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Conservative and Adaptive Reuse Interventions in Qatar

Article  in  Preservation, Digital Technology & Culture · July 2022

DOI: 10.1515/pdtc-2022-0004

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Page 1 of 22 Preservation, Digital Technology & Culture (PDT&C)

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4 Silvia MAZZETTO
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6 Assistant Professor, Architecture Department, College of Architecture and Design, Prince Sultan
7 University, Saudi Arabia,
8 silvia_mazzetto@yahoo.it
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12 CONSERVATIVE AND ADAPTIVE REUSE INTERVENTIONS IN
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14 QATAR
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18 Abstract
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In the past decades, many Gulf cities have faced accelerated growth that has generated complicated
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22 problems of urbanization. Despite their relatively short history, some Arab cities have transformed
23 massive urban development into new global cities. Affecting the direction of the rapid urbanization, there
24 is a growing interest in the conservation and rehabilitation of the local heritage, which has generated a
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25 perpetual conflict between the construction of a new, modern identity and the promotion of traditional
26 architecture. The new emerging Arab cities, in the struggle for the construction of their new architectural
27 identity, showed a growing interest in the action needed to preserve architectural heritage. The number
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of conservation projects has increased recognition of the local traditions in construction, rejuvenating the
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historical value of the Qatari heritage. This paper aims to show some significant examples of conservation
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and adaptive reuse projects recently completed in Qatar. The intention is to describe several
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32 conservation interventions and compare the proposals for reusing the restored artefacts. The research
33 presents a possible methodology for classifying the proposals offering a new approach for comparing the
34 interventions that could be applied to other adaptive reuse projects.
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Keywords
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39 Change of use; Restoration; Conservation; Rehabilitation; Architectural Heritage; Historic
40 Buildings.
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43 1.Introduction
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The discovery and exportation of oil (1960-1970) has generated unprecedented urban growth of
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47 many Arab cities that has completely changed their old faces in the past years. Among the Arab
48 Countries, Qatar has recently been subjected to an unprecedented economic boom, and its
49 capital, Doha, is becoming a new global city.
50 In the other side, the fast urbanization of Doha has negatively affected the preservation of Qatari
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heritage and Doha’s urban center (Salama, 2012; Salama and Wiedman 2013; Azzali, 2015;
53 Boussaa, 2014; Mazzetto and Petruccioli, 2018) damaging the remains of the urban fabric and
54 some traditional buildings.
55 Thus a permanent conflict afflicts the growth direction of Doha as a new global city: on one side
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the construction of a modern capital, characterized by innovative materials and advanced
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58 architectures; on the other side, the safeguarding of Qatari heritage reusing the neglected urban
59 fabric, and the abandoned buildings, to generate new relationship between the past and the
60 future of the country.

