Table of Contents

Acknowledgment...................................................................................................................................2
Declaration............................................................................................................................................2
1.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Content............................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................7
1.3 References.......................................................................................................................................8
Acknowledgment

In completing this task, my instructor deserves my deepest appreciation for providing

directions and suggestions. I'd want to express my gratitude to my friends, patients, and
those who assisted me in finishing this project. First and foremost, I am grateful that I am
able to accomplish this endeavour. I'd want to show my appreciation to everyone who made
it possible for me to finish this case study. Furthermore, I would like to thank my lecture
consultation, assistance, and advice on this research. My students, in particular, who have
provided comments and suggestions on this idea. These remarks motivated me to develop
the case study. Thank you to everyone who contribute directly and indirectly to the
completion of my case study.

Declaration

I affirm that the information contained in this dissertation is the result of my own efforts, and
that proper credit has been given in the bibliography and references to ALL sources, whether
printed, electronic, or personal. The total number of words in this dissertation is 2000 words.
I consent to the submission of my dissertation to a plagiarism detection service, where it will
be stored in a database and compared to work provided by this or any other School or
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1.0 Introduction
Orthopedics is a medical specialty that focuses on the management of the skeletal system
and its interconnected components. These components include the bones, muscles, joints,
tendons, and ligaments. An orthopedist is frequently a member of a larger orthopaedic care
team. Physician assistants, nurse practitioners, occupational and physical therapists, and
sports trainers may be part of this team. One of the most prevalent orthopaedic problems is
lower back discomfort. Almost everyone suffers from back discomfort at some point in their
lives. It is usually moderate and fades away after a while. However, in rare situations, the
symptoms are severe enough to necessitate medical intervention. If your back discomfort is
interfering with your daily life or producing other medical issues, it might be an indication of a
larger health concern. Some back discomfort can be eased with medicine or physical
therapy, while others may require surgery. Knee discomfort is common among athletes, but
it may afflict anybody. Some knee discomfort is caused by injury or overuse, while others are
caused by disorders such as osteoarthritis. Knee discomfort, in most circumstances, need
medical care. Some diseases just require physical therapy, while others necessitate more
invasive treatments such as surgery. Scoliosis is a spine curvature that is abnormal. The
spine frequently forms a "S" or "C" shape, and individual vertebrae may rotate. Scoliosis is
not caused by poor posture, contrary to common assumption; although, a person with
scoliosis may lean to one side. A brace may be worn to prevent additional curvature, and in
severe instances, surgery to straighten the spine may be necessary (7 Orthopedic Issues -
Crisp Regional, 2021).

The aim of this case study to educate the nurses on how to handling a orthopaedics patient
and also capable of providing compassionate, appropriate, equitable, and effective patient
care for the treatment of health issues and the promotion of health. This study's goal is to
demonstrate competency in patient pre-admission care, hospital treatment, surgery care,
and follow-up care (including rehabilitation). Demonstrate proficiency in gathering critical and
accurate information about their patients. Show competency in making educated judgments
regarding diagnostic and therapeutic approaches based on patient information and
preferences, current orthopaedic scientific research, and clinical judgement. Demonstrate
competency in developing and carrying out patient management programmes. Demonstrate
expertise in the provision of health care services targeted at avoiding or maintaining health
conditions. Competence in the diagnosis and therapy of adult and paediatric orthopaedic
problems is required(Alex Dhee, n.d.) .
 1.1 Content

Name Age Sex Religion Marital Occupation Source Provisional Presentin Date of
status of diagnosis g surgery
heath complaint
s
Low Yee 71 Female Chinese Married Retired Arthritis Issue with
Jean the quality
of service

received

Patient complaints are an important source of information about safety issues in healthcare
organisations. Patients are sensitive to and capable of identifying a variety of issues in
healthcare delivery, some of which are not detected by typical healthcare monitoring
systems (eg, incident reporting systems, retrospective case reviews). Thus, patient
complaints can give valuable information to healthcare organisations about how to enhance
patient safety. Furthermore, analysing data on poor patient experiences improves healthcare
organisations' capacity to uncover systematic flaws in care. Healthcare firms go to
considerable lengths to hire qualified staff who also have a professional and empathetic
bedside demeanour. However, there are occasions when service falls short for one cause or
another. Interacting with an unpleasant, dismissive, unorganised, or generally subpar
healthcare practitioner might create unnecessary stress and drive the patient to seek
treatment elsewhere.

