liquid penetrant TESTING

METHOD LEVEL II & III

CHAPTER-4
Emulsification, Penetrant Removal And Developer Application.
 Course Contains

1. DPT Principal And Methods.

2. Types Of Cleaning, Equipment's And Materials.

3. Surface Preparation And Penetrant Application.

4. Emulsification, Penetrant Removal And Developer Application.

5. Inspection, Evaluation, Post Cleaning And Material Control.

6. Discontinuities, Their Origin And Types.

7. Application, Training & Certification.

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❖ Chapter 4:- Emulsification, Penetrant Removal And Developer Application.

This Chapter discusses emulsification, penetrant removal, and developer application.

 Post-emulsification penetrant (P. E. Penetrant)
This type of penetrant emulsification is accomplished by dipping the part in a chemical emulsifier prior to washing. The
emulsifier will break down the penetrant and make it water soluble.
The emulsifier can be applied by dipping or spraying, but not by brushing. The -bristles of the brush may enter the
discontinuity.
 The sketch below represents the steps in a post-emulsification penetrant test.

A. Fluorescent penetrant seeps into discontinuity B. Emulsifier applied to penetrant

 C. Surface penetrant is emulsified D. Water spray removes emulsified penetrant

E. Developer draws penetrant out of discontinuity F. Black(UV-A) light causes indications to fluoresce when
viewed in dark
If too short an emulsification time is used, not all penetrant will be removed, which will cloud over discontinuities.
If too long a time is used, penetrant within the discontinuities will also become water soluble and be washed away with excess penetrant.
The P. E. Penetrant makes the water wash less critical.(compare to water washable )
The sketches below compare the effects of water-washable and post-emulsification penetrants.
Even when most carefully washed, some penetrant will be
lost from view “A" discontinuities, as shown below.

But after careful

emulsification control
and the wash, view
“B" looks like this

(A) WATER-WASHABLE (B) POST-EMULSIFICATION

 ➢ Developer application
➢ Some indications may be visible prior to the application of a developer, but this step will ensure that all discontinuities are visible
to the naked eye.
➢ Developing is accomplished when a highly absorbent powder is applied to the item being tested after excess penetrant is removed.
➢ The penetrant is actually drawn out of the discontinuity by the strong capillary action of the developer.(BLOTTING ACTION)

➢ As shown above, the image of the discontinuity in the developer will actually be larger than the actual size of the
discontinuity.
➢ There are two common types of developers in use today-wet and dry. Both use a white powder and the primary difference is in
the method of application.
 1. WET DEVELOPERS
A. The nonaqueous wet developer (NAWD) is held in suspension in a solvent base and is usually supplied in pressurized cans.
B. Another type of wet developer holds the white powder in suspension in a water base.
➢ This type of wet developer is generally used with water-washable or p. E. Penetrants and is applied by dipping or spraying.
After application, a short time is allowed for the hater to evaporate leaving a thin layer of white powder if an oven is used, the
temperature should not exceed about 225° F (107.22℃) as this could evaporate penetrant in the discontinuity

2. DRY DEVELOPERS
➢ A dry developer is a fluffy white powder that is not carried in a liquid.
➢ Dry developers are applied directly to the article as a powder. This is usually done with slight air pressure or articles may be
dipped into a container of dry developer.
➢ It is very necessary to have a dry surface prior to application of a dry powder. A wet surface will result in uneven layers of
powder.
➢ Dry developer is usually used on fluorescent penetrants.

❑ ADVANTAGES OF "WET" DEVELOPERS

➢ Better on smooth surfaces where the dry developer will not adhere.
➢ When a wide, shallow discontinuity is sought, a wet developer will leave a more even coat of developer.

❑ ADVANTAGES OF "DRY" DEVELOPERS

➢ On rough surfaces, and on sharp fillets, holes, and threaded articles, the wet developer tends to leave too much developer.
Thank You