ENUMERATION 3.

Hinduism
Five major festivals observed by Jews: • wide range: there is no single founder or leader.
1. Rosh Hashanah : the New Year • cycle of birth, death and rebirth, governed by Karma. Reincarnated depend on how
2. Yom Kippur : Day of Atonement the past life was spent.
3. Pesach : Passover • Vedas are sacred scriptures of Hindus.
4. Shavuot : Pentecost • Diwali is the festival of lights while
5. Sukkot : Tabernacles. • Navrati is the festival of nine nights, which celebrate the triumph of good
Muslims believe in the 5 pillars of Islam: over evil.
1. Shahadah
2. Salat 4. Islam
3. Zakat •Allah, their “One God”. They believe in the unity and universality of God.
4. Hajj • strong sense of community. Islam means “willing submission to God”
5. Sawm • The Holy Book of Islam is called the Quran.
Two types of meditation practices:
o Samatha Muslims believe in the 5 pillars of Islam:
o Vipassana 1. Shahadah – “There is no God but the one true God and Mohammed is his
Stage Definition messenger.
1. Sensorimotor (0-2 y.o.) 2. Salat – the prayer that is practiced 5 times a day,
2. Pre-operational (3-6 y.o.) 3. Zakat – monetary offering for the poor. 2.5% of Muslim’s assets.
3. Concrete Operational (7-11 y.o.) 4. Hajj – yearly pilgrimage to Mecca.
4. Formal Operational (adolescence) 5. Sawm – fasting during Ramadan
Parenting Styles
1. Authoritarian 5. Judaism
2. Authoritative • God of Abraham, the God that liberated slaves from Egypt to Canaan, the promised
3. Permissive Land.
How to be a Good Filipino Citizen • Jews believe in the coming of Messiah, the Savior.
1. Be an active Filipino citizen • Their sacred scripture is called Torah.
2. Study of the Philippine history
3. Support local products Five major festivals observed by Jews:
4. Speak the Filipino language 1. Rosh Hashanah : the New Year
5. Do not spread fake news and be democratic in engaging with dissent 2. Yom Kippur : Day of Atonement
3. Pesach : Passover
Module # 5 The Spiritual and Moral Self 4. Shavuot : Pentecost
The Spiritual Self 5. Sukkot : Tabernacles.
1. What is Spirituality and Religiosity? • The Jewish Sabbath begins on Friday evening at sunset and is an important time
• Spiritual Self – is the most intimate, inner subjective part of the self. Ability to argue when families gather for the Sabbath meal.
and discriminate moral sensibility and conscience. ability to use oral sensibility and
conscience 3. Discovering Life’s Meaning
o Cultural rituals- manifestations of what people believe in. • Well-being it is being intrinsic in nature, is an inner, personal construct, associate
Seeking the meaning of life is a journey that the spiritual self is on. with self-esteem, and self-understanding. It is how good one feels about
himself/herself.
Spirituality meaning by • Life satisfaction it is the general attitude towards life. When well-being and life
o Puchalski (2014), individual’s process of seeking and expressing meaning and how satisfaction are present, happiness naturally flow.
he or she is connected to the self, to others, to the moment and to everything else • Happiness is generally regarded as the emotional result of life satisfaction.
that composes his/her environment, including the sacred and significant.
o Beauregard and O’Leary (2007), contact with the divine; it is not just any experience Happiness can be subjective and temporal while life satisfaction is more
that feels meaningful. encompassing.
o Sinnott (2002), relation to the sacred or transcendent, relationships and the • How well-being and life satisfaction achieved?
meaning of one’s own life. o Personal factors such as personality (such as openness to experience
o Myers and his colleagues (2000), private beliefs that transcend the material and extraversion), cognition, physical health, and vigor have been associated with
aspects; deep sense of wholeness, connectedness, and openness to the infinite well-being and life satisfaction.
o Environmental conditions contribute to individual life satisfaction.
• Spirituality is acquired as a result of various personal, social, and o Socio-economic status, home and social environment, interpersonal
environmental factors present throughout one’s lifetime. Interchangeably referred relationships, and educationalso influence one’s well-being and life satisfaction.
with Religiosity • Characteristics of people who have a high level of well-being and life satisfaction
o Effective self-perception.
• Religiosity is belief system and practices associated with a tradition in which there o Realistic self-esteem and self-acceptance.
is agreement about what is believed and practiced. o Control of behavior.
o True perception of the world.
