MODULE 5

Voting and
Apportionment
 Intended Learning
Outcomes
At the end of this lesson,
students should be able to:
1. use different voting
methods to determine the
The
winner among candidates Voting
or options.
2. identify which among the
Systems
voting methods satisfy some
fairness criteria.
A. THE VOTING SYSTEMS

Voting is a tool used by

groups of people in making a
collective decision.
The Majority System and Plurality
Voting
 THE MAJORITY SYSTEM AND
PLURALITY VOTING
The Majority System is the
most common voting system
applied to an election with only
two candidates. The winner in the
majority system requires more than
half (>50%) of the people voting for
an issue or a candidate.
 For more than two
candidates, it is possible
that the one with the most
votes may not constitute
the majority. In this case, the
winner of this election will
be based on the plurality
method of voting.
 PLURALITY METHOD
• This is the most commonly used
and easiest method to use when
there are more than two
candidates.
• Each voter votes for one
candidate. The candidate
receiving the most votes is
declared the winner.
 EXAMPLE: VOTING
• Voting for Math Club President:
Four students are running for
president of the Math Club: Dian,
Hauyee, Imee and Johnny. The
club members were asked to
rank all candidates. The resulting
preference table for this election
is shown on the next slide.
Number 14 12 9 4 1
of Votes
First H J I D I
Second D I D J J
Third I D J I D
Fourth J H H H H
a) How many students voted in
the election?
b) How many students selected
the candidates in this order:
I, D, J, H?
c) How many students selected
I as their first choice?
a) How many students voted in
the election?
Solution:
Add the row labeled Number
of Votes
14 + 12 + 9 + 4 + 1 = 40
Therefore, 40 students voted in
the election.
 EXAMPLE: VOTING CONTINUED
b) How many students selected
the candidates in this order:
I, D, J, H?
Answer: 3rd column of numbers, 9
people

c) How many students selected I as

their first choice?
Answer: 9 + 1 = 10
EXAMPLE: PLURALITY METHOD
•Who is elected math club
president using the plurality
method?
•We will assume that each
member would vote for the
person he or she listed in first
place.
 From the table:
Hauyee received 14 votes
Johnny received 12 votes

Imee received 9 + 1 = 10 votes

Dian received 4 votes
 EXAMPLE: PLURALITY METHOD
CONTINUED
•Hauyee would be elected
since he received the most
votes. Note that Hauyee
received 14/40, or 35%, of
the first-place votes, which is
less than a majority.
 PLURALITY WITH ELIMINATION
• Each voter votes for one candidate. If a
candidate receives a majority of votes,
that candidate is declared the winner. If
no candidate receives a majority,
eliminate the candidate with the fewest
votes and hold another election. (If there
is a tie for the fewest votes, eliminate all
candidates tied for the fewest votes.)
Repeat this process until a candidate
receives a majority.
• The candidate with the fewest
number of first-place votes is first
eliminated. In case there are two
alternatives with the same lowest
votes, then both are to be
eliminated. The remaining
candidates are re-ranked with the
assumption that voters’
preference do not change from
round to round.
EXAMPLE: PLURALITY WITH ELIMINATION

• Use the plurality with

elimination method to
determine the winner of
the election for president of
the math club.
Count the number of first
place votes
Imee 10 = 9 + 1
Johnny 12
Hauyee 14
Dian 4
EXAMPLE: PLURALITY WITH ELIMINATION

•Since 40 votes were cast, a

candidate must have 20 first
place votes to receive a
majority. Dian had the fewest
number of first place votes so
she is eliminated.
•Redo the table.
Number 14 12 9 4 1
of Votes

First H J I J I

Second I I J I J

Third J H H H H
•Hauyee 14
•Imee 10
•Johnny 16
•Still, no candidate received a
majority. Imee has the fewest
number of first-place vote so
she is eliminated.
 New preference table
Number 14 12 9 4 1
of Votes

First H J J J J

Second J H H H H
•Johnny 26
•Hauyee 14
•Johnny is the winner.
 BORDA COUNT METHOD
• Voters rank candidates from the
most favorable to the least
favorable. Each last-place vote is
awarded one point, each next-to-
last-place vote is awarded two
points, each third-from-last-place
vote is awarded three points, and so
forth. The candidate receiving the
most points is the winner of the
election.
EXAMPLE: BORDA COUNT
• Use the Borda count method to
determine the winner of the
election for math club president.
• Since there are four candidates,
a first-place vote is worth 4 points,
a second-place vote is worth 3
points, a third-place vote is worth
2 points, and a fourth-place vote
is worth 1 point.
Number 14 12 9 4 1
of
Votes
First H J I D I

