CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter represents the literature and studies related to the present research.

These both foreign and local sources are necessary if formulating the background of the

research

Related Literature (Local)

According to Ushioda,(2010: 5), Motivation is widely recognized as a significant

factor influencing success in second or foreign language (L2) learning and is perhaps

one of the key variables that distinguishes first language acquisition from second

language acquisition. After all, while motivation is not really an issue in the case of

infants acquiring their mother tongues, being motivated (or not) can make all the

difference to how willingly and successfully people learn other languages later in life.

The study of language learning motivation has a long history, dating back to the early

pioneering work of Gardner and Lambert (1959) in Canada, and has generated a large

body of literature. On the whole, this literature has been driven by the pursuit of

explanatory theoretical models of motivation and their empirical exploration in a variety

of formal and informal learning contexts. This is reflected in the current push towards

new analyses of L2 motivation in terms of concepts of self and identity and of

complexity theory. Since the 1990s, it is true to say that the research literature has

increasingly concerned itself with motivation issues and practices of relevance to

teachers, leading to the development of pedagogical recommendations in areas such as

motivational strategies (Dörnyei, 2001), group dynamics (Dörnyei & Murphey, 2003), or

teachers’ communicative style (Noels et al., 1999).

Related Literature (Foreign)

According to Hsieh, Pei-Hsuan (2008), Simply taking foreign language courses

and being exposed to the language does not guarantee successful and positive learning

experiences. When examining factors that influence foreign language learning,

motivation should be considered. To extend current foreign language literature, this

study integrated self-efficacy and Gardners' AMTB variables to the understanding of

learner motivation and achievement. Participants were 249 undergraduate students

learning Spanish, German, and French. Regression results suggested that self-efficacy,

positive attitude, and anxiety were good predictors of language achievement.

Related Study (Local)

According to Mukherjee et al., (2013), Pereira et al.,( 2016), and Verwaal, (2017),

Extant literature acknowledges the importance of external knowledge search behavior

of firms in their strategic decision-making process related to offshoring Although

literature has delved upon the performance implications of offshoring, there is relatively

less work to understand how strategic drivers of offshoring impact a firm's knowledge

search behavior and how such behavior influences offshoring governance modes and

knowledge outcomes. We redress this oversight.

Additionally, the context of external knowledge that is to be sourced is also

important in creating capabilities (Asmussen, Pedersen, & Dhanaraj, 2009) and in

determining the knowledge outcomes (Pérez-Nordtvedt, Mukherjee, & Kedia, 2015).

Extant literature on knowledge-driven R&D offshoring has underscored the importance

of host-country context in shaping knowledge benefits (Asmussen et al., 2016, Narula,

2004, Narula, 2014). For example, Rodríguez and Nieto (2016) argue that offshoring
enables firms to get embedded in the local context and learn from it. The focal firm

needs to understand the technological (Asmussen et al., 2016), socio-cultural

(Asmussen & Goerzen, 2013), and institutional context (Asmussen and Goerzen, 2013,

Lojacono et al., 2017) of the knowledge it seeks. Therefore, to better understand the

heterogeneity and background of the external knowledge, the focal firm, to some

degree, must be embedded in the host country context.

Related Study (Foreign)

According to Mayo & Jarvis, (1981), Motivations have two types: the first one is

physiological which stems from biological needs. Such motivations are related with

matters of survival, such as food and water. The second type is the psychological

motivations that stem from the needs created by an individual's environment (Mayo &

Jarvis, 1981). Individual motivations are related to needs and goals. In travel, Fodness

(1994) suggested five types of travel, like knowledge or culture, educational motives,

reward maximization or pleasure and sensation, self-esteem and ego-enhancement or

social prestige, and punishment maximization or escape stimulus-avoidance.

Additionally, many papers refer to push and pull factors as travel motivation. Push and

pull factors are also used to explain people’s travel motivation. A study by Zhang & Lam

(1999) found 22 push and 26 pull factors that drive Chinese tourists to visit Hong Kong.

They found five Push factors as that of knowledge, prestige, enhancement of human

relationship, relaxation and novelty, while pull factors consist of hi-tech image,

expenditure, accessibility, service attribute and quality, sightseeing variety, and culture

link. However, Dann (1981) argued that push factors are internal drives which motivate

people to travel; these motives includes the need to escape from routine, need to
relaxation and need to self –esteem. Needs for novelty refers to the desire to go to

famous destinations or discover new experience, thrill, and adventure (Lee & Crompton,

1992). Push and pull factors are related to tourists behavior that lead them to emotional

need. The emotional needs push tourists to leisure and recreation and pull them to

destinations (Goossens, 2000). Hence, Maslow's (1970) classified five needs of

individuals: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self actualization needs. Pearce

(1982) added a travel needs model that was developed based on Maslow's hierarchy of

needs. Push factors refer to the internal factors that drive people to travel while pull

factors refer to the external factors that lead people to know and identify where, when,

why, and how they travel to exotic places (Jang & Cai, 2002).