits | by pedaling, The modem bicycle frame and aircraft Wing (11)....n.mmsinu many materials and design features. Many frames of racing bioycles, which (12) of tubes joined together, are made from aluminium alloys (19)... to those used in aviation. Components which fton bicycle frames have also benefited from aerospace engineering. Many components, (14). as gears, brakes, handlebars and wheels, are aerodynamic, and are often made from either aluminium alloys like titanium, (15).. light, strong metal used in aircraft. instantly to the losing strength, Its no surprise then lls way into racing bisycles.MAKE s!2 creative! productive processes 4 buildjassemble a house, 2faotoy, a able © make a profifoss @° make a recoveryfiving ¢ produceloreate a cat, aed, oube © make alany diference ©. make ln) efat/choice 4 achieve progress, changes ‘© make. good impression © -makea speech/point 4 express a sound a slaement © mike a{o)apolagylremark —@ make a) reference to 4 force sb todo sth ‘© make a(n) excuselcomplant make a(r) oferfnitake make head or tail of sth: understand sth make light of: not treat sth as seiously as you should This composition is fll of mistakes; ® He made light of my anxiety over the exam and told I can't make head or tall of ime not to worry about make a mel of xaogecte, spend too much ime riake allowances for: consider or effort on (= take into consideration) Don't make such @ meal of something so simple! ® You'll have to make allowances for him because make amends: make a bad stuation better hits new at this job. Hell never make amends forthe errible things make the most of: use to the best advantage ie said to her last right ® Ler’s make the most of this beautful day and go to make provision for: be prepared for the beach, °¢ Jack died last month but fortunately he had make do (with sth): manage-with sth that is not really ‘made provision for his wife and children. sallsfactory make ends meet: keep money under controVhave. © We don’t have time for lunch so we'll have to make fenough money to lve on do with a quick snack. Fria had {0 fied a second job in order to make ends make sense of sth: understand sth that is ficult or meet. “ has no clear meaning make up for lost time: not waste any more time/__® Can you make sense of this note? compensate for lost time * Afier his iliness, he had to work hard to ‘make up for lost time. ‘Shi has dot sucht cay but sho weule make 1 reat wie, KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION : ‘They can't make head or tall of each other 4. Ican't understand a thing he's talking about. (tail) Iean't 2. Don't treat it as unimportant; this is Serious. (light) he's talking about. Dont... ow = this is serious. 3. [took an aspirin for my toothache bit it didn't help at all. (make) I took an aspitin for my toothache .. .. ata 4, He earns his money by doing up old cars and selling them. (living) He sun Od cars and selling them. 5, Let's go away somewhere and not waste our last three days of holiday. (most) Let's . of holiday-and go aivay somewhere. 6. His job is very poorly paid. He can't manage on the money. (meet) He 7. |want them to think | am really good. (impression) Lwant . It's a quick and simple job; why do you always spend longer than necessary on it? (make) It's a quick and simple job; ... aBE) ON Expressions (i) Tanks, GRAN | have always been a bit in awe of my grandfather and now | am deeply \debted to him, too. He wanted me to go to university, which I know was in the interests of my future, but at that time my life was in turmoil and at first I refused. For one thing I was in deep debt and I was in league with a couple of people who were not very trustworthy, However, it was in the course of my visits to him that | realised he was right so | followed his advice and I think | made a success of my life. When | told him all this, he was deeply moved and said it was wondertul to fee! so important. « in awe of: feeling respect TOUEIN (A) DEEP... (combined with fear) © sleep: be sleeping heavily 6 in the interests of: for the sake of sth © trouble: be in serious | ° in turmoil: in a confused state trouble © in deep debt: owing a lot of money © water(s): be in trouble, «in league with: making seoret dificulty plans with sb © thought: concentrating on ® in the course of: during What one is thinking about (BE) IN EXPRESSIONS © in reply to: as a eply to © in accordance with: in agreement with « in place of: instead of © in the absence of: without in time for: not fate for ¢ in the balance: not knowing whether the result is going to be « in vain: without hope of success good or bad © in character: typical of a person in sympathy with: showing suppor or approval @ in excess of: more than (a limit) in proportion to: having a correct relation to sth else Soa SS ST PROT = OPEN CLOZE TEST | Inthe course (1)... ...Mmy travels, | have found mysatf in (2). with the world's deep trouble aller being forced to leave their homes. Due to of four refugees, all of whom af@ (3)... local wars much of the world in (4.. sn and we must act. In (5). million people are depending on us to save their lives. In place (6). consume Simply expressing our disapproval we should do something concrete. In the (7).ne.m ‘of world peace and stability this problem has to be faced, and we should be indebted to those who are doing thelr best now. Let's hope future efforts will not be in (8)... GOLLOCATIONS (MATCH) 1, false ‘a, money, passport 2. artificial b, battle, exam, sympathy 3, fake . flowers, jewellery, limbs (leg), light E 4, mock . money, jewellery, passport; fur 5. counterfeit e. address, teeth, passport, star, alarm ‘00000© be an old hand at: be experienced at 1 © get out of hand: get out of control " © give sb aig hand: applaud sb alot © at the hands of: experience (usualy unpleasant) treatment from sb 2 neant | © with a heavy heart: sadly « take sth o heart: be upsetnfivnce by ® set one's heart on: desire strong be determined to 3. ® win the hearts and minds of: win the support of, become very popular with (6 * boing matters to a head: bring matters toa climax be over one's head: be dificult to understand * keep/iose one’s head: femain calmjpanic © get sth intofout of one’s head: beginlstop believing th, rememberforget sth © HAND / HEART / MEAD / EVE - FILL IN 1. My brother and | just don't see... 2. When my parents were away, had to... 3. The party leader hopes to 4. The arrival of threée gunboats brought ipioms - EXPRESSIONS Booby Parts Ut © GAPPED SENTENCES (WH COMMON WORD) ..» attack so he was soon out of bed. .u When people criticise you unfairly. .«: after the funeral. Itwasn’t a severe Don't take it 10 ssn [walked home with a heavy .. He was taken hostage and sutfered greatly atthe... of his captors. The treasure Schliemann found at Troy fel into the ssn vn Of Russians, Ihave to obey the rules and $0 MY ...inenennnenene a8 ted, snsinnnen Sil for Corti, «ne ff@t0 the schoo! laboratory. her heart on becoming the first woman They have finally Someone has .. She had. Prime Minister. © see eye to eye: agree © catch sb’ eye: catch sbs attention keep an eye on sbisth: watch, ook after © (never set eyes on sb/sth: never see beforelsee emphatic) the children. the people. 5. You can't tell him anything about fishing. He's 6. A beautiful porcelain vase in the display case... 7. | gave up during the exam because the questions 8. They gave the Italian tenor... 4 cost an arm and a leg C4 a. be very obvious . 2. not have a leg to stand on Eo b. identify correctly 7 3. keep at arm's length Eo . ignore’ sb 4, give sb the cold shoulder =a d. in great comfort 5. put one’s finger on sth C4 8, jump with feats 6. stick out like a sore thumb I {. fierce, ruthless competition 7. be up to one’s neck (with/in) Co g. lose one's temper quickly 8. halt-heartedly C4 hh. cost a lot of money 9. be hot-headed Co |. keep ata certain distance 10. cut-throat competition C4 |. without much enthusiasm. 11, jump out of one’s skin Ed k. be very occupied, busy 42. inthe lap of luxury =a have no good reason to support one's argument } GeeGAPPED SENTENCES (WITH Common WoRD) © Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three senfences. ESD (basert on RAANE expressions, (BE) IN expressions, BODY PARTS Idioms) 4. Lworked all day and no one lifted @ enn dl AG Eee 10 help me. There's soniething { don’t tke about him, but | can't put MY sernsnnd II EE srsnnnne OF ie That was the third ime | managed to hit My ..aesseen MIG cocoons With a hammer. 2. He used such technical terms that everything he said was over my .. It's dificult to keep your. : wien everyone around is losing theirs {haven't been abe to get that song out of my ..all day. 3. Don't .winn light of his suggestions. Some of them are really good. We're only here fora couple of days, so we must. ww the most of it ttwas only when | asked that he was willing to. Tom for us in the car. 4, He worked here for a short time but his .. ... wasn’t in it and he just left, ‘They had intended to move to the city but they must have had a change of... wanted to buy a small flat, but David had set his .. on a sports car. 5. [nearly jumped out of my... ‘You should eat more, Jenny. You're nothing but... | know she's very helpful, but her silly laugh gets under my... 6. Old Miss Dabs’ story is so interesting. She must have been quite a .. when you dropped the teapot. . and bone. iT ‘of James Bond has been played by many actors. Oh, it's quite in ..for Ben to walk past you in the street without saying a word. ED ices) 1. Be careful of Tom, He's an old Can you lend M2 nn They seem fo lve ftom... at cards. ° head to move house on Saturday? ° eye .» to mouth, without a penny between them. ° hand 2. They really sw Tommy for @ ride when they sold him that useless radio. ® got It oould have been Jimmy WhO v.. the iron to pieces. © took Looking after the house and children... anything els. 3. Youcan.. _ the investigation, Mike, and you can have anyone you lke tohelp you. —_® ead The goal was wide open, soit’s a pity that Jim doesn't NOW HOW 10 vinmmsnnnerth@ ball. head vw all my time so I had no energy for * had Lot's {or home if you've finished the report. pe direct 4, She's got so much energy that she's lke a. : _ offre, * ball If everyone's ready, I'l start the... cling. . ° party Do you ke the dress Ive bought forthe New Year's Eve © chb 5. Lonly ‘a gimpse of the man as he ran past me. * grabbed When | my breath | told him what had happened. * seized eee sw up on some much needed sleep last night. * caught 6. Itdidn't .. my mind that you wanted to come with us, ® cross .» that bridge when lcome tot, enter {know that Il ned a bigger ofce soon, but Fl You'd better vmane YOUF fingers, They might not have seen us. ® changeo SPEAK © SPRECH © REMARK © SAY © TALK o GHATYER o WORD © GOSGIP » PHRASE ° RUMOUR Rocky's Oscar Niaut From the word go | knew that it would be a night to remember. Rooky Hunk delivered his Oscar acceptance speech in which he claimed he should have won an Oscar years before, which says a lot about his supposed modesty. He remarked on the fact that his films earn more dollars than anyone else's, and that his, latest film was the talk of the town. He spoke at great length about what a fine writer and director he was and denied persistent rumours that he had stolen ideas from his friend and rival Steve Bicep. However, the gossip columnists are unlikely o let up on their attacks and insinuations. To coin a phrase, Rocky was over the moon about his award and wasn't going to let idle chatter spoil his evening, « from the word go: right from the start persistent rumours: nimours that go on for a long time ° deliver a speech; make a speech ® gossip columnist: person who writes about private lives © say a lot about: show that a person has of famous people —— certain qualies (nere used sarcastically) ® coin a phra remark on the fact that: mention, tak about —_a well-known expression © talk of the town: everyone is talking about it idle chatter: unimportant talk © speak at great length: talk about for a long time SPEAK SAY (vn) ‘oMATTER — speak for sb ® say tooneset —_« chatter of teeth Somneting you tee sbout peakforitself -e haveyoursay —_—_« incessant chatter Somebody you don't ike. eak wel of eyoudon'teay @ nothingto speakof —s havea say instn * Chatterbox on : worD oo ears an Spread goselp §—RuoUR (vin) © impaired speech that again ehaveawordwith — 6 gossip-monger gossip-monger 6 rumoured ¢ figure of speech ‘TALK (win) © words ofasong —* Danes tobe @ maiden speech ——_« talk sense word ofwaming —g tymof phrase © spread REMARK o talk out of * giveyourword —« phrase sth rumours © make aremark © small talk eeatyourwords ——_dferently © rumour has it Mca CLOzE TEST After what had been written in the (7)... columns of the Dally Sun, we waited with bated breath to hear what the minister would say in his (2). .« Wild (3) had been spread around town that he had accepted bribes from a foreign power, but the minister had given his (4), jou that these stories were unfounded, and were nothing but idle (5)... ‘among people who had nothing better to do. He claimed his record in Parliament (6. itself and that he had nothing to hide. for 1. rumour, talk . gossip d, speech 2. a, speech sb, remark, phrase d, chatter 3. a, words b, remarks, sayings. «= d, rumours. 4 ay say b, word ¢, remark d, talk 5. a, chatier —b, speeches, talks 4d, sayings 6 a said b, talked ¢, spoke d, remarkedREADING Leisure & Hoames Sure, collecting stamps is a (7). ... business and we understand that stamp dealers ate in ito make a(n) (2)...os00 .. but how often do you hear the (3)jso..seneunen “Oh, i's an original," when you are sure, just by looking at it, that it’s a(n) (4). Jostens StaMp? No matter, you want it, and because the dealer knows you want it you spend the next 30 minutes arguing in (Boe .» about the price, and walk out of the shop knowing you've paid too much, It doesn't Make (8)...rcnmenuinn * UNleSS You're an ardent stamp-collector, of course. 1 b, cutthroat ——@, sorethumb ——_, cold shoulder 2, b. offer , impression, effort 3. b, rumour 6, chatter d, remark 4, b, fake 6, false artificial 5. b, reply 6, vain 4 turmoil 6. @, amends b, do . allowances, d, sense G3 mea croze reer Rescuine Groner When my brother-in-law George was (7). . some gardening the other day, his extremely (2)... . neighbour called him over to the fence for a (3). cuuu « My sister Pat looked out of the window, and seeing the difficult situation her husband was in, decided to save him from a(n) (4). se his mother was on the phone. George (6)... .. conversation. She went out onto the patio and told George . _ himself, tumed and .» towards the house, At that moment, the phone began 100k a (6). b toring. 1. a making , doing ©. digging 4, planting 2. a, chatting b, talking 6, talkative 4. gossiping chat b, speech ,, rumour 4, say 4. a, tall b, lengthy 6, extensive di slack 5. a, excused b, apologised 6, cleared 4, justified pace b, tread 6, stride d, stepi EPARATORY KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION 1. I will never ask for his views on the political situation again. (last) This .. for his views on the political situation 2. This company has never been in financial difficulties before. (time) tts in financial difficulties. 3. It's impossible that you saw her yesterday. (seen) YOU nn .» yesterday. 4, He only took up painting when he retired from work. (until) It was .... . he took up painting. 5. We don't know if he's coming tomorrow. (may) For 6. Do | really have to wash the car? (me) (mn sense to Wash the car? 7. You are intelligent enough not to have let her go alone. (known) You .. . to let her go alone. 8. When did we last see a really good film?. (been) How .. .. a really good film? MCQ CLOZE TEST it was my last day at home before going to university but something was going on. In the ._ of the day | tried to speak to everyone but they were all keeping me at ... length. | couldn't make (3). .. Of itat all, When I tried to have a with my brother, he quickly closed his bedroom door. Even the dog was in with them and wouldn't come for a walk with me. When | got back,/however, Hound out why. | had set my (6). on a computer and they had bought one for me! None of mi family can keep a secret, so the only thing to do was not speak to mel 4. a. balance b. course ©. interests © .d. absence 2 a. hand's b. leg’s ©. arm's d. fingers 3. a. sense b. fight ¢. most d. meal “” 4. @ speech b. say ©. chatter d. word 5. a. turmoil b. league co. awe d. debt 6 a. head b. eye ©. heart d. hand(8) Kev WoRD TRANSFORMATION 1, Everyone is talking about the Beckhams these days. (town) The Beckhams these days. 2, im very busy with the arrangements for the car rally. (neck) HI esnnnnsuonennsi een ssennnnensnne f0F the Car Fal, 9, Maras realy determined to marry Mike, (hear Matha enone : . Mike. 4, Do you understand what he's written at the end? (sense) CAN ses .. what he's written at the end? 5, He owed so much money that his business went bankrupt. (deep) He that his business went bankrupt. 6. managed to persuade John not to resign. (talk) managed ... resigning. 7, James and his brother disagree about evening (eye) James and his brother .. on anything. 8. You'll have to manage with the old computer for a few more months. (make) You'll the old computer for a few more months. GG aappen sentences - COMMON WoRD 4, Mark has a good ... I'm afraid | can't make .. ‘The rise in petrol brought matters to a(n) 2, This cashmete jersey cost an arm and a(n) . The final .. {or figures so he can do the accounts. ‘or tail of this plan you've drawn. . and the company closed down. . so | hope mum likes it, _.. 0 the summit is the most physically demanding part of the climb. They found the jewels in his pocket so he doesn’t have a(n) .. to stand on. 3. Oh, | did nothing much to .. of at the weekend. You can ignore what he did if you like, but I'm going to va. my mind. They i "very well of Jenny at the bank and she’s already inline for promotion. 4, She gave me her .. that she hadn't broken my camera and | believe her. I want to have a(n) .. with you about tomorrow's book exhibition. 'd better give Mary a(n) . f warning about taking so long over lunch. 5, We'll have to work twice as hard now to make up for... In my opinion, getting him to change his mind is a(n) .. | get completely when it comes to geometry. Is there any way of... amends for the pain | caused you? Instead of... _ light of a serious situation, you should try to sort it out ‘We'll have difficulty in ee ends meet if you give up Your job now, Jill. See if you can catch the waiters ... time. . cause at this point. ° 7 so we can get our bil F've got my. on that red velvet dress in the shop window. Make sure you kesp a(n) .. .-on the children in the pool at all times. 8, Can you give me a(n) The street march got out of .. Uncle Tom is an old to move the furniture around? and someone called the police. .. at practical jokes so be carefulConpnnonaLs emer (“Three can hoop o onret. consmonats | | ifr oy hw are dot | REAL POSSIBILITY/PROBABILITY (Type 1: present or future meaning) © IF + present (simple/progressive) or present perfect ‘© future or can, may, might, must, should, ‘ought fo, had better... (+ bare infinitive) ZERO CONDITIONAL (general tuths/cause and otfect) «© If + present simple(pragressive > present simple © Hfplants don't get water, they die. © If + past simpleiprogressive > past simple ° If the dog saw a cat, he always barked. © If you buy a computer, it will make your lite easier. If'you've made a mistake, you ought to correct it. ¢ Ifmum is cleaning, we should give her a hand. GJ wyporenicatunneat situations (ype 2: present orfature meaning) © If + past (simple/progressive) © If lived nearby, | wouldn't have trouble getting here on time. ‘= would could coud. © If were you, I would see a lawyer. (giving advice) HYPOTHETICAL SITUATIONS (Type 3: past events|siustions) £6 past pare impleprogesve) + fad fo os th rh would have hurt her. ‘ would (should)/could/might have... Hf she hadn't told us, we might never have found out. GQ) wrenarve + andjor + future Ifyou come late again, you'll get the sack: (threat) (threat, warning, promise) se Come late again and you'll get the sack! = Don’t come late again or you'll get the sack! El umes (=i nor) + affirmative © Ifyou haven't met him, you won't knoiv what | mean. ‘» Unless you meet/have met him, you won't know what | mean. G2] + rurunencoutn (polite requests, © I'd be grateful if you would inform me. (polite request) willingness, insistence) «© Il dry the dishes if you will do the washing-up. (willingness) © If he will stay up so late, he's bound to be tired. (insistence) © - wor umsss + omvir inversion © | won't help him unless he asks me to. (in main clause) \» Not unless he asks me (to) will I help him. The lease will only be extended ifthe rent is paid, \ Only if the rent is paid will the lease be extended. 2) inverre conprtionats * you (happen to) see Jane, tell her to call me. TYPES > Should you. Should you (happen to) see Jane, tll her to call me. «If she asked youwere to ask you for money, what would you say to her? Wert TWRE2 Were to. Were she to ask you for money, what would you say to her? es 3 Had La. ® fT hadi't bet my money on that horse, | woulda’t have lost it. ‘= Had not bet my money on that horsé, | wouldn't have lost it.(U7) er were nor FoR... © If he didn’t help me, I'd never manage. ~~ to WERE IY NOT FOR... ‘ If it were not for/Were ii not for his help, I'd never manage. © Ifhe hadn't helped me, I'd have gone to prison. \ If it had not been forjHad it not been for his help, 'd have gone to prison. or But for/Without his help, 'd have gone fo prison. EO HAD NOT BEEN FOR. HAD (7 HOT BEEN FOR, © lfwe hadn't assisted them, they wouldn't have survived > Had it not been for our assistance, they wouldn't have survived. ‘© But forlWithout our assistance, they wouldn't have survived. ‘CHANGES IN PARTS OF SPEECH QU wmeojrause conprrtonats ‘TYPE1 + TYPES © © If he is feeling unwell, you shouldn't have left him all alone. TYPE2 + TYPE3 > © If he werejwas at home, he would have answered the phone. TVPE3 + TYPE2 > If you hadn't gone to bed so late last night, you wouldn't be tired now. TWPE2 + TYPE > ifJohn said he's coming, then he won't be late, IN CASE (OF). © I'l leave the bag here. She may come to pick it up. (present) ‘e leave the bag here in caselin the event that she comes fo pick itup: in case of, I took out an insurance policy because | might get il. (past) in the event ofthat ‘= I took out an insurance policy in case/in the event that | got il. « If there is a fire, ring the bell. ‘ In case offln the event of fire, ring the bell. LU) on conprrion THat ‘© So long as you pay in cash, you'll receive a discount. PROVIDED THAT... v= Provided that you pay in cash, you'll receive a discount. 7" © What would happen if we refused to do it? providing (tat, eae ‘> What if/Suppose we refused to do it, what would happen? Supposing, asiso onli even i otherwise, or © They sill wouldn't (have) let you in even if you (had) had a ticket. tle, whether or not, what if s» Whether or not you (had) had a fcket, they stil would (have) let you in. Whether you (had) had a ticket or not, they sill wouldn't (have) let you in. «© Provided its (legible/intelligible As long as we can (read/understand) it. « Careful planning is the secret of success. > . As long as you plan carefully, you will succeed. H} © You won't (win/succeed) unless. Your only hope of (winning/suecess) is byl. « Ifyou (missed/refused)... Unless yo (attended/agreed)... © The only (thing/reason) that... was... Had it not been for... ' «© Ifby (any) chance he calls... Ihe happens to calllShould he (happen to) call. « Ifithadn’t been for Car, we'd have lost. > But for Car, we'd have lost /Thanks fo Car, we won. The (noisejfog) prevented us from... (ing) ‘ORAL PRACTICE 1. Ifyou keep spending so much money, you'll have none left. Dor. 2. But for his indiscretion, he would have been promoted. Had... 3. Itwas Jan's skill that won us the match, Had. 4. He only took over the family business because his father decided to retire early, But. 5. The bad weather prevented the ship from leaving. if it. 6. fit hadn't been for their support, we wouldn't have succeeded. Thanks... 7. Unless you go early, you won't be able to find tickets. Your only. 8, Provided the PC is portable, I'l uy it. As.Ifthe referee hadn't intervened prompt, a fight would have developed onthe pitch. (prompt) But rn .. fight would have developed on the pitch, . If he hadn't reacted so quickly, there would have been more casualties. (spesely) But non sapnewee there would have been more casualties. . Don't play with that ball indoors any more, or you'll break something. (carry) fees indoors, you'll break something, 4, If there's a fife, people shouldn't use the lit. (event) In a use the lift, '§, The only thing that makes this job worthwhile is the money. (fae) WEE -evernne ; not be worthwhile 6, [twas his incompetence which led to their capture. (ea) Wn . not have been captured. 7. Give mea ring if you're going to be late. (happen) Give mea ring .. be late, {8 Solong as the examiner can read your handwriting, he'll accept your answer. (legibfe) Provided ... .w the examiner will accept your answer, 9, We'd better leave them a note, because i's possible they'llarive late. (case) We'd better leave them a note, .. late, .10.. Nothing short of personal intervention by the minister can stop the forest from being destroyed. (saved) The forest .. personally. @ penvarves TEENAGERS Parents find it quite (0).......... dmpossible, ‘sometimes to know how POSSIBLE to treat children who wish to be (1)... Teenagers DEPEND find lite particularly 2). often experience DISTURB SFIOUS (3) ne .. wth their parents, and can be totally * a@REE 4) . f they are not allowed to do as they wish REASON They then say that their parents deliberately (6) UNDERSTAND and so make no effort to improve their (6). BEHAVE Pethaps parents should show their children a more (7)... CHEER side, develop a(n) (2).. wy Competitive family spirit, HEALTH even (9). .