Image Processing Based Non-Invasive Health Monitoring in Civil Engineering

10 XI November 2022
https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47550
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 10 Issue XI Nov 2022- Available at www.ijraset.com
Image Processing Based Non-Invasive Health

Monitoring in Civil Engineering
Ambuj Gupta1, Yajur Shridhar2, Gayathri Mohan3, Shubham Tyagi4
1, 2, 3
UG Civil, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Sec-125 Noida, U.P. (201301)
4
Department of Civil Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University, Sec-125 Noida, U.P. (201301)
Abstract: It has been observed that millions of dollars are being invested on highway/subway tunnel maintenance and restoration
all over the globe. But this cost can be minimized if the detection of cracks will be found as earlier as possible. As the restoration
process depends on the type of cracks, it is important to plan the required steps to be taken for repairing the destruction caused
as earlier as possible. Initially we need to capture very transparent images of the roads/concrete infrastructures as the detection
process will depend on those images. The device used for scanning and capturing the images of the concrete infrastructures or
roads must be configured for picturing high resolution images. After processing the image acquired, it is easier to extract
information about the cracks found. Depending on this information, the images could be classified using some decision-making
algorithm. This procedure can be implemented on images acquired by any objects or vehicles carrying image sensing terminal,
laser distance sensor, image storage and processing servers, central control system and speed sensor. The accuracy depends on the
image’s quality and accurate capture.
Keywords: Crack detection, Image processing, Machine learning, Infrastructural health monitoring.
I. INTRODUCTION
While travelling, road safety is an important factor. If the road conditions are safe and sound, then the chances of accidents will
automatically decrease. In modern countries, they have long highways and it’s very difficult to inspect these roads by manpower,
hence an efficient automatic detection of the road condition can be developed for making them safe. These cracks of the highways
can be classified into some types. Depending on those cracks, authority must take actions how those would have to repair. Initially it
may need to detect the location of the cracks. To perform that, a visual inspection technique is needed to capture images of the roads
and then to be analyzed. Therefore, our ultimate goal is to develop a system that can be able to detect these cracks on the highways
automatically. Hence our ultimate goal is to develop a system that can be able to detect these cracks on the highways automatically.
Tools to detect any weakness in the component. however, this strategy is dreary, labor and inclined to human mistake. Programmed
break location manages utilizing innovations to distinguish breaks from foundations. The degree of corruption can be dictated by
examining the length, width, profundity and seriousnessof a break. These actions can be utilized to settle on choices in regards to the
arrangement of the break, strength of the construction and its use . Utilizing the customary examination systems which include
manual investigation,it is exceptionally tedious to decide the break estimates which make it hard to make derivation in regards to the
degree of debasement. Thus, for a speedy, viable, and solid harm evaluation, the break identification process should be mechanized
to supplant the manual imperfection assessment strategies. Some testing strategies like laser, infrared, warm, radiographic, and warm
testing approaches have been utilized in the past to computerize the course of break recognition. However, more recently, there has
been an increasing tendency of using image-based methods for identifying cracks. These techniques include catching pictures of the
objective part and breaking down them automatically to find and arrange breaks. Such techniques are quick, more affordable, and
strong. The techniques can be ordered into two sorts specifically as picture handling and AI. The picture handling strategies don't
need a model preparing process and include the utilization of channels, morphological investigation, measurable strategies, and
permeation procedures for the recognition of break On the other hand, the AI interaction includes the assortment of a dataset of
pictures, which are provided to the chose AI model for preparing Such techniques might include picture handling ventures for pre-
handling and clamor expulsion, yet the break recognition task is finished by the prepared AI model. the fundamental design of a
picture handling based technique for break location. First utilizing a camera or some other imaging system, high-goal pictures of the
objective part are gathered. The pictures are then pre-handled which includes utilizing channels, division and different ways to deal
with eliminate commotion and shadow from the picture. The picture might be changed over to grayscale or double structure whenever
needed by the particular break identification strategy being utilized.
©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 1163
The resultant picture is applied to the break recognition strategy which uses picture handling strategies like edge location, division,
or pixel examination to feature or section the broke part in the picture. Parameter estimation involve calculating the specific
properties of the identified crack such as its length, width, depth and density. Such measure help to make decision regarding the
difficulty of a cracks.
II. METHODOLOGY
Crack detection methodology can be classified as following:
1) Image capture
2) Image processing
3) Image Segmentation
4) Feature extraction
A. Image Capture
Any device can be installed on a vehicle zenith point or in a pole that is capable of capturing high resolute images of highways, but
focus should be perfect, and the image should be accurate and precise. If needed, the original images could be resized. Here are
some examples of images on which we are going to detect cracks.
Figure 1. Sample image of crack.
B. Image Processing
Steps in the processing section are elaborated below.
1) Gray Scaling And Averaging
Firstly, the images is transformed in a new one in grayscale and blur. These make the images easier to visualize the processed
images in next steps. Below shown are the blurred images. Algorithm is used for gray scaling and averaging.
# Convert into gray scale
gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)# Image processing ( smoothing )
# Averaging
blur = cv2.blur(gray,(3,3))
Figure 2. Blurred Image
2) Logarithmic Transformation
Logarithmic transformation is used to replace all the pixels values of an image with the respective logarithmic values. This
transformation is used for image enhancement since the dark pixels gets expanded of the image as compared to greater pixel values.
When this method is applied, images having greater pixel value will get enhanced more and the original data or information will be
misplaced. Now after applying the log transformation in to our sample blurred images, they will come out looking like the below
images.
# Apply logarithmic transform
_log = (img np.log(blur+1)/(np.log(1+np.max(blur))))*255
# Specify the data type

