CITING SOURCES

It is important to get information from credible sources, but along with that, it is also
important to properly document all borrowed ideas, information, concepts, arguments, or
information and attribute them to their authors or creators. This is done by citing your
sources. This is an integral part of academic and professional writing.

WHY DO WE CREDIT SOURCES?

1. To give credit to the original author of a work

 We want to avoid plagiarism since we all know that plagiarism is a serious
offense. Plagiarism is an act of taking and using someone’s ideas, information,
concepts, arguments, or even information of someone else, intentionally or
unintentionally, without proper citations.
2. To promote scholarly writing
 Scholarly writing means that you are able to exhaustively use related and
existing ideas, information, concepts, or arguments of an expert and to properly
attribute these to the original source.
3. To help your target audience identify your original source
 More often than not, your target audience or readers want to either verify the
information or learn more about the information from the original source. By
properly citing your source your reader can easily identify the location of the
original source.

WHEN AND WHAT SHOULD WE CREDIT?

• Credit any information that you learned from another source including FACTS,
STATISTICS, OPINIONS, THEORIES, PHOTOGRAPHS, and CHARTS.
• Credit any source when you mention their information in any way: QUOTATIONS,
SUMMARIES, and PARAPHRASES.
• Remember that common knowledge are information that are considered widely known
or easily verified and does not need to be cited.
 CITING SOURCES

WHAT ARE THE CITATION STYLES?

Citation Style dictates the information necessary for a citation and how the information is
ordered, as well as punctuation and other formatting.

There are three major citation styles:

APA MLA CHICAGO

STYLE STYLE STYLE
American Psychological Modern Language Turabian Style
Association Association
Oldest style which
Originated in 1929 First published in 1951 started in 1891

Used by Education, Used in humanities such Used by Business,

Psychology, and Sciences. as history, English, and
communication.
history, and the fine arts
Have two styles: Notes
and Bibliography, and
author-date

MLA CHICAGO
STYLE STYLE
MLA format follows the Chicago-style source citation
author-page method of in- comes in two varieties: (1)
text citation. This means notes and bibliography and
that the author's last name (2) author-date.
and the page number(s)
from which the quotation or
paraphrase is taken must EXAMPLE:
appear in the text Cole found that "The bones
1
EXAMPLE: were very fragile".
Author Heading AuthorName stated the fact
that "insert very interesting
Note and
fact" (202).
bibliography.
1. James Smith, The first and
last war, (New York,
My paper includes "this very
Hamilton, 2003), 2.
Idea Heading interesting quote" (Author
202).
Found at the bottom part of
Author Last Name, Author the page.

Reference List
First Name. Name of Book.
City: Publisher, Year. Print.
 CITING SOURCES

HOW DO WE WRITE IN-TEXT CITATION USING APA?

There are different ways on how we do in-text citation using APA, and the following are the
things we need to remember:
 Author’s last name (no first names or initials)
 Date of publication (or “n.d.”)
 Page number or Paragraph number

APA STYLE IN-TEXT CITATION

Direct Quotation
If you are quoting from a work, you will need to include the author’s last name, year of
publication, and the page number (p.#) or paragraph number (para.#).

Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by
the date of publication in parentheses. Signal phrase is the verb that comes along the author’s
name.

Example: AUTHOR, YEAR SIGNAL

Interpreting these results, Robbins et al. (2003) suggested that the “therapists in dropout cases
may have inadvertently validated parental negativity about the adolescent without adequately
responding to the adolescent’s needs or concerns” (p. 541), contributing to an overall climate
of negativity. PAGE NUMBER
QUATATION

If the author is not mentioned as part of the sentence, place the author's last name, the year of
publication, and the page or paragraph number in parentheses after the quotation.

Example:
“The systematic development of literacy and schooling meant a new division in society,
between the educated and the uneducated” (Cook-Gumperz, 1986, p. 27).
“As we come to rely on computers to mediate our understanding of the world, it is our own
intelligence that flattens into artificial intelligence” (Carr, 2008, para. 34).
**Period comes
after citation.
 CITING SOURCES

If direct quoting 40 or more words use block quotation.

• Begin the block quote on a new line.
• Do not enclose the direct quote in quotation marks.
• Indent each line of the block quote by ½ inch.
• Provide an introduction to the quote.
• Punctuate the quoted material with a period before the parenthetical citation – with no
ending punctuation after the parentheses.

Example:
Provide introduction for the quotation

Sometimes peoples’ view point can be surprising as mentioned by Robert Cole in his
1989 book, The Call of stories: Begin quotation on a new line
Indent
On the way home, Daddy became an amateur philosopher; he said, God chooses some
each line
by ½ inch. people to be rich, and that’s how it is, and you have to settle for your luck, and ours isn’t
No all that good, so that’s too bad but if you just smile and keep going, then you’ll be fine;
quotation it’s when you eat your heart out that you can get in trouble. (p. 41)
mark Period comes
needed. before the
parenthesis

APA STYLEIN-TEXT CITATION

Summarized or Paraphrased materials
ONE AUTHOR
If you are paraphrasing or summarizing information from a source, you have to cite the author’s
last name, year of publication, and page number or paragraph number in your in-text citation.