According to the interview, those who have nonmelanoma skin cancer, asthma, or a cataract
are more likely to acquire RA. These findings may point to a shared pathophysiology of
environmental or genetic origin between these diseases; alternatively, one disease may
arise as an unintended consequence of treatment for the other. A family history of
nonmelanoma skin cancer was linked to incident RA; however, this link was not seen in all
sub analyses and is hence regarded less solid than our other findings. Increases in
nonmelanoma skin cancer have been seen in immunocompromised patient populations such
as transplant patients and people who have lymphoma as their first disease. Patients with
RA who are treated with tumour necrosis factor antagonists have an increased risk of
nonmelanoma skin cancer. Our findings imply an inherited genetic component that
contributes to both illnesses, however the potential of similar environmental risk factors
cannot be ruled out. The role of genetic variables in the genesis of RA has long been known,
as evidenced by the fact that concordance rates of RA are roughly four times greater in
monozygotic twins than in dizygotic twins, and higher in dizygotic twins than in the general
population (Senthelal et al., 2022).

Arthritis can be difficult to diagnose. There are about 100 distinct kinds of arthritis. Many of
the symptoms of the various joint disorders are similar. Arthritis is classified into four types:
degenerative arthritis, inflammatory arthritis, metabolic arthritis, and infectious arthritis. The
most prevalent kind is osteoarthritis (also known as degenerative arthritis). Rheumatoid
arthritis and gout are two more forms that are more frequent. A healthcare practitioner may
need to review your medical history and present symptoms to establish an appropriate
diagnosis. Examine yourself, giving special attention to your joints. Order lab tests, X-rays,
and other imaging procedures (such as an ultrasound or MRI), An arthrocentesis should be
performed (the procedure of removing fluid from a joint).

Arthritis is characterised by swelling and discomfort in one or more joints. The most common
symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and stiffness, both of which increase with age.
Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are the most frequent kinds of arthritis. Arthritis affects
different regions of the joint in different ways. Rheumatoid arthritis, for example, is
predominantly a disease of the joint lining (synovium). The cartilage and bone are the
primary targets of osteoarthritis. Pain in arthritis is caused by disease processes such as
inflammation and mechanical stresses that occur in these various areas of the joint. The pain
generators are the sites of the joint where pain is felt. Arthritis affects different regions of the
joint in different ways. Rheumatoid arthritis, for example, is predominantly a disease of the
joint lining (synovium). The cartilage and bone are the primary targets of osteoarthritis. Pain
in arthritis is caused by disease processes such as inflammation and mechanical stresses
that occur in these various areas of the joint. The pain generators are the sites of the joint
where pain is felt.

Overweight or obese persons are more prone to develop knee osteoarthritis than
underweight people. Excess weight might also aggravate knee osteoarthritis. Extra weight
places additional strain on joints, particularly weight-bearing joints such as the hips and
knees. Cigarette smoking raises the likelihood of getting rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and can
worsen the condition. It can also lead to other medical issues. Smoking can also make it
more difficult to maintain physical activity, which is essential in the treatment of RA and other
kinds of arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis symptoms are often more severe than osteoarthritis
symptoms. Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic and chronic inflammatory condition produced
by an autoimmune reaction to a stimulus in the environment. Endothelial cell activation and
synovial cell hyperplasia precede cartilage and, finally, bone deterioration. Pathology
develops as a result of abnormal inflammatory mediator production (such as tumour necrosis
alpha, interleukins 1, 6 and 8 and others following exposure to an antigenic pathogen) .

