(Aggregates)

َ‫اٌشوب‬

pg. 1 SZ
 ‫مقدمة‬
% 75 - 60 ‫ خؾٓ) ثٕغجخ‬ٚ ُ‫ سوبَ (ٔبػ‬- ِٓ ‫ْ اٌخشعبٔخ‬ٛ‫رزى‬
% 40 - 25)‫ ِبء‬+ ‫خ (أعّٕذ‬١‫ٕخ أعّٕز‬١‫ ػغ‬-
% 2-1 ‫فشاغبد‬ -

Why the aggregate is used in concrete

Aggregates is a very important constituent in concrete, it is a cheap
material gives volume to the concrete body, reduce shrinkage, and resists the
stresses. The aggregate is about 70–80 percent of the concrete volume; so its
characteristics affect the concrete various properties.

‫لماذا يستخدم الركام فى الخرسانة‬

‫ْ عغُ اٌخشعبٔخ‬ٛ‫قخ اٌضّٓ رى‬١‫ ِبدح ِبٌئخ سخ‬ٛ٘-

ًِ‫ا‬ٛ‫فؼً اٌؼ‬ٚ ٌ‫خ‬٠‫اًِ اٌزؼش‬ٛ‫ػ‬ٚ ‫ب اٌخشعبٔخ‬ٌٙ ‫ رزؼشك‬ٝ‫َ االؽّبي اٌز‬ٚ‫ رمب‬ٝ‫ اٌّبدح اٌز‬ٛ٘ َ‫ اٌشوب‬-
ٌ‫خ‬٠ٛ‫اٌغ‬
‫خ‬١‫بئ‬١ّ١‫شاد اٌى‬١‫ اٌشوبَ ألً ػشمٗ ٌٍزأص‬-
.‫خ‬١‫ٕخ االعّٕز‬١‫ اٌؼغ‬ٝ‫شاد اٌؾغُ إٌبرغخ ِٓ االٔىّبػ ف‬١‫َ رغ‬ٚ‫مب‬٠ -

Aggreg
pg. 2
ate
SZ
 Classification of agg. ‫تصنيف الركام‬
Source ‫ حسب المصدر‬-1
a) Natural aggregates
the natural aggregates is the aggregate extracted from natural sources
without change during the production, except in some cases in which the size
of the used aggregate is changed (crushed), or washed, but without any
interference in the nature of its formation, such as sand, gravel, and crushed
rock such as limestone and dolomite.
ٌ‫خ‬١‫ؼ‬١‫ اٌشوبَ ِٓ اٌّقبدس اٌطج‬-‫أ‬
‫ ثؼل اٌؾبالد‬ٝ‫اد االٔزبط إال ف‬ٛ‫ ٌش أصٕبء خط‬١‫ْ رغ‬ٚ‫خ ثذ‬١‫ؼ‬١‫ اٌشوبَ اٌّغزخشط ِٓ اٌّقبدس اٌطج‬ٛ٘
ًِ‫ٕٗ ِضً اٌش‬٠ٛ‫ؼخ رى‬١‫ هج‬ٝ‫ رذخً ف‬ٜ‫ْ أ‬ٚ‫ٌىٓ ثذ‬ٚ ٍٗ١‫ غغ‬ٚ‫ش ِمبط اٌشوبَ اٌّغزخذَ أ‬١١‫ب رغ‬ٙ١‫زُ ف‬٠ ٝ‫اٌز‬
ٌ
.‫ذ‬١ٌِٛٚ‫اٌذ‬ٚ ٌٜ‫ش‬١‫اٌقخش اٌّىغش وبٌؾغش اٌغ‬ٚ ‫اٌضٌو‬ٚ

b) Artificial Aggregates
Artificial aggregates can be produced by heating, such as Burnt clay and
vermiculite, also some industrial wastes such as Air-cooled Slag.

ٌ ١ٍ‫و‬ٌِٛ‫ش‬١‫اٌف‬ٚ ‫ق‬ٚ‫ ٌٓ اٌّؾش‬١‫ ِضً اٌط‬ٜ‫ ٌٓ اٌؾشاس‬١‫اعطخ اٌزغخ‬ٛ‫ سوبَ ِٕزظ ث‬- ٝ‫ اٌشوبَ اٌقٕبػ‬-‫ة‬
,‫ذ‬
‫ذ‬٠‫خ ِضً سوبَ خجش أفشاْ اٌؾذ‬١‫نب سوبَ ِٕزظ وّخٍفبد فٕبػ‬٠‫أ‬

pg. 3 SZ
- Colored aggregates: used for architectural concrete, this aggregate is used for
decorative purposes,
‫جبد‬١‫ْ ؽج‬ٌٍّٛ‫ٕخ ِضً اٌشوبَ ا‬٠‫غزخذَ ألغشاك اٌض‬٠ َ‫ ٘زا اٌشوب‬ٚ ‫خ‬٠‫ْ ٌٍخشعبٔخ اٌّؼّبس‬ٌٍّٛ‫ اٌشوبَ ا‬-