Example:
Author Heading Format:
Kessler (2003) found that among epidemiological samples (p. 14).
Idea Heading Format:
Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessler, 2003, p.14).
 CITING SOURCES

TWO AUTHORS
Cite both names every time the work needs to be cited.

Example:
Author Heading Format:
Bram and Peebles (2014) advocated for psychologists to evaluate all the available data before
making a deduction, just as Sherlock Holmes investigates a case, lest they jump to an erroneous
conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence (pp. 32–33).

Idea Heading Format:

Just as Sherlock Holmes investigates a case, psychologists must evaluate all the available data
before making a deduction, lest they jump to an erroneous conclusion on the basis of
insufficient evidence (Bram & Peebles, 2014, pp. 32–33).

THREE TO FIVE AUTHORS

First time citing the work: Cite ALL authors
...(Edwards, Howard, & Sharpe, 2016, para. 1).
Edwards, Howard, and Sharpe (2006) argued that...
Subsequent mentions: FIRST author followed by et al.
...(Edwards et al., 2006, para. 1).
Edwards et al. (2006) discussed that...

SIX OR MORE AUTHORS

FIRST & SUBSEQUENT CITATION:
Surname of the FIRST author followed by et al.
...(Lekkerkerk et al., 2014, para. 2).
Lekkerkerk et al. (2014) discussed that... (para. 2).
 CITING SOURCES

How do we cite a source within a source?

Your in-text citation should include both authors: the author(s) of the original source and the
author(s) of the secondary source.

Example:
This is how we cite a source within a source (Peralta, 2015, as cited in Ebron, 2004, p. 15).

*In this case, you should provide the details of the secondary author in the reference list.

How to build a reference list?

All references or information sources cited in any written work (i.e. essays, reports, research
papers, etc.) need to be listed in a reference list on a separate page at the end of your paper.
Things to remember when writing reference list:
1. The reference list is arranged in alphabetical order of the authors’ last names.
2. If there is more than one work by the same author, order them by publication date –
oldest to newest.
3. If there is no author the title moves to that position and the entry is alphabetized by
the first significant word, excluding words such as “A” or “The”. If the title is long, it
may be shortened when citing in text.
4. Use “&” instead of “and” when listing multiple authors of a source.
5. The first line of the reference list entry is left-hand justified, while all subsequent lines
are consistently indented.
6. Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if there is one, plus any
proper names – i. e. only those words that would normally be capitalized.
7. Italicize the title of the book, the title of the journal/serial and the title of the web
document.
8. Do not create separate lists for each type of information source. Books, articles, web
documents, brochures, etc. are all arranged alphabetically in one list.
 CITING SOURCES

Basic Format for Books

Format: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle.
Publisher Name.

Example:

Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend. Yale University Press.

Edited Book with an Author or Authors

Format: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (E.
Editor, Ed.). Publisher.

Malory, T. (2017). Le morte darthur (P. J. C. Field, Ed.). D. S. Brewer. (Original work published
1469-70)

Book Article Citation

Note: Book titles should be italicized.

Format: Last Name, Initials. (Year). Book title (edition). City, State/Country: Publisher.

Example

Porter, M. E. (1998). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors
(3th ed.). New York, NY: Free Press.

Journal article citations

Note: The journal title and volume number should be italicized.

Format: Last Name, Initials., & Last Name, Initials. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, Volume
Number (Issue), Page Number(s). https://doi.org/DoiNumber

Example:

Andreff, W., & Staudohar, P. D. (2000). The evolving European model of professional sports
finance. Journal of Sports Economics, 1(3), 257–276.
https://doi.org./10.1177/152700250000100304
 CITING SOURCES

Website citations

Format: Last Name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). Page title [OptionalType]. Retrieved from
http://webaddress

Example:

Worland, J. (2015, July 27). U.S. flood risk could be worse than we thought. Retrieved from
http://time.com/3973256/flooding-risk-coastal-cities

E-Books Citation

Note: The e-book title should be italicized.

Format: Last Name, Initials. (Year). Title (edition). [Version]. Retrieved from http://webaddress

Jones, S. (2009). Business-to-business internet marketing: Seven proven strategies for increasing
profits through internet direct marketing (5th ed.). [ProQuest Ebook Central version].
Retrieved from http://www.maxpress.com/

Report citations

Note: The title should be italicized.

Format: Organization Name or Author Last Name, Initials. (Year). Report title. Retrieved from
http://webaddress

Example:

Royal Bank of Scotland. (2015). Annual report and accounts 2014. Retrieved from
http://investors.rbs.com/~/media/Files/R/RBS-IR/2014-reports/annual-report-
2014.pdfMore APA Style examples
 CITING SOURCES

PASSWORD FOR THE CITATION ACTIVITY:

ALWAYSCITEYOURSOURCE