• Here differences between religiosity and spirituality: o Sustaining relationships and affection.
o If religiosity is communal, then spirituality is individual. o Self-direction and productivity.
o In religiosity, beliefs and practices are within religious groups
The Moral Self
A person can be spiritual without being religious. 1. Morality
• Dilemma is a problematic situation in which a difficult choice must be made.
2. Religion: Rituals and Ceremonies • Moral is sense or a standard that determines what is right and what is wrong.
• Religion – a set of cultural beliefs and practices that usually include: It distinguishes correct from incorrect, or appropriate from inappropriate.
o a belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being; such as spirit/gods • Morality system of beliefs and values that ensures that individuals will keep their
o a focus on sacred supernatural, with a feeling of reverence and awe o presence of obligations to others in the society (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2002).
supernatural energy that is found on supernatural as well as physical beings and 2. Moral Reasoning
objects performance of ritual activities • judgments people make about what courses of action are correct or in correct in
o articulation of worldview and moral codes through narratives/’stories particular.
o provide creation of social bonds and social control within a community • Jean Piaget and the Stages of Intellectual Development
• Ritual – the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by tradition or sacred law. A Stage & Definition
specific, observable mode of behavior  Sensorimotor (0-2 y.o.) Experience the world through their senses
 Pre-operational (3-6 y.o.) Explore the world symbolically; “It is all about me”
 Concrete Operational (7-11 y.o.) They start to think logically about concrete
World Religions and their Beliefs and Practices
events that they experience
RELIGION BELIEFS CUSTOMS & PRACTICES
 Formal Operational (adolescence) The adolescent can transcend the concrete
1. Buddhism
situation and think about the future.
• life is not a bed of roses. There are suffering, pain, frustrations.
• non -violence principle. And the acquiring of wisdom through the reflection of
3. Parenting Styles and Practices
Dharma.
• Environmental influence- it is characterized by forces outside of the individual like
two types of meditation practices:
how he/she has been raised or reared by his or her parents.
o Samatha: mindfulness of breathing and development of loving kindness
• Parenting Styles
o Vipassana: aims at developing insight into reality.
1. Authoritarian – They use harsh discipline and punishment. Obedience is a virtue.
2. Christianity
2. Authoritative-rational and intelligent way. Supporting
• Christians believe in the holy trinity: God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy
3. Permissive- parents are less controlling; non-punishing. They use reason rather
Spirit.
than direct power.
Sacrament of Baptism and Communion
• Baptism symbolizes birth in Christian World.
• Communion is an act of remembrance of Christ’s love.
Effects of Parenting Styles
• Lawrence Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development
• Heinz Dilemma - reasoning of the answers rather than the answers themselves.
Module # 6 The Material/Economic Self
1. “I shop therefore I am: I have, therefore I am?”
• Materialistic/ Economic Self- primarily about our bodies, clothes,
immediate family, and home. We are deeply affective by these things because we put
so much investment of our self to them.
• Empirical Self- various ways people answer the question “Who Am I?”
• William James categorized the material self into 3 categories:
o Material Self – tangible objects people
o Social Self- regarded and recognized by others. Individuals as “ours”
o Spiritual Self- this is our emotions, attitudes and beliefs.
“We regard our possessions as part of ourselves. We are what we have and what we
possess” – Belk, 1988
2. Shaping the Way We See Ourselves: The Role of Consumer Culture on Our Sense of
Self and Identity
• Consumer Psychology- needs and desires, including decision processes that precede
and follow these actions.” (Davis and Palladino, 1995)
• Consumer Behavior- acquiring, consuming and disposing of goods,
services, experiences and ideas.” (Mowen, 1995)
• The Nature of Consumer Behavior
o Consumers differ from others
O amount of time spend in deciding
O buying and consumption behavior for the same product would vary present
situation they are in
• Possessions, tell a lot about their owners (status symbol).
• Factors that influence our decision to buy: financial constraints, availability of items
and services, and the influence of family and friends.
o Wants. Synonymous with luxuries. People buy them for reasons that do not warrant
necessity.
o Needs. These are important for survival.
• In acquiring material goods, consider 2 things:
o Utility. serve a practical purpose.
o Significance. Meaning assigned to the object. powerful symbols or icons
• Materialism and Happiness. What is the value of materialism (Fournier & Richins,
1991)?
• Possessions and Happiness.
o We tend to devote time and money for things we want to buy.