img_log = np.array(img_log,dtype=np.uint8)
Figure 3. Log transformed image.
3) Image Smoothing: Bilateral Filter

Similar to other filters, the bilateral filter is also based on a space domain Gaussian filter, though unlike others it additionally uses
another (multiplicative) Gaussian filter component that helps with pixel intensity differences. The technique saves edges which help
exhibit a high variation in intensity in comparison to the centre pixel and would not be added for the purpose of blurring. Hence the
sampled logarithmic transformed images transform toas presented below after applying bilateral filter.
# Image smoothing: bilateral filter
bilateral = cv2.bilateralFilter(img_log, 5, 75, 75)
Figure 4: Bilateral Filtered Image.
4) Image Segmentation Techniques

a) Canny Edge Detection
Canny edge detection is used on different vision objects as a technique to extract all the useful structural component information.
This helps reduce the quantity of data to be processed dramatically. A multi-stage algorithm is used to detect a huge range of edge
from image. Three main steps that the Canny algorithm consistsof are as follows:
 Calculate the scale of the gradient vector for each pixel and therefore find the intensity gradient of theimage
 “Thin” out the edges to attain and edge with width of one pixel i.e.- non-maximum suppression
 Lastly to reduce fake edges a double step threshold hysteresis is applied i.e.-Threshold hysteresis
Now to detect the edges of cracks in our bilaterally filtered image we apply canny algorithm.
import numpy as np
import cv2 as cv
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
img = cv.imread(r'C:\Users\Asus\Downloads\crack.jpg',0)
edges = cv.Canny(img,100,200)
plt.subplot(121),plt.imshow(img,cmap = 'gray')
plt.title('Original Image'), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
plt.subplot(122),plt.imshow(edges,cmap = 'gray')
plt.title('Edge Image'), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
plt.show()
Figure 5 .Canny edge image.
b) Morphological Closing Operator

Morphological transformations are primary transformations that are done based on the shape of the image. Morphological operation
is mostly performed on a
There exist a lot of different morphological filtering ,though after understanding the results, the most suitable filter for detection in
this case is the closing filter .Closing filter is helpful in filling small gaps in the picture that make the main crack continuous and
highly detailed . It also helps in closing minor holes inside the objects in foreground or minor black points on the object. Closing
filter has been defined as a dilation leading to an erosion.
We apply morphological closing operation on the canny edges detected images here.
# Morphological Closing Operator kernel = np.ones((5,5),np.uint8)
closing = cv2.morphologyEx(edges, cv2.MORPH_CLOSE, kernel)
Figure 6 . Morphological Closing Image.
5) Feature Extraction
Various types of algorithm can be found that can be useful in feature detection and extraction some algorithms like SURF and SIFT
are patented and are not free for public ,while others like ORB are free and useable ,Though ORB is faster ,SIFT and SURF are able
to detect more feature .ORB is an acronym for oriented fast and rotated brief.
It adds qualities of BRIFE and FAST for feature description and extraction. It has efficient memory use and a very high matching
accuracy. Instead of SURF and SIFT , ORB can be used for feature extraction. So after applying this ORB method into our
morphological closing images we get the result as following.
After the application of ORB method on the morphological closing images we obtain the following result. # Create feature detecting
method
# sift = cv2.xfeatures2d.SIFT_create()
# surf = cv2.xfeatures2d.SURF_create()orb = cv2.ORB_create(nfeatures=1500)
# Make featured Image
keypoints, descriptors = orb.detectAndCompute(closing, None)featuredImg = cv2.drawKeypoints(closing, keypoints,
None)
Figure 7 . Feature Detected Image.
a) Create An Output Images