Second D I D J J

Third I D J I D

Fourth J H H H H
 SOLUTION:
• Hauyee • Imee
• 14 first place • 10 first place
votes votes
• 0 second • 12 second
place
place
• 0 third place
• 26 fourth • 18 third place
place • 0 fourth place
• 14(4) + 0 + 0 + • 10(4) + 12(3) +
26(1) = 82 18(2) + 0 = 112
 CONTINUATION:
• Johnny • Dian
• 12 first place • 4 first place
votes votes
• 5 second • 23 second
place place
• 9 third place • 13 third place
• 14 fourth • 0 fourth place
place • 4(4) + 23(3) +
• 12(4) + 5(3) + 13(2) + 0 = 111
9(2) + 14 = 95
EXAMPLE: BORDA COUNT CONTINUED
• Hauyee - 82
• Imee -112
• Johnny - 95
• Dian - 111
• Imee, with 112 points, receives
the most points and is declared
the winner.
 PAIRWISE COMPARISON
METHOD
• Voters rank the candidates. A series of
comparisons in which each candidate
is compared with each of the other
candidates follows. If candidate A is
preferred to candidate B, A receives
one point. If candidate B is preferred to
candidate A, B received 1 point. If the
candidates tie, each receives ½ point.
After making all comparisons among
the candidates, the candidate
receiving the most points is declared
the winner.
 EXAMPLE: PAIRWISE
COMPARISON
• Use the pairwise comparison
method to determine the winner
of the election for math club
president.
• Comparisons needed:
n(n − 1) 4(3)
c= = =6
2 2
Number 14 12 9 4 1
of
Votes
First H J I D I

Second D I D J J

Third I D J I D

Fourth J H H H H
 EXAMPLE: PAIRWISE COMPARISON
CONTINUED
• Hauyee vs Dian
• H = 14 D = 12 + 9 + 4 + 1 = 26
•D = 1
• Hauyee vs Imee
• H = 14 I = 12 + 9 + 4 + 1 = 26
•I = 1
• Hauyee vs Johnny
• H = 14 J = 12 + 9 + 4 + 1 = 26
•J = 1
 EXAMPLE: PAIRWISE COMPARISON
CONTINUED
• Johnny vs Imee
• J = 12 + 4 = 16 I = 14 + 9 + 1 = 24
•I = 1
• Johnny vs Dian
• J = 12 + 1 = 13 D = 14 + 9 + 4 = 27
•D = 1
• Imee vs Dian
• I = 12 + 9 + 1 = 22 D = 14 + 4 = 18
•I = 1
EXAMPLE: PAIRWISE COMPARISON
CONTINUED

Imee would the election since

she received 3 points, the
most points from the Pairwise
Comparison method.
B. INTRODUCTION TO
APPORTIONMENT
Apportionment Methods
 Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, students are expected
to demonstrate the following:
1. Use each 2. Identify 3. identify if
method of which
an
apportionm among the
apportionm
apportion
ent to ment
ent
distribute problem
methods will
items fairly satisfy the will result to
to several fairness some
groups of a criteria. paradoxes.
population
 APPORTIONMENT
• The goal of apportionment is to
determine a method to allocate the
total number of items to be
apportioned in a fair manner.
• Four Methods
• Hamilton’s method
• Jefferson’s method
• Webster’s method
• Huntington-Hill’s method
 HAMILTON METHOD
•- was proposed by Alexander
Hamilton to assign voting
seats in the House of
Representatives to each
represented state. This
method is based on standard
divisor and standard quota
of the population.
 FORMULAS:
• Standard Divisor (SD) = P/A
• Standard Quota (SQ) = G/SD
• where:
• A – total allocation or the
number of available seats to be
assigned
• P – total population
• G – size of the group
• SD – standard divisor
 HAMILTON’S METHOD
• 1. Calculate each group’s standard
quota.
• 2. Round each standard quota
down to the nearest integer (the
lower quota). Initially, each group
receives its lower quota.
• 3. Distribute any leftover items to the
groups with the largest fractional
parts until all items are distributed.
 EXAMPLE
• A Graduate school wishes
to apportion 15 graduate
assistantships among the
colleges of education, business
and chemistry based on their
undergraduate enrollments.
Find the standard quotas for
the schools.
 EXAMPLE CONTINUED