Properties of aggregate ‫ خواص الركام‬-2

Size ‫ المقاش‬-1
Fine aggregates :
It is the aggregate which most of its particles (100-95%) passed through
a sieve 4.75 mm opening as sand.
‫الركام الناعم‬- ‫أ‬
ً‫ ُِ ِض‬4.75 ٗ‫ ِمبط فزؾز‬ٜ‫( ِٓ إٌّخً اٌز‬%100-95) ‫ب‬ّٙ‫ ٌّش ِؼظ‬٠ ٝ‫جٌبد اٌز‬١‫ػخ اٌؾج‬ّٛ‫ ِغ‬ٛ٘
.ًِ‫اٌش‬

pg. 4 SZ
 Coarse aggregate:
It is the aggregate which most of its particles (100-95%) retained on a
sieve 4.75 mm opening as gravel.
.
‫ب – الركام الخشن‬
ُِ 4.75 ٗ‫ ِمبط فزؾز‬ٜ‫ إٌّخً اٌز‬ٍٝ‫( ػ‬%100- 95) ‫ب‬ّٙ‫ؾٌزغض ِؼظ‬٠ ٝ‫جٌبد اٌز‬١‫ػخ اٌؾج‬ّٛ‫ ِغ‬ٛ٘
.‫ِضً اٌضٌو‬
Combined aggregate:
It is a mixture of fine and coarse aggregates in the required proportions
in the concrete mix.
‫ج) الركام الشامل‬
‫خ‬١ٔ‫ اٌخٍطخ اٌخشعب‬ٝ‫ثخ ف‬ٍٛ‫ اٌخؾٓ ثبٌٕغت اٌّط‬ٚ ٌُ ‫وٌ ِٓ اٌشوبَ إٌبػ‬١ٍ‫ خ‬ٛ٘

Aggregate size effect on concrete properties

When a large amount of fine aggregate is used, the surface area
increases, and consequently the amount of water needed to reach the required
degree of workability. This leads to a decrease the concrete strength, also the
increase in surface area leads to an increase in the amount of cement paste,
which leads to an increase in the cost and drying shrinkage.

‫تأثٌر مقاس الركام على خواص الخرسانة‬

‫خٌ اٌّبء اٌالصِخ‬١ّ‫ رضداد و‬ٌٝ‫ثبٌزب‬ٚ ٌ‫خ‬١‫ ٌش رضداد اٌّغبؽخ اٌغطؾ‬١‫شٌح ِٓ اٌشوبَ اٌقغ‬١‫خٌ وج‬١ّ‫ػٕذ اعزخذاَ و‬
‫ٌخ‬١ّ‫بٌدح و‬٠‫ ص‬ٌٝ‫ ا‬ٜ‫ ٌؤد‬٠ ‫ِخ وّب اْ رٌه‬ٚ‫ ٔمـ اٌّمب‬ٌٝ‫ ا‬ٜ‫ ٌؤد‬٠ ‫ثخ ِّب‬ٍٛ‫ ًٌ اٌّط‬١‫ دسعخ اٌزؾغ‬ٌٝ‫ي ا‬ٛ‫ف‬ٌٍٛ
.‫ وزٌه إٔىّبػ اٌغفبف‬ٚ‫بٌدح اٌزىٍفخ‬٠‫ ص‬ٌٝ‫ ا‬ٜ‫ ٌؤد‬٠ ‫جٌبد اٌشوبَ ِّب‬١‫ف ؽج‬١ٍ‫ٌزغ‬
ٌ ‫خٌ االصِخ‬١‫ٌٕخ االعّٕز‬١١‫اٌؼغ‬

pg. 5 SZ
Nominal Maximum Size (NMZ):
The NMZ for coarse aggregate is defined as the size of the smallest
sieve opening that allows at least 95% passage, however, the maximum size of
aggregate that can be used in any given condition may be limited by the
following conditions:
- One-fifth of the minimum dimension of the concrete member.
2- One-third of the thickness of the concrete slab.
3- Three quarters of the pure distance between the reinforcing bars.
4- Less than the concrete cover of the member.
It was found that when the NMZ is greater the weight of concrete
increased and concrete strength improved and saving in the cement content
because the reduction in surface area, but it is not preferable to use aggregates
of larger than 40 mm in reinforced concrete, and not more than 25 mm in
pre-stressed concrete. It may reach about 150 mm in bulk concrete works, but
it does not exceed this size due to the difficulty of handling and compacting.

:‫المقاش االعتبارً األكبر للركام‬

ٍٝ‫ ػ‬% ٥٩ ‫س‬ٚ‫غّؼ ثّش‬٠ ً‫ش ثأٔٗ ِمبط أفغش فزؾخ ِٕخ‬١‫ األوجش ٌٍشوبَ اٌىج‬ٜ‫ؼشف اٌّمبط االػزجبس‬٠
‫اففبد‬ٌّٛ‫ ا‬ٝ‫ػ ثٗ ف‬ّٛ‫د اٌّغ‬ٚ‫ اٌؾذ‬ٝ‫ش ف‬١‫ األوجش ٌٍشوبَ اٌىج‬ٜ‫ْ اٌّمبط االػزجبس‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ْ‫غت أ‬٠ٚ , ً‫األل‬
:‫خ‬١‫ر‬٢‫ُ ا‬١‫ رٌه اٌّمبط اٌم‬ٜ‫زؼذ‬٠ ‫ أال‬ٍٝ‫خ ػ‬٠‫خ اٌّقش‬١‫بع‬١‫اٌم‬

