BASIC THERMODYNAMICS

THEORY PART

MODULE-1
1. Define the following terms a) Open system b) Closed system c) Isolated system d) Zeroth law of
thermodynamic e) Intensive property f) Extensive property g) Point h) Path i) Surrounding j) Pure
substance

Ans :- a) Open system :- An open system is a type of thermodynamic system where the energy and
matter are often exchanged with its surrounding. Open system can exchange matter with the
surrounding.

b) Closed system :- A closed system is a type of thermodynamic system where only the energy can
be exchanged with its surrounding but not matter.

c) Isolated system :- An isolated system is a thermodynamic system that cannot exchange either
energy or matter outside the boundaries of the system.

d) Zeroth law of thermodynamic :- if the two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system
then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other

e) Intensive property :- Intensive properties are those properties of the system which do not depend
on the extent of the system. That means intensive properties are not related to the mass.

f) Extensive property :- Extensive properties are those properties which depend on the extent of the
system. That means extensive properties are directly related (directly proportional) to the mass.

g) Point :- In thermodynamics, a critical point (or critical state) is the end point of a phase
equilibrium curve.

h) Path :- A process described by the thermodynamics path taken by the system has it undergoes the
change of state.

i) Surrounding :- the region out side the boundaries of a system and adjoining to it is called the
environment of surrounding.

j) Pure substance :- A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout is called pure
substance.

2. With the help of PV diagram, define state, change of state, path, process and cycle.

Ans :- change of state :- In thermodynamics, a process is referred to as the transformation of a

thermodynamic system from an initial thermodynamic state (which is described by the
thermodynamic state variables) to a second thermodynamic state.
Path :- A process described by the thermodynamics path taken by the system has it undergoes the
change of state.

Process :- A thermodynamic process can be defined as a change or alteration from one type of
equilibrium microstate to another type of system. The process can be interpreted by the initial and
final states of the system.

Cycle :- A thermodynamic cycle consists of a linked sequence of thermodynamic processes that

involve transfer of heat and work into and out of the system, while varying pressure, temperature,
and other state variables within the system, and that eventually returns the system to its initial state

3. With a neat sketch, briefly explain thermodynamic system, boundary and surrounding with
examples.

Ans :- Open System :- If the thermodynamic system has the capacity to exchange both matter and
energy with its surroundings, it is said to be an open system.
Example: Consider a beaker in the presence of reactants in an open beaker. Here the boundary is an
imaginary surface enclosing the beaker and reactants.

Closed System :-A system which has the ability to exchange only energy with its surroundings and
cannot exchange matter, it is known as a closed system.

Example : Reactants placed in a closed vessel made of materials like steel, copper, and silver are an
ideal example of a closed system, since the material of the vessel is conducting in nature.

Example: In a car, the engine burns gasoline inside the cylinder and is considered as a
thermodynamic system; the radiator, piston, exhaust system and air outside form the environment
of the system. The inner surfaces of the cylinder and piston are considered as boundary.

4. Give the comparison between Macroscopic and Microscopic approach.

Ans :-
5. What do you mean by thermodynamic equilibrium and also explain Mechanical,

Chemical and Thermal equilibrium?

Ans :- Thermodynamic Equilibrium:

A thermodynamic system is said to exist in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium when no

change in any macroscopic property is registered if the system is isolated from its

surroundings.

An isolated system always reaches in the course of time a state of thermodynamic

equilibrium and can never depart from it spontaneously.

Therefore, there can be no spontaneous change in any macroscopic property if the system

exists in an equilibrium state. A thermodynamic system will be in a state of thermodynamic

equilibrium if the system is the state of Mechanical equilibrium, Chemical equilibrium and

Thermal equilibrium.

 Mechanical equilibrium: The criteria for Mechanical equilibrium are the equality of

pressures.

 Chemical equilibrium: The criteria for Chemical equilibrium are the equality of

chemical potentials.

 Thermal equilibrium: The criterion for Thermal equilibrium is the equality of

temperatures.

6. Derive a two standard fixed-point method of temperature measurements.

Ans :-

Q2
1. Define heat and work. Write the similarities and dissimilarities between them.
Ans :- Heat:

It is the energy in transition between the system and the surroundings by virtue of the

difference in temperature Heat is energy transferred from one system to another solely by

reason of a temperature difference between the systems.

Work:

Thermodynamic definition of work: Positive work is done by a system when the sole effect

external to the system could be reduced to the rise of a weight.

2. Define path function. Prove that heat and work is a path function.

Ans :-
3. With the help of symmetric and PV diagram, briefly explain Quasi- Static process.

Ans :- Quasi static process:

When a process is processing in such a way that system will be remained infinitesimally

close with equilibrium state at each time, such process will be termed as quasi static process

or quasi equilibrium process.

In simple words, we can say that if system is going under a thermodynamic process through

succession of thermodynamic states and each state is equilibrium state then the process will

be termed as quasi static process.

4. Define point function. With the help of PV diagram, show that properties are point

function.

Ans :- Point Functions: Point function are those function which depend upon the initial and final
point of the curve and is not affected by the path of the curve ,even if the path of the function is
changed but the initial and the final points are the same then the function will give the same value .
5. Briefly explain electric work, Pedal wheel Work and shaft work.
MODULE-4
 Q7
1. State and prove Clausius inequality for a cyclic process.

2. State and prove Clausius theorem?

3. Derive change in entropy for Constant volume process.

4. A reversible engine takes 1200 kj/min from a reservoir at 700 K and develops 200 Kj

per minute when executing complete cycles. The engine rejects heat to two reservoirs

at 600 K and 500 K. find the heat rejected to each sink. ((P NO 253 Murli)
5. A heat engine absorbs 200 kj/sec of heat at 227 0C and rejects heat at 27 OC. three

separate cases of heat rejection are reported

a. 180KJ/sec heat rejected

b. 120 KJ/sec Heat rejected

c. 60Kj/s heat rejected. Classify each cycle. (P no : 254 murli)

 Q8
1. Prove that two reversible adiabatic paths cannot intersect each other?
2. With PV diagram, derive an expression for principle increase in entropy.

3. Prove that entropy is a point function.

4. A 10kg bar of cast iron initially at 400 0C is quenched in a 20 liters water tank initially

at 25 0C. assume no heat transfer with the surroundings and no boiling away of liquid

water, calculate the net entropy change for the processes. Cp cast iron = 0.5, Cp water = 4.187.

(P nO 256, M)
5. A 30 kg steel ball at 427 0C is dropped in 150 Kg of oil at 27 0C. the specific heat of

steel and oil are 0.5 Kj/Kg K and 2.5 Kj/Kg K respectively. Estimate the entropy change

of steel, the oil and that of the system containing steel and oil.(P No 264, M)