« ogcasionally that their children are right. ADMIT Certainly, (10)... ... i§ required on both sides. FLEXEY auinen cr: Sugar was fora long tnt a hoary ane 8)... the opinion of the medical profession i sil shoul be, During the nietecnth cantiy, however, mionulactirars discovers Wat (Tpoeucunnnsomemun produsing iin vest quantities and it has (2)... a bevome ons of the staple ariictes of dict, particularly (2). the lower social classes, il has the advantages of (4)... compatalively cheap, eesily digested, Fich (6)ses.ssesewenenrnonnuon BNOGY and uceful fr favouring, is inajor disadvantages are that it lacks every nourishing qualty, except that of ging ene1g, £0 (ssn OF Selah HevOUTI (7) to displace other much more valuable foods in the diet. Most serious of all is its adverse eifect on heath, @). _» excessive constimplion can cause heart disease, obesity and dental decay, The latter | is widespread among the (8)......:s:m:unnsow Of Western counties. From the very young to the very old, hardly anyone escapes. Yet I parents (10). -u astically reduce he (11) wos of confectionery they allow chilean to eat, the extsnt of dental decay Would $000 (¥2) nnn ChECKEA. And (19). .u they were to cut down thelr own consumption of suger, they would suffer (14). fess from aliments (15) .o..usnansinnnee Oltecly OF inltectly from their being overweight, | 0, of / from |in 6. that | despite / because 11. quantity / lots / most 4. of to in 7, tends leads / causes 42, be | have | make 2, since | then /leter 8. being | that [since 43, if should | happen 3. between / among from 98. residents [inhabitants /tenants 14, so much [than 4. which | costs |being 10. were / could | had 48. causing / resulting affecting 5. wit in | from PAPER 3 GJ rit cach of the numbered blanks tn the passage bagy paras with one suitable word. a ENDANGERED SPECIES ‘The future ofthe Arioan elephant depends on man. No (0).../2828".... can human beings and wild animals $ live in harmony throughout vest atees ofthe continent, 2s was possible in days gone (1) for man’s neads have increased as well ss (2) z 2. numbers, There ate regions, (3)... as the Congo forests and the equatorial Suden, (4)... snes the old felationship may remain for (3), effective, ().. snununnne DB @ positive, Constructive policy, and it is wishful thinking to jmagine “ Petculely nthe case ofthe elephant. And ih snot yet tu ofthe whole of he, forthe increase (8) uuesuemmmnnn the human population is almost universal eal human beings and wild animals find (8)... vw {n conspetition with each other, the animals wi more years or even generations, butin n general itfhas gone, Conservation, ifitis to be : lose, Even if(10)... ‘appears to be enough room for both, man will nt tolerate (71). long a situation in which elephants and other creatures make even occasional ralds (12). his fields of food or sccnomic crops. For many years (12). . has been a major cause of conficting interests aNd (14).nurrn von Of tHe te9sOns why 89 many elephants have been shot fo COMO! (15)... numbers.| “a IS BEAR + tolerate/live with/endure/stand/put up with an unpleasant situation % carry/support the weight of + hold/show signs of pain: suffer, stand BEAR > scars/marks: have children: give birth bear (no) relation to: have (n0) connection with © The film bears no relation to the book at al; it’s completely different. bear witness to: testily, say as true / can bear witness fo the fact that he drank a lot. bear a grudge against (also: bear sb a grudge): have a bad feeling against sb because of sth bad they have done to you in the past © He will ahvays bear a grudge against her for stealing his jb. bear fruit: have a successful result * His years of study finally bore fruit when he was accepted by the university. bear a/no resemblance: be similar to sth/sb else © Julia bears a strong resemblance to her grandmother. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION 4. How can you bear him? (put) Bear EXPRESSIONS How can you bear livrg there, with all those rats? Don't sit on that table; it won't bear your weight. All passports bear a photograph of the holder. The city walls still bear signs of the attack by tanks during the war. i bear the brunt (of sth): sustainfexperience the main impaot/force of an attack © The headmaster bore the brunt ofthe criticism for the school’s poor academic record. bear in mind: remember Bear in mind that we've been invited to lunch on Sunday. bear sb (no) Ill will: (not) have a bad feeling for/(not) hate sb A good sportsman is someone who doesn’t bear his opponent any ill will. lean't bear you! How . sect him? ‘2. What he said had nothing to do with the subject we were discussing. (relation) What he said... we were discussing. 3. He stil has scars from the car accident, (bears) : He Stil sas — .» the car accident, 4, His persistence finally paid off when she agreed to marry him, (bore) : ’ His persistence «to marry him, 5. This house is nothing like the picture in the brochure, (no) This house .. . In the brochure. 6. If were you, | would hold nothing against him for what he said. (grudge) HHI were you, ... 7. lan testify that what she said is true, (witness) I can ... 8. The small village sustained most of the impact of the attack. (brunt) The small vilage Ea vw for what he said. what she said is true. .. the attack,mi JLARRY AY (BE) INE f Pacssions (il) BEN’s STAURANT Ben's restaurant was, in its heyday, the talk of the town, Ben hirrself is a friend of mine and | remember when he first bought the place, He was in two minds about ‘the whole project as he had a limited amount of money. | was in the same boat but ent him a small amount to help out. He completely redecor rated the place as it had been done out in very poor taste. Soon everyone was going there and itreally was in keeping with the times, being both elegant and fun. But people's tastes change and after a while they lost interest and stopped going. Poor Ben’s business is now in jeopardy and | suppose in due course it will close, which will be pity. © in its heyday: at the time of its greatest power or popularity ¢ in two minds: unable to decide in the same boat: in the same unpleasant situation bad/poor taste: a bad judgement in style, fashion or social behaviour «© in keeping with: in agreement with, appropriate for in jeopardy: a risk @ in due course: at some time inthe future al the proper time The ple caugt hin He's notin the ight ‘treme of mind. (BE) IN EXPRESSIONS © in (great) demand: very popular, © in danger of: at risk wanted by many people © in proportion to: relative to | © ints Infanoy: beginning or early @ in the nick of time: just in ime period of existence ® in favour of sb/sth: « in the/no right mood/trame of mind: (not). in support of sbisth feeling ina good state ata particular time ——_ib. instead of sbisth else €Q open croze rest se pathinn e . minds as to where to go on holiday. | really have to be in the right ) ‘of mind to enjoy the noisy resoris my children seem to like and | know my wife is in the (3). boat. in (4). ‘course one of our children will probably decide our destination, and just to keep the peace, my wife and | will say we're in (5)... sana of Wherever they have chosen. an its heyday my favourite resort was fun, but now my kids say t's boring. According to them, ‘we should go somewhere more fashionable and up-to-date. I'm in no) to argue with them. | sometimes ee! 'm in danger (9)... losing the limited author | thought | had, but that’s parenthood. | Lam always in (1). | J couocations (art) 8, trees, roses, bushes - b, legs, head , hedges, beard, hair, budget, photo grass, lawnNouNs © donkey's years: a long time © acat nap: short sleep © top dog: most important person an early bird: sb who gets up early © a dog's lite: difficult, dull routine © GAPPED SENTENCES (wir conmoN WORD) 1, You wouldn't look like a drowned .... Our new tenant seems all right but l smell a race in the city these days. = got your tongue? Don't make too much noise as Uncle Tom's taking a ... Isa. 2. Speakcup, lad, of has the... He hasn'ta 3. Alitle .. Kim’s a real ear! We saw lots of colourul parrots at the ‘i veres im hls chance of passing his exam. tells me-you'te getting married. ... but Ben lies in bed till noon. (3 lovoms - Expressions ANIMALS © a.wild goose chase: useless search © lame duck: sb in trouble’and needing help «© crocodile tears: insincere sadness/sorrow «© rat race: competitive struggle in society © a lone wolf: sb who likes his own company if you had taken an umbrella. se foF Some reason. nap, ‘he trouble with the rat race is thet .. sanctuary. ‘even f you wn, yi sl rat! © MOUNS & VERBS ~ PILL IN’ «© beetle about: hurry «© hare off (into): rush off 1, He's abitofa ... You rarely see him with friends, «© horse around: foo! around 2. He.. the whole meal in two minutes. © wolf (sth) down: eat quickly 3. Please don't... the wiring, Let’s getan electrician, 8 ne aa erm sb a. He's the inthis company. What siys goes: with sth: ty to mend sth B, SRE sos _ without waiting for instructions. © fox sb: fool, deceive sb 6, He kept. me to give him his money back. © beaver away at: work hard at 7, Wewent ona looking for her flat. ° ark en: move out of al a tree to avoid the stream of gunfire. © dog sb’s footsteps: follow 9. He always .. wherever | go. sb everywhere 10, He really ime there, | had no idea what the answer was. BD waren Bhs gat out of the bag inaghina shop voce -horse in the mouth at ‘under one's wing . pig's ear (oul) of sth 41, feather in.one's cap H 42. make a mountain out of a molehill a. show dissatisiacton with a present/an offer 'b, make sb angry t ¢, slowly fallintoa bad'state d, inaclumsy and rough way e. the largest and best part 4. uncomfortable in unfamiliar surroundings g. directly from the source * h, reveal a secret i. exaggerate the importance of sth J. an achievement to be proud of , protect, guide sb J, make a mess of sthGAPPED SENTENCES (WITH COMMON WORD) © Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in ail three sentences, TLD (raced on BEAR expressions, (BE) IN expressions, ANIKIALS idioms) 1. The faots didn't Denne UL tHE story he told Us. The old apple tres WON'E nnn AEB rnnnie MUCH fruit this year. Get as much shopping as you can, but bear cain mind the shops shut at 3.00. 2, Fortunately the weather Was in OUT... And we had a lovely picnic Nobody seems to be in... - of having the party here. Gan you do me a. When you go to the post office? I missed her when she left, but in the..... of time, | forgot her completely. if they had been asked, they would have paid their own expenses as a matter of We drove slowly down the lane and in due m0 sommes CAME t0 the village. { didn’t know that lovely cottage was for sale, so | missed the as usual. Philip will try to rock the ... snow» But ust tell him the arrangements can't be changed. He wes very unsympathetic when {ost my job but he's inthe same. NOW 5. That old wooden bridge won't souw 8 truck's weight. . its not fi | alae HAVE 0 wr _. the brunt of his temper. YOU sons wt Me fF @ Moment, be with you in a while. 6. You wouldn't feel so sick if you hadn't made a. of yourself at dinner. Iwas simple to put together, but you've made a _.'8 ear out it You've bought 2. in a poke because you couldn't be bothered to check it before you bought I. ELD auicen) 4. Hi repeat what I've said forthe - of those who carne late. * advantage The OMly nn of the new house is that it's near the school. * beneft Maybe he had nothing to do with so let's give him the .. .. ofthe doubt. * favour 2. Peter drank the snes art f bottle of vodka, * best TO the osonnsnnssrnn- of my knowtedge I've never seen that woman before. + © good Well | didn't marry him and itwas all for the in the end. * whole 4, There are no instructions so let's 80e if we can Work it OU DY vvonrmnnnsnnee and @rOF, proof We employed them just for @ period, © test The suspect was told that he would stand . for murder. otal 4, Allthis information is out Of... date Keeping one's computer up t is getting more and more dificult. * tine Frm Going ON 2m fOnight Qut ve got nothing to wear. * place | . That was a delicious dinner; a meal .. seonuneun fora king, ent I don't think she’s a. a nd proper person to babysit for us. * right Unless yOu {26 fly soars » dort rUn in this race. * suited 6, Tho lecturer's voice Was _ out by the noise ofthe trafic in he street. ° destoyed Itwould have tasted better if you hadnt. itin ol * Kiled More than a hundred people have been... after the colision of two ferries. © drowned—» Conrusing/Revaten Worps © ERROR © BLAME ¢ WRONG © RESPONSIBLE/RESPONSIBILITY © MISTAKE ¢ FAULT MEGAGRUNGH Don't try and become the world’s greatest cook by trial and error! It would be wrong to miss this unique opportunity! Get a head start on your neighbours! Make no mistake about it. “Megacrunch’ is the hottest new kitchen appliance Con the market! Now the idea of serving a gourmet meal shouldn't get the better of you, Have you felt responsible for not pleasirig your guests and family in the past? Those days are over. If you can't impress them by using this machine, you've only got yourself to blame, Of the two machines you see here, the larger one is the more versatile. It grates cheese, slices onions, chops carrots and with this special attachment it even grinds coffee! In addition to this, you can ‘condense vegetables to a fine soup in a flash. Order now! Through no fault of our own we have only a limited number of Megacrunch machines in stock, The sooner you get one, the sooner you can impress your family and your friends. © by trial and error: tying several ways before © feel responsible for: think it's your finding the correct one faultlresponsibilty © wrong: not correct © only have yourself to blame: i's your own fault © make no mistake about it: be sure ths is rue «through no fauit of one’s own: one isnot to blame ERROR WRONG (lad) MISTAKE (nv) © commit an error © be in the wrot 2 © human/computer error as a shymbeka « error of/n judgement f : © common mistake © through/by error bd oars impression © mistake sb/sth for sb/sth else © be on the wrong track BLAME pice BE «© get (hold of the wrong end of the stick FAULT * lay the blame on find fault with * pate blame on RESPONSIBLE! eet * take/get/assume/accept! RESPONSIONITY , bear/shoulder the blame (for) ® hold sb responsible for « the faut lies with blame sb for (ing) sth © accept/claim the responsibility for _ through no fault of MCQ CLOZE TEST Make no (1). .~ About t, getting on with some of my relatives is a real challenge. For example, whatever | say to my old aunt she gets hold of the wrong (2). later, through no (3) f my own, | find myself at loggerheads with her. Even when I know perfectly well that she isin the 4). , feel responsible (6... _~ any il-feeling. 1 know | should be firmer with her, so | suppose | only have myself to (6) It's been like this for years now and | realy can't see anything changing. f the stick. A few minutes fault b. wrong e, mistake Loa 4. error 2 a end b, part ©. piece . portion 3. a error b. mistake ¢. blame d. fault 4, amistake —-b, wrong ©, effor d, blame 5. a of b, to ©. for d, that 6 a. blame b, fault ¢. mistake © d. trial\When ded is asked to do something, he does it. He doesn't (1)... Last Salurday, for instance, mum asked him 10 (2)...-esnnnnnn IE apple tree atthe bottom of the garden, and not to make a(n) (3)u.- som OF, NOW, vwihen dad's in (4). he's capable of anything. Out comes the power saw and for the next two hours there is mayhem, Well it wasn't his ( finished, the tree bore a close (6)... the blossom, that is. really. He knows nothing about gardening but when he had vu 10 a rose bush - minus 4. a,beelle about —b, monkey about ¢, beaver away d. duck behind 2, a. shave b. alip ©, mow 4, prune 3, a, pig's ear b, lame duck ¢, eatly bird. ratrace 4, athesameboat b, therightmood «, hisheyday 4. two minds 8, a, mistake b, blame c. fault 4, error 6. a, witness b, relation ¢. grudge 4d, resemblance 5) nce cioze test INSOMNIA insomnia is a (7). _. problem that can disrupt your whole life, One ofthe most natural ways of getting back into anormal sleep (2). is to take a supplement containing herb extracts. This can help you enjoy a refreshing night's sleep without the side effects associated (9). some drugs. Avoid taking a (4). _. during the day as this vill make it more dificult to sleep at night. Take regular exercise, but avoid 6 vow activity late in the evening, as this will keep you awake. Alcohol may help you fal asleep, but you are likely to have a disturbed sleep once the effect has (6). Off. 1. a, painful b, distressing _—_¢, grieving 4, sorrowful 2 a figure b, sample , example 4d, pattern 3. a with b, of oat don 4. a dip b, doze ©, nap 4d, repose 5. a, sttenuous bb. tiresome , eager d. keen 6. lett b, been ce, worn d, comeaS PREPARATORY | kev worn TraNsroRMATION 1. You're only in this mess because you didn't take my advice. (taken) Had .. _. in this mess, 2. If she hadn't had excellent references, she wouldn't have got the job. (been) ll eect ne eres see eer etree , she wouldn't have got the job. 3. if you hadn't helped me, I'd have got into trouble. (but) I'd have got into trouble aoe help. 4. You'll receive an invitation to the reception provided you are here for the nominations. (long) You'll receive an invitation to the reception .. ues for the nominations. 5. You won't be accepted unless you have all the qualifications. (hope) Your have all the qualifications. 6. | don't think he’s interested in our offer, otherwise he would have contacted us. (had) ‘He would ..... .. in our offer. 7. Jimmy, if you say that again, I'l send you to bed. (and) Jimmy, send you to bed. 8. If there's a fire, don't use the lift. (event) Don't fire. ©) wea croze test can bear (1). to the fact that my younger brother is a pest. One day he said he was going to study in his room but he can't (2)... .. me. | waited for a while then went in search of him. He was on the roof doing something to the television aerial. “Why must you (3), with that?” | asked. “Because there's no picture on the screen. | moved it by (4). and now I'm trying to put it right.” | could see he was in (5).. of falling so | went and got the long ladder. Later, dad said | was to (6)... for it as Iwas older. As | said, my younger brother is a pest. 1.7 a fruit b. witness e. ilwill 4. ‘relation 2. a. monkey b. hound c. dog d. fox 3. a. beetle about —b. monkey about —¢. duck behind. beaver away 4. a. mistake b. fault c. blame d. wrong 5. a jeopardy b. favour ©. danger d. keeping 6 a. error b. fault . wrong d. blame@@ kev wono TRANSFORMATION 1. It's your own faull that you failed your final exams. (yourself) YOU rnsnmnesernnnne . _ ese failing your final exams. 2. Your ideal weight is relative to yaur height, (proportion) Your weight should... your height. 3. | don't lke him because he played a mean trick on me. (bear) i on . 4. When television first began, the screen was very small. (infancy) When television .....:cntenrenee 7 . playing a mean trick on me. , the screén was very small. 5, That pretty cottage is falling apart because they don’t bother to repair it. (dogs) That pretty cottage . because they don’t bother to repair it. 6. twas your fault not mine. (in) You. me. 7. Getting your Master's degree is really something to be proud of, Danny. (feather) Getting your Master's degree Danny. 8. I've spent all day on a useless search for Polish brandy. (wild) Ive .. all day for Polish brandy. Gil cappep SENTENCES - COMMON WORD 41. The chaos on the motorway was The rent We'll get to the details in . 2. You will bear in .. to the fog. _..on the first working day of the month: course, but first we must decide on the date of.the conference. ‘that | can’t swim, won't you? | wish he would make up his .... ‘one way or the other, One has to be in the right frame of. saws tO enjoy such a depressing film! Seeing a black . is supposed to be lucky in England Gran likes to have a litte nap a couple of times a day. It's a surprise for mum, so don't let the ... .. out of the bag, will you? 4, John is a(n) ... of mine from America. You have to judge the cost of food in Our holiday hotel bore no ... 5. Well donel All your hard work has borne .. Araisin is a type of dried Isn't chocolate forbidden .. | don’t think your suggestion found We decided against a formal party in... of a barbecue in the garden. You owe me a(n) «.. _ Joe, 80 will you do my lessons on Saturday morning? 7. Listen to me carefully or you'll get hold of the end of the stick like you did last time. Maybe we're on the track looking for a political motive, Inspector. She's a clever girl, but gives the .. impression by the weird clothes she wears. .. of judgement to employ an unqualified accountant. when | complained my phone bill was tdo high. welll have to callin a technician. 2 to the salaries peopleeam. —« .. to the description in the brochure. at last. that comes from a grape. A for you now that you're on a diet? in the eyes of the boss, did it? 6. 8. Itwas a serious “They said it was a computer Ht we can't work it out by trial and ..UNREAL Past Wisti/ir ONLY - SuBsUNCTIVES ‘Mr Leo next door Blows his wife « hiss.” ‘every moming as he leaves the house. Lwish you would do that. But hardly know the woman! “UNREAL PAST WISH/IF ONLY - SUBJUNCTIVES GQ + wishine ony + cubject + unreal past © WISH/IF ONLY + subject + past perfect (to express regret about a present situation) (to express regret about a past situation) © Idon’t know how to actin cases like this, © Itsapity she didn't change her mind I wish to see the person in charge. like and is used to express strong desires) WISHAF ONLY + woutd © I wish they would stop arguing! (for diferent subjects to express: displeasure, ° dissatisfaction, complaints, requests} H only the bus wookd come! notes 41. NEVER: [wish 1 willwould when refering to pure future events; hope is used instead: Thope itis willbe... not: I wish t would be.. - 2, NEVER: | wish + direct object (noun) © J wantit'd like an appointment. but: | wish you good luck, @ happy birthday, et. 3, IFONLY + WILL (expresses hope) ‘if only he'll tell the truth. > f hope he'l tll the truth - « If only suggests a strong wish or regret and is more emphatic than wish, - SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS ¢ | regret speaking/having spoken... | wish | hadn't spoken. ¢ What a shame you couldn't. I wish you could have, He wishes he had. I wish you spoke. ! wish you had met G3] wourn rarer (= prefer) © same SUBJECT a] wou natuen © pirreneNT sussecTs PRESENT/FUTURE would rather + present bare infinitive PRESENT/FUTURE would rather + past simple © I'd rather not watch TV tonight. ‘© I'd rather you didn't go. I'd rather be lying on the beach right now. © I'd rather he left now. Past would rather + perfect bare infinitive Past would rather + pastsperfect ° © I'd rather not have left before they came. I'd rather you hadn't invited him. > © I don't like this fish. I'd rather have had steak, «I'd rather he had told us about this before. . WOULD RATHER + BARE INFINITIVE ‘+ THAN + BARE INFINITIVE QI wou narnen = wourp sooneR © 'd rather leave than wait any longer. © Fd rather/sooner not tell him now. RATHER THAN © I'd rather/sooner you didn't tell him now. Rather than wait forthe bus, | took a tax. @ I'd rather/sooner not have told him yesterday. 2 I'd rather/sooner you hadn't told him yesterday.Rosa ANA G2] preven + cenunn © "Do you watoh TV?" "No, | prefer playing on my computer.” PREVER + FULL INEINITIVE + RAYHER THAN + bare infinitive (general preference) © | prefer to walk rather than drive. © As | didn't want to (wait)... « Id prefer you to (phone). old rather not have (seen). o “td rather 2 Ps (ABOUT) TIME (for us) to leave, we left . we were leaving. ¢ It's (about) time... QI] As irias THOUGH + PRESENT (2a! comparison) @ He sounds as iflas though he has a cold. {he has or probably has) ® She looks as iffas though she has been ‘eying. (she has or probably has) ‘SUPPOSE/WHAT IF + PRESENT {ivhen the event is areal possbiliy) ‘SUPPOSE/IMAGINE/WHAT IF + PAST (understood condition!hypothetical situation) ‘SUPPOSE/IMAGINEMWHAT IF + PAST PERFECT (for things that didn’t happen) @CG nan ervenpest + PRESENT BARE INFINITIVE © We had betteribest call first to see if there are any tickets available. (presentifuure sitations) LAYS SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS > Rather than (wait).../Instead of (waiting)... © Please don't don't want you to... -> I'd rather you didn't. I'd rather you (phoned) > I wish hadn't seen. He expressed his preference for reading rather than wal SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS © You'd better/ouight to/should (start)... > ~ It's time you (started)... i © We'd better (wait)... >. Ik would be better/best to (wait. «It's high time we had an election. > Anelection is long overdue. © You need a haircut desperately >, It's high time you had a haircut. 2 Wiiat would you ay to (going) 2. 2. Pa GERUND/HOUR + TO + GERUND/COUN © [prefer jogging to climbing. © [prefer fish to meat. |WOUKD PREFER + FULL (NFINEYIVE + RAYHER THAR + bate Infinitive (specific preference) © I'd prefer to walk rather than drive there tonight. ching TV. 1s HIGH TIME, a, we left e's high time... we were leaving ‘AS IF/AS THOUGH + PAST (unreal comparison) © He acts as ifas though he were the boss. (he isn't, or probably isn't) He looks as ifjas though he hadn't eaten for a week, (he had, or probably had) © Suppose/What if it rains? We haven't got an umbvella and it’s a long walk from here. © Suppose/!magine/What if! gavelwere to give you back half the money I owe you? © Supposeiimagine/What if he hadn't found the keys? How would we have got in? IT WOULD HAVE BEEN BETTER IF + PAST PERFECT © It would have been better if you hadn’t told them. (past stations) ‘ORAL PRACTICE 4. He's sorry that he said it. He mow... 2. He should be in bed. it's... 6. 3, It's a pity you'te leaving so soon. if. 7. 4, We took the bus, but I wanted to walk. fd... 8. IF were you, | would apologise to him. You'd. | said nothing as | didn't want to upset him. Rather... He gives the impression he’s the boss. He behaves...1. Heft without saying goodbye as | didn't want to disturb the meeting. (rather) Het the meeting. 2, You really should be able to dress yourself by now. (time) Its yourself. . lf only your sister could come as well. (pity) HS sa You're old enough to stand on your own two feet. (high) BES sao vs on your own two feet. 5, We should have bought a computer with a bigger memory, (better) It. ve @ computer with a bigger memory. 6, I'm sorry but would you rind not smoking in here? (rather) I'm sorry but .in here. 7. Most people prefer not to wear glasses. (sooner) Most people... es 7 so Glasses. 