Educ. SAM S & T Total

Pop. 3200 2940 1880 8020

Std. 3200 2940 1880 14.99

quota 534.67 534.67 534.67
= 5.985 = 5.498 = 3.516
8020
divisor = = 534.67
15
 EXAMPLE: APPORTION THE 15
GRADUATE ASSISTANTSHIPS

Educ. SAM S & T Total

Pop. 3200 2940 1880 8020
3200 2940 1880
Std. 534.67 534.67 534.67
14.99
quota = 5.985 = 5.498 = 3.516

Lower 5 5 3 13
quota
Hamilto 6 5 4 15
n’s
 JEFFERSON METHOD
• - uses a modified standard
divisor (MSD) which is chosen by
trial and error until the sum of the
lower quotas is equal to the
required number of allocations.
The lower quota is the final
apportionment obtained at the
final value of the modified divisor.
In this method, the MSD < SD.
 JEFFERSON’S METHOD
• 1. Determine a modified divisor, d, such
that when each group’s modified quota is
rounded down to the nearest integer, the
total of the integers is the exact number
of items to be apportioned. We will refer
to the modified quotas that are rounded
down as modified lower quotas.
• 2. Apportion to each group its modified
lower quota.
 USE JEFFERSON METHOD IN THIS
EXAMPLE.
Educ. SAM S & T Total

Pop. 3200 2940 1880 8020

Std. 3200 2940 1880 14.99

quota 534.67 534.67 534.67
= 5.985 = 5.498 = 3.516
 MODIFIED DIVISOR = 500
Educ. SAM S & T Total
Pop. 3200 2940 1880 8020
Std. 3200 2940 1880 14.999
534.67 534.67 534.67
quota = 5.985 = 5.498 = 3.516

Mod. 6.4 5.88 3.76

quota
Jefferson 6 5 3 14
 MODIFIED DIVISOR = 495
Educ. Bus. Chem. Total
Pop. 3200 2940 1880 8020
Std. 3200 2940 1880 14.999
534.67 534.67 534.67
quota = 5.985 = 5.498 = 3.516

Mod. 6.46 5.93 3.79

quota
Jefferson 6 5 3 14
 MODIFIED DIVISOR = 480
Educ. Bus. Chem. Total
Pop. 3200 2940 1880 8020
Std. 3200 2940 1880 14.999
534.67 534.67 534.67
quota = 5.985 = 5.498 = 3.516

Mod. 6.67 6.125 3.9167

quota
Jefferson 6 6 3 ✓ 15
Daniel “The Constitution…must
be understood, not as
Webster enjoining an absolute
relative equality,
because that would be
demanding an
impossibility….That
which cannot be done
perfectly must be done
in a manner as near
perfection as can be.”
Daniel Webster, 1832
 WEBSTER’S METHOD
• 1. Determine a modified divisor, d, such
that when each group’s modified
quota is rounded to the nearest integer,
the total of the integers is the exact
number of items to be apportioned. We
will refer to the modified quotas that
are rounded down as modified rounded
quotas.
• 2. Apportion to each group its modified
lower quota.
 WEBSTER’S METHOD
• Round all of the shares to the
nearest whole number.
• If this gives the correct number of
seats, done!
• If not, modify the standard divisor
(by making it larger or smaller)
until the rounded shares add up
to the correct total.
 USE WEBSTER METHOD IN THIS
EXAMPLE.