(Boven, 2005)
o We give importance to buying more (Rinchins, 2003)
o And in effect we experience “...joyless material possessions...
resulting in comfort but not pleasure.” (Nicolao et al, 2009)
• “Materialists believe that acquiring things will make them happier and they tend to
act on this belief by buying more” (Watson, 2003)
• The Problem with Consumerism:
1. It is intrusive
2. It is manipulative
3. It cannot provide many of the things that are important to us
4. It restricts our choices and lives
5. It affects our worldviews and characters
6. It is unsustainable
o Some material possessions can be perceived as experiences (Boven, 2005)
o Material possessions with sentimental value can provide more
happiness (Boven & Gilovich, 2003)
• How to Avoid the Trap of Consumerism/Materialism
1. Exercise intellectual independence
2. Consume less, live more
3. Responsible Consumerism and Its Importance
• Responsible Consumerism, or Ethical Consumerism- is when customers make
intentional purchases of products, opting for those that have minimal to no negative
impact on humans, animals, and the environment.
• Sustainable Development- is the idea that human societies must live and meet their
needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs. The “official” definition of sustainable development was developed for the first
time in the Brundtland Report in 1987
• How to be a responsible consumer
1. Look at where your products are made
2. Buy sustainably, locally, or DIY
3. Know the supply chain policy of brands
4. Campaign for worker’s rights
5. Consume less
Module # 7 The Political Self
1. Filipino Values and Traits
• Core Filipino Value: Kapwa Kapwa, meaning 'togetherness', is the core construct of
Filipino Psychology. It refers to community; not doing things alone.
o Kapwa has Two Categories:
▪ Ibang Tao (other people)
▪ Hindi Ibang Tao (not other people).
• Pivotal Interpersonal Value
o Pakiramdam- Shared inner perceptions. Filipinos use damdam, or the
inner perception of others' emotions, as a basic tool to guide his dealings
with other people.
• Socio-personal Value
o Kagandahang Loob: Shared humanity- This refers to being able to help
part of one Filipino humanity.
• Filipino Hospitality – we welcome our guests and tourists as if they are our own
brothers and sisters; we make them feel at home.
• Respect for Elders – Filipinos greet their elders with “Mano po” and use “po” and
“opo” in conversations.
• Close Family Ties – we maintain a tight relationship with families regardless of age. •
Cheerful Personalities – we have a habit of smiling a lot, no matter how we may feel
inside.
• Self-sacrifice – this is an extension of our hospitality.
• Bayanihan – the spirit of communal unity and cooperation.
• Filipino Accommodative Values
o Hiya This is loosely translated as 'shame' by most Western
psychologists. However, hiya is actually 'sense of propriety'
o Utang na Loob: Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are expected by their
neighbors to return favors whether these were asked for or not—-when it
is needed or wanted.
o Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa: Smooth Interpersonal
Relationship, or SIR as coined by Lynch (1961 and 1973). This attitude is
primarily guided by conformity with the majority
• Filipino Confrontative Values
o “Bahala Na” Attitude
- ‘fatalistic passiveness’. he is determined to do his best, hence the term bahala na, 'I
will do all my best, let God take care of the rest'.
- Relying on divine favors and luck to get over difficult times
instead of finding concrete solutions. Not exerting enough
effort to succeed.
o Lakas ng Loob
- This attitude is characterized by being courageous in the midst of problems and
uncertainties.
o Pakikibaka
- Literally in English, it means concurrent clashes. It refers
to the ability of the Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprisings
against a common enemy.
• Some Filipino “Negative” Values
o Colonial Mentality – lack of patriotism and attitude of favoring
foreign products instead of our own.
o Maňana Habit –our term for procrastination. A poor habit off laziness that results in
heavier workloads.
o Ningas Kugon – the attitude of eagerly starting things but quickly
losing eagerness soon after experiencing difficulty. Pride – we hold
on to our pride like to is more precious than keeping a good
relationship with others.
o Crab Mentality – a toxic trait among Filipinos where one resents the achievement of
another. pull each other down
o Filipino Time – arriving late not punctuality.
2. Filipino Markers
• Proverbs or Salawikain – sayings that convey lessons and reflections on Filipino
practices, beliefs, and traditions.
• Superstitions – passed down from past generations. Some are influenced by other
cultures, but they have been retold according to our own experiences.
• Myths and Legends – due to our rich culture and history, numerous myths and
legends have sprung about things that are beyond one’s imagination. teach a
valuable lesson.
• Heroes and Icons –patriotism and nationalism It elevated the identification of
Filipinos in a worldwide cultural perspective.
3. Politics, Citizenship and the Self
• Politics -actions or activities concerned in a nation or society.
• Politics as imbibed by man implies several things:
• younger generation, active citizenship can contribute to their social development.
• Active citizenship helps an individual embrace his/her individuality through the
choices he/she makes and the behavior he/she manifests.