8. The house seemed to have been unoccupied for several months. (looked) It. unoccupied for several months. . It was a lucky thing we had his telephone number with us! (suppose) Just ... soe With ust SETTER ATCT 2 10. The Prime Minister would prefer to use diplomatic discussion when faced with a crisis. (rather) ‘The Prime Minister .. ..when faced with a crisis. @q penwarives SNAKES Atthe sudden (0)... PRE2 sonia OF @ Snake lying curled up APPEAR and asleep in their path, the (1)... ..of most people is muich REACT the same, (2) . instinctively that it will be dangerous. BELIEF But this is a very undeserved (3).. when ninety * REPUTE per cent of the world's (4). _ of snakes isin fact - POPULATE ~ perfecly (6). The majority of people will immediately HARM 12KE (B)ovnvsesnsnan ._ turn rapidly round, and, happily foregoing FRIGHTEN a close (7)... .» Of the beast, run fori. After @ while . INSPECT some people will stop (8). sone their tracks, BREATHE and out of sheer (9) sneninmnnsnennen GO DACK with a large stiok ‘CURIOUS and see ifthe inoffensive (10)... vw is stil there, CREATEOF [ENGLISH A st PAST PAPERS LUPE TEST + FLL I en i ATHLETICS The naiure of track end field athletics meetings (0)......AM KES... them almost perfect for television. The action takes (1). in a restricted environment, with an almost uniquely limited Bon “vos of movernent inmost events, Time and distance are (3) fundamental] 'o our understanding of the. world that witnessing a record long jump or 1500-metre race can (4). fall to cause excitement. ‘The nobilty of athletic struggle is an image that most other sports succeed in projecting only occasional (5).. "for example, the subjectivity of football ‘feresing 0 fon). a sour taste in the mouth, there can be litle or no (7)... : _. over the result of a track race But television hes now become the source of virtually (8)... swove the revenue that has transformed athletics from an amateur Spot (8)-.n.seseue .. the commercial phenomenon which itis today. Both in (10). .. of individual performers and events, athletics has become a highly valuable advertising vericle. Almost without exception, al the big sponsorship deals (1... on the continuation of major television involvernent. Far from regarding TV coverage (12)... (13).« detrimental to attendance at meetings - a view often . by football clubs - the organisers of athletics events depend on TV contracts to (14).. an extent that one meeting more or (18) ...on the TV schedule ‘could have an enormous effect on revenue. 0. makes / has | reports 6. gives / has / leaves 12, as /like | being 1. part | sides | place 7. inuiry doubt | chance 48, reported | announced 2. space / range / difference 8, entirely al | total expressed 3, as/so/very 9, into / upon | onto 14, almost / such | rather 4, likely | really ( hardly 10. advance / view | terms 15. not / fewer | less 5. However /Whereas / Despite 11. depend / improve / agree PAPER 3 [| Fill each of the numbered blanks In the passage Paauapted) > with one suitable wor . = Post Orrices Traditionally, post offices have been treated as poor relations by governments everywhere. The business (0) reer AF onncu Cattying mail and dispensing other government-related services (such as driving licences and state pensions) has suffered, while the far (1. glamorous telecommunications services have been favoured (2). investment to keep them (3) .w« of modem trends. Now, not before time, things are changing. Post offices throughout Europe are being transformed (4)... off-putting, government-style institutions into (6). .. alot more cheery and efficient. Post offices are (6). «pressure from a number of directions. Firs, governments are increasingly tying to off-load the headache of managing postal organisations, That's why most of Europe's post offices are now semi-independent operations tun (7)... . business principles. They retain some of thelr privileges (8). have lost many oftheir lucrative rights. (9). see POSt office counter networks are going to survive, then much will (10). on how the managers can make the best use of their presence in the High Street. They will need a (11)... eye for what services sell best, and in what (12)... .» of atmosphere. Modern technology will be indispensable in accomplishing the (13)...-.a.:-n-mamne Of updating the old institutions. Computers will be used 0 (14)...u0nn-n ne QueUBS By autornating routine transactions, and vill help hard-pressed staff by simplifying postal duties, (15)....cnnnounnn get more complex by the day. %CAST + throw (off) - remove - get rid of + make/mould - a statue, plaster choose actors for a play/film + direct or cause to fall cast doubt(s)/aspersions on: suagest sth is not as, good as it seems; make people feel less certain about ® He cast doubtlaspersions on my abies to act. cast anjone’s eye over: look at quickly © He cast an eye over the old furniture to see if there was anything worth keeping. cast a/one’s vote for: vote for, elect @ He cast his vote for the socialist candidate, cast one’s mind back: ty fo remember sth He cast his mind back to is childhood. cast lots (for): choose by chance selection © They cast lots for the new leader. Tas cast ashore: throw onto land He was washed up on the beach.» He was cast ashore. cast loose: detach, separate © They unchained the prisoner. » They cast the prisoner loose. cast adrift: leave to drift Cast EXPRESSIONS © He picked up the rock andl cast tint the sea. 6 “Tho aris’ last work was a statue he hed cast in bronze The studio is easing fr the lead role its new fim. Trees cast lo cast a shadow over: spoilisadden an occasion © The bomb scare cast a shadow over the competion. cast light on: (help) explain/give further information © The investigation has cast no light on her death. cast one’s net(s) wide: make an effort over a large areajin all directions to find sth or sb ‘© Despite casting their nets wide in the search for the missing man, the police investigation has cast no further light on the case. cast a spell (on): use magic on sb; enchant © The witch east a spell on the old man and tuned him inio @ handsome prince. © Her beauty cast a spell on him. ® They cut the rope and let the boat dit away. > They east the boat adrift =e KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION ee 4. I wish | had voted forthe liberal candidat (cast) WSR sn ss sme the liberal candidate. 2. The shipwrecked sailors were washed up on the beach late at night. (cast) The shipwrecked SAO ara slate at right 3. He untied the boat and lett go without saying anything to anybody. (adi) ‘ He a. : anything to anybody. 4, You should take a quick look atthe report before the meeting. (eye) F YOU'S _.the report before the meeting. 5. She doubted my ability to make a success of the operation. (doubt) She .. = a suecess of the operation 6. The accident spoiled the game. (cast) The accident nnn jn the game, 7. His questioning didn’t bring out any new evidence in the case. (light) His questioning 8. The police asked her to try and remember the night of the crime. (mind) The police asked her .. the case. the night of the crime.JABULARY ANA (BE) UNBER Exeressions — Unoe® Tae WEATHER! LYSIS You look a bit under the weather today, Andrew. — No, Heel fine, but there is a problem at work. Three of my colleagues are under investigation for fraud and | don't want to get involved. — Why? Are you under suspicion, too? — Not directly, but as you can imagine we're all under pressure to prove our innocence. — Iwas under the impression everything was fine at your work it was, but 'm now beginning to think | was under a misapprehension when | thought I'd found a nice safe job. | fee! like leaving but I'm under obligation to stay untl the end of the year at least. He's under the weather because t's under her thumb. He's under pressure, feeling very well © under investigation: being investigated © under suspicion: being suspected of doing sth wrong © under pressure: forced by conditions (of work) that cause anxiety © under the impression: having the cea that © under a misapprehension: having a mistaken idea © under (an) obligation: having o do sth because its a legal or moral duty inder repair: being repaired © ‘under regulations: following regulations under sb’s thumb: controled by © say sth/speak under one’s breath: say sth quietly s0 as not to be heard © under (the) cover of sth: concealed by © under false pretences: by pretending that sth is true. © under the circumstances: considering the situation at a particular time. under consideration: the act of ‘considering or thinking about sth \der control: in order/controlled. GQ open cioze test | must say | was under the (1)... the case. Meanwhile 'm under (2)... understand that you are under no (3).. organisation have been under (4), -»-for while, You yourself have been (8). .-» we'd smashed this spy ring, Blunt, but it appears not to be _~« from the boss to do something about it. Now you'must .. 10 ¢0-operate with us, but members of your investigetion for more than a year, and Professor Holzman clans that you obtained a new passport under false (Bese : Now I may be under some sott Of (7)... .. dort you tink you'd better spl the beans? under the ().. J cottocations (maton) .about this whole affair, but 1. expel (sb from) | 2. evict (sb from) 3, discharge (sb from) 4 eradicate (sth from) 5. exclude (sb/sth from) ‘ fooooo} society (ie, disease, racism, etc.) b. hospital, the army ¢, a club, proceedings, an election school, a country e. abuiding, ahouse, land.NumMBeERS GQ nouns © QAPPED SENTENCES (WH CoMsfOW WonD) © gjve sb the third degree 1. My dog has a keen os of sinol question sb in detail His sixth ... warned him of the danger. © ones y e na aia Pied hy on | think bringing up children is a matter of common... o play second file: take second place ; ; 6 secondtthrd rate: afulinfror eee « siath sense: instinct The study of ... to be so aggressive. susuinenennen HAS always fascinated me, © be on cloud ninefin seventh heaven: Lying has become second ... a to him, be very happy © at the eleventh hour: at the last moment 3, He gave me the third... .., wanting to know every detail ° ure: becon : : a We should all Show @ rms Of understanding toward him. © have second thoughts: have doubts He got his snus if Classics at Oxford University. GQ ioioms « rus iw * back to square one © two can play at that game © nine times out of ten bea one-off © two wrongs don’t make a right © anine-to-five job © kill two birds with one stone © anine-day wonder © one good turn © two heads are better than one «© dressed up to the nines deserves another «© put two and two together © asstitch in time saves nine 1. Let's do this together because .. 2. This isn't working so let's go 3. The salesman «than one. (work with sb else to solve a problem) and start again, (go back to the beginning) svn ON me and sold me a faulty machine. (cheat sb) 4, Everyone was... . a8 it was a formal dinnér party. (dressed in one’s best clothes) 5. That actress was a teal. She only made one good film. (famous for @ short time only) 6. After working the nightshift for two years, I'm looking forward to finding ... {office work) 7, There isn't another model lke this - i's a from the factory. (unique) 8, | stopped by the supermarket on my way to the bank an (do two things with only one action) MATCH “ 'a very likely b, small chance, not likely to appen "3. six feet under - 4, alhundred to one shot/chance “5, two-faced toone 3 f. ina state of confusion’ fone and half adozen ofthe other - . having two opposite effects/sides 8. think twice before doing sth 9. ata Arection: of the costGAPPED SENTENCES (" © Think of one wore only wines oat be mee GS « i. They Can yout. oe You'd better Yo .. oly In all Ubiow ernie cd & tome) f off and sail cd wesbirards, 801 ey over my composition lo see i've made zany mistakes? your vole in the genorel elsction, toe, 2. [DOUgh! a NOW PIESIIC nnn meninenennnnnne (OF MY COMPU, The magazine hed a picture of Marion Jones O7 I oun The prisonets escaped under ofdetkness, and means of getting the money. you must realise that, for a white, 3, I'm sure there are various... This deat cuts both . | would rther vie went our separate A. LENS cso vous 8 Spell on hitn; he can’t think of anything but her. Thet actor Is always. . in the role of the bad guy. The scandal hes Joubt on the probably of the president's re-election. 5, Detectives found the... The comedian did a wonderiul twas under the . 6. She cast her : ~ back to the frst years oftheir marriage, He must be out of his . ..if he thinks fm going to work on Sunday. Never before have i seen someone with such a one-track. He talks about nothing but football, of running shoe under the window. . the Prime Minister. -euinnsnsosonn tat Julie Would be coming to give us a hand. GSE quices) 1. We had srs ON thet help but they didn’t come afterall. © caloulated ‘The fact that he hadn't had a shave May HAVE wnnnsnnnnee AGainst him at the interview. ¢ counted When we'd... up the silver spoons, we found several were missing. © numbered Pd never GO ON sacsnenne date with someone I'd never met. ° blind Well, you were an idiot to overtake another car on a... comer. © shut VUAUPT & sessscsoteaneseen .... €y@ to your cheating this time, but don't fet it heppen again. * closed * . When | saw her forthe frst time she quite took my... . away. «mind Joe said something very rude under his .... but fortunately she didn’t hear it. breath You may a5 Wall V8 YOU .sunosnin because Tom never listens to enyone, _—_¢ oie |. He has got a will Of... -msouone 80 there's no point in trying to dissuade him. —_ # steel Only a steer will get the creases out of your sik blouse. © metal Tryto eat food which conten and then you wor't feel so tired iron 5, Youand Max aie tW0 Of @ ramon when it comes to football ° kind He told me the play was a comedy but it's nothing of the ..xsunnnn ° sort She's the... .. of person who says one thing and then does another. © ype 6, I've done my part so the next step... seo WHA YOU, ° stands The ancient city of Corinth ..rarcrer-rmesesnnn alte to the south of the mode city rests ‘Sam's so lazy he jUSt os. around the house ali day. elleslad St Conrusine/Retateo Worps ©SIGN ° SIGNAL © OMEN © SYMBOL INDICATION © TOKEN © GESTURE » LOGO A ToKen GesTURE As a gesture of goodwill, Israel offered to resume talks on the disputed territories, but there was no indication that the Palestinians were willing to get back round the table. There had been signs that telations were improving but among the burning issues to be settled were the new Israeli settlements and the extensive damage to a mosque during a riot late last week in Jerusalem. The mosque has long been a symbol of the Palestinian presenoe there and the Prime Minister of Israel warned that the riots could be a signal that worse was to come, He went on to express his hope that all parties would come to their senses, and called for the undivided loyalty of his people to face the latest crisis. He said he saw it as a bad omen that the Palestinian leader had not responded to his overtures. By all accounts, the Palestinian delegation was unimpressed with his speech and their leader claimed that Israel's offer was just a token gesture. Many of the crowd waved banners depicting a two-headed snake which is the emblem of a terrorist group recently outlawed. © a gesture of goodwill: an action to show posiveltriendly feelings © indication: suggestion, sign ® sign: sth that points to the presence of sth eeeweita « symbol: sth that represents sth a sign that «signal: sth intended to give a message pare # a bad omen: a sign of sth bad happening in the future © a token gesture: symbolic gesturelaction (with litte meaning) ‘© emblem: picture or shape used to represent sth any more? sian INDICATION ‘TOKEN GESTURE * roadtrafic signs « indication thatjot © token black) a gesture © (cure) signs of | © be some kind sthidoing sth wornan, ete. of affection! improvement of omen ones «© token for despairthanks «© sign of ito aise ce ‘machine © communicate © sign of the zodiac © SYMBOL © book/record! by gestures © chemical symbols ° there is every aift token © afriendly gesture SIGNAL * status symbol Indication that —_» by the same token ® racio'signal anancient symbol clear/definite © a token of Logo «railway signal representing Indications that affectiogratitude » the company logo McQ CLOZE TEST | would like to thank al the doctors and nurses forall you have done for my son, and this small presents just a(n) (Dae gesture of appreciation. As you know there was every (2) at first that my son would not pull through, but under your wonderful care he soon showed (9). after the first few days. itis nothing short of a miracle | thought it was a god (4)... 4 ‘met Dr Pringle who comes from the same village as | do, and I did appreciate his friendly (8)... . in letting me stay in his house for two months. (6). seth same token, | would welcome him at any time in the future in my home, 1. a, omen b. token —_c. symbol d. signal 2. a, gesture b. signal, indication —_d, emblem 3. a. signs b.omens —_¢. signals 4d, tokens 4, a. symbol b. omen —_c. gestured, signal 5, a, indication . b, token —_¢, sign d. gesture 6 a, With b. By ©. AS d, ForWs a(n) (1). swoon Of old age, | suppose, but | had been feeling under os aus f0F Several weeks -| kept getting colds, never had any energy, and it was beginning lo csturb my peace of mind. Sot went to a doctor, and immediatly he began examining me, there Was CVELY (3) ..un:wueununsnanoune hat he was wortied, He tapped my knee, pressed my stomach, hit me in the back, everything. | realy expected him to (4)... ee (M) (5) .. ... over me like some ‘ican witch-doctor. And the questions he asked! He really gave me the (6. .»» degree. Then came the diagnosis, Go on a diet, get some exercise, stop drinking, stop stoking, tts awful being 80. 1. a. omen b. signal . symbol 4. sign 2. a, theweather ——b, the impression _«, pressured. control 3. a, symbol b. gesture «. token d. indication 4, a, take b. throw ©. cast d. get 6. a shadow b. spell ¢. light d. eye 6 a, second b. sixth . third d. seventh 2 wea coze test LEARNING From EXPERIENCE Children from 5 to 9 years old still learn mainly from experience. They can slide from fact ‘ 10 (1). real to them. While this age group Often (2)... UP {0 teachers at school, and back again without even realising it, but what they see is it’s what the kids experience in the home that creates the strongest (3)... Even more important than wit parents (4)... is what they do. if children see parents drinking and smoking, they are more likely to follow (5)... particularly if they see you using alcohol as a (6)... Young children, who long to please, should not be asked to fetch cigarettes or help mix a drink. 1. a. fancy b. fantasy . images d. falsehood 2. a. looks b. measures c. takes d. helps 3. a. mark b. perception ©. impression. recollection 4 a. say b. tell «. inform 4. narrate 5. a. cause b. suit ©. example. action SQ 6 a prop: b. supporter e. pin 4. pillar |PREPARATORY GQ ney worn TRANSFORMATION 1. They'd prefer him not to leave the company just yet. (rather) They'd sr. .. the company just yet. 2. She's sorry now that she didn't complete her studies. (wishes) Now sho ... . her studies. 3. You had better leave or you'll miss your bus. (time) tts. . you'll miss your bus. 4, “Repairs to this road are long overdue,” said the mayor. (high) “Its... ." said the mayor. 5. She sounds foreign, but | know she isn't. (though) She speaks .. . foreign. 6. Unfortunately, he's not very polite to his relatives. (only) if to his relatives. 7. As | didn’t want to get into a fight, | changed the subject. (rather) I changed the subject a fight. 8. | regret giving all my books away. (wish) 1 .. all my books away. GJ wee croze test It is not hard for me to cast my (1)... ... back to when Danny, Jack and | decided to climb a mountain together. One warm day three years ago, the three of us set off. There was every 2). that we would have a good day's climb when, half-way up, Jack slipped and broke his leg. As you might imagine, this accident cast a (3)........ . Jo. over the day, which began to get rather cool. Jack said that we were under 0 (4)... fo stay with him. After telling him not to be silly, we cast (5). . to see who would go for help. This was Danny, so | stayed and lita smoky signal fie. As we waited, it got colder and colder and | feared we would be there all night. Then, at the (6)... . hour, rescue came: men from the village who had seen the smoke and met Danny on the way. We were safe! a. brain b, mind ‘e, thought a. memory 2a. indication —_b, token &, gesture d. symbol 3. a spell b, doubt ¢. light d. shadow 4. a impression b, obligation —_@._suspicion d, investigation 5. a. doubts b. spells c. lots d. nets 6. a. eleventh b, seventh ce sixth =, firstES KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION 1. Are you suggesting thal | can't do this? (doubts) Are you. vss ness sous 10-00 this? 2. The director is looking everywhere for a new lead actor. (net) ‘The director has... : coneen itv the search for a new lead actor. 3. Grandad doesn't look very well today. (weather) Grandad .. today, 4, The Board of Directors is still thinking about the new salary proposals. (under) The new salary proposals the Board of Directors. 5. They allowed him to leave hospital the following morning. (discharged) He : eg the following morning. 6. Adam's been in a state of ecstasy since he got into art school. (nine) Adam : was accepted at art school. 7. The police questioned the men at length down at the police station. (degree) The police .. down at the police station, 8. Don't sell your house until you have considered it carefully. (twice) You should ... Selling your house. Qi cappep SENTENCES - COMMON WoRD 41. The information John gave to the police has .. | found a strange wooden box that had been She must have ... : idiot since he met her. 2. | left those papers here but there's no .. 1 suppose it's a(N) -nnvnnnn windows nowadays. I'm sure the turning is just ahead so watch for the road ses» Will you? . the impression that the meeting was tomorrow. new light on this mysterious death, ashore during the storm. ... an instant spell on him because he's behaved like an of them now. f the times that everyone has to lock their doors and 3. Oh dear! | was Nobody's seen old Hennessy for years; he could be six feot for all | know. Dogs must be kept .. control in the park. 2 4, Cast your .. . back to.the meeting and tell me his exact words. I'm aftaid i's too late to change your eesee NOW. She believes in speaking her ... whether i's necessary or not. 5. | think he got the job under. pretences because he knows nothing about insyrance. Although it was a(n) .. checked the building, He gave @(N) ssn Rae and address, bought the air ticket with counterfeit money and disappeared. 6. | told her that if she wanted to be dificutt, Why don't you kill alarm, the fire brigade made us stand outside While they can play at that game. : . birds with one stone and drop by on your way to the station? Don't do anything sil ...wrongs don't make a right, you know. 7. It's become nature to put the handbrake on before I get out of the cer. it’s only a copy of the original painting, and a(n) .» fate one at that OM asses ... thoughts, Saturday would be a better day than Friday for the trip. 8. He gave no that he had. heard what I said. There is every . that we will make a profit by the end of the year. Can you give me some _.. of how much money you want to borrow? a| 6 FULL INFINITIVE Present: He wants fo help. Present Progressive: The treatment seems to bo helping, Passive: He needs io be helped. PURPOSE: to, 80 as (not) tojin order (nol) 0 E] svester a nmpooucroR runases &) opsecr 41. vena + mirnerve (afford, decide, expec, fll hasten, neglect, pretend, prove, seem, know better than, hhave no cholce/alterative butlotherthan,..) 2. vena + oavect + FULL NFRITIVE (adiis, allow, cause, command, encourage, expec, forbid, oblige, order, persuade, press, remind, take, el, fem, urge, Warn...) 3, VERE + THAT > VERB + FULL INFINITE (agree, arrange, ask, claim, decide, determine, ...) I eenrive atten: 4. qUesTIOn woRDs 2, T00..10)...ENOUGH (..) TO. NOUNS. 4, ADJECTIVES PERFECT INFINITIVE ‘vert + that + future perfect -* to have... (aim, expect, hope, promise, guaran, ..) b. personal passive structure The convict hid in the woods fo escay © He changed seats s0 as folin order to get a better view ofthe stage, Inrinonve Forms Fo err is human but fo really foul things up requires a computer! Perfect: t seems to fave helped. Perfect Progressive: He appears fo have been helping. Passive: He seems to have been helped. pure. © To invest money wisely is not always easy. If may be honest... -* To be honest... © To begin with, we need to raise the necessary funds, (fo be fair, To sum up, To cut a fong story short.) © He offered to hap in any way he could. © He had no choice butlother thar to sell his house. © | begged her to come with me. © They asked me to reconsider their offer. © They agreed that the house should be tom down, ‘© They agreed to tear down the house. ¢ They taught us how to use the programme. @ I couldn't decide where to go for my holidays. e I'm too exhausted to go on. ‘ [haven't got enough energy to go on. ‘© I don't feel energetic enough to go on. © Her decision to leave her old job was a big mistake, © His atiempt to beat the world record was successful. © The plane is due to arrive in ten minutes. * twas kind of Adam to lend us his car. © It was impossible (for us) to get through ‘© We hope that we will have arrived by then, ‘» We hope to have arrived by then. ‘¢ Ho's believed to have been Killed. (= BARE inriwrrive } EQ movas @) way non... cr, mare, ste, HEAR, FEEL, WATCH, NOTICE... @@] ano, on, excerr, sur, THAN {00 evERYTHING/ANYTHING...BUT/EXCEPT.. © but you can’t make it drink. [ You can take a horse to water } * You should see a dentist. ' © You could have told me this before. © Why take a taxi when you cai come with us? ‘Why not tell him the truth? © He didn't let me drive his car. (active) ‘= J wasn't allowed to drive his car. (passive) © They made me follow them. (active) {was made to follow them. (passive) © He wants to stay at home and read a good novel. @ Are they going to call first or come straight away? © This computer does everything except talk. @ We can't do anything but walt© BULL/BARE E (SPECIAL GASES) EAR/SEEN YO... HAPPEN/PRETEND TO... © There is no evic that he knew. > He appears not/dioesn't seem fo rave known. © Iknowhe's lying. © ! happen to know he’s lying BE BOURD/SURE TO... © She is bound/sure to make a mess of it She has no chance offdoesn't stand a chance of doing it property. es CS) cunpuneny ro... © Itis highly likely that he will lose. There isa strong probe's doubted ‘= He Is unlikely to win fhwhether...can't hove «= He is very litely to lose. TH) rae (einst, vast, ons, BEST...) « | arrived first but | lft last PERSON/OUE TO... «= [was the first (one) to arrive but the last fo leave, © Nobody else knew about the affair but me. ‘> Iwas the only one to know about the affair. G2] wie tHe vers “Be (for commands, © You were to call us when you had news. instructions or as a complement) © His aim in life Is to become a lawyer. (ONLY) 70... NEVER TO. © He went to the bank (only) to findit closed. (an unwelcome or surprising resut) © He left home, never to return again. MY JOB/DUTY IS TO... = (be) supposed to... © He is responsible for the new cadets. ‘= His duty|job is to take care of the new cadets. \ He is supposed to take caré of the new cadets. CONSIDER/FIND IT TO BE. © As far as I'm concerned, golt is boring. © Hfind|consider golf to be boring. ¢ Inmy opinion, gots awaso of time, ‘» I consider/find golf to be a waste of time. WOULD RATHER/SOONER..., HAD BETTER. © He'd rather speak to you in private. © Rather than just call, | went and visited them. © You'd better persuade her to change her mind. $0 MUCH AS... © He never even said thank you. te He didn't so much as say thank you. SPECIAL STRUCTURES “Please don’t tell anyone!" he said, 3 He imploredurged me not to tll anyone. (reporting verbs) © Tom hardly ever arrives late. > For Tom to arrive late is most unusual. (for + subject) © Would you be kind enough to help me? > Would you be so kind as to help me? (so... as to) tt wasn't my intention to cause any trouble. > —_/ didn't meanfintend to cause any trouble. (mean to) © | was well aware that (pending). > I knew better than to (spend)... know better than to.) © I'm sorry fjthat | made you wait 3 I'msory to have kept you waiting. (oerfect infinitive - past) SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS © She had the nerve to answer me back! > How dare she answer me back! © They forced him to resign. « Stress caused him to have a breakdown. ¢ | don’t want there to be any arguments, | don't want any arguments. «Hi gettepluber to cee the taps |i! have the plumber check the taps. They made him resign, 25 > His breakdown resulted from stress. 