REVIEWER IN PPG
Decentralization and Local Governance
Local Autonomy- Refers to self-governing
Decentralization- It is the transfer of power and
authority from a central institution.
Forms of Decentralization
Devolution- It is the transfer of power and authority
from the national government to the local
government unit.
Deconcentration- It is the transfer of power,
authority, or responsibility or the discretion to plan,
decide and manage from central to local levels.
Debureaucratization- It is the transfer of some
public functions and responsibilities (NGOs).
Devolved functions to LGUs
1. Community-based forestry
2. Field health and hospital services
3. School building programs
4. Telecommunications
5. Social welfare services
6. Tourism
7. Public works
8. Housing
9. Agricultural extension
10. Other like investment support
Devolved Regulatory Powers
1. Reclassification of agricultural lands
2. Enforcement of environmental laws
3. Inspection of food products and quarantine
4. Enforcement of national building code
5. Operation of tricycle
6. Processing and approval of subdivision
plans
7. Establishment of cockpits
List of functions in political parties
Representation- the capacity to respond and to
articulate the views of both members and voters.
Elite formulation and recruitment- the ability to
mold the political elite tasked to govern the body
politic.
Goal formulation- the development of programs of
government with a view of attracting popular
support.
Interest articulation and aggregation- the task of
combining and harmonizing different demands and
expressing them into coherent policy formulation.
Socialization and mobilization- the formation of a
national agenda and the creation of public discourse
to raise political awareness.
Composition of the local government
Province- intermediate unit is providing
supervision to the municipalities and component
cities.
Cities and Municipalities- basic units of the local
government delivering services for the people who
live together in a community.
Barangay- sub-municipal unit, which provides for
face-to-face interaction among the people.
Views of Suffrage:
A mere privilege- suffrage is not a natural right but
merely a privilege to be given or withheld by the
law.
A political right- suffrage enables a citizen to
participate in the process of government.
Theories on Suffrage
The Natural right Theory- This theory claims that
the right to vote is a natural and inherited right of
every citizen.
The Legal Theory- According to this theory,
suffrage is not a natural right, but a political right
granted by the law of the state.
The Ethical Theory- It’s considered the right to
vote as a means of self-expression of the individual
in political affairs.
The Tribal Theory- In this theory suffrage was
extended only to the citizen class.
The Feudal Theory- This theory claims that the
right to vote depends on the particulars social status.
Types of Vote
One man One voter- Under this provision every
other is entitled to one and only one voter.
Single Transferable Voter- In this system, which
is designed for the multimember constituency, the
voter possesses only one vote.
Plural Voting- According to this system, several
qualifications are prescribed for the right to vote
such as payment of property tax and education.
Open Ballot- Under this system, voters raise their
hands to support a candidate.
Secret Ballot- In this system, the casts his vote for
a candidate, without the knowledge of another
person.
Party System- It is referred to as the interactions of
parties with each other.
Classification of Party System
The two-party system- This is the system wherein
the major political parties alternate with each other
in the exercise of political power.
The multi-party system- More than two political
parties fight in an election, and no single party gets
the major control of power.
1. Leftist party- It is the reform-minded party
which seeks to change the existing
conditions of the country.
2. Rightist party- It is a conservative group
which aims to maintain the status quo in the
country.
3. Center party- It adopted policies which are
a mixture of both left and right tendencies.
The one-party system- Only one political party
holds power either because it towers above the
others or because it suppresses all other groups.
Types of Suffrage
Election- means by which people choose their
officials.
Plebiscite- is the vote of the people expressing their
choice for or against a proposed law submitted to
them.
Referendum- is the submission of a law passed by
the legislative body to the people for their
ratification or rejection.
Initiative- is a method in which people directly
proposed and enact laws.
Recall- a method by which an elective local official
may be removed from office during his tenure.
Judicial Department
Supreme Court- This is the highest court in the
land.
Judicial Power- The power to apply the laws to
contests or disputes concerning legally recognized
rights.
Scope of Judicial power
Adjudicating Power- The power to settle legal
disputes.
Power of Judicial Review- Refers to the power of
the supreme court to interpret and make judgments
with respect to the law.
Incidental Powers- This powers necessary for the
discharge of the judicial function.
Three kinds of courts in the country
1. Supreme Court- The highest court in the land.
2. Regular Court- Appellate Court, Regional Trial
Court, etc.
3. Quasi-Judicial Bodies- NLRC, SEC, etc
Powers of the Supreme Court
Certiorari- a writ issued by a superior court
requiring a lower court or a board of officers.
Prohibition- a written order by which a superior
court commands a lower court.
Mandamus- an order issued by a high court
commanding a lower court or a corporation board.
Quo warranto- an action by the government to
recover an office or franchise from an individual.