EXPERIMENT 1: DETERMINATION OF GASOLINE’S HIGHER HEATING VALUE

OBJECTIVE:

To approximate the higher heating value of gasoline using empirical methods.

INTENDED LEARNING OBJECTIVE:

The student shall be able to familiarize with higher heating value and the actual method

of identifying the HHV of the unleaded gasoline.

MATERIALS:

1. 500 mL graduated cylinder

2. Hydrometer

3. Digital Scale

4. 500mL unleaded gasoline

THEORY:

Fuel is composed of chemical elements, which in rapid chemical union with oxygen,

produces combustion. It is any substance, natural or artificial which upon combustion releases

heat energy. Combustion is defined as the rapid chemical union with oxygen of an element

whose exothermic heat of reaction is sufficiently great and whose rate of reaction is sufficiently

fast that useful quantities of heat are liberated at elevated temperatures. Combustion is

synonymous to oxidation, and it is the union of oxygen with combustible material. The general

combustion equation would be:

𝐅𝐮𝐞𝐥 + 𝐀𝐢𝐫 → 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

There are four general classifications of fuels:

1. Solid Fuels – such as coal, coke, wood, charcoal, bagasse, coconut shells, rice husks, and

briquetted fuels.

2. Liquid Fuels – such as crude petroleum and its distillates (gasoline, alcohol, kerosene,

diesel, bunker, and other fuel oils).

3. Gaseous Fuels – such as natural gas, artificial gas, blast furnace gas, liquified petroleum

gas (LPG), methane, acetylene, propane, etc.

4. Atomic Fuels – such as natural uranium, thorium, and artificially produced fuel like

plutonium.

Heating value or calorific value is the amount energy that is needed to fully combust a

certain fuel. There are two types of heating value.

a. Higher Heating Value / Gross Calorific Value (HHV) – the heating value obtained

when the water in the products of combustion s in the liquid state.

b. Lower Heating Value / Net Calorific Value (LHV) – the heating value obtained when

the water in the products of combustion is in the vapor state.

For liquid fuels, the following the empirical equations to be used:

1. Bureau of Standard Formula – used to calculate heating value of fuels of know specific

gravity

𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝒉 = 𝟓𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟔 − 𝟖𝟕𝟗𝟑. 𝟖(𝑺𝑮)𝟐;
𝒌𝒈
PROCEDURES:

1. Using a hydrometer, determine the specific gravity of the unleaded gasoline.

2. The higher heating value of fuel can be approximated using the Bureau of Standard

Formula:

𝒌𝑱
𝑸𝑯𝑯𝑽 = 𝟓𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟔 − 𝟖𝟕𝟗𝟑. 𝟖(𝑺𝑮)𝟐
𝒌𝒈

Where:

QHHV = Higher Heating Value of Fuel

SG = Specific Gravity of Fuel measured using the Hydrometer

3. Repeat the procedures for 3 trials.

DATA AND VALIDATION:

Hydrometer Higher Heating

Trials
Reading (SG) Value (kJ/kg)
1

3
CONCLUSIONS:
EXPERIMENT 2: DETERMINATION OF FUEL CONSUMPTION USING THE

AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE TEST BED AT NO-LOAD CONDITIONS

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the fuel consumption of the gasoline engine at no-load condition.

INTENDED LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

The student shall be able to learn how to operate the gasoline engine test bed, familiarize

with the actual engine and to determine the fuel consumption of the gasoline engine at no-load

condition.

MATERIALS:

1. Pyrometer

2. 500 mL Graduated Cylinder

3. 3 L Beaker

4. 7 L Unleaded Gasoline

5. 3 L of tap water

6. Flat Screw, Adjustable Wrench, 13 mm close wrench

7. Automotive Engine Test Bed

THEORY

The fuel consumption is defined as the amount of fuel that is burned when the engine is

operated at a certain time and then comes to a stop at the end of that certain period.
PROCEDURES

A. PRE- LABORATORY SETUP

Inspect the following in the Automotive Engine Test Bed:

a. Make sure that the brake drum is not touching the leather belt at initial

conditions.

b. Check Fuel Tank if it is loaded with gasoline, at least 3 L of gasoline for start-

up.

c. Make sure that the battery is connected properly.

d. Check the fuel hose if it is connected from the fuel tank to the engine.

e. Start up the automotive engine for at least 15 minutes to heat up the engine.

f. Make sure that the gearing is at neutral position.

g. Adjust the RPM speed to its rated idle rpm rating, which is 900 rpm.

h. Turn off automotive engine test bed for at least 2 minutes.