: Plain Concrete (‫ للخرضانتالعادیت (بذون حذیذ‬-

ُِ 80≈ NMZ
: Reinforced Concrete ‫ للخرضانت المطلحت‬-
.ٝٔ‫ ؽذح اٌمطبع اٌخشعب‬ٝ١‫ٓ عبٔج‬١‫خّظ اٌجؼذ األفغش ث‬- ١
.‫خ‬١ٔ‫صٍش عّه اٌجالهخ اٌخشعب‬- ٢
‫ؼ‬١ٍ‫بؿ اٌزغ‬١‫ٓ أع‬١‫صالصخ أسثبع اٌّغبفخ اٌخبٌقخ ث‬- ٣
.‫سمك الغطاء الخرسانً للعناصر اإلنشائٌة المختلفة‬- ٤

pg. 6 SZ
‫‪ٔٚ‬غذ أٔٗ وٍّب وجش اٌّمبط االػزجبس‪ ٜ‬األوجش ٌٍشوبَ وٍّب صاد اٌ‪ٛ‬صْ ‪ٚ‬رؾغٕذ ٔغج‪١‬ب ِمب‪ِٚ‬خ اٌخشعبٔخ‬
‫ِغ ‪ٚ‬فش ف‪ ٝ‬األعّٕذ اٌّغزخذَ ٌمٍخ اٌّغبؽخ اٌغطؾ‪١‬خ إال أٔٗ ال ‪٠‬فنً إعزخذاَ سوبَ ‪٠‬ض‪٠‬ذ ِمبعٗ‬
‫االػزجبس‪ ٜ‬األوجش ػٍ‪ ُِ 40 ٝ‬ف‪ ٝ‬أػّبي اٌخشعبٔخ اٌّغٍؾخ ‪ ,‬وّب ال ‪٠‬ض‪٠‬ذ ػٍ‪ ُِ25 ٝ‬ف‪ ٝ‬اٌخشعبٔخ‬
‫عبثمخ اٌغ‪ٙ‬بد ‪ٚ,‬لذ ‪٠‬قً إٌ‪ ٝ‬ؽ‪ٛ‬اٌ‪ ُِ 150 ٝ‬ف‪ ٝ‬أػّبي اٌخشعبٔخ اٌىزٍ‪١‬خ ‪ٌٚ‬ىٓ ال ‪٠‬ض‪٠‬ذ ػٓ ٘زا اٌّمبط‬
‫ٌقؼ‪ٛ‬ثخ ِٕب‪ٌٚ‬زٗ ‪ٚ‬دِىٗ‪.‬‬
‫‪- Suggest the NMZ of coarse aggregate that can be used for RC beam shown‬‬
‫‪in figure if the concrete cover is 25mm.‬‬

‫)‪Fineness Modulus (F.S‬‬

‫‪Fineness modulus is an empirical factor obtained by adding‬‬
‫‪the cumulative percentages of aggregate retained on each of the 9 standard‬‬
‫‪sieves and dividing this sum by 100.‬‬

‫معایر النعومت‬
‫‪٠‬ؼشف ِؼب‪٠‬ش إٌؼ‪ِٛ‬خ ثأٔٗ اٌؼبًِ اٌز‪٠ ٜ‬قف اٌّمبط اٌّز‪ٛ‬عو ٌٍشوبَ ‪٠ٚ‬غزٕزظ ِٓ عذا‪ٚ‬ي اٌزؾٍ‪ً١‬‬
‫ثبٌّٕبخً ٌشوبَ اٌخشعبٔخ ‪ِٚ ,‬ؼب‪٠‬ش إٌؼ‪ِٛ‬خ ‪٠‬غب‪ِ ٜٚ‬غّ‪ٛ‬ع إٌغجخ اٌّئ‪٠ٛ‬خ اٌّزشاوّخ اٌّؾغ‪ٛ‬صح ػٍ‪ٝ‬‬
‫إٌّبخً القٌاسٌة التسعة مقسوما على ‪٠١١‬‬

‫‪pg. 7‬‬ ‫‪SZ‬‬

 (shape) ‫تصنيف بالنطبت لشكل الحبيباث‬-2

Flaky Angular Irregular Rounded

‫ش‬٠‫ِغزذ‬ ‫ ِفٍطؼ‬ٚ ً١‫ِغزط‬ ٜٚ‫صا‬

Aggregates are classified a s rounded, irregular, angular, and flaky.

Aggregate shape effect on concrete properties

Rounded aggregate: These are generally obtained from river or seashore and
produce, minimum voids in the concrete. They have minimum ratio of surface
area to the volume, so the cement paste required is minimum and good
concrete workability. Poor interlocking bond makes it unsuitable for high
strength concrete.
Irregular aggregate: They require more cement paste as compared to
rounded aggregate. Because of irregularity in shape, they develop good bond
and are suitable for making ordinary concrete.

pg. 8 SZ
Angular aggregate: They have sharp, angular, and rough particles. Angular
aggregate provide very good bond than the earlier two, are most suitable for
high strength concrete and pavements; the requirement of cement paste is
relatively more.
Flaky aggregate : These are influence the concrete properties and
durability adversely, the flaky particles need more fine material to produce
workable concrete. Accordingly, the water requirement, and therefore, the
cement content.