3 > ORAL PRACTICE 1. ‘They made us show our passports three times. we, In my opinion, the new law is unfair. 1. His plan has litle chance of success. His.. The captain abandoned the ship last of all. rhe captain was... They told us to call them when we arrived. we... 6. It's time you started revising for your exams, You'd. (4 geepZQ kev WorD TRANSFORMATION (based on Infinitive forms) SS STE TTT ESTER - Finding no fingerprints, the detectives concluded that the thief had worn gloves. (lec) The tack .. that the thief had worn gloves. *, . You've no chance of succeeding if you're going to be so pessimistic. (bound) You going to be so pessimistic. | hadn't expected him to be'so easy to talk to. -(surprisec) 1. You'll certainly meet lots of people in your new job. (bound) You to talk to. in'your new job. . Itis said that he has been to prison several times. (reputed) He . .- several times. . The only thing | could do was to accept the conditions imposed. (no) the conditions imposed. . Sarah's brother had great difficulty reading her letter because of her terrible writing. (made) Sarah's ... brother to read her letter. You stand little chance of passing with such low marks, (uniikely) You ... ‘such low marks. ). How dare he call me incompetent! (nerve) He .. incompetent! You could be arrested for not giving a blood sample to the police, you know. (lead) Refusal to give a blood sample to the police .. you know. 3 venwvarives Epucation ‘ Ateacher is simply an (0)... . sither of the state or EMPLOY of a private (7), He has ajob todo, ajobforwhich =~ ORGANISE he Is Well (2). _.. and that is to provide the young QUALIFY with an (3)... Unfortunately, the importance EpucaTE of this is often (4 «Indirectly, the classroom student -. ESTIMATE for paying the teacher's salary and itis RESPOND .. but his own ithe fails to take advantage FAULTY of the (7)... ... provided. When buying a fish, we go to a fish SERVE ‘shop, (8). ... tell the assistant what we require, and when POLITE he has (9). wrapped it for us we take it home. Well, it CARE would be utterly (70). sven 0 leave itin the shop, wouldn't it? SENSE 2tCNGEISH ILA. In PAST PAPERS GUIDED GLOZE TE: " ode VEST - HLL {adapted take sn ll eee is an intrinsic part of modern life. So much so, in fact, that we tend to (0). its aspects for granted. (1). vs .. is easy to forget that technology had to start somewhere . recently, it was considered that the (3). ve ... to make and use tools was one e of the most important defining characteristics of the human race. Tool-using was considered an indicator (4). inteligence, and it was one of the things that separated human beings from the rest of the animal kingdom. As is 80 (5)........... |. the case, however, nature refuses to conform to (6), a convenient theory. In recent years, many examples of tool use in the animal world have (an. vn t0 light, and there are no (8)... others that are still welting to be discovered. Arimats are (9). sun angers t0 "technology" and some of the (10).rsnsnesanennnnen If which they use it are as surprising as they are sophisticated. Thus, the concept of tooLusing is not so straightforward as it (17). The most widely- accepied datniion of tool use is that iis the use of somne external abject (72)... an extension ofthe body to tain an immediate objective. Ths defition would exclude a seagull that drops a shell from a height (73)... a hard surface. But it would include an Egyptian vulture that throws a stone (14)... an ostrich’s egg to break it (15)... . 0. take / accept | think 6. which |s0 J such 11. wants / seems / does 1. That /It] This 7. brought | come | appeared 12. as with /for 2. Much | As | Unt! 8. doubt / way / question 13. t0/0n/ onto 3. abiliy | knowing / qualification 9. merely no / barely 14. at over in 4, through [of to 410. systems / schemes | ways 18. down / open | off 5, much / often | tuly PAPER 3 : 3 Fint each of the numbered blanks in the passage PAST PAPERS with one suitable word, Pao) Piay Children lean more, and al greater spged, in ther pre-school yeas than at anyother time in thelr ves, and they do it mostly (0)... f/fOUGH, play, Play is essential to (1) child and vital to human development. It may be boisterous or quiet, done with (2) or alone, (9)... tthearted or serious, need equipment or (4). itis a phenomenon found mainly (5). the young of higher animals. Children play because itis fun, and without i, they cannot develop fully. (6). - they sit down in a classroom for the first time, they have learned to walk and talk, hold things and . .. Sense of the physical properties of the world (2)... . them, Some of them (9). the alphabet, some of them have started to read. Some can count, some can do simp arithmetic, They know the basic things about getting on with other human beings and the (10)., ‘of ways they can respond to them. i ae at the heart of children’s future academic, physical, manual and social skills, Children who miss the opportunity for a wide (12)... . of play do not develop in these areas (13)... ... the same rate as their peers who do have such a chance. The vast and successful educational material and toys industry is clear proof of widespread parental recognition of the fact, and (74)... isa trend towards the production (19... . even more toys and play materials that make learning fun,Timvery sony, iaae dont ‘ale te hoary, by surprise: happen without waming and surprise sb © The announcement took us all by surprise; we had no idea he was intending to run for president. into account: consider (= make allowance(s) for) '® Did you take into account the fact that he's very young before you gave him the job? to pieces: dismantle, separate sth into its different parts (= take apart) © It's all very well taking ito pieces, but can you put it back together again? sb into custody: arrest sb © She was taken into custody for drug smuggling. for a ride: deceive, cheat sb exception to ooo ot TAKE EXPRESSIONS ® one's word for ® leave of one's senses © pride in © notice of © one's eyes off © place ® offence at ® sides ® care of © pleasure in ® credit for © one's mind off ® pity on ® risks © (ts) toll ee into consideration: consider (= take Into account, make allowance(s) for) © | hope they will take into consideration that he was very ill on the day of the exam and not mark him too harshly (itsb) for granted: a. treat sth/sb as unimportant, not appreciate b. assume sth is true/will happen © My kids and my husband take me for granted. I never even get a bunch of flowers! ® | take it for granted that you will be at the meeting. sth in one's stride: deal with sth dificult easily © He's just lost his job, but he’s taking the situation in his stride, * He really took me for a ride. He spent all my money to heart: treat sth seriously (and be upset by i) and then just disappeared, KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION © Don't take it to heart! Lots of people fall the first time they ty. 1, We had no idea that he had any intention of leaving the country. (took) His 2, Lobject very strongly to what he said and Illlet him know. (exception) 3. Don't get upset about it whatever you do. (heart) Don't... 4. You must consider the fact that he knows the country well. (account) You must... 5. He couldn't stop looking at her all through dinner. (eyes) He 6. Whatever you ask him to do, he seems to deal with it very well. (stride) - Whatever you ask him to do, 7. Has he gone mad? (leave) HAS serene 8. A relaxing holiday in a luxury hotel would stop him thinking about work all the time. (off) Atetaxing holiday in a luxury hotel 1» SUIprise. and I'll let him know. .. whatever you do. saosnne the’ country well. -», her all through dinner. and just does it. . senses? vn WOTK(BED WATRIOUT/ WETS ESSERE A Lease Barrie By men had been marching for ten days without a bred, The weather was «without precedent, [twas snowing heaully and the Ivy wind made Hef colder, We had escaped numercus batiles without atch, but would wi ive this storm? | kn we should be wi ght of the town and oan therefore within reach of help, butihe temperature striking dietenes.. wes dropping dangerously fast. | knew it was not within my power to do anything to help my men, and a great depression swept over me. My mind began to drift and I remembered the days when {had been without a cave in tlve world, Would those days ever retuin? fing rage © without a brealc without any sort of rest © velthin rezch of: able fo reach, get lo © without precedent: never happening before © within one’s power: able 10 do sth about without a scratch: without injury, harm © without a care in the world: without worries or problems © within sight of: able to see Se sro 7 et (BE} WITHOUT/WITHIN EXPRESSIONS i © without exception: true nail cases within the competenos of: sth on@ is able to do © within earshot: near enough fo hear e within one’s budget: what one can afford to spend ‘© within limits/reason: up (0 a sensible limit within one’s rights: what one has 2 legal ight to © without fall: definitely € without thinking: instinctively, on impulse within firing range: close enough fo shoot at © without 2 second thought: do sth immediately, © without respite: without stopping without thinking © without a hitch: without any type of problein _e within striking distance (of): naar enough to take © without a good reason: not fave @ good reason ——_actionireach ZY open cioze rest Evening was approaching and we weren't even within (7... cnvonmen distance of another istand tomy knowledge. We hadn't been within sight (2). land for hours now, and we had been rowing (3) respite for what seemed like an eternity, | was worried. Normally these expeditions go ott ‘without (4).... sntretonbst Hitch, aNd (Bp... sess se 4. exception we take a rac with us, Netthis time, We shouted, but in vain. There was no other ship). earshot. told myself thet the coastguard would, Without (7) n.unmmnnsrinnny $6d OUta Search party, but it was getting late. if only it wes (8)... snone FRY power t0 find a solution to the dilemma. CG cortocarions (waren) 7 | 4. distract Co a. acrisis, a strike, (a) disaster, an accident 2, avert Coa b. a thief, criminals, sb from doing sth : 3. disturb ca «. attention, sb from work i 4, deter Co d. a thief, the peace, sb’s concentration 7 |inioms - EXPRESSIONS oLouRS © red tape: bureaucracy © ared herring: misleading cluefinformation : © a black look: alook of disapproval © a black sheep: considered a disgrace to the family © a white lie: a harmless untruth © a white-collar worker: sb who works in an office : © blue blood: royal, aristocratic in origin ® a blue-collar worker: sb who works in a factory © green fingers: good at gardening © a grey area: a subject about which litle is known © GAPPED SENTENCES (WITH COMMON WORD) ‘1. She had a traditional. Why don't you use . He told her a. _ wedding - Spiritto get the paint off your hands? lig in order not to upset her. 2. All government troops are on vs alert following the hijacking. I wanted to open a business here, but the amount of = fape put me off That glove was just... herring. ithhad nothing to do with the murder case. 3. Poor old Jack is going .... with age, Solving crosswords may sometimes require the use ofa litle The study of parapsychology is stil very much a. matter. G) iwioms/expressions © out ofthe blue: unexpectedly « see red: become very anary © once ina blue moon: very rarely © paint the town red: go out & have a great time - © as white as a sheetighost: pale because of fear © catch sb red-handed: catch sb in the act ofa erime ; © alwhite elephant: sth age and expensive but useless © beftun green with envy: be/become vey jealous ® in the black: in credit ® be green: be naiveleasiy deceived 5 ® in sb’ black books: notin favour wih sb © ive sbisth the green light: give sb permission to do sth FILL IN (from A & B) 1. He gave me such a 2. He only visits us 3, I've paid back all the money | ow 4, After the match we .. » 5. Mary turned ... 6. The robber was 7. His boss gave him the 8. She can make anything grow in the garden. She has such . marca : ‘ve special tention to an important vistor be fed up, initated . notin very good health d. sth that makes sb very angry @. with great success go away unexpectedly, disappear suddenly 9. feel very cold hh. say sthis true when i's not 1. get very angry J. not as bad as people say when | criticised his work. last I’m .. . because our team won. vnc When she saw my diamond ring. to go ahead with the plan. i 1. feel off colour 2, tum blue with cold 3. with flying colours 4, (like) a red rag to a bull 5. be browned off 6. rolllay out the red carpet 7. vanish/go oftinto the blue 8. not as black as sbjit is painted swear black is white ith rage OOO00000U0GCAPHED SENTENCES (wrt caMMON WORD) « Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in al three sentences, LBD based on VA: exprossions, WITH expressions, COLOURS faloms) 1, VIM SUPA an AHPC nue MY Fights to request a refund for faulty workmanship, We live a litle way out of town but welthin, sitiking distance of the shops. These scales are accurate to hi. one-tenth of a gram, 2B, They say He AAS sono blood because he is related to the Tsar of Russia, | We only see Jim once iM & nse ...moon, usually when he wants something, | {waited so long for the bus tha I started o tum . with cold, 3, Iwas .. There were so many He offered to help us move, so don’t think Jimmy is as and blue all over after falling down the stairs. 4, He must have .. Melanie hasn't You've .. . leave of his senses to buy that old house. 5, Barbara turned saosue With envy when she saw our new swimming pool. The council flats were torn down in order to add land to the . - belt. ~ Liam was very when he first came to Italy, 6, When children have arguments | think parents should agree not to .. I'm afraid | didn't really. in what Tom was trying to say. The actress is certain to . ESED (ouites) 1. Forher to . . no reference to her previous job is strange. She implored him 10 neue .. more of ai effort. | What did YOu wns of the new secretary? | thought she was weird. 2. The... They want you to take... | have to put my phone on for parking here is €3 an hour, si. _ of the lighting for the show, George. . every other day. 3, No one will ever let him . I would let the metter in peace. there if were you. You can ju assured that | will pursue the matter. 4, This Bible has been handed .= ftom father to son. His success Is jsieemeenseneen tO Sheer hard work, and not luck. UM soononneninsnsnne tO My last penny so | can't go out until pay day. 5, You were supposed to bring me a... .. omelette, THO eevee wc truth is that | saw him stealing the money. she's quit but her sister is very pretty. 6, She had 10 jensen HOF Words When she discovered he was her new boss. Sea water will eventually. sonny at the Wood unless you paint it every year When the expense of ving in the city began to. son into my savings, | moved to a village. her eyes off Margaret since she walked through the door. it for granted that Il help you, but I'm afraid | won't be available. . sides. their unfavourable reviews very much to heart. marks against his name that he was in danger of being fred. _ as he's painted. place make © bring © cost © command © charge stay be rest © back up down * plain medtum simple cut eat © wearELATED WORDS CONFUSING/ © PRICE - COST. CHARGE - EXPENSE 0 RIEHAAIN - RETAIN - REGAIN - REFRAIN - RESTRAIN Toe Prisoner The fact remains, your honour, that the prisoneris charged with a number of vicious murders, and he must be dealt with at all costs. We have gone to great expense to track him down and bring him to justice, Fortunately, there was a price on his head which led to one of his treacherous colleagues turing him in. Apparently, he wishes to retain his lawyer in an attempt to prove his innocence, so he can regain his position in society, l suggest he be kept under close supervision as he is a violent man who had to be restrained from attacking one of the witnesses. | shall refrain from further comment at this stage, but | shall make it quite clear that this man must never be allowed to go free. Thank you, your honour. © the fact remains: it is still true that ® regain sth: © be charged with: be publicly accused of (doing) sth get sth back ® at all costs: whatever it takes © restrain from: © go to the/great expense: spend a lot of money _stop from doing sth © a price on his head: a reward for his capture © refrain from: © retain sb: keep sb’s services deliberately not do sth nko reod ream growth int capary, dot yu bake? cost REGAIN REFRAIN RETAIN © at costithe cost of © regain control/ © refrain of a song ® retain an atmosphere * count the cost ~ power © constant refrain retain the heat ® cost someone somethin EXPENSE CHARGE ince + to your cost ‘joke atsomeone’s take charge of —_— Testain onesalan emotion expense © charge ito sb : PRICE © expense account © face charges REMAIN © ataprice © at the expense of in charge of remains to be seen © pay the price © at great expense © free of charge © remains of the meal MCQ CLOZE TEST You must take (1). .. of the men in the struggle against the government, Manuel. It will not be an easy task, We all realise our freedom will be won at a(n) (2).. Bown support our struggle. | would ask you all to (5). - I'm afraid even at the of our lives and families. It (4).. to be seen whether enough people will your men at present, difficult though that may be. If we can (6). ... Ohio! of the northern towns, I'm sure complete success will follow. 1. a.direction b. charge, refrain d. cost 2, a. price b. charge, care 4, expense 3. a. charge remains, cost d, damage 4 a. leaves b. retains c. remains d. restrains 5. arestrain —b, retrain e.remain ——d, charge 6. atemain charge cvrestain —~ d, regainADING Niews Our i wce cioze test I take no (1)... .. the following story but last Saturday Matt, an old friend I hadn't seen in years, knocked on my door and suggested we paint the town. ano sous "OK," said to him, "but no football.” Matt cannot talk about football without starting a fight. So we had a couple of beers and talked about old times and it had gone without a (3). sevenevnansnne sone When @ distinctly Irish voice was heard to say, “Of course, England are useless.” It was well within Matt’s (4)....... soeussuee and that was that. | don't know what the ofthe damage was because as soon as the police had him, | left, By the back door. 4. a. pridein b. notice of c. care of d. pity on. 2. a, green b. black «. blue d. red 3. a, break b. hitch «. soratch d. care 4, a power b. nights , earshot d. reach 5a, cost b. price . expense d. charge 6. a. regained b. refrained . retained d. restrained Driving in Europe If you take your car to continental Europe this summer, remember you are (Doser required to cary certain items of equipment. The list Qu _ from one countty to another so, to be on the safe side, you should take the following; a first-aid (9).. , warning triangle, dipped headlight deflectors, fre (4.. , GB sticker and an empty fuel can, Its illegal to transport petro, other than in the stu os across the Channel and across some borders, Finally, don't forget to carry your driving licence, vehicle registration and insurance documents and a : (6).. tax disc, 1. a. legitimately * b, legally «. validly d. permissibly 2. a, varies b, alternates —¢, deviates 4, modifies 3. a. container b. holder ©. kit d. outfit 4, a. suppressor b. eradicator c. extinguisher d. terminator 5. a. cistern b. tank e. boiler 4. container a. correct fated present current aPREPARATOR GQ] KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION i. I didn’t mean to interrupt the méeting but I had an urgent call. (intention) It. sone but had an urgent call 2. I didn’t work long hours because | was aware of the health risks. (better) teen sossnsueun DeGaUse | Was aware of the health risks. 3. Opening the office doors every morning is your job. (supposed) You .. the office doors every morning, 4, This letter is illegible. (impossible) It wn. . this letter. 5. In my opinion he's one of the best actors in Hollywood. (consider) 1 saun ON@ Of the best actors in Hollywood. 6. I'm sorry that I disturbed you while you were working. (have) I'm sorry... . while you were working 7. We arrived late because it was snowing heavily. (caused) 5 The a» late, 8. It would have been inconsiderate if | hadn't invited the neighbours to the wedding, (have) Not .. would have been inconsiderate. 5 mca cioza test Iwas taken (1). .-when | saw Sally the other day. She's a nice girl but not very-pretty and had never taken (2) . in her appearance. Yet there she was, looking like a million dollars. The reason? She was going to marry a man called Jerry James. Well, | knew Jerry. | also knew that he'd been taken (9)... .» at Jeast three times by the police. Sally was glowing with happiness so what could I do but congratulate her? Maybe he’s not as (4).. as he’s painted but it (5). ... to be seen how things tum out. At the moment Sally is without a (6). in the world but I think she’s heading for heartbreak. a. to heart b. by surprise ¢, to pieces d, for granted 2 a pity by sides ©. pride d,_ credit 3, a topieces ib, foraride ~ @, intoaccount —_d. into custody 4. a, black b, blue e, green ~ 4, purple 5. . refrains b. remains ©. regains 4d. restrains 6. a. hitch b, scratch , care d. breakGG) Kev WORD TRANSFORMATION 1. Charles disappeared one day and no one’s seen him since. (blue) Charles... : sen senmannae on day and no one's seen him since. Jill became really jealous when | got a place at Oxlord. (green) Jill . when | got a place at Oxford. 3, She was arrested by the police for shoplifting. (custody) The police .. for shopliting. 4, | can fire anyone in this company. (power) Moe 7 Se 5, Noel doesn't feel very well today. (colour) Noel .... .. fre anyone in this company. today. 6. It cost us a lot of money to restore this old house. (went) We 7 7. Although our house is out of town, it's easy to get to the shops. (sriking) to restore this old house. Our house is out of town but .. . the shops. 8, [rarely see my sister these days. (biue) only see ... es . these days. i caprep SENTENCES - COMMON WORD 4. Children under five can travel free of . They've dsked me to take ... Julie Will B@ IM on 2, There was 80 much .. Grandad saw ... We'll have to roll out the 3, I'm afraid Vincent has . Karen was .. seonvne OAHE DUS. snonsenne OF the lighting for the play. of the travel arrangements. tape involved in getting the licence that | almost gave up. when the children began to pick his prize roses, . carpet when the chairman comes. une your clock to pieces, Mum. {for a ride when she bought that out-dated computer. Why was it for granted that | would cook the food for the party? Itake great... . to your remarks about my work. Everyone came to the reunion with the sensu OF SAM, All electrical appliances without must be kept away from water. 5, | came home late so I'm in dad's... . books again, hope I'm still in the at the bank after buying my new furniture. Why did Mr Thomas give us such a(n) .. look, do you think? 6." just felt like taking the day off for no atl. You may use the phone for private calls within . , but long-distance calls are not allowed. Why do you refuse to see sve all the time? 7. {found out to my that the diamond was a fake. She buys clothes at from the manufacturer and sells them at the market It will be time to count the .. when we see what damage has been done. 4, 8. Lam. my rights to demand a refund for faulty goods. Once we are mun Sight of the sea, start looking for the sign to the village. Ifwe don't stay ur budget this year, 'm afraid we'll have to reduce our staff.2 i a € 2 Anown and then A celebrity is someone who works hard all his life to GERUND isnt ecome | id being recognised! wears sunglasses aes PRESENT GERUND acrivE PASSIVE‘ Ho objected to being fold to leave. MAIN USES OF GERUND Subject « Object « After a Preposition © He objected to my telling him to leave, PERFECT GERUND ¢ He didn’t mind my having kept him waiting. > He didn't mind having heen kept waiting © Doing the right thing isn't always easy. (subject) © He denies taking/having faken the files. (object) © He left without saying goodbye. (afier a preposition) OTHER USES © He's used fo working overtime. (efter an expression) The essential thing in the Olympic Games is taking part, not winning. (complement of to be) © No swimming allowed. (sfter No in prohibitions) VERBS + GERUND admit, anticipate, avoid, consider, deny, fancy, finish, imagine, involve, mean, men- tion, miss, recommend, regret, resent, suggest... © They considered hiring a housekeeper. © Her job involved working very long hours. i] venesexpnessions + cenuno * its no goodjuse © spendjaste (money/time) There's no point (in) It's (not) worth © fee! like * it's a waste of time ® can't helplstand There’s no point (in) trying to change her mind. © It's a waste of time asking Mark to help. © can’t stand being lied to. 2] weressions + preposmions + GERUND : © have an influence on.. © be fed up with.. | © see somelanyithe point in. * on the vergelpoint of. : There's no/some meri i ® make allowance(s) fo © with a view tojin the hope of... ‘have dificultytrouble in. © I'm fed up with being asked the same questions, ‘© shiow (no) signs of. © no chancejhopelway of.. © (hardly any) fkelinood of... © have nolthe/every intention of.. © We had no way of knowing where she was. GI svnseer OF A GERUND * We insisted on hisiJohn's entering the school competition. (possessive adjective/case) © We insisted on himiJohn entering the schoo! competition. (object pronoun/noun) PHRASAL VERBS + QERUND © be forlagainst* keep on ® optfor ® put off © Don't put off going to the dentist any longer. *iveup ® counton * getout of © see about «© Most of the Town Council opted for building a new shopping centre. ; 1 i GG) venss + prrposmions + aeRUND ¢ abstain from ¢ refrain from ® approve of q * boast of also: ind, catch, eave eblsth} + ing He abstained from cirinking alcohol for six months. © | found the nightwatchman sleeping. (present participle @ °° After his car accident, he took to travelling by bus, ‘TO + GERUND © belget accustomed|used to * limit to © get down{round to ® * objectihave (nolan) objection to take to ® look fonvard * I'm.not looking forward to painting the house again, but | must get round to doing it soon. SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS. © Why not take up.. >. What's wrong with[How about taking up... * There's no way we can know... > There's no way of knowing... q © Js it all right if | (use)... > DojWould you mind my (using)... * Fewer and fewer people smoke nowadays. > — Smoking is becoming less and less common. 