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is distinguished by chronic symmetric polyarthritis (synovitis) of the

hands and feet, however any joint lined by a synovial membrane may be affected. The
severity of RA can vary over time, but chronic RA is most typically associated with the
gradual development of varying degrees of joint damage, deformity, and a considerable
reduction in functional status. Organs such as the skin, heart, lungs, and eyes can also be
involved extra-articularly. The most prevalent kind of paediatric arthritis is juvenile idiopathic
arthritis (JIA), also known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). The immunogenic
associations, clinical pattern, and functional outcome of JIA differ from those of adult-onset
RA in the majority of patients. Each stage of rheumatoid arthritis is addressed medically.
Rest and exercise are essential. A patient with RA should plan a combination of rest and
activity. The patient may benefit from referrals to community organisations such as the
Arthritis Foundation. Modifiers of biologic response Biologic response modifiers are an
alternate therapeutic method for RA in which a set of medications made up of chemicals
generated by immune system cells participate in inflammatory responses. Therapy. A
comprehensive programme that includes occupational and physical therapy is
recommended to educate the patient on the principles of joint protection, pacing activities,
task simplicity, range of motion, and muscle-strengthening exercises (MARIANNE
BELLEZA, 2021).

The evaluation of a patient with RA can help with the diagnosis. The history and physical
examination address symptoms such as bilateral and symmetric stiffness, pain, edoema,
and changes in joint temperature. Extra-articular symptoms such as weight loss, sensory
alterations, lymph node enlargement, and weariness are also evaluated. The drugs used to
treat arthritis differ based on the kind. Among the most often used arthritis drugs are
NSAIDs. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) can decrease inflammation
and alleviate discomfort. Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, and others) and naproxen sodium are
two examples (Aleve). Stronger NSAIDs might cause stomach upset and raise your chances
of having a heart attack or stroke. NSAIDs are also available as creams or gels to be applied
to joints. Counterirritants. Some lotions and ointments contain menthol or capsaicin, the
chemical that gives hot peppers their spiciness. Rubbing these preparations on your hurting
joint's skin may interfere with the passage of pain signals from the joint (Mayo, 2022).

Among the anticipated results are:

  Comfort level has increased.
 Pain management approaches were included into daily life.
 As part of everyday operations, techniques for reducing weariness were
implemented.
 Attained and kept maximum functional mobility.
 Adapted to the rheumatic disease's physical and psychological changes.
 Effective coping strategies were used to deal with actual or perceived restrictions and
role adjustments.

1.2 Conclusion

In Rheumatoid arthritis, keep an eye out for any new medical conditions, such as difficulty
breathing, an elevated heart rate, or blood pressure. Inquire about the patient's degree of
exhaustion, whether they have recently had a fever, gum irritation, eye pain, or new tumours
beneath the skin. New symptoms or concerns must be noted. It is also critical to ensure that
the patient understands any new drugs, treatments, or instructions. If there is a worry that
the patient does not comprehend, a discussion with the nurse should be held to devise a
strategy to ensure that the patient understands. Most importantly, therapies must be tailored
to the patient's requirements. Not all patients require the same level of assistance or
support. Keep in mind that the patient will desire as much freedom as possible. Suggest
technologies or interventions that you believe would be beneficial to the health care team for
consideration.
 1.3 References
7 Orthopedic Issues - Crisp Regional. (2021). Crisp Regional. https://crispregional.org/7-orthopedic-issues/

Alex Dhee. (n.d.). Care of the Patient with Arthritis | CNA Ceu | CEUfast. Retrieved August 25, 2022, from
https://ceufast.com/course/care-of-the-patient-with-arthritis

MARIANNE BELLEZA. (2021). Rheumatoid Arthritis Nursing Care Management and Study Guide.
https://nurseslabs.com/rheumatoid-arthritis/

Mayo. (2022). Arthritis - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-

conditions/arthritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350777

Senthelal, S., Li, J., Ardeshirzadeh, S., & Thomas, M. A. (2022). Arthritis. StatPearls, Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK518992/