‫تأثٌر شكل الحبٌبات على خواص الخرسانة‬

‫ٌٕخ‬١‫رمً اٌؼغ‬ٚ ‫ ألً ٔغجخ فشاغبد‬ٝ‫ رؼط‬ٌٝ‫ثبٌزب‬ٚ ‫خٌ ٌالٔنغبه‬١ٍ‫ْ أوضش لبث‬ٛ‫ رى‬:‫شٌح‬٠‫جٌبد اٌّغزذ‬١‫اٌؾج‬
.‫ذح اٌزّبعه‬١‫ش ع‬١‫ب غ‬ٕٙ‫ٌى‬ٚ ًٌ ١‫خٌ ٌٍزؾغ‬١ٍ‫ رزؾغٓ اٌمبث‬ٌٝ‫ثبٌزب‬ٚ ٌ‫خ‬١‫خٌ ثغجت ٔمـ اٌّغبؽخ اٌغطؾ‬١‫االعّٕز‬
‫ب‬ٕٙ‫ٌى‬ٚ ًٌ ١‫ خشعبٔخ فؼجخ اٌزؾغ‬ٝ‫غخ ػذَ اإلٔزظبَ رؼط‬١‫خ أوضش ٔز‬١‫ٕخ أعّٕز‬١‫ رؾزبط ػغ‬:‫ ٌش ِٕزطّخ‬١‫اٌغ‬
.‫ذح اٌزّبعه‬١‫ع‬
‫ب‬ِٙ‫ّىٓ إعزخذا‬٠ .ٓ١‫ٓ اٌغبثم‬١‫ػ‬ٌٕٛ‫ذ أوضش ِٓ ا‬١‫ راد رّبعه ع‬ٝ٘ ٚ ‫ب ؽبدح‬٠‫ا‬ٚ‫ب ص‬ٌٙ :ٌ‫خ‬٠ٚ‫جٌبد اٌضا‬١‫اٌؾج‬
.‫خ أوجش ِٓ األعّٕذ‬١ّ‫ب رؾزبط و‬ٕٙ‫ ٌى‬ٚ ‫بد‬ٙ‫خ اإلع‬١ٌ‫ ا ٌخشعبٔخ ػب‬ٝ‫ف‬
‫شٌح‬١‫ٌٗ وج‬١ّ‫ و‬ٌٝ‫رؾزبط ا‬ٚ ‫فٌخ‬١‫ب مؼ‬ٙٔ‫ اٌخشعبٔخ ال‬ٝ‫ب رّبِب ف‬ِٙ‫ّٕغ اعزخذا‬٠ :ٌ‫خ‬٠ٛ‫اٌؼق‬ٚ ‫جٌبد اٌّفٍطؾخ‬١‫اٌؾج‬
. ٌ‫خ‬١‫ٌٕخ االعّٕز‬١‫ اٌؼغ‬ٚ ٖ‫ب‬١ٌّ‫ ا‬ٚ , ‫اد إٌبػّخ‬ٌّٛ‫ِٓ ا‬

(surface texture) ‫ ملمص ضطح الركام‬- 3

‫د‬ٛ‫اْ األع‬ٛ‫ ِضً اٌؾغش اٌق‬:glassy agg. ٟ‫ عطؼ صعبع‬-1
ًِ‫ اٌش‬ٚ ‫ِضً اٌضٌو‬:(Smooth agg). ‫ ٔبػُ عطؼ‬-2
‫ اٌؾغش‬ٍِٟ‫ِضً اٌش‬:(Granular agg.) ٟ‫ج‬١‫ عطؼ ؽج‬-3
‫ِضً اٌجبصٌذ‬:(Rough agg.) ٓ‫ عطؼ خؾ‬-4
‫ذ‬١ٔ‫ِضً اٌغشا‬:(Crystalline agg.) ٞ‫س‬ٍٍٛ‫ عطؼ ث‬-5
‫ ِضً اٌؾغش اٌخفبف‬: (Porous agg.) ٝ‫ِغبِغ‬ٚ ‫ عطؼ ِؼؾؼ‬-6

pg. 9 SZ
Influence of Texture on concrete properties
As surface smoothness increases, contact area decreases, hence a highly
polished particle will have less bonding area with the matrix than a rough
particle of the same volume. A smooth particle, however, will require a
thinner layer of paste to lubricate its movements with respect to other
aggregate particles. It will, therefore, permit denser packing for equal
workability and hence, will require lower paste content than rough particles. It
has been also shown by experiments that rough textured aggregate develops
higher bond strength in tension than smooth textured aggregate

‫تأثٌر ملمس سطح الحبٌبات على خواص الخرسانة‬

‫جٌبد‬١‫ػ إٌبػّخ أِب اٌؾج‬ٛ‫جٌبد راد اٌغط‬١‫ ِٓ اٌؾج‬ٜٛ‫ خشعبٔخ أل‬ٝ‫ػ اٌخؾٕخ رؼط‬ٛ‫جٌبد راد اٌغط‬١‫اٌؾج‬
‫ٕخ‬١‫اٌؼغ‬ٚ ‫جٌبد‬١‫ ٌٓ اٌؾج‬١‫ ًٌ االؽزىبن ث‬١ٍ‫غٌخ ٌزم‬١‫ ًٌ ٔز‬١‫خٌ أفنً ٌٍزؾغ‬١ٍ‫ لبث‬ٝ‫ب رؼط‬ٙٔ‫ػ إٌبػّخ فب‬ٛ‫راد اٌغط‬
.َ‫جٌبد اٌشوب‬١‫ ؽج‬ٝ‫خٌ ف‬١ِ‫بٌدح اٌّغب‬٠‫فٌخ ٌض‬١‫ خشعبٔخ مؼ‬ٝ‫ؼٌط‬١‫خٌ اٌخٍو أِب اٌشوبَ اٌّؼؾؼ ف‬١ٍّ‫أصٕبء ػ‬

