Chapter 2: Signal Representation: ELEC 2880: Modem Design

Chapter 2: Signal Representation
ELEC 2880: Modem Design
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Complex baseband signal
Why is it useful?
For bandpass signal, such as modulated signal Simple, low pass representation Used for performance computation Also used in actual signal processing
Course structure
Reminder of basic principles/equations Application to elements in communication chain
Modulation Filters Random noise
Typical example: Sinusoid in AWGN
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Analytical Signal
Let x(t) be a real signal Bandpass: |X (w )| = 0 for | 0 | > B Analytical Signal xa (t): Keep positive frequencies ( 0) with factor 2 x(t) = {xa (t)}
Add imaginary part to cancel negative frequencies
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Complex baseband representation
X(w)
Xa(w)
Ex (w)
()
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Complex baseband representation
Complex baseband, also called complex envelope: Ex () = Xa ( + 0 ) ex (t) = e j0 t xa (t) Depends on choice of 0 (not unique!) Equivalent representation, contains all information x(t) = {ex (t)e j0 t }
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Rice components
Rice components dened as ex (t) = x1 (t) + jx2 (t) If 0 well chosen, they have same bandwidth as complex baseband (but not same shape) x1 (t) =
{ex (t)} = [ex (t) + ex (t)] /2
X1 () = [Ex () + Ex ()] /2
They represent I/Q components:
(! sign)
x(t) = x1 (t) cos(0 t) x2 (t) sin(0 t) All equivalent descriptions (up to knowledge of 0 )
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Amplitude/phase representation
Amplitude and phase (wrt 0 ) are obtained as ex (t) = ax (t)e j(t) Can be seen as amplitude and phase modulation x(t) = ax (t) cos(0 t + (t))
ax (t) is the instantaneous amplitude (t) is the instantaneous phase
Coherence is important in detection!
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Energy computation
E =
x 2 (t)dt
2 ax (t) cos2 (0 t + (t))dt
= = =
1 ax (t) [1 + cos(20 + 2(t))] dt 2

2 ax (t)dt
1 2 1 2 1 2
|ex (t)|2 dt
2 2 x1 (t) + x2 (t)dt
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Linear Modulation (PAM/QAM)
Two real sequences a(n), b(n), I/Q components of QAM constellation I (n) QAM modulated signal:

x(t) =
n=
a(n)u(t nT ) cos(c t)
n=
b(n)u(t nT ) sin(c t)
u(t) is the pulse shaping lter (DAC) We make complex baseband with 0 = c , and assume same phase!
x1 (t) =
n=
a(n)u(t nT )
x2 (t) =
n=
b(n)u(t nT )
ex (t) =
n=
I (n)u(t nT )
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Eect of Filtering
Filtering by H() is equivalent to lter complex baseband by H( + 0 ) Also equivalent to lter by Eh ()/2 ... for xed 0
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Random signals
For baseband random signals (hence centered) Analytical and complex baseband signals computed as previously but are now random and have random spectrum The power spectral densities are Xa () = 0 4X () <0 0
EX () = Xa ( + 0 ) The covariance functions are such that (!! factor 2) X ( ) = =

2 2 2 Variances: Xa = EX = 2X
1 2 1 2
[Xa ( )] e j0 Ex ( )
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Rice components for random stationary signals
Again rice components are random and obtained by same operations The power spectral densities are identical (because of stationarity) X1 () = X2 () = Variances are
2 2 2 X1 = X2 = X
1 [E () + EX ()] 4 X
At same instants, rice components are decorrelated: X1 X2 (0) = 0 but not for dierent instants If Gaussian, they are independent at the same instant
Phase is uniformly distributed
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Representation of AWGN
In addition, PSD is at on the given bandwidth Xa = EX = 4X X1 = X2 = 2X

2 2 2 Xa = EX = 2X 2 2 2 X1 = X2 = X
Single sided bandwidth vs. Double sided bandwidth
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Sinusoid in AWGN (1)

Received baseband signal
x(t) =
n=
I (n)g (t nT ) + n1 (t) + jn2 (t)
Assuming Nyquist criterion is fullled g (0) g (mT ) After sampling at some instant kT : x(kT ) = I (k) + n1 (kT ) + jn2 (kT ) = A(kT )e j(kT ) Locally sinusoid in AWGN with amplitude and phase carrying info of symbol I (k) = Ve j Noise modies amplitude and phase
() Chapter 2: Signal Representation ELEC 2880: Modem Design 14 / 18
= =
1 0 m Z
Rice components are independent at same instant: x1 (kT ) x2 (kT ) Jointly Gaussian TX1 ,X2 (x1 , x2 ) = TX1 (x1 ) TX2 (x2 ) = Change of variables to amplitude/phase: TA, (a, ) = =
2 2 2 a e[(a cos()V cos()) +(a sin()V sin()) ]/2N 2 2N 2 2 2 a e[a +V 2aV cos()]/2N 2 2N 2 2 2 1 e[(x1 V cos()) +(x2 V sin()) ]/2N 2 2N
= =
V cos() + n1 (t) = A cos() V sin() + jn2 (t) = A sin()
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Amplitude distribution (marginal):

2
TA (a)
=
=0
TA, (a, )d
2 a [a2 +V 2 ]/2N 2 e I0 (aV /N ) 2 N
= Rice distribution
Use normalized variables: Ar = A/N , Vr = V /N TAr (ar ) = ar e[ar +Vr ]/2 I0 (ar Vr ) Vr species Rice factor Rayleigh for Vr = 0
2 2
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Sinusoid in AWGN (3bis)

Rice pdfs
Densits de probabilit de type Rice pour alpha=0,1, ...,9 0.7 alp=0 0.6
0.5 alp=9 Probabilit 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 0
5 6 Valeur de v
10
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Phase distribution (marginal):
T ()
=
a=0
TA, (a, )da

2 1 V 2 /2N e 2 2 V cos( ) V cos( ) V 2 sin2 ()/2N e erfc 2 N 2 2 2N
Densits de probabilit de la phase pour alpha=0,...,9 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 Probabilit 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -4 alp=0 alp=9
= +
-3
-2
-1
0 phi-theta
()
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