4 aren aesSPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS: 0 It's a good idea to (invest), > It's (wel) worth (irvesting) 6 | don’t think i's a good idea to (visit) > I wouldn't recommend (visiting) © Fim somy | have to (leave)... Please forgive melmy (leaving) ¢ ’m anxious to see. ook forward to seeing... € It's impossible to (say) if. There's no (saying) if. © tk would be in your (best) interest t You would benefit from going, © What a surprise to see. Fancy seeing. ¢ intend to ask, I have (every) intention of asking, © | felt | had been wrong to accept. [regret accepting... © He's not ikely to phone. There is no likelihood of him{his phoning. The chances of him/his phoning are slim. Phebe ees GERUND/INFINITIVE (with changes in meaning) regret © [regret telling them about the party. (he sony about sth that has already happened) be sorry © We regret to tefl you that the tests are positive. (Ise sory about sth that you are about io say) © I'm sorry for calling at such a late hour. (be sory sbout sth thal has already-happened) © I'm sorry to inforin you that you have failed. (he somy about sth that you ere about to say) &] mean © My new job means iraveiling all over the country. (involves) understand ° He means to siay on for another week. {Iniarxis to} © I don't understand your wanting to stay in that job. (understenet why) © | understand him to he in Rome. (have the impression/believe) @@ areaa © I dread visiting Aunt Martha over the holidays. (fear what wil happen) hate © | dread to think what they'l say. (bo afraid to think, sy, ec.) ® I hate telling people bad news. (general dislike) ‘ Thate to felt you this, but I've lost your book. (not ike what you are about to say) GJ remember — © Uncle Tom sill remembers seeing his first TV programme in the Second World War. forget (remember a past overt) ‘© We must remember fo take a camera along. (remember what one must/should do) © fll never forget performing on stage for the very first time. (forget a past event). © We almost forgot to lock up afterwards. (forget what one must/should do) © He stopped talking when the headmaster walked in. (finish, cease) goon «© He stopped to gst something to eat on the way home. (Inlemupt an action briefly to do sth else) ‘© He went on talking even though most people had left. (continue) ‘© He went on fo discuss the current situation in his speech. (finish one thing to staft sth else) SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS: It might be a good idea to use ... > — Why don't you try using...? If accept the job, I'l have to move. > + Accepliig the job will mean (my) moving. © | don’t remember (seeing)... > Ihave no memory of (seeing)... © They think itis (cisky). 3 They regard it as being (risky. ‘He says he's sorry he couldn’ He apologises/sends his apologies for not being able to... ORAL PRACTICE 1. To listen is more important than to talk. Listening.. 6. It's impossible for their team to win. There's... If were you, | wouldn't worry about it. it's not... 7. We found it very hard to settle It's unlikely that United will win. The chances.. down at first. We had... I didn't find it easy to convince him. 1 had... 8. It's impossible to say where | was just about to call you. / was on... heis. There's. geen1, She is likely to be the next president. (chances) The quite good. 2, Could you please type these letters before you go to lunch? (mind) Would . you go to lunch? 3. [fully intend to find out who is responsible for the graffiti. (every) ! ... who is responsible for the graft. 4, Itwasn't easy for Christine to get used to living in the country. (trouble) Christine .. living in the country, 5. You can try to get Tim to lend you his car but you won't succeed. (point) There's... ..t0 lend you his car. 6. Mrs Wilson says she's sorry she didn't attend the meeting yesterday morning. (sends) Mrs Wilson .... ven oe a yesterday morning. 7. The proposal has received unanimous support from the members. (unite. The he proposal. 8. They wouldn't let the former chairman attend the conference. (barred) The . the conference. There are several categories of people who don't have to pay the new tax. (exempt) Several .. the new tax. 40. They decided not to go by boat because they thought they would be seasick. (fear) “Their .. to go by boat. DERIVATIVES Animais The main (0)......... .. of the Labrador dog is CHARACTER its (7). ... to go, find and bring back something *. ABLE that is (2). That is, retrieve, French “retrouver". | go LOSE into allthis (3). stuff in order to introduce my dog, ‘EXPLAIN Fred. Fred and | have enjoyed a long (4).. PARTNER Now, he is (5)... the liveliest dog in the whole EASY (6). . and will go after a.ball all day if you have NEIGHBOUR the (7). J. » Fred's problem is that his attention wanders. ENERGISE A passing dog is, of course, an (8)... toa quick INVITE scrap, and cats’provide nothing but (9)... ee ENJOY so the (10)... .». of having your ball returned is nil. LIKEUSE OF IENGLIS | cunwen cvoze vest - Hue Past PAPERS Toe First Painrines That art is truly our birthright can be seen from its ancient beginnings. It does (0). Hot begin in history but actually in prehistory, thousands of years ago. (1). snnn palaealithic ancestors, who lived at that time, were small, hairy and iliterate, and even archaeology can say very (2). about them with certainty One thing, however, is absolutely certain and that is that these Stone Age cave dwellers wore artists, and not (3) artists in the sense that they could (4). seu if visual terms the animals (Ban sum Whigh they came (6). . daily contact - such art may be no more ().. ~ustration, Cave painting belongs to a very difierent category from this itis art inthe grand manner, great art, manifested (8... works of subtlety and power that have rarély, (ome ever, been surpassed. The paintings on the walls of the Altamira caves in Spain were the first to be discovered in modern (10) 1 in 1879. The discovery had such fundamental implications for archaeology that it was al fist dismissed (17). a forgery. A great bison Is painted on the ceiling of a long narrow corridor which (12).. . fo a subterranean cave in Altamira. It does not stand alone. A whole (13) urges majestically across the roof, one animal overlapping (14). horses, boars, mammoth and other such creatures -allof 16). were th dered quay ofthe Stone Age huntsman. They asset a powertl animal presence, inspite ofthe confusion, ©. not / hardly | really 6. with | into / on 11. with / as / being 4. The / Our/ Of 7. so than | as 42. finds leads | brings 2. limited | few / litle 8. on /in| with 43. set / scene | act 3. only / really | being 9. though / as | if 44. another / other | itself 4, make | represent | say 40. times / ages / years 415. it {which | those 8. with / of / that PAPER 3 ‘EJ Fin each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word, Laneuace Ano Tuoueut \ Those who experience pyoblems with anguage may find itil to perfor many kinds ontletual work To what (0........2XtMt......... is the capacity to think dependent on the capacity to use language? This is ‘a question which cannot be answered adequately. Nevertheless, we can apply (7)... see WO know about learning to suggest approximately (2)... _language works in helping Us to tink. itis evident that there isa close link between the capacity to use language and the capacities covered by the verb “to think’. It would (3). vn» that many thinking situations are hardly distingyishable {rom the skiff use of language, although there are some others in (4). - language is not involved. Thought cannot be simply identified ().. @ use of language. It may be the aa , of course, that the non-linguistic skills involved in thought can only be acquired and . the learner is able to use and understand laffguage. Obviously, able fo use language makes fora considerable developmentin all one's capacities but to say precisely how this comes about. (70........the common-sense level it appears that a distinction often exists (11)... sew thought and the words we employ to communicate with one (12)... _. We often have to struggle hard to find words to capture what (19) thinking has already grasped, and when at (14)... _ we do find words, _.e are sometimes disappointed to not that they (15),exhibit, reveal, register, betray © steal the show: attract the most attention and praise unexpectedly © stop the show: not continue because of the applauselattention received by the audience ¢ for show: only fo look at, not for use; for effect © Good showl: Well done! show of hands: raised hands by a group of people in voting ut up a good show: do well ¢ give the show away: give a secret away « all over the show: al over the place © get this show on the road: get something started © on show: able to be seen, on display respect, emotion, affection, devotion, appreciation, interest, (dis)regard, sign, evidence, grief, consideration, remorse, anger KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION 41. It’s only to look at. You can't use it, sir. (show) 18 ONY snare 2. We have every intention of getting this started right now. (road) We have every intention of 3. I told him to leave when he said that. (door) I 4, He's always happy to help you out. (shows) He 5. Don'ttellhim or you'll spoil the surprise. (give) Don't tell him 6. Al Pacino gave the best performance of all as the bride's father. (show) Al Pacino..... recente rami a feeling or attitude demonstrate, display, Snow EXPRESSIONS let someone see. reveal, expose, indicate, point out, display, mark, present, parade, produce bea sign of something demonstrate, reflect, imply, mean, suggest, point out, illustrate © show the flag: make a patriotic display © show (sb) the ropes: show someone how to do something new to them © show one’s face: eppear (often used negatively) © show willing: be ready/happy fo do something © show sb a thing or two: teach someone a lesson, impress them © show one's (true) colours: reveal your real personalitylopinion © show sb a good time: take sb out somewhere to entertain them © show sb the door: ask someone to leave @ show one’s hand/cards: reveal one’s intentions ‘They're stealing the show. 1». f0F Use, sit. sw fight now. .-when he said that. ..help you out away. as the bride's father. 7. When it came to money, | saw what he was really like. (true) He ... 8, Could you explain everything about the job to the new secretary tomorrow? (ropes) DO YOU .. fo money. ... tomorrow?Va ICABULARY ANALYSES (BE) ON [EXPRESSIONS Ne A hue So, Mum, this time F'n sure I'm on the verge of becoming rich and famous. — Richard, I've heard all this before and you know how it gets me on edge when you start talking about your plans. — But Mum, this time everything will be fine, I've got a couple of books on foan from the library on how to start up your own business, and I'm on first-name terms with the bank manager, so | know he'll give me a loan. — Well, I don't want to sound pessimistic but! think you are on course for another financial disaster - and don't ask your father to help you this time, Georges alto on edge} — No, this time I'm doing it all on my own, so you don’t have to worry. a cemene — That's all very well, but you know it will be constantly on my mind now. © on the verge of sth/doing sth: © on course for/to do sth: at or close fo the point where sth a. likely o achieve sth because you new begins or takes place have already had some success © on edge: nervous, excited or b. going in the intended direction ad-tempered ® (all) on one’s own: © on loan: being borrowed, as a. alone a book is from a library . without being helped or supervised ¢ onfirst-name terms: call sb by © on one’s mind: in one’s thoughts He's on the verge their first name as a sign of a (causing worry or concern) 7 ot fein. friendly, informal relationship (BE) ON EXPRESSIONS HF © on the brink of (doing) sth: at the point or state © on the run: trying fo avoid being captured very close to sth unknown, dangerous or exciting © on the go: active and moving about ® on speaking terms: have afrienaly relationship © on the point of (doing) sth: just about to do sth ® on the tip of my tongue: on the point of recalling © on the edge of one's seat: very excited and Gr remembering sth but not able to say it giving one’s ful atenton to sth Gq open cLoze test {have always thought that director Sven Svenborg was on the (1). ... of producing a great film. Well, now I think he has done it. | was on the (2)... of my seat throughout “Wrong Woinan,” his latest, Mary Kramer, who plays the lead role, is surely on (3) for her first Oscar. This film is about a woman on the (4) for a murder she didn’t commit, She's (8... the point of being caught when she runs into her ex-husband, whom she hasn't been on speaking (6)... with for years. He hides her, and admits that since their divorce she has always been on his (7)... snes « Lwon't give away any secrets and reveal the ending - instead | urge you to go and see it. But don't go on your (8). - it’s pretty frightening. @J contocations (matcn) 1. petty a. mind, officials, offence : a. television, monitor 2. trivial injury, offence, mistake a b. light, future, child fl 3. minor . attempt, salary 5 ¢. memory, proof 4. trifling |. matter, sum . [1 4. imagination, detail, 5. paltry matter, mistake, injuryToric VOCABULARY & Wau THeats I you go to the theatre to see a play or musical, it may be because oritics gave it a good review in the arts and enieriainment section of a newspaper or a guide to what's on in the city. You may book your seats in advance at the box office, or turn up on the night and hope that the play has not been 2 sell-out, In most theatres, you have the option of sitting in the stalls, ie. ground lever in front of the stage, of up in the circle, where seats tend to be cheaper. If you take a box, however, you'll pay more,,The usher shows you to your seats: The audience take their seats, the lights dim/go down and the curtain goes up. The actors, who are members of the cast, or company, take their place on, stage and play their parts. it may be a play in three or five acts, during which there is usually an interval of 18 minutes for refreshments. The actors may be playing to a full house, meaning thét the theatre is ful. If the play was a hit, naturally the audience applaud. if it was especially good we can say it brought the house down and the cast may take any number of curtain calls at the end. Ifit is a musical or opera, the orchestra sits in the orchestra pit and the conductor, with his bator, takes them through the music. The lead tenor (male) ot soprano (female) may tecelve standing ovation and the audience may call for an encore Of course, the production may also be a success for its sets, costumes or score (music and lyrics). If erties do not lke it, they may slam or sfate it and say itis a flop (failure). reese IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS ' take centre stage: become the centre be in the spotlight: be the centre of attention of atraction © get in on the act: ake advantage of sth stage an event: hold, put on an event started by sb else : * usher in (a new era): introduce, cause fo start. . ® get one’s act together: organise one's Ife © upstage sb: draw attention away from sb else, $0 as fo achieve sth © the show must go on: we must continue ‘© make a song and dance about sth: make despite all diffcuties trouble, cause fuss about sth © clean up one’s act: start to behave more « there wasn't a dry eye in the house: everybody. responsibly aes GQ] key worn TRANSFORMATION 1. Is it necessary to make such a fuss about my being late? (song) Do you have svonnee about my being late? 2. Unless you organise yourself, we'll never be able to work as a team. (get) ‘ Only when es . be able to work as a team. 3. Becoming the centre of attraction was all he wanted. (stage) FE Taking , wanted, 4. Don't forget that whatever happens we mustn't give up, Robin. (show) Don't forget ... - 7 Robin. 5. Living constantly in public view was annoying her. (spotlight) Being .. enue = was annoying her. 6. He wants to take advantage of ths stution before i's too lat. (in) He wants before it’s too late, 7. Starting to behave in a more responsible way should be his fst prirty. (act) Cleaning ree : priority, 8. I dont wish to appear more important than you, but | have this to say. (upstage) ‘ Idon't . | have this to say.PAST PAPERS Liam Exe Starlight Express is the second-longest running musical (0). British theatre history, having had over 4000 performances. However, (7), the composer Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber first announced he was going to write a musical (2}..ununneeeen trains from different countries, many people wondered (3). anne he had gone crazy. But, as with everything Lloyd Webber touches, (A. sen vision has been proved correct and the spectacular show, where young people on roller skates excitedly rush atound the auditorium, high (6). theatre-goers’ heads, has become a runaway success. (6). bul five of the thity-three people in the company were unknowns one actor was a carpenter ANd (7).nueenmeonone WAS a receptionist at an advertising agency. “All we had to do was find people who (2)... sun Sing, dance, act and skate and preferably all at the same time,” Lloye Webber pointed (9) . The idea (10)... . the show came from a book that Lloyd Webber had liked (11)... a child. He and colleagues worked together to produce the songs, "There is (12)... snow Ceftain romance about trains, which have a natural hythm which suggests music,” said the composer. In order to put (73)... .w the show, the inside of a theatre in London was rebuilt (14) vn insalng skating tracks around the theatre. The show has taken more than $100 milion and has been seen by well (1)... ‘ive million people Gl GappeD SENTENCES (wir Common WoRD) 41. Lagree that all the actors gave a wondertl... ‘That car won an award for its safety standards and ... The bureaucracy there is amazing. What a... we had just to get a visa! in a protest march on Saturday. 2, I'm going to take They've only found a. .. of the money that was stolen. Paying no income tax played a large .... . in Al Capone's downfall. 3, The latest... of “Othello” in the West End has been given a good review by the critics. | I'm afraid you're only allowed in on...... of a valid ticket, sir. The. . of mictochips for computers has increased by 10% so far this year. 4. Walking out of your job without another to go to is the Don't you think it’s time you got your. The hero ofthe play died in the last... 5, We played to all... What really brought the . pretending to be drunk. Everyone stopped talking as the... ‘of afoo, in my opinion, together and found a job? ‘ much to my surprise all that week, which made the producer happy. . down was Sophie dressing ups Uncle George and lights went down. 6. Forgetting their words when on - is a constant nightmare for actors. Attis.. it’s impossible to know for sure if well nish the project on time. “The Prime Minister’ assassination setthe for a radical change of government. "mtd eer ts aS SAPP TS REAWeaTHeR/NAT 3 nouns © a storm in a teacup: fuss about nothing © a stone’s throw away: very near © the wind of change: a new trend/factor © cast a cloud over sth: partially spoil sth © the tip of the iceberg: small part of sth © GAPPED SENTENCES (wir common WORD) 4, Pam has been on . Everything is fine, There isn'ta. When Joe broke his leg, it cast a 2, When Janet loses her ‘temper it's usually no more than a .. the old tree was struck by lightning. When the council decided | ‘to pull down alll the old cottages, there was a 3. Lwish I could remember the title of this song, It's on the During the... There's a lot more you don't know. It's just the .. You'l find a useful : ) venss © water sth down: weaken, dilute sth © cloud one’s brainvjudgement: make less clear © fire sb’s imagination: arouse sb’s imagination ‘© moon over: think/daydream about one’s love ® tide sb over: help b through a dificult period © NOUNS & VERE FILLIN 1. He doesn't live far away. His house is only 2, Her personal problems ... 8, The MANAGEL anne 4, Big changes are happening in China. The 5. The description of life on a South Pacific island 6. He was in such a bad mood that he 7. The workers... 8. We managed to yj matcn 1. brave the bad weather/storm . on the crest of a wave be in afog . skate on thin fee a drop inthe ocean ». turn the tide . take (sb/sth) by storm swim with/against the tide . promise sb the earth/moon (build) castles in the & Ivioms XPRESSIONS URAL ELEMENTS (1) a cloud on the horizon: a small problem in sight a fair-weather friend: a friend only when things are fine on the air: being broadcast/transmitted put on airs and graces: have pretentious behaviour © a guiding/leading light: sb who leads or sets an example nine since she got engaged. .. on the horizon. over the whole holiday. .. ina teacup. .» Of protest. ..of my tongue. ofthe iceberg. on how to prune roses in that magazine. « storm in(toout of a place: come or leave quickly and angry « stream in/out ofa place: mave in a continuous flow © weather the storm: overcome difcultes « fire the first shot: start an argument or incident © air one's views/opinions/grievances: make known from here. . on the new project, for all to hear. -is blowing there, _dane’s. .. the room. the building atthe end of the day. despite the economic recession. 1. atiny part (of what is needed) b. be ina dangerous situation ¢ suppatt or oppose what everyone elses doingthinking d. (have) great success in a place . (have) hopes that are unlikely to happen . make a promise which can't be kept face, deal with courageously at a very successful point or stage make drastic opposite change in a situation |. be confused; not realy know the factsGAPPED SENTENCES (WTH common won) © Think of ene word only which can fe used appropriately in all three sentences. (based on SHOW expressions, (BE) OF expressions, WEATHER/NATURAL ELEMENTS idioms) i. I'm afraid the wedding cake in the window is only for... show. it's made of plastic, Mike put up a good ... .». al the meeting, considering he only had a couple of hours to prepate. Right, men, it's time for a show, of force to get these people moving. 2, Mobile phones took the World DY su... inthe nineties. I regret arguing with Lisa. It was just a snes I @ACACUD. Bove smnnsann Of APPLAUSE SHOOK the opera house as the leading lady finished the aria. 3. 1 thought she was following me but she seemed to have vanished into thn Castles in the .. are al vety wel, but sooner or later you have to pay the ret. You'll be on the as soon as you see the red light. 4. Th gavarmant is being ciissad all sides for its educational policy. Speaking . Mc Pitt’s behatf, like to thank all of you. He looks asi e's. the point of erying. 5. Ift's true that every .» has a siver lining, then some really good fortune is coming my way. The fight between Bil and lan cast a. cnn VOT the party and everyone started to drift away. Arare, perfect spring day and the only... ‘on the horizon was the fact that | had to go to work! 6, We were only in London for the weekend but he really. .Us @ good time, You.. smew Such complete disregard for everyone's feelings that i's hardly surprising no one is talking to you today. Well, he certainly ..you a thing or two about playing the piano, didn't he? ELD ouitew 41. Putting flowers in the room was a nice... 1'm not feeling well oday. I think Ive got a ssueeee ON the part of the hotel. © start offiu. ° fealing At that restaurant they always remember your name and | ike that personal. touch 2. The groom's speech at the . . Was absolutely hilarious. reception We've had very good .. since we bought that new aerial, © meeting The visting diplomats were given a Very Wat. By the president, * contact 3. Tosucha _- was he insulted by the remark that he would not reply. © grade HS ONE sass .. warmer today than yesterday. © mark Wy sstris studying for her post gfaduat] asunonon at Manchester University. degree A, They were able 10 no . the operation despite the blackout. © make ant promise to ...nsnsnnnnnsnvne Miracles, but Pl do the best | can. * perform She's due to... the part for the twentieth time tonight. © execute 5. Idon’t want to go alone. Will you come to keep me... sone? © contact Paul and his wife aren't getting on. They've decided to part * society ‘Sam has been working for the same insurance sine 1992. © company 6. 