(Bulk density and specific gravity) ‫ الوزن النوعي و الوزن الحجمي‬-4

Aggregates are classified as heavy-weight, normal-weight and light-
weight aggregate depending on weight (Bulk density ɣ) and specific
gravity(GS).
Heavy-weight: its bulk density may be reach 2800 Kg/m3, and GS (2.8-2.9)
Normal-weight: its bulk density may be reach 1500- 1800 Kg/m3, and GS
(2.5-2.7)
Light-weight: its bulk density less than 1100 Kg/m3
َ/ُ‫ وغ‬2800 ٓ‫ (ػ‬ّٝ‫صْ اٌؾغ‬ٌٛ‫صْ اٌّزش اٌّىؼت) ا‬ٚ ٗ١‫ ٌذ ف‬٠‫ ٌض‬٠ ٜ‫ اٌشوبَ اٌز‬ٛ٘ :ً١‫اٌشوبَ اٌضم‬
3

3000 ‫ب‬ٙ‫ وضبفز‬ٜ‫ رزؼذ‬ٝ‫اٌز‬ٚ ‫ٌٍخ‬١‫ أزبط اٌخشعبٔبد اٌضم‬ٝ‫غٌزخذَ ف‬٠ٚ ‫ذ‬ ٌ ١‫اٌّبعٕز‬ٚ ‫ذ‬
ٌ ١‫ ٌّبر‬١ٌٙ‫ا‬ٚ ‫ذ‬
ٌ ١ٌّٔٛ ١ٌٍ‫ِضً ا‬
.ٌ‫خ‬٠ٌٕٚٛ‫ إٌّؾأد ا‬ٝ‫رغزخذَ ف‬ٚ 3 َ/ُ‫وغ‬

pg. 10 SZ
 1500 – 1800 ِٓ (ّٝ‫صْ اٌؾغ‬ٌٛ‫صْ اٌّزش اٌّىؼت) ا‬ٚ ٌٗ١‫ػ ف‬ٚ‫ رٌشا‬ٜ‫ اٌشوبَ اٌز‬ٛ٘ :ٜ‫اٌشوبَ اٌؼبد‬
ٌ‫خ‬٠‫ أزبط اٌخشعبٔبد اٌؼبد‬ٝ‫غٌزخذَ ف‬٠ ٚ ٌٜ‫ش‬١‫وغش اٌؾغش اٌغ‬ٚ ‫ذ‬ ٌ ١ٌِٛٚ‫اٌذ‬ٚ ‫اٌجبصٌذ‬ٚ ‫ ِضً اٌضٌو‬3 َ/ُ‫وغ‬
ٝٔ‫خٌ ِضً اٌّجب‬٠‫خٌ اٌؼبد‬١ٔ‫ إٌّؾأد اٌخشعب‬ٝ‫رغزخذَ ف‬ٚ 3 َ/ُ‫ وغ‬2400 ‫ٌجب‬٠‫ب رمش‬ٙ‫ وضبفز‬ٜٚ‫ رغب‬ٝ‫اٌز‬ٚ ْ‫ص‬ٌٛ‫ا‬
.ٜ‫اٌىجبس‬ٚ ‫اٌّؾأد اٌؼبِخ‬ٚ ٌ‫خ‬١ٕ‫اٌغى‬
ً‫ ِض‬3َ/ُ‫ وغ‬1100 ٓ‫ (ػ‬ّٝ‫صْ اٌؾغ‬ٌٛ‫صْ اٌّزش اٌّىؼت ) ا‬ٚ ٌٗ١‫مً ف‬٠ ٜ‫ اٌشوبَ اٌز‬ٛ٘ :‫ف‬١‫اٌخف‬ ٌ َ‫اٌشوب‬
ٌٓ ١‫ب ث‬ٙ‫ػ وضبفز‬ٚ‫ رزشا‬ٝ‫اٌز‬ٚ ‫فٌخ‬١‫ أزبط اٌخشعبٔبد اٌخف‬ٝ‫غٌزخذَ ف‬٠ ٚ ٌٓ ١‫خجش اٌجشاو‬ٚ ‫اٌؾغش اٌخفبف‬ٚ ‫ ٌىب‬١ٌٍ‫ا‬
.‫بٌد‬١‫االسم‬ٚ ‫ي‬ٌٛ ١ٌّ‫ ػًّ خشعبٔبد ا‬ٝ‫رغزخذَ ف‬ٚ 3 َ/ُ‫ وغ‬300 - 1800

)Absorption and Moisture Content( ‫األمتصاص و محتوى الرطوبت‬-5

. Porosity and absorption of aggregate will affect the water/cement ratio
and hence the workability of concrete. The porosity of aggregate will also
affect the durability of concrete when the concrete is subjected to freezing and
thawing and also when the concrete is subjected to chemically aggressive
liquids.
In mix design calculation the relative weight of the aggregates are based
on the condition that the aggregates are saturated and surface dry. But in
practice, aggregates in such ideal condition is rarely met with. Aggregates are
either dry and absorptive to various degrees or they have surface moisture.
The aggregates may have been exposed to rain or may have been washed in
which case they may contain surface moisture or the aggregates may have
been exposed to the sun for a long time in which case they are absorptive, It
should be noted that if the aggregates are dry they absorb water from the
mixing water and thereby affect the workability and, on the other hand, if the
aggregates contain surface moisture they contribute extra water to the mix and
thereby increase the water/cement ratio. Both these conditions are harmful for
the quality of concrete. In making quality concrete, it is very essential that
corrective measures should be taken both for absorption and for free moisture
so that the water/cement ratio is kept exactly as per the design.