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2. The relationship between the old and the new faces of Doha
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6 This paper compares some completed reuse interventions in Qatar, analyzing the condition of
7 deterioration, the reuse approaches adopted and the different proposals for the adaptive
8 interventions (Carbonara, 2012; ICOMOS, 2008). All the data was compared, giving a general
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overview of the archaeological architectural and urban adaptive reuse approach in Qatar,
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11 establishing a new relationship with the contemporary and innovative architecture. In the
12 current debate between innovation and tradition, the paper describes how, under the pressure
13 of the media impact that enhances the new image Doha as a global city, the value of the Qatari
14 traditions and the historical roots, has gradually increased in the past decades (Al-Kholaifi, 2006;
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Jaidah and Bourennane, 2009)
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20 3.West Bay in Doha: the innovative business center of a new global city
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22 Affected by the considerable capital investment generated by the oil, in recent years, Doha has
23 emerged as a new global city (Sassen, 1997) with a central position in the international finance.
24 Many global cities, such as New York, London, and Tokyo, recently have played the role of world
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26 financial leaders as a result of the globalization, but contemporarily other new growing centers,
27 like Doha or Dubai in the Gulf Regions, started to assert their new role on the global economy,
28 and finance. In the last decades, due to the growing globalization mechanisms, Doha has been
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29 affected by some conspicuous financial expenditure. The local and international finances have
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placed considerable investments in Doha, involving transportation and construction companies
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32 and large urban and real estate projects managed by international investors. Nowadays the
33 urban growth of Doha is mainly concentrated in the northern-east areas of the city, where new
34 urban strategic projects are focused following a particular priority of implementation as foreseen
35 by the Qatar National Vision 2030 (QNV, 2018; QSDP, 2009).
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In particular, the contemporary business center of Doha, the West Bay area, has been recently
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38 developed into a modern specialized economic district, promoting the construction of "five
39 stars" architects' projects as elements of characterization and commercial interest (Figure 1).
40 Within a competitive global framework, the attraction exerted by the newly constructed
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"spectacular architectures" has grown by receiving new awards and recognition. This has
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43 generated the search for a substantial media impact into the local and global competition,
44 pursuing the construction of new distinguished projects, such as the Doha Tower by Atelier Jean
45 Nouvel, that has been awarded as the best high rise building completed in 2012, the Ahmad New
46 International Airport of Qatar, that has been ranked in 2018 as the fifth best airport in the world
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48 (Skytrax World Airport Awards 2018).
49 The new projects recently completed in Doha included luxurious functions and technologies
50 intending to attract new international investors and global capitals (Kropf, 1996).
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26 Figure 1. West Bay, district in Doha. (Source: Author)
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29 4.Preserving the Qatari heritage: old values for the new identity
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32 The rapid growth of Doha, in the last decades, has generated new conflicts of identity, arising
33 from the construction of the new, contemporary architectures, which have caused a broad sense
34 of extraneousness to the place. The extensive construction of new spectacular architectures and
35 contemporary projects have entirely changed the nature of Doha. The old commercial city,
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dedicated to the fishing and exchange activities, is now a spectacular under construction place,
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38 where the new hyper-technological high-rise buildings, in most cases, do not have any
39 connections with the local tradition and the characteristics of the site. The new construction
40 progress has also negatively affected the spontaneous evolution of Doha city center, damaging
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41 the historical remains as the few surviving evidence of the past Qatari tradition. (Bianca, 2000;
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Carter, 2012). In the past years, local administrations have given very little relevance to Doha
44 cultural heritage, due to the absence of safeguarding laws or regulations until as late as 1980.
45 Nowadays, in Qatar, the legislation to safeguard the heritage includes every testimony of past
46 culture older than 40 years old. Recently, in 2005, the Qatari government has established two
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governmental institutions responsible for the protection and safeguard of the existing heritage:
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49 the Qatar Museum Authority (QMA) formed by three departments (Conservation, Archaeology,
50 and Tourism) and the Private Engineering Office (PEO) in charge for protecting the properties of
51 the Qatar Emir. Both QMA and PEO are responsible for an extensive range of architectural
52 restoration and urban rehabilitation of historical buildings and urban areas to integrate heritage
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preservation into new construction projects (Petruccioli, 2015; Petruccioli, 2016). Although the
55 Qatari governmental laws and institutions are currently actively working for the safeguard and
56 conservation of the local, national heritage, there is still a need to further develop information
57 exchange and cooperation between organizations (Mazzetto, 2006; Mazzetto and Petruccioli,
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2018) , to enhance the dialogue and raise standards in conformity with the international rules, to
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60 facilitate the interaction between institutions (Bianchi and Tonner, 2013), Cuttler, et al. 2013).