B. LABORATORY SETUP

a. Prepare a beaker containing 1 L of unleaded gasoline.

b. Detach the fuel hose from the fuel tank, then connect the detached hose from

the engine to the beaker (beaker is used for temporary fuel tank for the

adjustments of the RPM speed)

c. Pour 500 mL of unleaded gasoline into the graduated cylinder and record it on

the table.

d. Replace the beaker with the 500mL graduated cylinder with the unleaded

gasoline.

e. Start the engine.

 f. Turn off the engine after 5 minutes.

g. Replace the graduated cylinder with the beaker.

h. Start the engine again and adjust the rpm to speed to the different rpm values

listed in the table shown below.

i. Repeat procedure “c” to “h”

Initial Volume Final Volume Volume

RPM
(mL) (mL) Consumed (mL)
900
1100
1200
1300

CONCLUSIONS:
EXPERIMENT 3: DETERMINATION OF FUEL CONSUMPTION AND BRAKE

POWER OF THE AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE TEST BED WITH LOAD CONDITIONS

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the fuel consumption of the gasoline engine with load conditions.

INTENDED LEARNING OBJECTIVE:

The student shall be able to learn how to operate the gasoline engine test bed, familiarize

with the actual engine and to determine the fuel consumption of the gasoline engine with load

conditions.

MATERIALS:

1. Pyrometer

2. 500 mL Graduated Cylinder

3. 3 L Beaker

4. Digital Tachometer

5. 7 L Unleaded Gasoline

6. 3 L of tap water

7. Flat Screw, Adjustable Wrench, 13 mm close wrench

8. Automotive Engine Test Bed

EQUATIONS

The energy chargeable to the system can be computed using the formula:

𝑬𝒄 = 𝒎𝒇(𝑯𝑯𝑽)

Where:

𝑬𝒄 = energy chargeable to the system in kW

𝒎𝒇 = mass of fuel in kg/s

𝑯𝑯𝑽 = higher heating value of fuel in kJ/kg

The volume of fuel consumed can be calculated as:

𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅 = 𝑽𝒊 − 𝑽𝒇

Where:

𝑉𝑖 = initial fuel volume, in m3

𝑉𝑓 = final fuel volume, in m3

The volume flow rate of fuel consumed is calculated as:

𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅
̇
𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅 =
𝒕
Where:

𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = the volume flow rate of fuel consumption in m3/s

𝑡 = elapsed time in second.

The density of fuel 𝛒𝒇 can be calculated as:

𝛒𝒇 = 𝑺𝑮𝒇(𝛒𝑯𝟐𝑶)

Where:

ρ𝑓 = the density of fuel, in kg/m3

𝑆𝐺𝑓 = the specific gravity of gasoline, which is measured by the

hydrometer

ρ𝐻2𝑂 = the density of water at standard conditions, 1000 kg/m3

Thus, the mass flow rate of fuel consumed can be calculated as:

𝒎̇𝒇 = 𝛒 𝒇 𝑽 𝒄 𝒐 𝒏 𝒔 𝒖 𝒎𝒆𝒅

Where:

𝑚̇𝑓 = the mass flow rate of fuel consumed, in kg/s

ρ𝑓 = the density of fuel, in kg/m3

𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = the volume flow rate of fuel, in m3/s

The brake power can be computed using the formula:

𝑻𝑵
𝑩𝑷 = ; 𝒌𝑾
𝟗. 𝟓𝟒𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
𝑫
𝑻 = (𝑭𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐) ; 𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎
𝟐
Where:

𝑩𝑷 = the brake power in kW

𝑵 = the rotational speed of the engine in RPM

𝑻 = the frictional torque absorbed by the drum in N-mm

 𝑫 = the brake drum diameter in millimeters

(𝑭𝟏 − 𝑭𝟐) = the net load of the scale in Newtons

𝑭𝟏 = tight-side tension in Newtons

𝑭𝟐 = slack-side tension in Newtons

𝟗. 𝟓𝟒𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 = a conversion factor.