pg. 11 SZ
‫‪ -1‬سهت ا‪ِ ٚ‬جزً )‪ :(WET‬اٌؾج‪١‬جٌبد ِّزٍئخ أ‪ِ ٚ‬ؾجؼخ ثبٌّبء ِٓ اٌذاخً ِغ ر‪ٛ‬اعذ ِبء ؽش ا‪ ٚ‬سه‪ٛ‬ثخ‬
‫ػٍ‪ ٝ‬عطؼ اٌؾج‪١‬جٌبد‪.‬‬
‫‪ِ -2‬ؾجغ ثبٌّبء ‪ٚ‬اٌغطؼ عبف )‪ ٝ٘ :(SATURATED SURFACE Dry‬اٌؾبٌخ اٌز‪ ٝ‬رى‪ ْٛ‬ف‪ٌٙ١‬ب‬
‫اٌؾججٌبد ِؾجؼخ رّبِب ثبٌّبء ِٓ اٌذاخً ‪ٌٚ‬ىٓ ال ‪ٌٛ ٠‬عذ أ‪ِ ٞ‬بء ؽش ا‪ ٚ‬سه‪ٛ‬ثخ ػٍ‪ ٝ‬عطؾ‪ٙ‬ب ِٓ اٌخبسط‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬عبف ثبٌ‪ٛٙ‬اء )‪ ٝ٘: (Air Dry‬اٌؾبٌخ اٌز‪ ٝ‬رؾزفع ف‪ٙ١‬ب اٌؾج‪١‬جبد ثجؼل اٌشه‪ٛ‬ثخ ِٓ اٌذاخً ‪ٌٚ‬ىٓ‬
‫رخٍقذ اٌؾج‪١‬جٌبد ِٓ اٌشه‪ٛ‬ثخ ثبٌطجمخ اٌغطؾ‪ ٌٗ١‬ثغفبف اٌ‪ٛٙ‬اء‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬عبف ثبٌفشْ )‪ ٝ٘ :(Oven Dry‬اٌؾبٌخ اٌز‪ ٝ‬رٌخٍـ اٌشوبَ ف‪ٌٙ١‬ب ِٓ اٌشه‪ٛ‬ثخ ثبٌفشاغبد اٌذاخٍ‪ٌٗ١‬‬
‫‪ ٚ‬اٌشه‪ٛ‬ثخ اٌخبسع‪ ٌٗ١‬ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اٌغطؼ ‪ٚ‬رٌه ثبٌزغخ‪ ٌٓ ١‬ف‪ ٝ‬اٌفشْ ػٕذ دسعخ ؽشاسح ِٓ ‪ 100 - 110‬دسعخ‬
‫ِئ‪.ٌٗ٠ٛ‬‬

‫‪Oven Dry‬‬ ‫‪Air Dry‬‬ ‫‪Saturated Surface Dry‬‬ ‫‪Wet‬‬

‫تأثٌر محتوى الرطوبة فى الركام على خواص الخرسانة‬

‫ؽبٌخ اٌشوبَ اٌّؾجغ ثبٌّبء ‪ٚ‬اٌغطؼ اٌغبف ٘‪ ٝ‬افنً ؽبٌخ رٌه ألْ اٌؾج‪١‬جٌبد ٌٓ رأخز أ‪ٚ‬رؼط‪ ٝ‬سه‪ٛ‬ثخ‬
‫ٌٍؼغ‪ٌٕ١‬خ االعّٕز‪ٌٚ ٌٗ١‬ىٓ إرا أعزخذَ اٌشوبَ ‪ ٛ٘ٚ‬ف‪ ٝ‬اٌؾبٌخ اٌغبفخ‪ ,‬فئٔٗ ‪ٍ٠‬ضَ إمبفخ ِبء وبف ٌٍخٍطخ‬
‫اٌخشعبٔ‪١‬خ ٌٍغّبػ ثبِزقبفٗ ِٓ لجً اٌشوبَ ف‪ ٝ‬اٌخٍ‪١‬و ؽز‪٠ ٝ‬قً اٌشوبَ إٌ‪ ٝ‬ؽبٌخ اٌزؾجغ ر‪ ٜ‬اٌغطؼ‬
‫اٌغبف‪ ,‬ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اٌؼىظ إرا أعزخذَ اٌشوبَ ف‪ ٝ‬اٌؾبٌخ اٌّؾجؼخ ‪ٍ٠‬ضَ رمٍ‪ ً١‬اٌّبء اٌّغزخذَ ف‪ ٝ‬اٌخٍو‪.‬‬

‫)‪)Bulking of Sand‬‬ ‫‪-10‬السیادة الحجميت للرمل‬

‫‪The free moisture content in fine aggregate results in bulking of volume.‬‬
‫‪Bulking phenomenon can be explained as follows:‬‬
‫‪Free moisture forms a film around each particle. This film of moisture‬‬
‫‪exerts what is known as surface tension which keeps the neighboring particles‬‬