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3 4.1 Urban regeneration: new entertainment places (Souq Waqif, Al Wakrah Souq,
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5 and Al Zubarah)
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7 The regulations and restrictions for safeguarding heritage, imposed by the Qatari institutes on
8 the urban scale, have permitted to control the widespread demolition phenomenon and
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revitalize the abandoned urban fabric by reusing the areas as new entertainment places. This
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11 began with the commencement of many restoration projects such as the renovation of the Souq
12 Waqif located in the historic center of Doha, the adaptive reuse of the Al Wakrah fishermen
13 village, on the southern side of Doha which is currently reused as new souq , and the massive
14 archaeological campaign of excavation completed in 2014 at Al Zubarak site. The project of the
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Souq Waqif was completed in 2008 under the direction of the Private Engineering Office (PEO).
17 In 2004 the Qatari Government launched the conservative and typological restoration of the
18 Souq Waqif, intending to reuse the existing buildings, conserving all of the oldest structures and
19 recovering the neglected urban fabric located close to the port of Doha. The local construction
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method for residential buildings was preserved entirely, using traditional materials and adhering
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22 to the architectural typology to construct the new additions (Radoine, 2010). All the late
23 elements, constructed using inappropriate materials, were removed or transformed since they
24 disturbed the intervention's typological coherence. Many new upgraded systems were
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25 introduced, such as new light fixtures for the streets and the market spaces, protective insulation
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layers against extreme heat, traditional ventilation systems, and air conditioning systems only
28 where essential. The Souq Waqif adaptive reuse urban intervention affected a vast portion of
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29 Doha's city center, rejuvenating a dismissed area. The old traditional functions were re-
30 introduced, such as restaurants and hotels, commercial spaces, temporary and permanent art
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exhibitions. Additionally, some contemporary uses have been established such as music events,
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33 and sports facilities in the new entertainment area. The adaptive reuse project of Al Wakrah
34 (Figure 2), carried out at the urban scale, was concluded in 2015, under the direction of the
35 Private Engineering Office (PEO). The urban regeneration of the historical fabric of Al Wakrah
36 fisherman village, located close to the ancient port, was abandoned and neglected for many
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years. The area was then transformed into the new Souq of Wakrah, through an urban reuse
39 project (Hakim, 2007), that involved the reconstruction of many collapsed buildings, the removal
40 of disfiguring elements and materials, the adaptation of the premises, and the management of
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41 new commercial units. The Al Wakrah regeneration project, despite the urban scale of the
42 intervention, did not have substantial repercussions on the adjacent territory and therefore was
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44 not able to trigger physical-environmental rehabilitative results in the surrounding areas. In Al
45 Wakrah, the substantial identity of the place was maintained with the birth of a new citadel
46 where currently are located new functions, but still the real cultural, and social values are
47 tangible and well preserved.
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22 Figure 2. Al Wakrah Souq. Public spaces for the new entertainment activities. (Source: Author)
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Another massive intervention of urban regeneration was completed in 2014 at Zubarah
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27 archeological site, under the supervision of QMA Qatar Museum Authority (Richter, et al. 2011;
28 Walmsley, et al. 2010). Al Zubarah is Qatar's most extensive archaeological site, and it is located
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29 in the northern coast of the country. Al Zubarah was a vast commercial city, extending for about
30 2.5 kilometers in front of the sea, but then it was attacked and abandoned at the beginning of
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the 20th century. During the archaeological excavation campaign, many urban remains were
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33 brought to light, such as the old urban fabric, the defensive structural systems, the place, the
34 fishermen's houses, the port and the courtyard houses. Because of the saline environment of Al
35 Zubarah, the high concentration of salt in the subsoil had caused the massive deterioration of all
36 the remaining elements and materials. The conservative approach conducted during the
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38 archaeological excavations was based in the integral preservation of all the foundations and the
39 excavated bases of the historic buildings, which were cleaned, consolidated and protected to be
40 fully preserved. Al Zubarah is now used as an urban archaeological museum to exhibit the
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41 archaeological findings and attract tourists and visitors to discover Qatar's history.
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45 4.2Rehabilitation of the residential buildings: new cultural places (Bin Jassim Old
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47 Palace and Umm Salal Muhammad residential compound)
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49 The increasing attention and interest in reusing the Qatari heritage have also contributed to the
50 growing number of restoration projects at the architectural scale, which has been recently
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completed in the historic center of the country. The aim was to preserve the existing historic
53 buildings, which were in a remarkably deteriorated condition, close to the collapse due to the
54 neglect and abandonment during the last decades. The old palace of Sheik Bin Jassim (Msheireb,
55 2016), the father of modern Qatar, was the object of a conservative intervention aimed at
56 reducing the adverse effects due to the recent use of non-traditional materials, such as concrete,
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58 that has partially damaged the historic structure. The intervention was designed to respect and
59 protect the existing by applying the necessary knowledge of construction techniques and
60 historical materials, to increase the value of the palace building traditions through conservation
of the existing.

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3 Their residential typology represents the local Qatari building tradition (Figure 3). During the
4 intervention, conducted under the supervision of Qatar Museum Authority (QMA) and
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6 completed in 2017, the original materials used for construction were fully preserved and
7 recovered, in some cases due to the dangerous condition of preservation, some materials were
8 replaced, and few missing elements were partially reconstructed.
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28 Figure 3. Old Palace of Bin Jassim. Restoration project completed in 2017(Source:
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29 http://www.justhere.qa/news/qatar-museums-successfully-restores-old-palace-sheikh-abdullah-
30 bin-jassim/)
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34 Today the Palace of Sheik Bin Jassim hosts an exhibition about the country's history, including its
35 cultural heritage. The reuse intervention aimed to preserve and divulge the knowledge about the
36 architectural values of the restored buildings. The residential complex at Umm Salal Muhammad
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is another interesting example of domestic buildings partially fortified. The village was built by
39 Sheikh Mohammed bin Jassim Al Thani, around 1910 but it was abandoned in 1970. The complex
40 is located in the center of the Qatari peninsula, closed to many other historical residential
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41 settlements. The residential compound was restored many times after 1975, to preserve the
42 remains and reconstruct some missing elements by using the traditional material and the local
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44 construction techniques. Some light fixtures were added over the buildings, and the systems
45 were fully upgraded. Nowadays the Umm Salal Muhammad residential compound is fully
46 preserved after being restored many times in the past decades by the private owner, and it is
47 part of an extensive private redevelopment.
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4.4Preservation of defensive structure: new museums (Al Khor Towers and Al
52 Thagab Fort)
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54 Nowadays, many defensive buildings are spread around Qatar, as evidence of the past need to
55 defend the local population from attackers and pirates. Among them the Al Khor towers, located
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in the northern side of Doha in the municipality of Al Khor, were built around 1900 on high rocks
58 overlooking the harbor, to protect the Al Khor wells from pirates. The towers were also part of
59 the critical defensive structural system constructed to protect the northern side of Doha from
60 incursions.