Unit Analysis

𝑩𝑷 = 𝑻𝑵; 𝒌𝑾

1𝑚𝑖𝑛 2π𝑟𝑎𝑑 1𝐽 1𝑘𝐽 1𝑘𝑊

𝐵𝑃 = 𝑇(𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚)𝑁 ( 𝑟𝑒𝑣 ) ( )( )
1𝑚
)( )( ) )
( (
𝑚𝑖𝑛 60𝑠𝑒𝑐 1𝑟𝑒𝑣 1000𝑚𝑚 1𝑁 − 𝑚 1000𝐽 1𝑘𝐽/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑇𝑁
𝐵𝑃 =
60(1000)(1000)
2π
𝑇𝑁
𝐵𝑃 = ; 𝑘𝑊
9549296.586
𝑻𝑵
𝑩𝑷 = 𝒌𝑾
𝟗. 𝟓𝟒𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔
PROCEDURES:

A. PRE- LABORATORY SETUP

Inspect the following in the Automotive Engine Test Bed:

a. Make sure that the brake drum is not touching the leather belt at initial

conditions.

b. Check the initial flow meter reading.

c. Check Fuel Tank if it is loaded with gasoline, at least 3 L of gasoline for start-

up.

d. Make sure that the battery is connected properly.

e. Check the fuel hose if it is connected from the fuel tank to the engine.

f. Start up the automotive engine for at least 15 minutes to heat up the engine.

g. After 15 minutes, make sure that the gearing is at neutral position.

h. Adjust the RPM speed to its rated idle rpm rating, which is 900 rpm.

i. Turn off the automotive engine test bed for at least 2 minutes.

B. LABORATORY SETUP

a. Prepare a beaker containing 1 L of unleaded gasoline.

b. Detach the fuel hose from the fuel tank then connect the detached hose from

the engine to the beaker (beaker is used for temporary fuel tank for the

adjustments of the RPM speed)

c. Start the engine and adjust the RPM speed to 1100 RPM reading on the RPM

gauge

d. Put 10 kilograms of load into the brake drum using the leather belt.

e. Record the tight and slack side tensions of the belt.

f. Turn off the engine.

g. Pour 500 mL of unleaded gasoline into the graduated cylinder and record it on

the table.

h. Replace the beaker with the 500mL graduated cylinder with the unleaded

gasoline.

i. Record the initial flow meter reading.

j. Start the engine.

k. After 3 minutes, record the following data listed on the table below.

l. Turn off the engine after 5 minutes of run time.

m. Record the final flow meter reading.

n. Replace the graduated cylinder with the beaker.

o. Start the engine again and repeat procedures “c” to m” for the following set of

parametric listed on the table.

p. Turn off the engine.

 Gear – Energy Chargeable to the System
Energy
Fuel
Fuel Fuel Mass Chargeable
Ftight Vi Vf Volume HHV
RPM Vconsumed SG Density Flowrate to the
(kg) (mL) (mL) Flowrate (kJ/kg)
(kg/m3) (m3/s) Engine
(m3/s)
(kW)
10 500
1100 15 500
20 500
10 500
1200 15 500
20 500
10 500
1300 15 500
20 500

Gear – Brake Power

Torque
Ftight Fslack Brake Drum Brake Drum Brake Power
RPM Transmitted
(kg) (kg) Speed (RPM) Diameter (mm) (kW)
(N-mm)
10
1100 15
20
10
1200 15
20
10
1300 15
20
CONCLUSIONS:
EXPERIMENT 4: DETERMINATION OF HEAT CARRIED OFF BY THE COOLING

WATER OF THE ENGINE USING THE AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE TEST BED WITH

LOAD CONDITIONS

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the heat carried off by the cooling water of the gasoline engine with load

conditions.

INTENDED LEARNING OBJECTIVE:

The student shall be able to learn how to operate the gasoline engine test bed, familiarize

with the actual engine and to determine the heat carried off by cooling water of the gasoline

engine with load conditions.

EQUATIONS

The mass flow rate of water can be computed as:

𝒎̇𝒘 = 𝛒 𝒘 𝑽 𝒘

Where:

𝑚 𝑤̇ = the mass flow rate of water in kg/s

𝛒𝒘 = the average density of water in kg/m3

𝑉𝑤̇ = the volume flow rate of water in m3/s

The average density of cooling water can be determine using specific volume values from steam

tables at given average temperature:

𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝒗𝒇 @ 𝒕𝒂𝒗𝒆

𝒕𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝒕𝟏 + 𝒕𝟐
𝟐

𝟏
𝛒𝒘 =
𝒗 𝒂𝒗𝒆

Where:

𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒆 = the average specific volume of the cooling water,

in m3/kg

The volume of water measured by the flow meter is determined as:

𝑽𝒘 = 𝑽𝒇 − 𝑽𝒊

Where:

𝐕𝐰 = the volume of water in m3

𝐕𝐟 = the final flow meter reading in m3

𝐕𝐢 = the initial flow meter reading in m3

The volume flow rate of water can be computed as:

𝑽𝒘
𝑽̇ =
𝒘
𝒕

Where:

𝑽 𝒘̇ = the volume flow rate of water in m3/s

𝐕𝐰 = the volume of water in m3

𝐭 = elapsed time in second

The cooling loss is determined as:

𝑸𝒄 = 𝒎𝒘𝒄𝒑𝒘(𝐓𝟐 − 𝐓𝟏)

Where:

𝑸𝒄 = the heat absorbed by the cooling water in kW

𝒎𝒘 = the mass of water in kg/s

𝒄𝒑𝒘 = the average specific heat of water in kJ/kg-°𝑪,

equal to 4.187 kJ/kg-°𝑪

𝒕𝟐 = temperature of cooling water at the outlet in °𝑪

𝒕𝟏 = temperature of cooling water at the inlet in °𝑪

PROCEDURES:

A. PRE- LABORATORY SETUP

Inspect the following in the Automotive Engine Test Bed:

a. Make sure that the brake drum is not touching the leather belt at initial

conditions.

b. Check the initial flow meter reading.

c. Check Fuel Tank if it is loaded with gasoline, at least 3 L of gasoline for start-

up.

d. Make sure that the battery is connected properly.

e. Check the fuel hose if it is connected from the fuel tank to the engine.

f. Start up the automotive engine for at least 15 minutes to heat up the engine.

g. After 15 minutes, make sure that the gearing is at neutral position.

h. Adjust the RPM speed to its rated idle rpm rating, which is 900 rpm.

i. Turn off the automotive engine test bed for at least 2 minutes.

B. LABORATORY SETUP

a. Prepare a beaker containing 1 L of unleaded gasoline.

b. Detach the fuel hose from the fuel tank then connect the detached hose from

the engine to the beaker (beaker is used for temporary fuel tank for the

adjustments of the RPM speed)

c. Start the engine and adjust the RPM speed to 1100 RPM reading on the RPM

gauge

d. Put 10 kilograms of load into the brake drum using the leather belt.

e. Record the tight and slack side tensions of the belt.

f. Turn off the engine.

g. Pour 500 mL of unleaded gasoline into the graduated cylinder and record it on

the table.

h. Replace the beaker with the 500mL graduated cylinder with the unleaded

gasoline.

i. Record the initial flow meter reading.

j. Start the engine.

k. After 3 minutes, record the following data listed on the table below.

l. Turn off the engine after 5 minutes of run time.

m. Record the final flow meter reading.

n. Replace the graduated cylinder with the beaker.

o. Start the engine again and repeat procedures “c” to m” for the following set of

parametric listed on the table.

p. Turn off the engine.

 Gear – Cooling Loss
Initial Final
Ftight
RPM flowmeter flowmeter ∆ Vw (m3) t1 (°C) t2 (°C) ∆t (°C)
(kg)
reading (L) reading (L)
10
1100 15
20
10
1200 15
20
10
1300 15
20

vf at tave Volume Mass flowrate Cooling Loss

tave (°C) ρave (kg/m3)
(m3/kg) flowrate (m3/s) (kg/s) (kW)
EXPERIMENT 5: DETERMINATION OF HEAT CARRIED OFF BY THE FLUE

GASSES USING THE AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE TEST BED WITH LOAD CONDITIONS

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the heat carried off by the cooling water of the gasoline engine with load

conditions.

INTENDED LEARNING OBJECTIVE:

The student shall be able to learn how to operate the gasoline engine test bed, familiarize

with the actual engine and to determine the heat carried off by cooling water of the gasoline

engine with load conditions.