‫‪pg. 12‬‬ ‫‪SZ‬‬

away from it. Similarly, the force exerted by surface tension keeps every
particle away from each other. Therefore, no point contact is possible between
the particles. This causes bulking of the volume. The extent of surface tension
and consequently how far the adjacent particles are kept away will depend
upon the percentage of moisture content and the particle size of the fine
aggregate. It is interesting to note that the bulking increases with the increase
in moisture content up to a certain limit and beyond that the further increase in
the moisture content results in the decrease in the volume and at a moisture
content representing saturation point, the fine aggregate shows no bulking
Due to the bulking, fine aggregate shows completely unrealistic volume.
Therefore, it is absolutely necessary that consideration must be given to the
effect of bulking in proportioning the concrete by volume. If cognizance is not
given to the effect of bulking, in case of volume batching, the resulting
concrete is likely to be undersanded and harsh. It will also affect the yield of
concrete for a given cement content.
‫ٔٗ سهجًب‬ٛ‫ و‬ٚ‫ٗ أ‬١ٌ‫بدح ؽغّٗ ػٕذ إمبفخ اٌّبء إ‬٠‫ ص‬ٝ٘ ‫خ‬١‫ؼ‬١‫ اٌشًِ ٌٗ ظب٘شح هج‬ٝ‫اٌشوبَ إٌبػُ ِزّضال ف‬
‫ب‬ٙ‫ذا ػٓ ثؼن‬١‫جبد اٌشًِ ثؼ‬١‫ عطؾٗ سافؼًب ؽج‬ٍٝ‫ْ غؾبء ِٓ اٌّبء ػ‬ٛ‫ٕزظ ِٓ رى‬٠ ‫رٌه‬ٚ ً‫ األف‬ٝ‫ف‬
‫ٔبد اٌخٍطخ‬ٛ‫ ٔغت ِى‬ٍٝ‫خ ٌٍشًِ رؤصش ػ‬١ّ‫بدح اٌؾغ‬٠‫اٌض‬ٚ. ٟ‫ش ظب٘شح اٌؾذ اٌغطؾ‬١‫غخ ٌزأص‬١‫اٌجؼل ٔز‬
‫ ًضا‬١‫ رؾغً ؽ‬ٝ‫ اٌز‬ٟ‫م‬١‫صاْ اٌشًِ اٌؾم‬ٚ‫خ ٌٍشًِ إٔمبؿ أل‬١ّ‫بدح اٌؾغ‬٠‫ٕزظ ِٓ اٌض‬٠ ٗٔ‫ أل‬,ُ‫خ ثبٌؾغ‬١ٔ‫اٌخشعب‬
‫شًا مبسًا‬١‫زا رأص‬ٌٙ ٚ ‫ة‬ٍٛ‫ اٌشًِ اٌّط‬ٜٛ‫ ِؾز‬ٝ‫و ٔبلقًب ف‬١ٍ‫قجؼ اٌخ‬٠ ‫ٕ٘ب‬ٚ. ‫شح‬٠‫ق اٌّؼب‬ٚ‫ فٕذ‬ٝ‫صبثزب ف‬
‫ش ٔغت‬١١‫وزٌه رغ‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٍ‫ِغبَ داخ‬ٚ ‫ؼ‬١‫ب رؼؾ‬ٙ‫ؾذس ث‬٠ ٜ‫ أ‬ٟ‫ج‬١‫ اٌخشعبٔخ إٌّزغخ ِٓ أفقبي ؽج‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬
.‫خ‬١ٔ‫ٔبد اٌخٍطخ اٌخشعب‬ٛ‫اٌخٍو ٌّى‬
:‫خ‬١‫اًِ األر‬ٛ‫خ ٌٍشًِ رزأصش ثبػ‬١ّ‫بدح اٌؾغ‬٠‫اٌض‬
ًِ‫ اٌش‬ٟ‫دح ف‬ٛ‫ع‬ٌّٛ‫ثخ ا‬ٛ‫خ ٌٍشه‬٠ٛ‫إٌغت اٌّئ‬- ١
ًِ‫ِخ اٌش‬ٛ‫دسعخ ٔؼ‬- ٢

pg. 13
ُ‫ ؽغ‬ٟ‫خ ف‬٠‫بدح اٌظب٘ش‬٠‫اٌض‬ SZ
 (Strength) ‫مقاومت الركام‬-6
The strength should be at least equal to that of the concrete. Rocks
commonly used as aggregates have a compressive strength much higher than
the usual range of concrete strength. The test conducted for strength
evaluation are crushing test, and impact-test. Generally the specifications
prescribe 45 percent for aggregate used for concrete other than wearing
surface and 30 percent for concrete for wearing surfaces, such as runways,
roads etc. limit for the crushing value. The toughness of aggregate is measured
by impact test. The impact value should not exceed 30 per cent for wearing
surface and 45 per cent for remaining concretes.