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3 During the past ten years, the Al Khor Towers were restored to be reused as a new museum of
4 the defensive structural system still existing in Qatar. The towers were initially constructed using
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6 traditional materials such as limestone blocks mud plasters, gypsum, wooden rainwater
7 (“marazim”), wooden lintels (“danchal”) fabricated by using irregular wooden poles and a final
8 protective bituminous layer ( “basgijl”). The completed restoration works included the towers'
9 structural consolidation, affected by the collapse of foundations due to the salty environment,
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close to the sea. Many internal structural elements such as the stairs and the joisted floors were
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12 replaced with new contemporary materials. The restoration works also included the urban public
13 space near the defensive towers, and the re-arrangement of the areas and the pathways closed
14 to the defensive structures (Figure 4). The towers’ function was transformed into new museums,
15 accessible to the tourists.
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36 Figure 4. Al Khor Towers. The completion of restoration works. (Source: Author)
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40 Another interesting restoration project was completed in Al Thagab Fort (Figure 5),
approximately ten years ago by the private owner. The fort is located in the north of Qatar, and
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42 it is a typical desert fort constructed in the 19th century in the inland to protect the deep wells
43 of freshwater placed inside the fort. Structural consolidation work was carried out at the end of
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the 1990s under the direction of local authorities, reconstructing most of the failed defensive
46 walls. The reconstructed parts are still visible because of a diverse methodology for installing the
47 traditional limestone blocks, which is more regular for the newly reconstructed portion of walls.
48 The adopted reconstruction approach is a clear example of a transformation of the historical
49 forms.
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22 Figure 5. Al Thagab Fort. The restoration works and the new cultural function. (Source: Author)
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4.5 Conservation of religious building: new cultural and religious centers (Al Ruwais
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26 and Al Dakhira Mosques)
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To reuse the abandoned and neglected Al Dakhira Mosque, the conservative restoration, and
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30 structural works were ended in 2015 under the supervision of the PEO and provided the reuse of
31 the mosque as a new cultural and religious center. Currently, Al Dhakhira Mosque is the most
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32 ancient mosques located in front of the sea of Al Khor. The reasons for deterioration, detected
33 before the restoration project, were due to the highly saline environmental site condition, which
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had caused saline efflorescence in all of the perimeter walls. Most of the plaster layers were
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36 detached from the walls, the foundations and slabs were critically affected by rising dump
humidity, which caused several cracks in the walls and failures in the foundations. The wooden
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38 roofs, the external plasters, the foundations, and the walls' basement were structurally
39 consolidated and re-instated by adopting traditional materials. To protect the interiors, new
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aluminum doors and windows were fitted togheter with the upgrade of existing systems. (Figure
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42 6). The conservation project of Al Ruwais Mosque (Figure 7) is also currently near completion.
43 The old mosque was built in the 17th century and then abandoned in 1970 when was substituted
44 by a nearby modern mosque. The project, conducted under the supervision of QMA, included
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some structural interventions that were adopted because of the collapse of the foundations and
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47 the deterioration of the external walls damaged by the saline environment that had cause rising
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24 Figure 6. Al Dhakhira Mosque, the new cultural and religious center. (Source: Author)
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42 Figure 7. Al Ruwais Mosque before the conservation and rehabilitation project. (Source: Author)
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47 5.Results:
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49 The comparison of the recently completed interventions has provided a clear description of the
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status of adaptive reuse practice in Qatar, highlighting the different possible tools and
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52 methodologies adopted during the works (Feilden, 2003; Muñoz Viñas, 2005; Carbonara, 2008;
53 Mazzetto 2018 a; Mazzetto 2018 b). For all the analyzed interventions the approach to
54 restoration was adopted singularly by the responsible government authorities in charge of the
55 works. Due to this fact, the adaptive reuse projects have been conducted mainly in seclusion,
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without a general coordination plan of interventions. The restoration works were mainly divided
58 into two scales of intervention: the architectural and the urban. The urban interventions are few
59 but extended in a large area of work and mainly focused on regeneration neglected and
60 abandoned urban fabrics. The architectural projects were just focused on restoring important
heritage artefacts to be fully preserved as evidence of the past Qatari building tradition and