MATERIALS:

1. Pyrometer

2. 500 mL Graduated Cylinder

3. 3 L Beaker

4. Digital Tachometer

5. 7 L Unleaded Gasoline

6. 3 L of tap water

7. Flat Screw, Adjustable Wrench, 13 mm close wrench

8. Anemometer

9. Automotive Engine Test Bed

EQUATIONS

The volume flow rate of flue gasses can be computed as:

𝑽𝒇̇ = 𝑨𝒗

Where:

𝑽𝒇̇ = volume flow rate of the flue gasses in m3/s

v = velocity of the exhaust gas in m/s

A = cross sectional area of the exhaust pipe in m2

The mass flow rate can be determined using:

𝒎𝒇 = 𝑽𝒇̇ (𝛒𝒇)

Where:

𝒎𝒇 = mass flow rate of the flue gas in kg/s

𝑽𝒇̇ = volume flow rate of the flue gasses in m3/s

𝛒𝒇 = average density of the flue gas in kg/m3

The exhaust loss is determined as:

𝑸𝒆 = 𝒎𝒇𝒄𝒑𝒇(𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏)
Where:

𝑸𝒆 = the heat absorbed by the flue gasses in kW

𝒎𝒇 = the mass flow rate of flue gas in kg/s

𝒄𝒑𝒇 = the average specific heat of flue gasses in kJ/kg-°𝑪,

equal to 1.068 kJ/kg-°𝑪

𝒕𝟐 = temperature of exhaust manifold in °𝑪

𝒕𝟏 = temperature of intake manifold in °𝑪

 Gear – Exhaust Loss
Cross
Sectional Cp of Flue Volume Flue Gas
Ftight Velocity Diameter Exhaust Loss
RPM Are of the Gas (kJ/kg- flowrate Density t1 (°C) t2 (°C) ∆t (°C)
(kg) (m/s) (m) (kW)
exhaust K) (m3/s) (kg/m3)
(m2)
10 0.07

1100 15 0.07

20 0.07

10 0.07

1200 15 0.07

20 0.07

10 0.07

1300 15 0.07

20 0.07
 Gear – Energy Balance
Energy &Radiation
Ftight Chargeable Brake Work Cooling Loss Exhaust %Brake %Cooling &Exhaust and
RPM
(kg) to the Engine (kW) (kW) Loss (kW) Work Loss Loss Transmission
(kW) Losses
10

1100 15

20

10

1200 15

20

10

1300 15

20
 DATA AND RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS

Data and Results in Experiment: Determination of Gasoline’s Higher Heating Value

Experiment: Gasoline’s Higher Heating Value

Data and Results in Experiment: Determination of Fuel Consumption using the Automotive Engine Test Bed at No-Load
Conditions

Experiment: Fuel Consumption at No Load Conditions

Data and Results in Experiment: Determination of Energy Chargeable to the Engine, Fuel Consumption, Brake Power, Cooling Loss, Exhaust

Loss, and the 4-item heat balance using the Automotive Engine Test Bed with Load Conditions

Experiment: Data and Results for Fuel Consumption and Energy Chargeable to the Engine in With Load Conditions for 1st Gear
Experiment: Data and Results for Brake Power in With Load Conditions for 1st Gear

Experiment: Data and Results for Exhaust Loss in With Load Conditions for 1st Gear
Experiment: Data and Results for Cooling Loss in With Load Conditions for 1st Gear
Experiment: Data and Results for Energy Balance in With Load Conditions for 1st Gear
Experiment: Data and Results for Fuel Consumption and Energy Chargeable to the Engine in With Load Conditions for 2nd Gear

Experiment: Data and Results for Fuel Consumption and Energy Chargeable to the Engine in
With Load Conditions for 2nd Gear
Experiment: Data and Results for Cooling Loss in With Load Conditions for 2nd Gear
 Experiment: Data and Results for Exhaust Loss in With Load Conditions for 2nd Gear

Experiment: Data and Results for Energy Balance in With Load Conditions for 2nd Gear
Experiment: Data and Results for Fuel Consumption and Energy Chargeable to the Engine in With Load Conditions for 3rd Gear

Experiment: Data and Results for Fuel Consumption and Energy Chargeable to the Engine in
With Load Conditions for 3rd Gear
Experiment: Data and Results for Cooling Loss in With Load Conditions for 3rd Gear
Experiment: Data and Results for Energy Balance in With Load Conditions for 3rd Gear
Experiment: Data and Results for Fuel Consumption and Energy Chargeable to the Engine in With Load Conditions for 4th Gear

Experiment: Data and Results for Fuel Consumption and Energy Chargeable to the Engine in
With Load Conditions for 4th Gear
Experiment: Data and Results for Cooling Loss in With Load Conditions for 4th Gear
Experiment: Data and Results for Energy Balance in With Load Conditions for 4th Gear