‫ِخ‬ٚ‫ ِمب‬ٟ‫خ ف‬١ّ٘‫ب ا‬ٌٙ ‫ظ‬١ٌ َ‫ِخ اٌشوب‬ٚ‫ ٌزٌه ِمب‬,3ُ‫ع‬/ُ‫ وغ‬2000 ٌٝ‫ ا‬700 ِٓ ‫ػ‬ٚ‫ِخ اٌشوبَ رزشا‬ٚ‫ِمب‬
ً‫خ ِض‬١ٌ‫ِخ ػب‬ٚ‫ رؾزبط ٌّمب‬ٟ‫ األِبوٓ اٌز‬ٟ‫ّخ ف‬ِٙ ْٛ‫ِخ اٌشوبَ رى‬ٚ‫ ِمب‬. 2ُ‫ع‬/ُ‫ وغ‬250 ‫اٌخشعبٔخ‬
. ‫ِخ‬ٚ‫خ اٌّمب‬١ٌ‫ اٌخشعبٔبد ػب‬ٚ‫ اٌّطبساد أ‬ٟ‫اٌشفف ف‬

Chemical Properties of aggregates ‫الخواص الكيميائيت للركام‬

The concrete aggregates should be free from impurities and deleterious

substances, which are likely to interfere with the process of hydration,
prevention of effective bond between the aggregates and matrix. The
impurities sometimes reduce the durability of the aggregate. Generally,
the fine aggregate obtained from natural sources is likely to contain organic
impurities in the form of silt and clay. The manufactured fine aggregate does
not normally contain organic materials. But it may contain excess of fine
crushed stone dust. Coarse aggregate stacked in the open and unused for long
time may contain moss and mud in the lower level of the stack.
‫ة‬ٍٛ‫ اٌغشك اٌّط‬ٍٝ‫ي ػ‬ٛ‫ أٗ ِبدح ِبٌئخ خبٍِخ ٌٍؾق‬ٛ٘ ‫ اٌخشعبٔخ‬ٝ‫ ٌٍشوبَ ف‬ٞ‫ذ‬١ٍ‫ألْ االعزخذاَ اٌزم‬ٚ
‫ٕخ‬١‫ب ثؼغ‬ٙ‫ف‬١ٍ‫جبد اٌشوبَ خبٍِخ ثؼذ رغ‬١‫ْ وً ؽج‬ٛ‫ش ال رى‬١‫ش ِطٍك ؽ‬١‫ش غ‬١‫ٌىٓ ٘زا اٌزؼج‬ٚ ِٗ‫ِٓ اعزخذا‬

pg. 14 SZ
‫االعّٕذ‪ ,‬ؽ‪١‬ش ‪ّ٠‬ىٓ ؽذ‪ٚ‬س أ‪ ٜ‬رفبػً و‪١ّ١‬بئ‪ِ ٝ‬غججب ِؾبوً وض‪١‬شح خط‪١‬شح ف‪ ٝ‬اٌخشعبٔخ ‪ٚ.‬لذ ‪٠‬ظ‪ٙ‬ش‬
‫ثقفخ ػبِخ اٌزفبػً اٌى‪١ّ١‬بئ‪ ٝ‬ف‪ ٝ‬اٌؼٕبفش اٌخشعبٔ‪١‬خ االٔؾبئ‪١‬خ ػٍ‪ ٝ‬ف‪ٛ‬س ِخزٍفخ وّب ‪:ٍٝ٠‬‬
‫‪- ١‬إرا وبْ ثبٌشوبَ ِ‪ٛ‬اد مبسح ِضً اٌؾ‪ٛ‬ائت ‪ٚ‬االِالػ ‪ٚ‬اٌز‪ ٝ‬رغجت رجم‪١‬غ ف‪ ٝ‬اٌغطؼ اٌخبسع‪ٝ‬‬
‫ٌٍخشعبٔخ إٌّزغخ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٢‬إرا وبْ ثبٌشوبَ ِ‪ٛ‬اد و‪١ّ١‬بئ‪١‬خ رزفبػً ِغ االعّٕذ ِؤصشح ػٍ‪ِ ٝ‬مب‪ِٚ‬خ اٌخشعبٔخ ‪ِٚ‬زبٔز‪ٙ‬ب ِغ اٌضِٓ‪,‬‬
‫‪ِٚ‬غججخ رؾشؿ ‪ٚ‬رفزذ ف‪ ٝ‬اٌخشعبٔخ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٣‬إرا وبْ اٌشوبَ ‪٠‬زفبػً ِغ االعّٕذ اٌؼبٌ‪ ٝ‬اٌمٍ‪٠ٛ‬خ (ظب٘شح اٌزفبػً اٌمٍ‪ٌٍ ٜٛ‬شوبَ) ِغججب رؾشؿ‬
‫‪ٔٚ‬مـ ف‪ِ ٝ‬ش‪ٔٚ‬خ ‪ِٚ‬مب‪ِٚ‬خ اٌخشعبٔخ‪.‬‬

‫إختباراث الركام‬
‫‪-‬طرق اخذ العٌنات‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬اختبار التحلٌل بالمناخل للركام‪).‬التدرج (‬
‫‪-‬اختبار تعٌٌن الوزن النوعى الظاهري للركام‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬اختبار تعٌٌن الوزن الحجمً‬
‫‪ -‬النسبة المئوٌة للفراغات للركام‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اختبار تعٌٌن النسبة المئوٌة لالمتصاص للركام‬
‫‪-‬اختبار تعٌٌن الزٌادة الحجمٌة للركام الصغٌر‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬اختبار تعٌٌن نسبة الطٌن والمواد الناعمة بالركام الصغٌر بالحجم‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬واختبار تعٌٌن معامل التهشٌم للركام الكبٌر‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬اختبار تعٌٌن مقاومة الركام الكبٌر للبري بطرٌقة لوس انجولس‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬اختبار تعٌٌن معامل الصدم للركام الكبٌر‬

‫‪pg. 15‬‬ ‫‪SZ‬‬