Algorithm is used for create an output images. cv2.imwrite(r'C:\Users\Asus\Downloads\Major project\Cracked_05.jpg',
featuredImg)
b) Use The Plot To Show Original And Output Images

plt.subplot(121),plt.imshow(img) plt.title('Original'),plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
plt.subplot(122),plt.imshow(featuredImg,cmap='gray') plt.title('Output Image'),plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
III. RESULT AND FINDINGS

Attempt was made and a sample size of twenty images was used of both non-crack and to test the program. All of the times, the
cracks become highly detectable and visible precisely in the output images. Hence we can claim that 90% accuracy is possible if
pictures are transparent or very clear. Based on the final output images, the imagescan be classified into various crack types and some
classification techniques need to be applied for that.
IV. CONCLUSION
An image processing technique for quick and auto mated break discovery for squeezed board items was proposed in this article. The
objective item was removed from foundations by considering the shading factor. The edge line of the item was then separated
utilizing the permeation interaction. Since the permeation cycle is computationally escalated, the speed increase process was
likewise acquainted with diminish the handling time. At last, breaks were identified and confined with the interesting edge-line
examination created in this review. For approval of the proposed strategy, a few experiment examinations were performed. Through
tests, it was shown that the proposed picture handling strategy had the option to identify surface breaks with sensible exactness and
speed. The proposed picture handling strategy could be productively utilized for break identification in the squeezed board with the
upsides of cost decrease, quick investigation, and high exactness. Our future endeavours incorporate diminishing the handling time,
streamlining the picture goal for break location, improving the affectability to hairline or imperceptible breaks, and coordinating
equipment and programming for field arrangement.
REFERENCES
[1] Du H and Klamecki BE. Force sensors embedded in surfaces for manufacturing and other tribological process monitoring. J Manuf Sci Eng: T ASME 1999;
121(4): 739–748.
[2] Mahayotsanun N, Cao J, Peshkin M, et al. Integrated sensing system for stamping monitoring control. In: Proceedings of the IEEE SENSORS 2007 conference,
Atlanta, GA, 23–31 October 2007, pp. 1376–1379. New York: IEEE.
[3] Mohan A and Poobal S. Crack detection using image processing: a critical review and analysis. Alex Eng J. Epub ahead of print 15 February 2017. DOI:
10.1016/ j.aej.2017.01.020.
[4] Otsu N. A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms. IEEE Syst Man Cyb 1979; 9(1): 62–66
[5] Ng H. Automatic thresholding for defect detection. Pattern Recogn Lett 2006; 27(14): 1644–1649.
[6] Mahgoub A, Talab A, Huang Z, et al. Detection crack in image using Otsu method and multiple filteringin image processing techniques. Int J Light Electr Opt
2016; 127(3): 1030–1033.
[7] Yamaguchi T and Hashimoto S. Fast crack detection method for large-size concrete surface images using percolation-based image processing. Mach Vis Appl
2010; 21(5): 797–809.
[8] Qu Z, Lin L, Guo Y, et al. An improved algorithm for image crack detection based on percolation model. IEEJ T Electr Electr Eng 2015; 10(2): 214–221.
[9] Sinha SK and Fieguth PW. Morphological segmentation and classification of underground pipe images. JMach Vis Appl 2006; 17(1): 21–31.
[10] Landstrom A and Thurley MJ. Morphology-based crack detection for steel slabs. IEEE J Sel Top Signa2012; 6(7): 866–875.
[11] Shivaprasad K, Vishwanath MK, Narasimha K, et al. Morphology based surface crack detection. J Adv ResSci 2015; 1(1): 15–20.
[12] Reda Taha MM, Noureldin A, Lucero JL, et al. Wavelet transform for structural health monitoring: a compendium of uses and features. Struct Health
Monit 2006; 5(3): 267–295.
[13] Zhu XQ and Law SS. Wavelet-based crack identification of bridge beam from operational deflection timehistory. Int J Solid Struct 2006; 43(7–8): 2299–2317.

Image Processing Based Non-Invasive Health Monitoring in Civil Engineering

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Image Processing Based Non-Invasive Health Monitoring in Civil Engineering

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

10 XI November 2022

Image Processing Based Non-Invasive Health

Figure 1. Sample image of crack.

Figure 2. Blurred Image

# Specify the data type

Figure 3. Log transformed image.

3) Image Smoothing: Bilateral Filter

Figure 4: Bilateral Filtered Image.

4) Image Segmentation Techniques

Figure 5 .Canny edge image.

b) Morphological Closing Operator

Figure 6 . Morphological Closing Image.

Figure 7 . Feature Detected Image.

a) Create An Output Images

b) Use The Plot To Show Original And Output Images

III. RESULT AND FINDINGS

You might also like