1'0,go 10 Maly TKO @ snore if somebody asked me, * shot Nihave a at fixing the radio if you lke. ety Saying *Cuba’ was usta .n the dark, but it turned out to be the correct answer. light. @ELATED WoRDS a €» Conrusine/ Ret ° DIM ° FAINT ° CEEBLE ° ROUGH ° VAGUE © PALE © HAZY Fo.rtow Your Heart lf you want to get on in the world, i's all too easy to get bogged down in a job you don't ike. You put up with a heavy schedule every day in the F faint hope that one day you'll be boss or win the lottery. | take a dir view of this attitude - in fact I think i’s utter nonsense! Life is too short. Some people make a feeble attempt to do something about it, but don't really get to grips with the problem, They have a vague Ielea of what they want to do, but as time goes by the wild plans of their youth become but hazy Jules thought he'd ike o steep rough, F yecollections They live ther lives on someone else's terms in the firm "belie that they are being sensible and responsible, Only when they retire and their bones are creaking do they get down to business and decide to travel and do something exciting, like climbing in the Himalayas or sleeping rough on a Greek beach. Itis then their comfortable lives and adequate bank balances pale into insignificance when they realise what could have been. ® inthe faint hopes with very litle hope © hazy recollection: unclear memory * take a dim view of: disapprove of, have no respect for _® sleeping rough: sleeping outside, without a bed © make a feeble attempt: make a weak effort « pale into insignificance: become completely © have a vague idea: not have an exact idea unimportant pm FEEBLE vaguE © in the dim and distant past © feeble-minded © vague promises/rumours/ © dim shape/outinefigure * old and feeble notions/instructions/plans © dim recollection/memory © a feeble jokelexcuse * be vague about © dimly-lit © dim-wit/dim-witted ROUGH © have a vague recollection of FAINT rough and ready «© vaguely remember sth/doing sth © not have the faintest (idea) take the rough with the smooth PALE © see sth as a faint blur © roughly the same ® pale besidelin comparison with © faint chance/feelinginoise rough quess/calculation! sth © pale wit fear © fainthearted © feel faint estimatefindication/idea wazy « faint from/with hungerfthe heat © roughly speaking © hazy memorylidealrecollection MCQ CLOZE TEST In the (1). . and distant past before the fighting, things seemed to be, if not perfect, at least better. | have a (2). recollection of my mother going out to collect water from the well, and fresh milk from the cows. Then the war came, and.our previous discomfors (3)... in comparison to what we suffered then. | remember sleeping (4) destroyed, and walking 6 kilometres every morning to the nearest tovin in the (6 there would be some food to buy. I remember my sister (6)...1- c grandmother crying herself to sleep at night. Thank God those terrible days aré over. "a8 our house had been . hope that with hunger and my 1. a faint b. pale ©. dim d, feeble 2 a, pale b. hazy 6. rough d. ready 3. a.dimmed —b, fainted —_—_c, paled d. softened 4. a, rough bs feeble c. dim di. vague 5. a. pale b. hazy . rough 4, faint 6 a. faint b. vague c. dim d. rough ©Lice © shine © twinkle © flicker © flare © flash © glow gleam © shining example © glow with pride © glitter © dazzle © tise and shine © burning desirefhatredji © shimmer © glare © tain or shine © sparkling wine/conv e burn — © glisten © ficker/spark of interest © gleam of white teeth © sparkle © glint © ina flash/flash in the pan glimmerfray of hope Mca CLOZE TEST Farmer Smith watched anxiously as clouds began to gather in the sky. A (1). . sun (2). ose with a fierce heat, but as the heat became difficult to bear, thunder could be heard rolling round the hills, and light- ning (3) . in the distance against the darkening sky, Thin (4)... . ‘of sunshine pierced the dark underbellies of the clouds and ¢ then, as lightning (5)... overhead, large drops of rain began to fall, and Farmer Smith felt a (6).... .. of happihess deep within. 1. a. flaring b. gleaming ©. glittering d., dazzling 2a. glinted b, shone «. flashed 4. flickered 3. a. shone b. dazzled ©. flickered d, burned 4 a rays b, flashes ¢. flares d. twinkles 5. - a, gleamed b. flashed c. burned d. shimmered 6. a. flash b. gleam ©. sparkle d. glow| 4, milling mnonopolies Baeao, Giorious Bri AD Exteact 1 The 20th century is the age of mechanisation, mass production, electrification and automation. More * Women go out to work and less baking is done at home. For many, the factory loaf provides a convenient answer to today’s needs as it is wrapped and sliced ready to use. However, although one would not really wish to bring back the so-called “good old days", it would be salistying to bring back the good things associated with times gone by, such as the slower pace of life, fresh flavoursome food and home baking. Breadmaking is one of the basics and also one of the most rewarding aspects of home baking. Do not be inhibited by the aura surrounding i; once mastered, breadmaking is simple. Extract 2 Today, over 80% of the bread sold in Britain is produced in factories. its soft and white and handily wrapped, All but about 5% of the rest is made with the same characterless flour, supplied by the milling monopolies which control our bread industry. So wherever it comes from, it all tastes much the same. A revolt against this dismal standardisation is now gathering momentum. All over the country people are again making their own bread. Indeed, the author has been doing so for about fifteen years. Extract 3 EAT MORE BREAD - It's cheap. I's nourishing! Nowhere in the great wheat-producing countries of the world can you buy good, fresh, wholesome bread as cheaply as you can in Britain, It is baked in spotlessly clean bakeries by skilled bakers who know how to make bread light, delicious and nourishing. Eat more white or brown bread; it is all highly nutritious and recommended by the best medical authorities. Extract 4 | determined to have a try at baking. My cookery book was discouraging, making it seem that to cook a loaf of bread was like canying out some chemical experiment. With beginner's luck, | produced some lovely rolls. These were placed on the table within reach of Arthur at dinner. "Good roll, this,” he said, trying one. “Where did you get them? A new baker?” "Yes," I said, as casually as my bursting pride would allow me, “I made them myself.” “Do you mean to tell me,” he exclaimed, “that tis thing is only flour and water?" Holding it up in amazement, he added, “Then «, what on earth do they do to the bread in the shops?” ANALYSIS IDIOMS - EXPRESSIONS © good old days: when times were better © beginner's luck: accidentally correct or (often in memory only) lucky even though by a beginner ‘© gather momentum: move faster and faster spotlessly clean: very clean ® times gone by: old days, n the past mass production: produced in large quantities 1. flavoursome 2. inhibited 3. aura large flour companies sad making the same not feeling confident enough . makes you strong and healthy likely to make you healthy g. full of taste hi, full of health substances 1. quality that surrounds sth 5. dismal. 6. standardisation 7. nourishing 8. wholesome 9. nutritious | coooo000=] Decide whether the fatlowing statements are true oF false and underline the parts of the text which give you the answ 1. Some aspects of the “good old days" were not so good. 2. Women bake less because they have less time, 3. The writer of extract 3 is encouraging you to make your own bread. 4, The writer of extract 4 was wary of making bread at first, 5, The writer of extract 4 was insulted when her husband tried her home-baked rolls, 8, People buy factory loaves because they taste betler, according to extract 1 What evidence in the extracts Is there for the followlng statements? 1. Women haven't got the time to bake bread any more, 2, Breadmaking is not as complicated as you may imagine. 3. People are not satistied with characterless factory bread, 4, Bread is a good buy from every point of view. 5. Buying bread from a bakery or shop is convenient. 6. Extract 2 and extract 3 take very differing points of view. 7. Extracts 1 and 2 have a very similar point to make. Choose the correct answer. PAST PAPERS ~~ 41. Extracts 1 and 2 differ on the subject of 4, The writer of extract 4 . ‘A. the convenience of commercial bread, A, agrees with extract 3, B, the quality of home-baked bread. B, supports the criticism of ©, the present trend in home baking. commercial bread. D._ the origins of most modem bread. ©, emphasises the health value of home-baked bread, 2. Extract 3 contradicts the first two extracts by stating that commercial bread is shows that home bakers are proud people. A. cheap. 5, Extracts 1, 2 and 4 share the opinion that B. light. A. breadmaking is not as difficult as ¢ €. delicious. people think. D. nutritious. B. only the best ingredients should be used in breadmaking 3. The first three extracts all agree that C. home baking can be a fascinating bread should be hobby. AL. convenient, D._ the mystery surrounding breadmaking B._ nourishing. should be respected. ©. fresh SDs tasty. aPREPARATORY GE] KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION 4, It's a good idea to get someone to check the car before you buy it. (werth) Its before you buy it. 2. It would be in your best interest to take out holiday insurance. (benefit) You .. . holiday insurance. 3. Joe's not likely to volunteer for the extra work. (likelihood) There's for the extra work. 4, I don't intend to pay all the expenses. (intention) I all the expenses. 5. Are you sorry you didn’t come with me? (coming) Do with me? 6. | don't see why we can't ask the shop for a refund. (wrong) What's... the shop for a refund? 7. Alice found it hard to settle down to a new life in France. (difficulty) Alice toa new life in France. 8, It’s John’s responsibilty to order office supplies. (responsible) John .. office supplies. © mca croze test Three days of camping with my cousin Jack was enough for me. He had hardly shown (1). . when there was work to be done, preferring to lie under a tree and watch the hippos in the river. | had to do the packing, of course, but just as we were on the (2).. of leaving, disaster struck. A lion appeared from nowhere and padded towards me. It was then that Jack showed his true (3). He walked towards the tion banging a tin with a stick. ~ The startled lion stopped, and then slipped away. The lion was old and (4). and probably looking for an easy meal. Nevertheless, Jack's bravery really (5). my imagination and there wasn’t a dry eye in the (6)....n.sissnsnne wien | told the story to the family. 1. a his cards b. his face . the flag d. the ropes 2 a. edge bi tip ©. verge 4d. course 3. a. face b. cards ©. flag . colours 4. a. feeble b. vague c. dim d. hazy 5. a, stormed b. clouded . fired d. watered 6. a, event b. house ¢. stage d. actCG] key Word TRANSFORMATION 1, I'm afraid I'm just about to leave for work. (point) Fm afraid PM oe se reer for work. 2, Billy started the argument and then everyone else joined in. (fired) Billy seo eee and then everyone else joined in. I really don’t know what you are talking about. (éaintest) \ Seer 4, The shops are near our house. (throw) The shops ene 5, She's making a fuss about nothing. (dance) She's ce 6. Why don't you get started instead of just taking at about it? (show) Why don’t you 7 : . instead of just talking about it? 7. Why did you have to cause so much trouble over something so unimportant? (dance) Why did you have to .. something so unimportant? 8. That child wants to be the centre of attention all the time. (spotlight) That child wants ..... .». what you are talking about. from our house. . nothing, all the time. Gi] aappep SENTENCES - COMMON WORD 4. Im not on first-name . According to the .. They're not on speaking .... ... with Mrs Brown although I've known her for several years. of the contract, we have to do our own repairs. . since the divorce. .. of sadness about her. 2, Agnes always seems to have a(n) . Let's go out for a walk and get some fresh It's time you stopped building castles in the 3. At the concert, the vicar stole the .. All his photographs are on It’s a pity Jimmy gave the 4, Jenny has had a(n) He's a very .. The sunlight was'so 5, Fred wants to get in on the . nw hlow.that we've done all the hard work. It was an amazing... .. of bravery, considering how young heis. —* The exams are in three weeks so it's time you got your .. together. 6. What a(n) ina teacup because | forgot to phone you! The new Lloyd Webber musical tock New York by snunensen When it opened on Broadway. We've got enough in the bank to weather the ...... a8 long as we Keep our expenditure to a minimum. 7. Aln) = thing split the sky and then the rain came down. His one hit record was just a(n) ... in the pan, | think. | can fix some sandwiches in a(n) and then we can be on our way. 8. I'm afraid dad wil... a dim view of your new boyfriend. ‘Sometimes you have to ... @ chance if you want to make money. You Mave 10 «rane the rough with the smooth if you choose to live in a tiny village. a ... when he sang “My Way". at the Town Hall. .. away and spoilt the surprise. idea for the next edition of the magazine. child but incredibly lazy. it hurt my eyes,“PASSIVE VOICE a LPs SIMPLE/PROGRESSIVE ‘TENSES & INFINITIVES o be + past pape © he + being + past participle © (to) be/have been + past participle GE] wurenarives MUST/SHOULD © IS TO BE.../ARE TO BE... © INPERATIVE (with phrasal verbs) ‘© require, need two onsects promise, award, offer, refuse, give, send, show, .. @) accarive wonps El passive cznunn ge fe “Justice should not only be done, but should manifestly and undoubtedly be seen to be done, || ‘They redecorated his office during the weekend. His office was redecorated during the weekend. ‘They were holding a live concert when the fire broke out. Alive concert was being held when the fire broke out. ltappears that he was shot. ee He appears to have been shot. foe Fe oF There Don't leave the lights on when you leave. The lights mustn't/shouldn't be left on when you leave. The lights are not to be left on when you leave, Look into this matter at once. This matter must/should be looked into at once. This matter requiresineeds to be looked/looking into at once. ‘They offered the sales manager's job to Paul Paul was offered the sales manager's job. The sales manager's job was offered to Paul. They didn’t ask any questions. 'No questions were asked. ‘They couldn't locate the missing plane anywhere. The missing plane was nowhere to be found. ‘Nowhere could the missing plane be located. © [hate people lying to me. =» /hate being lied to. ¢ He was sentenced to life imprisonment after they had found him guilty of murder. He was sentenced to life imprisonment after having been found guity of murder. GG turmerocr una + wat + stows (agree, be anxious, arrange, be determined, demand, EY active sare wenmrive ‘> passive full it © They saw him steal the money. ‘He was seen to steal the money. beseeeeaey They decided to sell their business. They decided that their business should be sold. ‘* He recommended using lead-free petrol. ‘He recommended that lead-free petrol should be used. © They made us wait an hour. We were made to wait an hour. ‘Preference|Priority is given... Another attempt was made. He was made President. We were given permission/allowed to.. A request was made... The fence wants/needs fixing. his heart alack was caused/brought on by ‘tr. Her application was turned down. A rreservation/booking has been made. Criticism ofthe... was contained/made in the article,GRAMMAR | || vensowa, ab utpEMsow const ove h © People say he sells arms. (PRESET) bbaleve, know, repr, suppose, hope, ‘> [fis sald that he sells selling arms. (CLAUSE) allege, presume, expect, esume, & He is sale to sellibe selling aims, (INFINITIVE) a ore tw» Arms are said to be sold by him. (PASSIVE INFINITIVE - less common) ‘© They claim he promised/was promising people jobs. (PAST) ’» [tis claimed that he promisediwas promising people jobs. (cLause) © He is claimed to have promisedihave been promising people jobs. (PERFECT NFINITWe) <= Jobs are claimed fo have been promised by him. (passive PERFECT INFINITIVE less common) TONS ° zpaoi aleonusrons = * It consists of eight people. > itis composed offmade up of eight people. {© The town stands on a hill. > The townis Jocated/situated on a hil. 1-2 The alty is famous for. > The city is renowned for.. + «There's arumour/Rumour has It that she's. >. She's said/reputed/rumoured to be. Causative Form AUXILIARY PASSIVE. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH HAVE/GET GQ causative Form HAvE/GET STH DONE ‘© Someone will install our central heating tomorrow. enibae fonaee © We'll have our central heating installed tomorrow. © progressive tenses © They get a professional gardener to look after their garden. * Imperative > They have their garden looked after by a professional gardener. The gardener is planting new trees. © Make two photocopies, please. We are having new trees planted. ‘Have two photocopies made, please. © David's hair is being cut right now. © My carneeds washing. ‘David Is having his hair cut right now. = Get/Have my car washed. ©] accwentamisrorTune. ‘© Someone has repaired Tony's camera, or something which = Tony has had his camera repaired. (= FOR Hil) (CAUSATIV) © Someone has stolen Tony's camera. se Tony has had his camera stolen. (= NOT FOR HIM) (AUXILIARY PASSIVE) © The roof had its tiles blown off bylin the wind. (accident) @ had my front tooth broken in a fight. (misfortune) «© had this information given to me by a fiend. (not arranged) has not been arranged © cer ss to no. (full int) . ‘© HAVE SB DO. He got his dad to paint the front door. (bare Int} ‘= He had his dad paint the front door. GJ ave sp pone © Iiiteach you howto ski inno time.» Be quiet or he will shout at us. \e Ihave you skiing inno time. ‘® Be quiet or you'll have him shouting at us. ORAL PRACTICE 4. The Philippines consists of thousands of islands. The Philppines.. 2. The rescue team will try again to find the missing seamen tomorrow. Another... 3. Our dog needs vaccinating. We'll 4, Rumour has it that he's a millionaire. He 5, The deadline for competition entries is 3r¢ 6. They surprised him with an award. He... 7, People claim that the immigrants were hiding in the warehouse. The immigrants... 8. They think your nephew stole the money. Your... lay. Competition.GQ ev worn transroRMATION (based on Passive Voice & Causative Form) 1, Etica has asked for a transfer but there's little chance that itl be granted. (stands) Erica's request for a transfer granted, 2, We will have to leave this decision until the next meeting. (deferred) This decision the next meeting. | 3. This report is highly critical of current transport policy. (levelled) © Severe .. policy in this report. | 4, People who are seriously ill are seen before other patients. (to) Priority seriously il 5, Its said that he has been to prison several times. (reputed) He several times. 6. The kidnappers let all the hostages go yesterday. (released) All. . yesterday. 7. According to the newspapers, the hurricane took the roof off the Town Hall. (brown) | twas reported that .. by the hurricane, Tsiolkovsky .. the space rocket. 9. Only final year students are allowed to use the main college car park. (restricted) Use of ... .» final year students only. : i i : | 8, Some people say that Tsiolkovsky invented the space rocket. (credited) H 7 | 10. Twelve people lost their jobs in the company's reorgar Twelve people tion. (redundant) .. company's reorganisation. : El venivarives At Tie THEATRE setion, .» either of sitting in the stalls opT or in the circle, where tickets have a (1)... Well, | had the (0)... . to be less TEND .. So, circle it was. | had been invited to a theatre: EXPEND ... version of a book I'd frankly "DRAMA Ronen production, actually a (9). never read, and the (4)..... had given it a rave review. CRITICISE : I-fact they went as far as to say it was a most (5)... REMARK piece of theatre, At least it wasn't a ghastly (6)... which music ~ hate, but a good old “whodunnit.” The (7). were not ACT (2) . and | didn't expect a great deal from them, but FAME they were extremely (9)... and | thoroughly enjoyed COMPETE thE (10)nnsnnnnneinrnininnnnn ‘The butler did it, of course. Who else? PERFORMUse OF ENGLISH 4] qutpen cLoze ECTRONIC DusTBINS ‘The local council of Mosman Park, Weslem Australia, is issuing its 7,500 residents with “electronic dustbins” These will 0)... 8Ale, ilto charge each household (1).. the weight of rubbish iakes away. Waste that is suitable for recycling, which is put in adfrent bin, wil (2) to be collected free, as has always been the case. ‘The new dustbin may look ordinary but it has a tiny electronic ciroult moulded into (3)... _ side. When the bin is being emptied, this circuit is activated (4)....mem thatthe computer in the rubbish truck can work (6), : Which house the bin (6)... senna {0, This Computer is lodged in the arm that sings the bin UpSide () nor “to emply it. It also measures er _. much rubbish comes oul. (9)... the council gets round to making full (10 of the system, those households that throw away more than their allowance could find themselves paying 16 cents for every kilogram of waste they produce. Similar systems have been used successfully for industrial waste, but the council is not aware of anywhere else in the world using (11), type of technology for domestic rubbish. The circuit (12)... _ about ten per cent to the cost of a large dustbin, However, because the circuit is aatvated| byasigrl ‘rom the rubbish ruck, it can do (13). its pwn power supply and has (14). . batteries that would (15).. _ replacing. 0. enable | let | make 6. belongs /is / comes 414. this | which | one 4. a3 /for /to 7. over /up { down 412. adds | makes | puts 2. continue | stay | persist 8. which | how / that 13. with | without / for 3. a/ their its 9, When / That | Soon 14. any /some /no 4, which | such | so 10. time / use / employment 15. take | be / need 5. up | out | over PAPER 3 Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage PAST PAPERS: with one suitable word. (adapted) Learnine To Get On With Peorie In order to get on with other children, children must have a standard of give and take, T0 (0)... SME... extent they can learn this from their parents, but they must also learn that they cannot be friends with (0. .. and that some personal characteristics are more appealing than (2)... There will be children and adults with (3). unum hey cannot get elon, so they must learn to deal with them (4).. su @xCeSSIVe friction. They myst also lear how (5), ow they should be wiling to compromise in order to make (6). susie B6COpLabIe to others; so they | need to know when to draw the line and say, (7). aoe far, but no further.” They must also | recognise that they have the choice of (8). “along with the majority or standing ()essunnesnnsttssnnnnnninnen WithOut Fancour or bitterness. i in earning these socal skls chien acquire civilised (1)... and the abilty to five in a community in which everyone is (19... toa large extent on everyone else. They | (12) sounsunpoannnnnen €NOuNter others who are not quite so civilised, and they must be prepared to meet «| them (13). understanding and resolution. In each case they must rely on thelr own course of behaviour, according to the particular circumstances. They must realise that there is a time to stand (14). ground, a time to compromise, and even a time when its better to run (15)..rmnmmnA oe eee i 7 HAVE 4 a (good) grasp of: know sth well ¢ a (good) mind to: seriously think about doing sth # abet on: gamble (on horses, etc.) nota clue about: know nothing about 4% alot going for: have a lot in one’s favour 4 a brush with sb: have an argument! unpleasant encounter with sb 4 anino inkling (of sthithat..): have some/ no knowledge of sth secret or not previously known 4 one’s wits about one: be/remain alert and ready to act ahead start: have an advantage over others one’s eye on sth: want sth very much 4% sth on the go: be involved in sth money to burn: have so much money that one can spend it freely + the gall to/cheek to/nerve to/ effrontery to/audacity to: have bold or nide behaviour without any feeling of shame KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION Have EXPRESSIONS (no) recollection my way: get what your want itin for sb: have sth against sb (good) laugh (about): find amusing ‘one’s say: a chance fo state one’s opinion (sth) to say for oneself: be ready to talk, give one’s views or justly what one has done @ a gojcrack/shot/stabitry at: try sth @ a goat sb: criticise sb ee |; * it both ways: benefit from two opposing opinions! actions: is ‘© sthyit coming to one: deserve sth bad. (too) many irons in the fire: have (too) many | interests, jobs or work to do at the same time. ¢ the best of both worlds/all possible worl the benefits of widely differing situations enjoyed atthe same time. a ect : (a good) command (of): be able to use or control: a nest egg: have a sum of money saved for future use. ‘one’s work cut out: face a dificult task: ‘ther fish to fry: have more important business to 1. He's so wealthy he doesn’t even know what to do with his money. (has) He's so wealthy 2. | have other, more important things to do, you know. (fish) 3. That city's worth visiting - i's got just about everything. (going) That city’s worth visiting - 4, They have quite alot of money saved for their retirement: (nest) They 5. I think he's trying to do too many things at the same time. (rons) TthiNK sane + Burn, » you know. their retirement. . fire, 6. You are going to have a dificult time finishing by six o'clock. (cut) You are going . 7. |had an argument with Jane about her ti eee He ... 1. He speaks the English language well. (command) by six o'clock ... about her timekeeping. language.WOCABULARY (BE) IN NALWSE Expressions (O81) Wei. Doner ~ In the light of your excellent work record, Mr Pierce, we have decided to promote you. In contrast to the majority of our other workers you have always been entirely dependable. In addition to your reliability you have also shown initiative and the willingness to aocept responsibilly. In recognition of your efforts in the Wimpy deal, I'm going to give you a bonus which, in the view of the board, is well deserved, Thank you very much sir, but could you tell me in terms of money what my promotion means? Im not convinced | want to accept it, as 'm not a good administrator and in the event of a mejor problem, I may not be up to dealing with it. In the light of your good ‘work, wel ghing you higher post © in the light of: in view of sth; considering sth 7 © in contrast to: being opposite, different in addition to (sb/sth): as an extra person, thing, circumstance « in recognition of: giving a reward to show gratitude © in the view of: in the opinion of « in terms of: considering « in the event of: i sth specified happens or is done fending bulk in large amounts. 