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APPLIED CHEM. Week 1

ND
2 QUARTER

Department of Education
Region XII
KIDAPAWAN CITY DIVISION
JP Laurel St. Kidapawan City
 KIDAPAWAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL- STE PROGRAM

Self-Learning Module in Applied Chemistry

Quarter 2/ Week 1

Name: ________________________ Grade and Section______________

Subject Teacher: _____________________ LRN_____________________

I. OBJECTIVES:
1. Define aliphatic alcohols.
2. Identify the general structure for alcohols.
3. Classify alcohols based on the number and location of the hydroxyl group.
4. Name alcohols with both common names and IUPAC names.

II. SUBJECT MATTER/ TOPIC

ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS

III. LEARNING RESOURCES

Compiled Organic Chemistry book Media/ Internet Sources
(www.google.com)

IV. PROCEDURE

Lesson 1
DEFINITION OF ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS

Aliphatic alcohols are hydroxyl derivatives of alkenes. All alcohols contain

the functional group OH attached to a carbon atom. Alcohols are represented
by the general formula, R OH, where R is an alkyl group. Most people are
familiar with ethyl alcohol (ethanol), the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages,
but this compound is only one of a family of organic compounds known as
alcohols.

Lesson 2
CLASSIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS

Alcohols may be classified according to the number of hydroxyl group

and to the location of the hydroxyl groups.
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 A. According to the number of hydroxyl groups:

1. Monohydric alcohols – are organic compounds which contain only one OH

group.
Example: methyl alcohols, CH3OH

2. Polyhydric alcohols – are organic compounds which contain two or more OH

groups.
a. Dihydric alcohols or the glycols, or diols.
Example: Ethylene glycol (also called ethane diol), (CH 2OH)2

b. Trihydric alcohols or glycerols, or triols.

Example: glycerol (also called 1,2,3-propanetriol), C 3H8O3
CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

B. According to the location of the OH group:

1. Primary alcohol – the OH group is attached to a primary carbon atom. It

contains the functional group, -CH2OH.
Formula: R-CH2OH

Examples: ethyl alcohol, CH3 CH2OH

n-propyl alcohol, CH3 CH2 CH2OH

2. Secondary alcohol – the OH group is attached to a secondary carbon atom. It

contains the functional group -CHOH.
Formula: R-CHOH-R

Example: isopropyl alcohol, CH3 CHOH CH3

3. Tertiary alcohol – the OH group is attached to a tertiary carbon atom. It

contains the functional group,
C OH
R

R C OH
3
R
 Formula Type:

CH3
Example: Tertiary butyl alcohol,
CH3 C OH

CH33

Lesson 3
NOMENCLATURE OF ALCOHOLS

Alcohols with one to four carbon atoms are frequently called by common
names, in which the name of the alkyl group is followed by the word alcohol:

CH3OH CH3CH2OH CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CHOH

Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Propyl alcohol CH3

Isopropyl alcohol

According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

(IUPAC), alcohols are named by changing the ending of the parent alkane
name to -ol. Here are some basic IUPAC rules for naming alcohols:

1. The longest continuous chain (LCC) of carbon atoms containing the OH group
is taken as the parent compound—an alkane with the same number of carbon
atoms. The chain is numbered from the end nearest the OH group.

2. The number that indicates the position of the OH group is prefixed to the name
of the parent hydrocarbon, and the -e ending of the parent alkane is replaced
by the suffix -ol. (In cyclic alcohols, the carbon atom bearing the OH group is
designated C1, but the 1 is not used in the name.) Substituents are named and
numbered as in alkanes.

3. If more than one OH group appears in the same molecule (polyhydroxy

alcohols), suffixes such as -diol and -triol are used. In these cases, the -
e ending of the parent alkane is retained.

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Examples:

 Rules 1 and 2

2-methyl-2-butanol 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexanol

Br Cl

6-methyl-3-heptanol
2-bromo-5-chlorocyclopentanol

 Rule 3

1,2-ethanediol or ethylene glycol 1,2,3-propanetriol or glycerol

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 Table 14.2.114.2.1: Classification and Nomenclature of Some Alcohols
Condensed Structural Class of Common IUPAC Name
Formula Alcohol Name
CH3OH — methyl alcohol methanol
CH3CH2OH primary Ethyl alcohol ethanol
CH3CH2CH2OH primary propyl alcohol 1-propanol
(CH3)2CHOH secondary isopropyl alcohol 2-propanol
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH primary butyl alcohol 1-butanol
CH3CH2CHOHCH3 secondary sec-butyl alcohol 2-butanol
(CH3)2CHCH2OH primary isobutyl alcohol 2-methyl-1-propanol
(CH3)3COH tertiary tert-butyl alcohol 2-methyl-2-propanol
secondary cyclohexyl alcohol cyclohexanol

EXERCISES:

Give the IUPAC name of each compound.

1.

2. HOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH

SOLUTION:

1. Ten carbon atoms in the LCC makes the compound a derivative of decane
(rule 1), and the OH on the third carbon atom makes it a 3-decanol (rule 2).

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 The carbon atoms are numbered from the end closest to the OH group.
That fixes the two methyl (CH 3) groups at the sixth and eighth positions. The
name is 6,8-dimethyl-3-decanol (not 3,5-dimethyl-8-decanol).

2. Five carbon atoms in the LCC make the compound a derivative of pentane.
Two OH groups on the first and fifth carbon atoms make the compound a diol
and give the name 1,5-pentanediol (rule 3).

V. SUMMARY

An alcohol is an organic compound with a hydroxyl (OH) functional group

on an aliphatic carbon atom. Because OH is the functional group of all
alcohols, we often represent alcohols by the general formula ROH, where R is
an alkyl group. Alcohols are common in nature. Most people are familiar with
ethyl alcohol (ethanol), the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages, but this
compound is only one of a family of organic compounds known as alcohols.
The family also includes such familiar substances as cholesterol and the
carbohydrates. Methanol (CH3OH) and ethanol (CH3CH2OH) are the first two
members of the homologous series of alcohols.

In the IUPAC system, alcohols are named by changing the ending of the
parent alkane name to -ol. Alcohols are classified according to the number of
carbon atoms attached to the carbon atom that is attached to the OH group.

VI. ASSESSMENT

A. Classify the following alcohols as primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol.

1. isobutyl alcohol 2. 3-methyl-2-pentanol

3. 3,4-dimrthyl-1-hexanol 4. 2-methyl-2-butanol
CH3
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CH3 CH2 C OH

CH33
 5. 2,4-dimethyl-3-heptanol

B. Give the IUPAC name of the following alcohols and classify it as primary,
secondary or tertiary alcohol.

Chemical Structure Classification IUPAC Name

CH3

OH CH2 C CH3

CH33

OH

CH3 CH2 C CH2CH3

CH33

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C. Draw the molecular structure of the following compounds:

1. 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol

2. 4-methyl-2-hexanol

3. 2,3-dimethyl-3-pentanol

4. cyclobutanol

5. 2,3,5-trimethyl-3-heptanol

GOD BLESS!!