INTERMOLECULAR

FORCE IN SOLIDS AND

LIQUIDS
COURSE OUTCOME 1
PROPERTIES OF
LIQUIDS
COURSE OUTCOME 1 – Lesson 3
PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
• Surface Tension
• Capillary Action
• Viscosity
• Vapor Pressure
• Boiling Point
• Relative Humidity
SURFACE TENSION
It is the amount of energy required to
stretch or increase the surface of a liquid
by a unit area.

Liquids with strong intermolecular forces

have high surface tension.
CAPILLARY ACTION
It is tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow
tubes or be drawn into small openings such
as those between grains of a rock. It happens
when a liquid flows through a material
because of the attraction between the
molecules of the liquid and the material
(solid).

Molecules in contact with the surface of their

container experience two sets of
intermolecular forces. They are cohesive
forces and adhesive forces.
CAPILLARY ACTION
Cohesive Force is the intermolecular
forces between the molecules of liquid.
Adhesive Force is an interaction between
the liquid and solid surface.

One results of adhesive force is the curved

surface of a liquid is called meniscus.
Meniscus can be concave and convex.
CAPILLARY ACTION
Cohesive forces between the liquid
molecules > adhesive forces between the
liquid and the walls of the container =
convex.
Cohesive forces between the liquid
molecules < adhesive forces between the
liquid and the walls of the container =
concave.
Adhesive and cohesive forces are equal =
horizontal.
VISCOSITY
It is a measure of a fluid’s resistance
to flow.

There are three factors that

determine viscosity.
• Strength of Intermolecular Force
• Shape of the Molecule
• Temperature
VISCOSITY
• Strong intermolecular force, high
viscosity

• High temperature, more kinetic

energy results to high viscosity.

• Large molecules have difficulty in

moving.
VAPOR PRESSURE
• There are two conditions to
consider so that a liquid
molecule to escape from
liquid state to gaseous state.
1. Must be at or near the
surface of the liquid
2. Must have at least the
minimum amount of kinetic
energy to overcome the
intermolecular forces
VAPOR PRESSURE
It is the constant pressure established
when the exiting evaporation rate is
equal to the entering condensation
rate.

To be considered at equilibrium, the

exiting evaporation rate must be
equal to the entering condensation
rate.
VAPOR PRESSURE

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure

exerted by the weight of the air on a
surface.
VAPOR PRESSURE

the higher the temperature, the

higher the kinetic energy, the higher
the vapor pressure.
MOLAR HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
(ΔHvap)
It is the energy required to vaporize 1
mole of a liquid at a given
temperature. H is the symbol for
Substance Δhvap (kJ/mol)
enthalpy, which means heat content
at a given standard condition. Pentane (C5H12) 26.5
Acetone (CH3COCH3) 30.3
Ethanol (C2H5OH) 39.3
The weaker the intermolecular force,
Water (H2O) 40.79
the higher the amount of energy to
break them, the higher the vapor
pressure.
MOLAR HEAT OF CONDENSATION
(ΔHcond)
Condensation is a process by which gaseous state changes to the liquid
state.
It is the heat released when 1 mol condenses.

ΔHvap = –ΔHcond

H2O(ℓ) → H2O(g) ΔH = ΔHvap = +40.7 kJ/mol

H2O(g) → H2O(ℓ) ΔH= ΔHcond = -40.7 kJ/mol
BOILING POINT
The temperature at which the liquid
converts into a gas

A liquid boils when its vapor pressure

equals the pressure acting on the
surface of the liquid.
BOILING POINT
The boiling point depends on the
restraining pressure. The normal
boiling point of a liquid is the
temperature at which the vapor
pressure is equal to 760 torr.

The temperature at which a liquid boil

depends on the attractive force
between the molecules. If the liquid
has strong intermolecular force, the
higher the boiling point.
EXAMPLES
Do the following properties result from strong or weak intermolecular
forces?
1. High boiling point
2. Low viscosity
3. High surface tension
4. High vapor pressure
5. High melting point