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Chapter 2: Signal Representation: ELEC 2880: Modem Design
Chapter 2: Signal Representation: ELEC 2880: Modem Design
Chapter 2: Signal Representation: ELEC 2880: Modem Design
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Why is it useful?
For bandpass signal, such as modulated signal Simple, low pass representation Used for performance computation Also used in actual signal processing
Course structure
Reminder of basic principles/equations Application to elements in communication chain
Modulation Filters Random noise
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Analytical Signal
Let x(t) be a real signal Bandpass: |X (w )| = 0 for | 0 | > B Analytical Signal xa (t): Keep positive frequencies ( 0) with factor 2 x(t) = {xa (t)}
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X(w)
Xa(w)
Ex (w)
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Complex baseband, also called complex envelope: Ex () = Xa ( + 0 ) ex (t) = e j0 t xa (t) Depends on choice of 0 (not unique!) Equivalent representation, contains all information x(t) = {ex (t)e j0 t }
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Rice components
Rice components dened as ex (t) = x1 (t) + jx2 (t) If 0 well chosen, they have same bandwidth as complex baseband (but not same shape) x1 (t) =
{ex (t)} = [ex (t) + ex (t)] /2
X1 () = [Ex () + Ex ()] /2
(! sign)
x(t) = x1 (t) cos(0 t) x2 (t) sin(0 t) All equivalent descriptions (up to knowledge of 0 )
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Amplitude/phase representation
Amplitude and phase (wrt 0 ) are obtained as ex (t) = ax (t)e j(t) Can be seen as amplitude and phase modulation x(t) = ax (t) cos(0 t + (t))
ax (t) is the instantaneous amplitude (t) is the instantaneous phase
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Energy computation
E =
x 2 (t)dt
= = =
1 2 1 2 1 2
|ex (t)|2 dt
2 2 x1 (t) + x2 (t)dt
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Two real sequences a(n), b(n), I/Q components of QAM constellation I (n) QAM modulated signal:
x(t) =
n=
a(n)u(t nT ) cos(c t)
n=
b(n)u(t nT ) sin(c t)
u(t) is the pulse shaping lter (DAC) We make complex baseband with 0 = c , and assume same phase!
x1 (t) =
n=
a(n)u(t nT )
x2 (t) =
n=
b(n)u(t nT )
ex (t) =
n=
I (n)u(t nT )
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Eect of Filtering
Filtering by H() is equivalent to lter complex baseband by H( + 0 ) Also equivalent to lter by Eh ()/2 ... for xed 0
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Random signals
For baseband random signals (hence centered) Analytical and complex baseband signals computed as previously but are now random and have random spectrum The power spectral densities are Xa () = 0 4X () <0 0
1 2 1 2
[Xa ( )] e j0 Ex ( )
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Again rice components are random and obtained by same operations The power spectral densities are identical (because of stationarity) X1 () = X2 () = Variances are
2 2 2 X1 = X2 = X
1 [E () + EX ()] 4 X
At same instants, rice components are decorrelated: X1 X2 (0) = 0 but not for dierent instants If Gaussian, they are independent at the same instant
Phase is uniformly distributed
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Representation of AWGN
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x(t) =
n=
Assuming Nyquist criterion is fullled g (0) g (mT ) After sampling at some instant kT : x(kT ) = I (k) + n1 (kT ) + jn2 (kT ) = A(kT )e j(kT ) Locally sinusoid in AWGN with amplitude and phase carrying info of symbol I (k) = Ve j Noise modies amplitude and phase
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= =
1 0 m Z
Rice components are independent at same instant: x1 (kT ) x2 (kT ) Jointly Gaussian TX1 ,X2 (x1 , x2 ) = TX1 (x1 ) TX2 (x2 ) = Change of variables to amplitude/phase: TA, (a, ) = =
2 2 2 a e[(a cos()V cos()) +(a sin()V sin()) ]/2N 2 2N 2 2 2 a e[a +V 2aV cos()]/2N 2 2N 2 2 2 1 e[(x1 V cos()) +(x2 V sin()) ]/2N 2 2N
= =
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TA (a)
=
=0
TA, (a, )d
2 a [a2 +V 2 ]/2N 2 e I0 (aV /N ) 2 N
= Rice distribution
Use normalized variables: Ar = A/N , Vr = V /N TAr (ar ) = ar e[ar +Vr ]/2 I0 (ar Vr ) Vr species Rice factor Rayleigh for Vr = 0
2 2
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0.3
0.2
0.1
0 0
5 6 Valeur de v
10
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T ()
=
a=0
= +
-3
-2
-1
0 phi-theta
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