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3 architectural culture. All the historical buildings had been constructed adopting traditional local
4 materials such as wooden beams, limestone and coral blocks, mud mortar bitumen for
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6 protection, mangrove branches, and other natural elements. Additionally, the methodology for
7 construction was frequently similar for example the use of sun-dried brickwork; the grinding
8 mud originated by the use of a traditional pestle, the wooden lintels "danchal" composed by
9 wooden elements hold together by cords and the wooded gargoyles "marazim," very common in
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all the traditional buildings. In the past, the use of similar building materials and effective
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12 methodologies have consequently generated similar deterioration phenomenon, leading in most
13 of the cases to the failure of the foundation and the collapse of the structures. The methodology
14 for preservation was conducted in compliance with the existing state of the buildings'
15 deterioration, also being more or less conservationist concerning the reuse approach. For
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17 example for the new functions as a museum, a total preservationist approach was mainly used,
18 to preserve and exhibit the existing materials as found (Table 1).
19 In the cases where the deterioration of existing materials was extreme, the adopted
20 methodology of structural consolidation was carried out using innovative such as reinforced in
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combination with the traditional one to guarantee the structural stability. In the case of
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23 commercial and entertainment reuses, the restoration projects allowed for typological
24 reproduction and upgraded the existing systems as required by the new uses.
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26 Table 1. Schematic comparison of adaptive reuse projects recently completed in Qatar.
27 (Source: Author)
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29 Name- date of Approach Scale Old use Adaptive Reuse

30 completion
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Souq Waqif -2008 Reconstruction Urban Souq Souq- Commercial

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33 Al Wakrah Souq - 2015 Reconstruction Urban Harbor Souq- Commercial
34 Al Zubarah - 2014 Conservation Urban Residential Museum- Cultural
35 Old Palace -2017 Conservation Architectural Residential Museum- Cultural
36 Umm Salal Muhammad - Residential Museum- Cultural
Reconstruction Architectural
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Al Khor Towers - 2007 Reconstruction Architectural Defensive Museum- Cultural
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40 Al Thagab Fort - 1990 Reconstruction Architectural Defensive Museum- Cultural
Al Dhakhira Mosque- 2015 Conservation Architectural Mosque Religious Center
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42 Al Ruwais Mosque - 2018 Conservation Architectural Mosque Religious Center
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6.Conclusion
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49 In Doha, despite its fast urbanization and modernization as a new global city, there is a growing
50 need to safeguard the historical heritage. The need to preserve the cultural traditions of Doha is
51 strongly related to the search for a new architectural identity that could emphasize the value of
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diversity against the uniforming conventionality of the global economic interests. The research
54 presented some significant restoration projects, recently completed in Qatar showing how these
55 adaptive reuse interventions can provide one valid alternative for the city's growth, respecting
56 and preserving the existing architectural culture and traditions. In Qatar today different
57 approaches for conservation of architectural, urban and archaeological heritage are adopted
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59 depending on the different states of preservation and the intention of reusing the buildings.
60 All the completed reuse projects have the primary intention of safeguarding and protecting the
value of the Qatari heritage for future generations. However, unfortunately, the conducted

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3 research has highlighted that there is still a need to enhance the collaboration and the dialogue
4 between the responsible governmental institutions and administrations. Implementing the
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6 coordination and relationship might help solve the future problems in safeguarding and
7 managing the national heritage. In all the described interventions, the rehabilitation projects can
8 not only concern specific aspects, which are solely linked to the physical transformation of the
9 restored building structures. Rather than this, they are innovative and strategic tools that can
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control the urban transformations of the entire territory towards the adaptive reuse of many
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12 existing structures. In conclusion, concerning the guidelines to be followed for the reuse
13 interventions conducted in Qatar, There are no predefined urban planning directions to follow
14 inside the permanent and fascinating conflict between innovation and tradition, global and local,
15 declined into the specific field of the city growth.
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19 Acknowledgments
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21 The author would like to thank Prince Sultan University for their support and for providing an
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23 environment that promotes collaboration and research.
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4 References
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6 Al-Kholaifi, M.J., (2006). The Traditional Architecture in Qatar, Doha, Qatar, National Council for
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Bianchi A., Tonner T. (2013), Data standards, documentation and responses to cultural heritage
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