UNIT-2

CROSSED-FIELD TUBES (M-TYPE TUBES)

Introduction

• In linear beam tubes like Klystron or Travelling wave tube

(TWT) , the dc Magnetic field parallel to the dc Electric field is
used to focus the electron beam .
• Crossed-field tubes derive their name from the fact that the dc
magnetic field is perpendicular to the dc electric field . In this
tubes, the dc magnetic field plays a direct role in the RF
interaction process.
• These tubes are also called M-Type tubes.
 What is Microwave Engineering
Magnetrons?
Magnetrons are the cross-field tubes in which the
electric and magnetic fields cross i.e. run at right
angles to each other. In TWT, it was detected that
electrons when made to interrelate with RF, for a
longer time, than in Klystron, caused in higher
efficiency. The same technique is followed in
Magnetrons.
Cross-Field Effect:
• In a crossed-field tube, the electrons emitted by the cathode are
accelerated by the electric field and gain velocity , but the greater their
velocity , the more their path is bent by the magnetic field.
• If an RF field is applied to the circuit , those electrons entering the circuit
during retarding field are decelerated and give up some of their kinetic
energy to the RF field. Consequently , their velocity is decreased and
these slower electrons will then travel the dc electric field far enough to
regain essentially the same velocity as before.
• Those electrons entering the circuit during the accelerating field are
accelerated by means of receiving enough energy from the RF field and
are returned back towards the cathode. the cathode produces heat in the
cathode This back bombardment of and decreases the operational
efficiency.
• Because of crossed-field interactions, only those electrons that have
given up sufficient energy to the RF field can travel all the way to the
anode. This phenomenon would make the M-type devices relatively
efficient.
• The classification of crossed-field tubes is,
Magnetron Oscillators
• Hull invented magnetron, but it was only on interesting laboratory
device.
• During the world war II an urgent need for high power microwave
generators for RADAR transmitters led to the rapid development
of Magnetron
• Magnetrons provide microwave oscillations of very high
frequency
• All magnetrons consists of some form of anode & cathode operated
in dc Magnetic field between cathode & anode.
• Because of cross field between cathode & anode , the electrons
emitted from cathode are influenced by the cross field to move in a
curved path.
• If the dc magnetic field is strong enough the electrons will not arrive
at in the anode but return to the cathode, consequently anode current
is cutoff.
• Magnetrons can be classified in to three types as follows,
1. Negative resistance Magnetrons or Split-Anode Magnetron :
– Make use of static negative resistance between two anode
segments. Low efficiency and are useful only at low
frequencies (< 500 MHz).
2.Cyclotron-frequency Magnetrons :
– Operates under the influence of synchronism between an
alternating component of electric field and periodic oscillation
of electrons in a direction parallel to this field.
– Useful only for frequencies greater than 100 MHz
3. Cavity or Traveling-wave Magnetrons :
– Depends upon the interaction of electrons with a traveling
electromagnetic field of linear velocity.
– These are customarily referred as Magnetrons
– Provide oscillations of very high peak power and hence are
useful in radar applications
Cylindrical Magnetrons
• Cylindrical magnetron Oscillator is also called as conventional
Magnetron.
• In a cylindrical magnetron , several reentrant cavities are connected
to the gaps and hence some times called as Cavity Magnetron.
• Schematic diagram illustrating the major elements of the
magnetron oscillator is shown below ,
 Cavity Magnetron

The Magnetron is called as Cavity Magnetron for

the reason that the anode is prepared into
resonant cavities and a permanent magnet is
used to produce a strong magnetic field, where
the action of both of these makes the device
work.
• The detailed diagram of cavity magnetrons is,
Cylindrical Magnetrons
Construction:
• Each cavity in the anode acts as an inductor having only one turn and the
slot connecting the cavity and the interaction space acts as a capacitor.
• These two form a parallel resonant circuit and its resonant frequency
depends on the value of L of the cavity and the C of the slot.
• This magnetic field is shaped by a permanent magnet, which is located such
that the magnetic lines are similar to cathode and vertical to the electric field
existing between the anode and the cathode.
• The frequency of the microwaves generated by the magnetron oscillator
depends on the frequency of the RF oscillations existing in the resonant
cavities. Cross sectional view of anode assembly can be viewed as,
Working principle:
• Magnetron is a cross field device as the electric field between the
anode and the cathode is radial whereas the magnetic field
produced by a permanent magnet is axial.
• A high dc potential can be applied between the cathode and anode
which produces the radial electric field.
• Depending on the relative strengths of the electric and magnetic
fields, the electrons emitted from the cathode and moving towards
the anode will traverse through the interaction space.
• In the absence of magnetic field (B = 0), the electron travel
straight from the cathode to the anode due to the radial electric
field force acting on it as given by the path ‘a’ in the following
figure.
• If the magnetic field strength is increased slightly, the lateral force
bending the path of the electron as given by the path ‘b’ in the
following figure.
• The radius of the path is given by, if the strength of the magnetic
field is made sufficiently high , then the electrons can be
prevented from reaching the anode as indicated path ‘c’ in figure
shown below.
• The magnetic field required to return electrons back to the cathode
just grazing the surface of the anode is called the critical
magnetic field (Bc) or the cut-off magnetic field.
• If the magnetic field is larger than the critical field (B > Bc), the
electron experiences a greater rotational force and may return
back to the cathode quite faster.
• The various motion of electrons in the presence of different
magnitudes of magnetic field can be viewed in the following
figures,
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
 Case 4
• If the magnetic field is made greater than the
critical field B>Bc
Then the electrons follow a path as electron d, where the electron jumps back to the
cathode, without going to the anode. This causes "back heating" of the cathode.
Refer the resulting figure.