6 (Gf): Before, ahead of tie common: sharing siilar qualities: soking fr or tying to find sbsth; « ina flash: very quickly. : sas bls co a fo cath thamit in connection with: with reference to sbisth ring; taking into consideration preparation for: the action of preparing circumstances in which sth inline with: similar to, in agreement with | © in answer to: saying, writing or doing sth ‘as a response to deal with a question @y oven cioze test Allright, men, Tomorrow youl be in (1). | possible danger | want you to take all precautions. In the event (9)... head forthe capita by sundown. In (4). son t0 being quite lose, there are also plenty of places to hide inthe inner Cy. ().nwnninsnnnsmnens the absence of any communication from me, rendezvous at the sports stadium on Thursday evening. In the (6). su Of the present poltical climate, ty not to be taken prisoner. In preparation (7). snuenn tOMOMTOW Ii like you all to get an ear right and don't forget we'll be working in (8)... sma wth some French troops. Good luck! a .. of the ... our getting separated, © couocations (march) 1. te [J a formation, alostitem 1. recover 2, revive. [__] b. one’s steps 2, resume .[—_] b, a book; evidence, a case 3. tetieve . CL] aperson, aninterest’ 3. review” [1] ¢. a book, interest, alicence ri [J a. buildings, confidence, 4. renew [—] -d. health, economy, , health, diplomat allost item, confidence“Transpot is crucial in both urban and rural areas, Everyone has to get around, or get from A to B __ Transport basically falls into two categories, public and private. Public transport consists of a network of bus, train and underground networks, connecting one place with another. Public transports at its busiest during the rush hour, or peak hours, when commuters are on thelr way to or from work. The hub of the network is the centre, for example a mainline train station, bus terminal or airport. Depending on the country, public transport can be expensive, especially ii is not subsidised by the government, because of rising fuel and staffinglmanning costs. Problems can include congestion in inner-city areas, cancellations or delays to timetables because of maintenance work or signal failures and overcrowding Environmentalists and urban planners advocate public transport over private because it is more cost-efficient, because of fuel consumption, Private transport, eg. your own car, can be more comfortable and convenient, butithas its disadvantages. Apart from the initial outlay to buy the car (you don't buy ton instalments), mainfenance/running costs can be high and the current trend towards pedestrian precincts poses parking problems, which means you oan get a ticket or be towed away. Abicycle, of course, is the most environmentally-friendly means, as you travel under your own steam, and can weave in and out of traffic easily, but you are at the mercy of the elements. SARA ARN REARS IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS : fh Is in motion: begin sth © take a wrong turning: make a isi ||) take a back seat: leave sb else in charge (with bad consequences) ‘* end of the line: point at which one can go no further © go off the rails: go jwrongido ath wrong! _ © get into gear: prepare oneself to do sth Jose control. do a U-tum: reverse one’s position) © be streets ahead (of): be rich beiter| ‘pinion completely ‘more advanced than * go/be back to where one started: return 10 ¢ life in the fast. lane: lifestyle tatled @Q wey wonp TRANSFORMATION 1, The Lancia performs much better than other cars in its class. (streets) The Lancia's Why don't you let them build it by themselves? (take) Why don't you in its class. .». let them build it themselves? 8. | think we're going round in circles, Robert. (back) I think .., Robert. Jim made a big mistake when he went into business with that crook. (wrong) é 4 Jim ‘when he went into business with that crook. 5. I can help you get things going, if you like. (wheels) |can help you ityou like. 6. When his wife died he seemed to lose control of his life. (go) He seemed .his wife's death, 7. He completely changed his opinion on the subject of tax reform. (did) He —— see ee - of tax reform. 8. We'd better prepare ourselves right away. They've arrived. (get) We'd ean . They've arrivedSSION Gj oven ctoze rest Ramways Land travel is the most common (0....._Means/foum...... of ransport. Ital began withwalking. Two thousand years ago, the Romans built a network of superb roads over (1) : sronecinw people travelled on @. of by horse-drawn car. It was only in the 1800s that steam power took the (Blan aoe of horse power. When the first rallways were built, many people said they were the most ‘wonderful of all inventions (4)..rmrnm said the snorting, smoking steam engines were like beasts Oe vnsaa hell. Trains and railways certainly changed OUr (6)...0.-mnanmenmnnenns ~ NOL (7). did embankments and cuttings alter the landscape, DUT (8)..-.-umimmenens for the frst ().. | people and goods could be (10).s.memesnn seneninnnean fong distances (11), Trains are an efficent means of transport. They US@ (13)..m-mr than cars and trucks because they carry large cargoes in a single journey. Because (14). damage road vehicles do to our (15) in ofeat quantities ~ and at undreamed.ot speeds. Railways also allowed cties to grow more than ever Today, large networks of railvays stretch through many (12).. sn sunnnansne fuel and produce less pollution the _-, many people believe trains are the best form of transport for the future, Gy Gappen SENTENCES (wITH COMMON WORD) 1 3. 4, . What you need is a good ... | couldn't believe that we managed to drive up the hill in third ...... I've got an enormous amount of work to do but its hard to get into... ‘The accident happened because the plane's landing . after a long weekend. .. was damaged. _ relations officer to speak to the press. transport. _.. company offering shares on It's quicker to walk round the city than use . His business did so well it became a .... the stock exchange. | worked on the budget all day but ran out of .... around midnight and went to bed. | can get there under my own , 80 don't wait for me. All our preparations have been made for the new offices, so i’s full morning, wwe ahead on Monday W think Danny is in for promotion when Mr Jenkins retires. rm an undercover policernan, so | visit many bars and clubs if the ....nnneanenmnne Of Buty, tt was the end of th . vs for Tommy when the boss saw him at the races during working hours. There's a funny noise coming fo one ofthe wsnsnnonnsrnenns Art Politeness costs nothing and oils the ....runnsee nu Of society. Once we set the ... in motion there will be no way of stopping the process. You can arrange your working hours as you like; there are no hard and .. He pulled a Life in the vestenesen rules here. ‘one on me; he borrowed £2000 from me and left the country. _Tane is all very well but | never seem to have a moment to mysett. siamese sae SRT MEPIS TEIDIOMS - EXPRESSIONS WeaTHER/NATURAL ELEMENTS (11) Ql wiowsexpressions ain © up in the ai: not decided © vanish into thin air; disappear without trace © a breath of fresh air: sth/sb new and refreshing © clear the air: resolve an unpleasant situation © give oneself airs: give the impression of being important © GAPPED SENTENCES (WITH COMMON WORD) 4. Come on, Martha, you're always pouring cold The police knew his alibi wouldn’t hold Driving without a licence could land you in deep 2, Hurry up, John! The programme is on the She's a breath of fresh .... 3, He has foo many irons in the .. ‘The news about the political scandal spread like wild He ordered his soldiers to hold their J wiomsrexpressions WIND 6 like the wind: yer fast 6 get wind of sth: hear about sth ¢ sail close to the wind: take risks * put the wind up sb: make sb afaid/nervous +B windfall: adden pisos of good lack or money © FILLIN (from A&B) 1. Itis stil entirely 2. We were prepared to... 43, The boss threatened to sack some employees just to .. the future staf reductions and quickly changed his job. 5. The sum of money his great aunt lft him was an unexpected 4, He... 6. It makes me nervous the way he “Ie break fresh ground . cutno ice See the light _ 4. the sky's the limit . the calm before the storm . be a Shadow of one’s formier self weather permitting ._ make heavy weather of sth under a cloud wares © hold water: withstand testing ® pour cold water on a plan: spoil or stop a plan © be like water off a duck’s back: fave litleno effect Fine 6 spread like wildfire: become known very quickly © add fuel tothe flames: make a bad situation worse n my ideas. nd they were proved right. with the police. now, itis offs, Everyone ee is 20 boring ''d left my bag here but when I tumed round it had vanished into thin _ to concentete-on anyone thing for lng ... among the media, Until he gave the order. ' get one’s second wind: get back energylenthusiasm © sthis in the wind: there's @ sign of sth going to happen EARTH * cost/pay the earth: costlpay a lot + come down to earth: face reality ‘© move heaven and earth: use all one's power . whether we join you in London or not. to ban a new airport here. .. them. with his business deals. “a, there's nc b. ifthe weather is good ¢: in unpleasant circumstances d. discover or try stivhew. @. sth is so obvious you can't see it 1, make a job more difficult than iteally is. gv quiet time before trouble/action h, not be impressed by |, realise what is rightUSE OF ENGLISH QAPPED SENTENCES (WITH COMMON WORD) 6 Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all throe sentences. CEEAMD — (tased on (BE) i expressions, FOPIC Vocabulary, WEATHER/RATURAL ELEMENTS idioms) 4. I'm not on good... terms... with Peter since he insulted my girlfriend. ‘Ater the accident, it took Joanna a long time to COME 10 «rm AIMS, with being unable to walk. We're ready for the party in ferms......... of food, but somebody will have to organise some more beer 2, His successful book on Italy was just a in the pan because his leter books are terrible. The photos are a bit dark because the wm didn’t Work properly ‘The burglars must have been in and out of the house in a — 3. The train was late, so we missed our ... - ..« to Scotland and had to sleep in the railway station. The toaster wouldn't work because there was a loose . in the plug, ¥'m writing to you in. _ with my son's school report. 4, He's always lived beyond his. _and as a consequence he's totaly broke, It’s true that trains are an efficient ww Of transport. Byno _u is the outcome ofthis certain. 8, Philip can run like the . when he wants to, Seeing the police car outside his gate really put th ... ‘We were going to sleep on the beach but dad got...... soni Up Gen, _. ofthe plan so that was that, 6. He was acquitted of the murder inthe .. of new evidence put forward by his defence lawyer. It only came to .. after the old man’s death that he was a millionaire. He'd been in and out of prison for years but he saw the _. when he fell in love with Tonya. (oie 1, She seemed to be anxious and on .. ‘There's so much suspense in that film | was on the His rude behaviour took the . _.from the first moment she arrived. * top . of my seat al the time. ° edge off my enjoyment of the evening. © point 2, Never point a(n). He ain't it a(n) Vim sure he wouldn't dare lay a(n) al someone unless you're sure they're guilt. finger _ to help me when mum was in hospital * hand saw on her, would he? * am 3, “Stormy Skies” isthe... favourite for the 3.20 race so I'm going to haye a bet on him. @ warm Uncle Bert gets . ...under the collar i you start talking about politics. hat She blows..... _-and cold all the time so I don't know whether she likes me ornot. strong 4, These plants are dry so it’s no wonder most of them are dead, " «spot The West Bank ofthe River Jordan isa ...of contention between Palestine and Israel. * bone MUm’S QOt 8 .ensesenmsnnen 10 pick with you. about the state of your room. © point 5, Professor White has put His ......00 down about handing in our essays late. eleg Well, you must just put your best. .» forward and get it finished before Saturday. ® thumb | work for an oil company and my wife protests about environmental damage, so we've got * foot a in both camps, realy. 6. There were no buses, so we were left wn and dry inthe middle of nowhere. high That’... praise, you know, because he hardly ever pays anyone a compliment. weak We went through hell fd s....ucsns:usnnuessnem Water to get these theatre tickets and now she ° fall says she doesn't want to go.© SHARE © PORTION "2 Conrusine/ReLaren Worps © PROPORTION © FRAGTION 0 ELEMENT © SECTION © ASPECT © SEGMENT ON THe Brink Or Givin Wan No, Bert | don't share your opinion that we need a goat to keop the ‘grass down! What's that smell? | share the president's opinion that we are on the brink of civil war. Luckily, the riots in the capital were confined to’a small portion of the old city, but worse is to come. One major problem is the ratio of rich to poor in this country; something like 1 to 100,000, and a high percentage of the population can neither read nor write, The largest section of the population lives in abject poverty. The picture may have taken on a new aspect, however. There is an element of truth in the belief that the privileged classes want to help the poor, but in reality only a small proportion of the rich are making any sort of effort. It is truo that the government is selling houses to the poor at a fraction of the cost of previous years, but we must face the fact that a large segment of the population shows little Interest in improving the lot of their fellow countrymen. History is slow to change. ¢ share sb's/an opinion: have the same idealopinion as _—® take on a new aspect: have a new © a small portion of: small part of © ratio of... to: relationship expressed in numbers showing how one is greater than the other © percentage of: fraction expressing a 100th of « section of: part of SHARE * do your share © share out © the lion’s share * power-sharing PORTION © generous/extra Portions McQ CLOZE TEST This problem has been blown out of all (1), Bases © Besse Bos 1 2, a: 4, 5, 6. appearance/quality © an element of truth: a certain amount of truth © a small proportion of: small part of « ata fraction of the cost: much cheaper @ segment of: partisection of PROPORTION ELEMENT SECTION ¢ in proportion to © element of truth ones saeioa © out ofall proportion ® element of society * section off © sense of proportion © exposed to the elements SEGMENT FRACTION fasten ; ® fraction of a seconde aspect of ourlives _° Segment of fruit © fraction of anumber _ south-west aspect _* segment of circle , and I can tell you that a certain of society wants to disrupt the upcoming peace talks. We must all do our 1 {0 make sure this doesn't happen. The talks have recently takery on a new swe » in that the opposing side has agreed to a number of concessions. This is good news, and I'm happy to say a sizeable (5) must face the fact that (6). saan Of Ouf population is dead set on peace. We sharing is our only hope forthe future. . proportion b. percentage. aspect d. fraction + a. ratio b. aspect ——c, share d. element a. portion _b, segment —_¢, share 4d. proportion a. aspect b. share c. element d. section a. fraction b. section c. ratio d. aspect a. ratio b. portion c, power d. element© grate © peel © dice © chop ° slice © spread © snip © crush ° beat © carve © mince ® grind NCQ CLOZE TEST [| To make a cury, pour roughly half a cup of olve oll into a pot. (1). . yout meat - goat, by the i way, makes a good curry - into small pieces and place them in the oil with a few (2).. ..onions. | and tomatoes. (3)... a clove or two of garlic, (4)... and add to the mixture. If you wish, you may (5)... couple of carrots and add these with some (6), ginger. Finally, stir in your curry powder and cook for two hours, adding water as necessary. 1. a, Chop b. Grind , Heat d, Peel 2. a. spread b, carved ¢, sliced d. snipped i 3. a Snip b, Peel ¢. Beat 4. Cave 4 4. a, heat b. snip c. spread d. crush | 5. a. snip b, dice . cave . beat 6. a. spread b. stipped ©, grated 4, carved J ways or puting) 1. We sunecs the wardrobe all the way upstairs, a PUSHING a. drew b. lugged c. tugged d. towed 2, She suddenly sana the dagger out of his hand, a. wrenched b. towed —, drew d, lugged ° pull aa) 3, ThEY sensnnnsnsnsnennen down the enemy flag after the victorious battle, drag =e tug a. lugged b. drew —c, hauled d. plucked a Sen 4, They managed 10 ,...n.ms:issnenn the concrete block across the street. a draw b. wrench —_¢, pluck 4. dag ° draw ® jerk 5, He-carelully.... osaunee the sword out of his belt haul pluck acdew b, hauled —¢. lugged d. plucked 6. | broke down again, so | had to have the Cf ..nnnesennee HOME, a hauled —b, lowed ~—c, dragged dy pulled aAomissions OF A Copyvist PAST PAPERS . Tam a painter. | paint portals and townscapes- views ofthe inner city, of shabby streets, smal, dusty", parks, crumbling tenements. That is my art, my reason for living. Unhappily, it is not productive in the > : crude sense. In spite of kindly reviews of my occasional exhibitions and the loyal response of old friends ; who attend the private viewings, drink the mock champagne and buy the smaller paintings, my work only brings in a pittance, The trade that | live by, that pays the rates and the mortgage, the bill for my wife's athletic activiies, her health club, her yoga classes, that sends my mother the necessary allowance to keep her in reasonable comfort in her own small house, is that of a copyist. {1am (| must make this clear) an honest craftsman; not a cheat. | am no forger, ageing a picture with a spoonful of instant coffee, spraying on fly specks with a mixture of asphalt and turpentine, pretending to have come upon an unknown Old Master in a junk shop or attic. | paint copies of famous paintings, sometimes for private persons or institutions but mostly for the directors of companies who want an impressive decoration to hang in their board rooms. Deception of an innocent kind is their intention; asked if the picture is genuine, few of them, | imagine, would lie. Nor would they be wise to. Whether they know itor not (and in some cases | am sure they do know, collaborating with me in a further, minor deception out of pleasure in their treasured British sense of humour) my copies are never exact. That is where vanity comes in. One wants to leave one’s mark on the world, Like many olher craftsmen, like-an apprentice stone cutter carving a gargoyle on a cathedral, | want to make my individual contribution to the grand design. | copy the painting with all the skill at my disposal, all the tricks; squaring up, measuring with callipers, using photographs, a projector, alight-box for transparencies to get as near as I can to the true colour, | try to match the pigments used by the artist, grinding my own Naples yellow, or buying it in a tube from Budapest, where itis stil possible to obtain it ready-made with lead and antimony. But instead of adding my signature, | change some insignificant feature. | alter the expression of a man in a crowd, add a tiny animal face in a dim comer, a mouse or a weasel, . replace the diamond on a woman's hand with a ruby. How many casual observers notice? Or care i ". they do? Most people chortle to see experts confounded. “ANALYSIS s IDIOMS « EXPRESSIONS ‘bring in a pittance: eam a small amount “come upon: : ofmoney * leave one's mark: leave sth that will. ala be keep sb In comfort: provide money t0 ds gs cee ‘sb incomfort: '-@ make'one’s contributio amount that a spoon willnold. ..help/have an effect on. “@, excessive pride ae aes ‘smalFamount of money : / felaugh'in amusement» 'g. sb who copies an original in order to cheat h, person who copies pistures or books 1. dividing up to make copying easier +6. on CI C4 Cd | | CE] C4 = |READING CEE] decide whether the following statements are true or fatso and underline the parts af the text which glve you the answer. 4. The writer lives by painting portraits and townscapes, 2, He only paints small paintings, 3, He has at least two other people to provide for. 4, He suggests forgers are basically dishonest. 5, People who buy his paintings don't always know they are copies. 6. His customers would not normally admit that they own copies. 7. He thinks some of his customers know his copies are not exact. 8. He often makes noticeable changes to paintings. H_ what evidence in the passage is there for the following statements? 4. He would rather paint his own paintings than copy others. 2. His own paintings earn him litle money. 2 Other copyists may not be as honest as he is. 4, He gets satisfaction out of not doing exact copies, 5, He does his work with painstaking accuracy. 6. He doesn't take the whole business too seriously. 1X) Choose the correct answer. PAST PAPERS od 4. What dos the writer tellus about 4, How does the writer view most his original work? of his customers? \ A. It does not depict popular subjects. ‘A. They are ignorant about art. B,_Itis of secondary importance to him. B, They are not amused by the inacouracy C. Itdoes not pay wel. of his work. D. Itattracis frequent criticism. . They respond badly to the alterations he makes. 2. The writer sees copying a painting as, D. They are likely to admit their paintings ‘A. an unsatisfying pursuit. are copies. Ban inferior form of work. : f C._ more straightforward than original work. 5. When copying a painting, the writer does D. aless frustrating way of spending his time, his best to : |A. use materials of a type similar to the original. 3. The writer is keen to point out that B, emphasise the atmosphere of the original. AL hedoes not deceive his customers. ©. work in the same manner as the original artist. B, he is technically proficient ©. he has a varied clientele, D. demonstrate the excellence of his technique. : .._ Bs he has useful business connections. | "Sages MTS PHS oP SMR SE AOE METS catePREPARATORY GQ nev worn TRANSFORMATION 1, It seems that the island has been uninhabited for many years. (have) ‘The island seems .. for many years. 2. They always ask me to do the donkey work and I'm fed up with it. (asked) I'm fed up .. the donkey work all the time. 3. We couldn't find the car keys anywhere. (nowtiere) The car keys . .. found. Indifference on the part of the management led to the strike, (caused) The strike ..... on the part of the management. 5, This liquid consists of several dangerous chemicals. (composed) This liquid several dangerous chemicals. 6. They are building a little summerhouse for us in the back garden. (built) We in the back garden. 7. The flood has ruined all of Maggie's carpets. (had) Maggie... by the flood, 8, They think he was supplying arms to a terrorist organisation. (thought), He .. to a terrorist organisation. Gi mee cioze test Everyone laughed at Charlie. With his head out of all (1). to his bony little body, he looked odd, He wasn't clever or good at sports and | suppose you could say he didn’t have 2). for him. In (3).. .» Of Charlie, though, | must say he was very kind. This didnt help him find a job, however, and he got very depressed, When he finally got a job looking after horses, something magical happened; he seemed to have something in (4) . with horses - they communicated. Well, this (5) . his confidence in himself and he never looked back. The sky's the (6) tor him these days and he's a successful trainer of racehorses. Who would have thought it? 1 a. portion b. proportion c. section ~ d. fraction a. his wits b. a lot going c. abrush — d, his work cut out 3. a. connection b, defence c. pursuit d. recognition 4a line b. conjunction ¢, common —d. bulk 5. a restored ib, resumed ©. retrieved — d, retraced 6. a. portion b. earth cc. limit d, shareGG] kev WORD TRANSFORMATION 1. These toys are much cheaper at Hamley's. (fraction) You caf BUY nnn z c ee soon at Hamley's The boss wasn't impressed by Bill's budget proposals. (ice) Bill's budget proposals . .. the boss. 3. Once you face reality, you'll realise that living alone isn’t easy. (earth) ONCE YOU evnnesennnernrn you'll realise that living alone isn't easy. 4. Jimmy's knowledge of French is much better than mine. (streets) Jimmy's knowledge of French .... mine, © 5. While the boss is away, I'l be in charge. (absence) lll be in charge ... vs ” ... the boss. 6, John and I have had an argument over the poor sales figures. (brush) 1 . nee .. over the poor sales figures. 7. Why don't you try baling a a fountain in the garden? (stab) Why don't you eee v« @ fountain in the garden? 8. If we don't start soon, we'll never finish before Christmas. (motion) Unless we "we'll never finish before Christmas. i) cappen SENTENCES - COMMON WORD of her situation when you could see she was upset? He saw the “when his brother was sent to prison, and decided to get an honest job. Inthe . of this new information, my lord, itis clear that my client is innocent. 2. We should wait for the economy to She took a long time to A holiday in the sun will help you to .... 1. Why did you make . before opening a new business. her confidence after falling off a horse. your health, 3. Your theory doesn't hold ....... now that we have examined it more closely. We had a lot of disagreements in the past, but that’s under the bridge now. Why don't you think of something instead of pouring cold .. on all my ideas? 4, Dad must have something on tis .. ; he hasn't said a word all day. ve a good .. ..t0 buy ‘that dress even though it’s expensive. The smell of wood smoke puts me in . of my childhood in the country. 5, fe too many things on the Ni have a(n) ... It's been all 6. His car ran out of petrol and he ........ He was fired but he was so lazy he .. Luckily, Joe «to take on any more work at the moment. at painting the wialls but I'm not much good at it. at work today and | hardly had time to sit down. _. the effrontery to say it was my fault. . it coming to him, ... his wits about him and caught the child before it fell. 7. After a slow start, she ran like the ... He put the........ The police got... ... and won the gold medal. _ up me when he appeared silently in the doorway. ... of the robbery and were watching the bank. 8. Your pension increases in to your years of service. Only a small... .. of the workers wanted to continue the strike. His severe punishment was out of all... . to his crime.{ _ REPORTED seme | if Rerorven Speech -! ‘My doctor told me that my problem was that everything © enjoyed in life was either fattening, illegal or immoral! Gq) cvavemewrs: saote tense cHanoes a, present > past b, present perfect/past © past perfect . future (wil, can, may) > would, could, might @&) evesrions (asked, inquired, invited, ofered, wanted to know, wondered ifiwhether..) © “We are creating 200 new jobs.” ‘ The chairman said (that) they were creating 200 new jobs. © “The bar has had its licence taken away.” ‘© He told me that the bar had had its licence taken away. © “Talks will not be resumed,” said the minister. \ The minister stated that tals would not be resumed. © “What are you doing at the weekend?” \ He wanted to know what I was doing at the weekend, © “Would you like me to help you?” she said. ‘= She offered to help me. GG commanosiequesrs/apvice + OBJECT + INFINITIVE (ask, advise order, imvit, wart.) (3) no canoes in vers TENSE 8, introductory verbs in the present simple, present perfect, future b, 2nd and 3rd conditional ©. the subjunctive (unreal past) — wish, if only, would rather/sooner, its time, had better 4, past tenses in time clauses @. a general truthfiact INTRODUCTORY VERBS @n.. (threaten, refuse, claim.) © somesony... 