Educ. SAM S & T Total

Pop. 3200 2940 1880 8020

Std. 3200 2940 1880 14.99

quota 534.67 534.67 534.67
= 5.985 = 5.498 = 3.516
 MODIFIED DIVISOR = 530
Educ. Bus. Chem. Total
Pop. 3200 2940 1880 8020
Std. 3200 2940 1880 14.999
534.67 534.67 534.67
quota = 5.985 = 5.498 = 3.516

Mod. 6.03 5.55 3.55

quota
Jefferson 6 6 4 16 x
 MODIFIED DIVISOR = 534
Educ. Bus. Chem. Total
Pop. 3200 2940 1880 8020
3200 2940 1880 14.999
Std. 534.67 534.67 534.67
= 5.985 = 5.498 = 3.516
quota
Mod. 5.99 5.51 3.52
quota
Jefferson 6 6 4 16 x
 MODIFIED DIVISOR = 534.97
Educ. Bus. Chem. Total
Pop. 3200 2940 1880 8020
Std. 3200 2940 1880 14.999
534.67 534.67 534.67
quota = 5.985 = 5.498 = 3.516

Mod. 5.99 5.49 3.51

quota
Jefferson 6 5 4 ✓ 15
 HUNTINGTON-HILL METHOD
This method of apportionment uses
the geometric means to round standard
quotas until the sum of the modified
quotas equals the exact number of seats
to be apportioned.
You may need to modify the
standard divisor to get the exact total
allocation.
 HUNTINGTON-HILL METHOD

To find the geometric mean,

multiply the upper and lower quotas
then get the square root.
If the SQ < Geometric mean, the
final apportionment is based on the
lower quota. If otherwise, assign the
upper quota.
 HUNTINGTON-HILL METHOD
Steps:
1. Compute for the standard divisor (SD).
SD = P/A = Population/Allocation
2. Compute for the standard quota (SQ).
SQ = G/SD
where:
G = group population
SD = standard divisor
 HUNTINGTON-HILL METHOD
Steps:
3. Determine the lower (n) and the upper
quotas (n + 1).
4. Compute the geometric mean (G.M.).
G.M. = √n(n+1)
5. Determine the allocations.
If SQ < G.M. , round down
If SQ > G.M., round up
6. Add up the resulting whole numbers to get
the initial allocation.
 HUNTINGTON-HILL METHOD
Steps:
7. Modify the divisor if:
a. the total from Step 6 is less than the
allocation (A); reduce the divisor and
recalculate the quota and allocation.
b. the total from step 6 is larger than the
allocation; increase the divisor and recalculate
the quota and allocation. Continue doing this
until the total in Step 6 is equal to the total
number of allocation.
 USE HUNTINGTON-HILL METHOD IN
THIS EXAMPLE.
Educ. Bus. Chem. Total

Pop. 3200 2940 1880 8020

 8020
divisor = = 534.67
15
EDUC. BUS. CHEM. TOTAL

P 3,200 2,940 1,880 8,020

SQ = G/SD
5.985 5.499 3.516
Lower Q
upper Q
Geo.
Mean
Final
App
 8020
divisor = = 534.67
15
EDUC. BUS. CHEM. TOTAL

P 3,200 2,940 1,880 8,020

SQ = G/SD
5.985 5.499 3.516
Lower Q 5 5 3
upper Q 6 6 4
Geo. 5.477 5.477 3.464
Mean
Final 6 6 4 16 x
App
MODIFIED STANDARD DIVISOR (MSD) = 480
A = 15
EDUC. BUS. CHEM. TOTAL

P 3,200 2,940 1,880 8,020

SQ = G/MSD
6.667 6.125 3.917
Upper Q 6 6 3
Lower Q 7 7 4
Geo. 6.48 6.48 3.464
Mean
Final App 7 6 4 17 x
MODIFIED STANDARD DIVISOR (MSD) = 535
A = 15
EDUC. BUS. CHEM. TOTAL

P 3,200 2,940 1,880 8,020

SQ = G/MSD
5.981 5.495 3.514
Upper Q 5 5 3
Lower Q 6 6 4
Geo. 5.477 5.477 3.464
Mean
Final App 6 6 4 16 x
 MODIFIED STANDARD DIVISOR (MSD) = 540
A = 15
EDUC. BUS. CHEM. TOTAL

P 3,200 2,940 1,880 8,020

SQ = G/MSD
5.926 5.444 3.481
Upper Q 5 5 3
Lower Q 6 6 4
Geo. 5.477 5.477 3.464
Mean
Final App 6 5 4 ✓ 15
 REFERENCES
• Adina, E. & Earnhart, R. Mathematics in the Modern
World, C&E Publishing, Inc. 2018
• Nocon, R. and Nocon, E. Essential Mathematics for the
Modern World, C&E Publishing, Inc. 2018
•
THANK YOU