This is attained by cutting off the electric supply when the oscillation starts. If this is
continuous, the emitting competence of the cathode gets affected.
 Operation of Cavity Magnetron
with Active RF Field
As in TWT, let us take on that initial RF oscillations
are present, due to some noise transient. The
oscillations are continued by the operation of the
device. There are three types of electrons
produced in this procedure, whose actions are
assumed as electrons a, b and c, in three different
cases.
 Case 1
• When oscillations are existing, an electron a, slows down
transferring energy to oscillate. Such electrons that transfer their
energy to the oscillations are called as favored electrons. These
electrons are responsible for bunching effect.
Case 2
In this case, another electron, say b, takes energy from the
oscillations and increases its velocity. As and when this is
done,
•It bends more sharply.
•It spends little time in interaction space.
•It returns to the cathode.

These electrons are called as unfavored electrons. They don't

participate in the bunching effect. Likewise, these electrons are
harmful as they cause "back heating".
 Case 3
• In this case, electron c, which is emitted a little
later, moves faster. It tries to catch up with
electron a. The next emitted electron d, tries to
step with a. As a result, the favored electrons a,
c and d form electron bunches or electron
clouds. It called as "Phase focusing effect".
This whole process is understood better by taking a
look at the resulting figure.
Figure A displays the electron actions in different circumstances while
figure B shows the electron clouds formed. These electron clouds happen
while the device is in operation. The charges existent on the internal
surface of these anode segments follow the oscillations in the cavities. This
generates an electric field rotating clockwise, which can be really seen
while performing a practical experiment.

Even though the electric field is rotating, the magnetic flux lines are
designed in parallel to the cathode, under whose combined effect, the
electron groups are formed with four spokes, directed in regular intervals, to
the nearest positive anode segment, in spiral trajectories.
• The RF oscillations of transient nature produced when the HT is
switched on, are sufficient to produce the oscillations in the cavities,
these oscillations are maintained in the cavities reentrant feedback
which results in the production of microwaves.
• Reentrant feedback takes place as a result of interaction of the electrons
with the electric field of the RF oscillations existing in the cavities.
• The cavity oscillations produce electric fields which fringe out into the
interaction space from the slots in the anode structure, as shown in
figure , which illustrates possible trajectory of electrons from cathode
to anode in an eight cavity magnetron operating in  mode .
• Energy is transferred from the radial dc field to the RF field by the
interaction of the electrons with the fringing RF field.
• Due to the oscillations in the cavities, the either sides of the slots
(which acts as a capacitor) becomes alternatively positive and negative
and hence the directions of the electric field across the slot also reverse
its sign alternatively.
• The following figure illustrates possible trajectory of electrons
from cathode to anode in an eight cavity magnetron operating in 
mode,
8 cavities which are tightly coupled to each other are present in the Cavity
Magnetron .An N-cavity magnetron has N modes of operations. These operations
relay upon the rate of recurrence and the phase of oscillations. The total phase shift
around the ring of these cavity resonators should be 2nπ where n is an integer.
• At any instant the anode close to the spiraling electron goes positive,
the electrons gets retarded and this is because; the electron has to move
in the RF field, existing close to the slot, from positive side to the
negative side of the slot.
• In this process, the electron loses energy and transfer an equal amount
of energy to the RF field which retard the spiraling electron.
• On return to the previous orbit the electron may reach the adjacent
section or a section farther away and transfer energy to the RF field if
that part of the anode goes positive at that instant.
• This electron travels in a longest path from cathode to the anode as
indicated by ‘a’ in above Figure , transferring the energy to the RF
field are called as favored electrons and are responsible for bunching
effect and give up most of its energy before it finally terminates on the
anode surface.
• An electron ‘b’ is accelerated by the RF field and instead of imparting
energy to the oscillations, takes energy from oscillations resulting in
increased velocity, such electrons are called unfavored electrons which
do not participate in the bunching process and cause back heating.
• Every time an electron approaches the anode “in phase” with the
RF signal, it completes a cycle. This corresponds to a phase shift
2.
• For a dominant mode, the adjacent poles have a phase difference
of  radians, this called the  - mode.
• At any particular instant, one set of alternate poles goes positive
and the remaining set of alternate poles goes negative due to the
RF oscillations in the cavities.
• As the electron approaches the anode, one set of alternate poles
accelerates the electrons and turns back the electrons quickly to
the cathode and the other set alternate poles retard the electrons,
thereby transferring the energy from electrons to the RF signal.
This process results in the bunching of electrons…
• The mechanism by which electron bunches are formed and by
which electrons are kept in synchronism with the RF field is
called phase focusing effect.
• The number of bunches depends on the number of cavities in the
magnetron and the mode of oscillations. In an eight cavity
magnetron oscillating with  - mode, the electrons are bunched in
four groups as shown in following figure.

• Two identical resonant cavities will resonate at two frequencies

when they are coupled together; this is due to the effect of mutual
coupling.
• Commonly separating the pi mode from adjacent modes is by a
method called strapping. The straps consist of either circular or
rectangular cross section connected to alternate segments of the
anode block.
Hull cutoff Magnetic Equation:
• The equation for the cutoff magnetic field can be obtained by
considering the equations for the motion of electrons in the
cylindrical magnetron which can be written as,
Hartree Condition:
• The Hull cutoff condition determines the anode voltage or
magnetic field necessary to obtain nonzero anode current as a
function of the magnetic field or anode voltage in the absence of
an electromagnetic field. The Hartree condition can be derived as
follows and as shown in the following figure 10-1-9.