10, (ads, forbid, command, implore, war, order, arg, encourage plead with) me (complain, claim, deny, exclaim, notice, observe, protest promise, sugges, threaten, i eunctionan REPORTING venBs VERBS REPORTING ACTIONS (advise, agree, complain, threaten, suggest, invite, persuade, request, remind, war.) (accep, congratilte, decide, © "You'd better not trust him.” © She advised/warned me not to trust him. (of Her advice was not to trust him. © “Hello, i's Gary. I'l be late.” ‘ Gary is on the phone and says (that) he'll be late. * “If'd had time, | would have looked her up." ve He said that fhe had had time, he would have looked her yp. © “wish | were free.” > He sald he wished he were free. © “Iwas having a shower when you called.” te She said she was having a shower when | called. © “Greece has a warm climate.” ‘e He told us that Greece has a warm climate. © “Vl pick up the kids on my way hom ‘= He agreed! promisediotfered to pickup the kids on his way home. * “Don't forget to feed the dog before you go out,” my mother said. ‘ My mother reminded me to feed the dog before | went out. © "Whatever you do, please don't tell my father.” , ‘© He begged me[pleaded with me not to tell his father. © “| [eft tke keys on the table.” ‘> He explained (thal) he had left the Keys on the table. © “Loan speak three languages!” \ She boasted (that) she could speak three languages. © "Yes, | see your point now.” He admitted that | was ight. © "Sorry, can I show you something?” ret, introduce.) ‘© She interrupted us fo show me something.canons i neponrive «ani avod, reget, recommend, suggest «decide on, insist on, object to, apologise for.» «© accuse (6) of, complain (0 sb) about, thank) fr, scoldeeprimand (b) for, forgive (sb) fo. ANALYS'| © “Idon’t know anything about it.” © She denied knowing anything about it © “Tm terribly sorry that | couldn't stay.” ‘ Mike apologised for not belng/having been able to stay. «© “it was your fault, Tony. You lost the tickets!” ‘© Sue blamed Tony for losing/having lost the tickets ‘SHALL hall be late.” (ftureigvng information) «Hee sald he would be late © "Shall | ever see her again?" (speculation) > He wondered if he would ever see her again. ® "Shall | do the shopping?" (offer) > He affered to do the shopping, © “Shall we hire a car?" (suggestion) > Hesuggested (their) hiring a car. © “Shall we post it fo you?" (eeques!) > Heasked itwhether they shouldwere to post itt us. He asked whether fo post tto us. Gl must © “They must be at home.” (logical assumption) > ~ He said they must be at home. © *You must park atthe back.” (obligation) > He said we mustihad tolwere to park atthe back © "You mustn't smoke.” (prohibition) > — He told us that we musin’t|were not to/couldn’t smoke./He told us not to smoke. GG ures) © “Let her decide.” (obligation/command) ? He said that she should/ought to decide. “Let's go swimming.” (suggestion) > Tony suggested (our) going swimming. ‘SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS (I) © "Thank goodness i's over.” “That's a nice hat.” © “What a great party!” © "Wow! That's a beautful present!” ©“ should be grateful if." © “Will have time?” she said. © “There's no need to pay. ‘could pick it up on the way home.” © "I couldn't smoke when | was in hospital.” Peudvrees © She said she was grateful for... © We said we were not satisfied. © They said they were not in favour of... © "'d rather go to the theatre.” © “Pm sorry but we can't...” © “Ithoughtit would be a better film.” © "My goodness! That's expensive.” He breathed/gave a sigh of relief that it was over. He complimented her on her hat. He exclaimed that it was a great party He gave an exclamation of delight when he saw the present | said (that) [ should/would be grateful if She wondered iffwhether she would have time, He said (hat) I needn't have tolwouldn’t have to pay... She said (that) she could/would be able to... (ability) He said he couldn'tlwasn't allowed to smoke... (permission) SPECIAL TRANSFORMATIONS (I!) She expressed her gratitude for. We expressed our dissatisfaction. : They expressed their disapproval of. She expressed a/her preference for the theatre. They expressed their regret tht.. She expressed her disappointment with the film. He expressed his surprise at the cost. Vobuuee = EE SE ET ORAL PRACTICE 4. “if were you, 'd invest your money.” He.. 2, ‘Let's play tennis, shall we?” sheila. Tm sorry. | didn’t look it up.” He. 4. “That's a beautiful outfit you're wearing." she... 5, ‘Whatever you do, visit the Trevi Fountain.” in 6. “Thank you very much for attending.” He... 7. “Oh! What a gorgeous diamond ring.” Jane. 8, “I think 1 stay inthis job forthe time being.” she...KRY WORD TRANSFORMATION (based on Feporied Speech) : EE TEE eT 5 4. “lwould plead guilty if! were in your position,” said my lawyer. (advice) ‘\ > My sn guilty. 2, *Please don't drive so fast!” Ann begged her boyiend. (with) ADM nnn = so fast. 3. John said he would like me to have dinner with them. (invited) John ae .- With them, 4, They said he needn't attend the meeting. (from) They the meeting, 5, “Im very much against you seeing my daughter.” (objected) He snsnsey . daughter. 6. “Whatever you do, don’t invest your money with them.” (agains!) She .. sve With them, 7, “Vd take a tax if| were you,” said Peter. (suggested) Peter ae or ataxl 8. He sald he was anxious about the plight ofthe homeless. (concern) He .. : : 7 : .of the homeless. 9. Local residents said they were against the new traffic scheme. (voiced) 5 Local residents ... . traffic scheme. 10. "You don't have to give him any money until the end of next week.” (need) - She said there ‘any money until the end of the following week. DERIVATIVES A Tip For Exprorers Captain Scot's expedition to the South Pole was mainty 0). SCIENCE NOt (1) .., and the photographer Herbert Ponting pointed EXPLORE out in his book many of the (2). of working there,” DIFFICULT including his frst lesson in the (3)... .. dangers of * EXPECT this (4)... region. His camera was a large model with KNOW glass plates that had to be (8)... between exposures. REPLACE ‘As he was not as yet (6). co 40 the intense cold and its USE ” ‘on metal, he undid the brass screws that held EFFECTIVE the plates in place and put them in his mouth for (8). SAFE (On removing them, he took with them lumps of (9 SWELL It was the first of many (79)... . experiences. FORTUNEGY ouwen cvoze vest. acne WwarT Grammar is For many years British educational theorists discouraged the te .ching of grammar in English schools. The idea (O)erreereon WBS, that since infants fearned to talk (1)......0 “ being taught any grammar, schoolchildren didn’t need any either. Indeed, some teachers said it was more of @ hindrance than a 2. una Sine it demoralised less able children. It also (3). snonenen hem felugtant t0 express themselves (4), wu fear they might lose marks f0F (5).......eemmn the grammar wrong. ‘These teachers were over-reacting (6). an earlier misunderstanding about what grammar is. Grammarians are not (7)... in telling us how language ought to work, any (Bev venta the vast merity of botanists, (2)... .. business is the knowledge of plants, find it necessary to say which flowers they think ate preter than others. But teachers had (10). ‘of grammar as a set of unalterable rules which, just ike school rules, had to be obeyed, and had been using them as a stick’ (17), senononnnnnen ich to beat their pupils. That was foolish, But how much grammar should children be (12)... analogy, we don't all need to become anatomists but (73). something about how the body works (74), (18) ~ os 2 To change the .. we do need'to know is "we ate to keep healthy, and to name its parts as to explain to a doctor what we think is the matter with us. 0. was | said | had 6. for jo | from 11. for / with |as 1. with [without {beside 7. interested { concemed / worried - 12. exposed | taught / presented 2. support | help | hurala 8. one / such / more 43. that | which J what 3. caused | made |forced 9. their / whose /us 414. if] when | as 4, for in | having 10. treated regarded | thought 18. therefore /for/ so 5. getting / placing / doing 4 PAPER 3 @E] Fin each of the numbered blanks in the passage PAST Papens with one suitable word, — ~ Foop Apoitives AnD BeHaviour tis iit fo exaggerate scale ofthe neglect by some parents ofthe proper upbngfig ot their children, (Onn vat ...childreri need stability, discipline, care and attention is (1)... ‘of which many British parents seem totally and blissfully 2). Time and (3). ‘one is told that they have brought up their children well because they have bought them goods such as computer games and expensive trainers. Often they (4 the social services or teachers for not (5). effected a change in their children's behaviour How often has one heard the lament, “Inever got (6) help from them,” as ifthe “authorities” were primal (7).n.mu for the care of children in such a climate of opinion it is scarcely surprising that the most extravagant ideas about the harmful @).. .. of eating certain foods and additives can flourish. How (9). more comforting I io altbute our children’s misconduct to the food they eat than to our own sup o or fecklessness. And how easy:(10)..... .. comparison seems the solution: itis (17)... to the government to take action (72)... santa food additives, after which we can safely (13)... neglecting our children. How long wil it be, (14 . wonders, before a mugger claims in court that he would not have robbed his visi ithe hadnt eaten a packet of cheese and onion esos and aba of chocolate shortly (15).. @ baiput in an appearance: attend a social function for a short time because one feels an obligation to do so © When Brad Pitt put in an appearance at the new olub, all the girls started to soream. put it differently/another way: describe, express, explain sth in a different way © The economic situation is not improving but PUT (EXPRESSIONS not to put too fine a point on it: speaking plainly and honestly © Not to put too fine @ point on it, | think she's an idiot. put into force/effect: cause (sth such as a law) to be active, have to be obeyed © When will the new controls be put into force? the Prime Minister put it differently put paid to: stop, ruin, spoil © Her bad health put paid to her career. put it mildly: used when describing sth less forcefully than one could do © What you did was not very clever, to put it mildly. put sth/sb right/straight: correct an error/unsatisfactory situation/correct sb's mistake or misunderstanding © You know, i's never too late to apologise and put things right. Put sb in their (proper) place: correct or criticise sb who has become overconfident © When Mark stated boasting about his achievements, Susan put him in his place. put sb under great/a lot of stress: give sb a lot of anxiety © | hate it when /'m put under great stress at work for no reason at all. put sb at their ease: make sb fee! comfortable ° I's hard to put him at his ease. put sb on their guard: warn sb about an attack, a surprise-or a mistake ® I;phoned him fo put him on his guard when I heard they were looking for him. put sth/sb firs: give prion to sth/sb ® He always puls his family first, never work, put sb/sth to shame: be superior to sbisth ‘© My mother really puts me to shame when it comes to cleaning the house. ee KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION 1. | tied to make her feel comfortable but in vain, (at) tried Joseeee But in vain, 2. His accident ruined any hopes of an international career. (paid) His accident... women @n international career. 3. Speaking plainly and honestly, | wouldn't dream of hiring him. (point) Not ... [wouldn't dream of hiring him. 4, I'm going to correct that misunderstanding as soon as | see her. (put) I'm going to ... ane 85 600N 8g | ee her. 5, It’s impossible to express it in another way, Mr Dean. (put) Hes impossible... seen ... Mr Dean. 6. | think at least the minister should attend the meeting for a short time. (an) | think at least the minister ... see the meeting. 7. The authorities will apply the new rules on vehicte registration next April. (into) The new rules on ... by the authorities next April. 8. Susan knows how to correct her overconfident students when she needs to. their) ‘Susan knows how to when she needs to,DAMIBULLS ~ So, Olga, you wil meet Nikita at midnight near the Hungarian embassy. He'll give you the parcel on the understanding that you deliver it immediately to Stephan, Understood? — Yes, Chief. Do you want me lo take a gun on the off-chance that the secret police move in an me? — No, you must not be caught with a firearm - on penalty of death. I'm sorry but this mission has to be on my terms, Olga. — | understand, Chiet. Id like to have someone with me in case all goes wrong. — I'd thought of that but on further reflection | decided you'd better go on your ‘own. More than one person would arouse suspicion, Now, you must leave. Good luck, Olga. “No amoking ‘on ponalty of death, t © on the understanding that: on condition that Gal | © on the off-chance ofithat: with a sight possiilty = | onjunder penatty/pain of with he threat ofa specified YW | punishment if sb does not obey ‘got this job © on sb’s terms: with conditions that sb decides oS on (further) reflection: after long and careful consideration ON EXPRESSIONS E © on the grounds that: for the reason that © on one’s own initiative: without « on the part of sb/on sb’s part: madedone by sb being told what to do ‘| © on/upon receipt of: when you've received sth ¢ on second thoughts: change of © on behalf of sb/on sb’s behalf: as a representative opinion after considering sth again of sb; in the interests of sb e@ OPEN CLOZE TEST Dear Sir, Thank you for your letter ON (1usnneseen sun Of Mir Sorensen. | am sorry he was not able to write it himself. On further (2)... I have decided to take up your job offer, on the (3). that | receive the salary | requested, of course. | should like to work (4) vs own (5) sn 88 Well a8 on my (6). = initiative, as this has always been my way of doing things. | hope you have no objection to this. On the aft (7)... that | can start next week, | should like to come to your office to discuss the matter. Would you please be kind enough to suggest a convenient date on (3). svinononone Of this latter? Yours faithfully, Julie Poppins _. my own and on my COLLOCATIONS (MATCH) debate 4. overall a. media, production 4, practiced [J a. opposition, failure 2. total CJ bb. coverage, damage 2, indelible [J] b, issues, desire, hatred 3. unanimous LJ _ ¢, attention, loyalty 3. continued LJ]. solution, tips 4, undivided [_] 4, disregard, proceeds 4 heated =] k, pencil i s.mass LJ e. control, idea, picture 5. burning +] e, argument, discussion, 6. extensive C1] _ 1, decision, verdict, voteToric VocaBuLARy & An accused criminal in democratic countries is entitled to a lawyer and a fair ira. It found guilty, he is sentenced by the judge in accordance with the penalties fixed by law for his particular crime. For most crimes, the judge, or sometimes the jury, is allowed a choice of several penalties. Justice is administered in a court Criminal eases begin when the police suspect somebody of a crime have placed him uncier arrest and taken him into custody for questioning. If they have enough evidence, they will charge him with the crime and he will be put on trial or stand trial for the crime. When the accused person is brought to trial he is the defendeint and after he has taken up his position in the dock he may plead guilty or not guilty. The prosecution's job is to prove that the accused has committed the crime while the defence lawyer tries to prove that his/her client is innocent. They both providle evidence to support their cases, and such evidence may consist of documents, exhibits such as'a murder weapon testimony of experts such as fingerprint experts or the testimony of witnesses. The jury listens to all the evidence, and then retires fo the jury room to decide whether the accused is guilty or not. f the jury has any reasonable doubt as to his guil, it must acquit him. If the jury returns a verdict of guilty he is convicted of the crime and may be sentenced to time in prison, from where %, he may appeal the verdict. If the accused is acquitted, he wil be released. IDIOMS/EXPRESSIONS ¢ put the finger on: accuse sb @ sit in judgement onlof sb: judge sb's behaviour © make off (with): steal and hurry away (with) (when one has no right to) © get away with sth: go unpunished for sth ¢ iry sb in their absence: judge sb who isn't © make one’s getaway: escape safely there to defend himself (atter a crime) « tip the scales: be the deciding factor for) © plead one’s case: present one's side of the story against sth © have a guilty conscience: be troubled by guilty _¢ the jury’s still out (on): a final decision feelings hras yet to be made (on) @Q] key worp TRANSFORMATION 1, Stella said nothing because she knows she caused the accident. (guilty) Stella said nothing .. . .. about the accident, 2. You should wait until Mike is here to defend himself, Sharon: (ty) You a .» Sharon, 3. The thieves escaped in a stolen car. (made) The thieves .. — sw Stolen cat. 4, You must let her tel her side of the story before you judge her._ (plead) : You must before you judge her. 5. How dare you judge my driving when yours is worsel (sit) Don't when yours is worse! 6, It was his fingerprints on the knife which decided the case against him. (scales) His ns 7. Jacky Jones was accused of the robbery by a police informer. (put) B nn sen 8, Nobody has decided yet whether the new computer system is useful or not. (stil) The _an the new computer system is useful or not © .. him. for the robbery.DEON "| open cLoze TEST PAST PAPERS Cuime & Punisnmend a ‘A.crime is a public wrong, against society, punished by the state after a criminal 40).........ff43% . Police are needed to detect and (7) i . ctiminals and to protect citizens (2annrsnnennsnnnne robbery and violence. For an act to be a (3 , however, @ person must have intended to (2). wu Wrongful act, which is why a mentally defective person cannot usually be convicted. There have been (5). .» theories as to why people (6)... : ... criminals, and criminologists - those people who study crime - believe thatthe 2). sa COMMON reasons are poverty, poor and overcrowded housing, families broken by seperation and (8)... . and parents who neglect their ). . But how should criminals be treated? (10). idea is that a criminal is a wicked person, (17).. is why we have the death (12)...nunmnnnnnnne Another is that punishment of criminals wil (12). c .. others from committing crimes, Yet another believes that the first priority is to protect society (14). .. withdrawing criminals from its midst. A modem idea is that the purpose of prison should be to reform the criminal so (18). .. he can be retumed to society. GAPPED SENTENCES (WITH COMMON WORD) 4, He couldn't be sno t0 trial because of lack of evidence New facts were... -»10 light which fed to his acquittal. He said that one day they would be. to book for what they had done swe @vidence on your behalf? .» us with extra soap and towels, please? . for your family should anything happen to you. 3, He killed his fist two wives for their money and thought he could away with ita third ime, Hove my sister but! don’ .» along with her husband very well. Everyone wias invited to the picnic but ‘di didn't .. {to hear about itin time. Is there anyone Who CaN... Could you. The inaurance poy vl. 4, Every criminal is | work hard all week so I'm The book was {6 a defence lawyer whether he can afford one or not. . 0 a rest on Sundays. “Song of the South’ but it wasn't about music. 5, The police thought they'd caught their man, butit was a. She eyed the enormous diamond in the display I believe the... “ of mistaken identity, . envidusly, comes up for trial atthe end of the month. 6. That young scoundrel Wil... ''m afraid that just saying sorry odin an He shouted to warn them but he couldn't off with anything he can get into his pocket. . up for the trouble you caused. himself heard(proms - [EXPRE Time SSIONS © bide one’s time: wait @ kill time: try to pass one’s time quickly © be pressed for time: be short of time © have an easy time of it: lead a comfortable life © play for time: try to gain extra time © only time will tell: well find out in the future © make time: arrangeffind fee time © it's a sign of the times: it shows the values of a period f | L «© time dragsfles: time passes soubuity © keep upfmove with the times: keep up with modem ideas © GAPPED SENTENCES (WITH COMMON WoRD) ‘1, He won't give me the . of day since our row. We really had the ~~ Of our life at the 200 yesterday. They didn’t have an €28Y wnmnmmiunninnans Of when they Were young, 2, We were watching aight inthe street but the police told us to. son €10NQ. That video wil. um to tears so don't show it unl she’s gone. I suppose old Bob was fred because he refUS6d 10 sensu with the times. 3. Lhope Ben doesn't come because he always . ssesnnne lONg his horrible brother. Brian nearly always . his feet, although the rest of the class finishes quickly, She can't leave the house because of her broken leg, so I'm sure tie very slowly for her. 2] prepositions + “Time” © at times: sometimes © before my time: before atime I remember arived @ at the time: during that period © for some time: fora fairly long time ¢ at one time: in the past © forthe time being: for a short period from now « inno time: very quickly ¢ it’s about time: sth should have already happened © in my time: when I was younger © from time to time: sometimes, but not regularly FILL IN (from A & B) 1. Iwas interested... 2, He's grouchy... 3, [read the paper to 4, I'm extremely... 8. He's convinced the future isnt rosy, but only 6. I've known about it 7. Um just. 8. Stewart and Rosemary may get married, but. al marten 1. every now and then 2. up-to-the-minute 3. alean period 4, early/lete in the season 5. at the turn of the century 6. in the long term/run 7. onthe spur of the moment 8, ata moment's notice 9. call ita day/night | 40. anight on the town «in my life, but now I am not at all but he's really a kind person. . until my fight was called, 0 you'll have to be quick. if he's right, but nobody else suspects anything. ntl the right moment comes along, i a, a time without work/money b, eventually ¢, quickly, without any warning, d, on impulse, without thinking @, from time to time {, as one hundred-year period ends and a new one begins g. not in high season hh. most modem or recent I. anight of celebration |. stop work penance / UOOOO00000)GAPPED SENTENG! «© Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. ED (based on PUT expressions, OF expressions, TOPIC vocabulary, FIME idioms) 1, Fl. come in and work on Sunday if you pay me ... ard. anda hall. They seem happy now but OMY nnn ME, will tell f they ate really suited to each other This job will suit me for the ..... being because | want to save some money. 2. Come ont If YOU dOnt sasnsenene your backs into it, we'll never finish, ‘Te whale schoo! began to laugh and I cdn't know where to : sone MY fC. Mike will sunnnesnunemnee iN AN appearance at the office party but won't stay long. 3. They _iuumennnmennen Off the rock concert after local residents complained. Everybody noticed my absence because YOU s.r ssssseensene attention to it We worked solidly from eight in the moming end only vn ita day at midnight, 4, They said that his suggestion is a valid one, especially in of nance. ‘The academic year in most countries consists of three ..., Well doi YOU? ssenonenennoef YOU UK, but yOU' ake the blame if things go wrong. 5. He was He's about with the radio so | told him to put it back together. . down his part in the rescue, but he was really very brave. You are just _for time by pretending not to hear what I said. 6. He must . tral for his part in the murder. I believe he's going to or parliament at the next election. | don't tink I can “the sound ofthat man’s voice for much longer. EEED ices) 4. tve cleaned your ofce, Mr Jones, but Idd. _- anything on your desk. annoy Ifyou continue to ...»..n the peace lke this, well have fo take youto the pofce staion, conse How can | work when you do nothing but... me every five minutes! o disturb 2, Experts thought it was an original, BU... inspection showed itto be a copy. near He's vary ill 50 Onsen Flatives ae allowed in to see him, * close The election isa Ver enn. FAGB between the Liberals and the Socialists, * ned 3. | wentto the exhibition but there was nothing much to ofthere tak Fm goiNg 10 enone MY Mind and tll him he's wrong. ° speak Why dont you just term that actions louder than words? * tell A, YoU VE 10 enn the intative rather than wait fr instructions i you want to go on, * put Fdrather you didn... sides with her against me everytime we have an argument. fake You'd better no... “on 80 much extra work, Bil; you'etred enough bing 5. 1 caM $08 YOUT «nsnmsnnonn But sill don't agree with your decision, * point Aino ete we informed ofthe changes to the designs. «reason What's the... of asking oraloan when you know we can't pay itback? «purpose 6. He gave an amusing otis journey to Tibet. * tale Onn. must the oppostion know of our plans. # score She said that money as well as time must be taken into . before deciding, accountCoNFUSING/ RELATED WorDs 8 | disfike nothing more than to be witness to the clenial of basic human rights, and find it dificult to hice my scorn for so-called caring politicians ‘who are guilty of this. When I lodged my objection to the treatment of refugees, twas treated with contempt on the part of the government, due to a deep-rooted animosity which has always existed. | couldn't hide my disgust at their attitude and vowed to express my opposition at every available opportunity. As long as there isa glimmer of hope for the refugees | wil, to put it mildly, make a nuisance of myself, even if it means We all have our likes and cts. [hadn't expected it to be so cheap. > We can’t take more than two weeks off. > You won't pay more than £50, > This has doubled/halved In price in the last year. > F've yet to (see) a (better film). > There's nothing I hate more than (waiting) ee