WATER SYSTEMS

Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty

Associate Prof. – Mechanical & Marine Engineering Dept.
College of Engineering & Technology
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime
Transport – AASTMT
www.drelsafty.com
E-mail: elsafty@hotmail.com
 Introduction
• Purpose of air
conditioning
▪ Luxury:
Residential
Commercial
▪ Necessary
Pharmaceuticals
industry
Laboratories
IT Industry

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

 Air Conditioning

Central Unitary

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

 AC systems
• All Air Systems
• All water systems
• Air-Water Systems
• Special Systems

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

 Air Conditioning Central System:

Hot water return Exhaust air Return air

Flue gases Steam

Prefilter
H.Ex.
Hot water supply Air damper Main filter Return air fan
Fuel&air Cooling coil
Steam generator Condensate Heating coil

Outside air Supply air

Hot water pump
Boiler pump

Alternative hot water system
Air cooled condenser
Chilling unit
Air Handling Unit (AHU) Air humidifier
Supply air fan
Flue gases
Hot water return
Cold water return
Fuel&air
Cold water supply Hot water supply To other AHU
Hot water boiler
Cold water pump
Cold water pump
Alternative Chilling unit

Chilling unit

Condensing water to cooling tower

Cold water return
Condensing water from tower
Cooling tower Cold water supply To other AHU

Condensing water pump Chilled water pump

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

 There are four basic system categories:
1 Central chilled water air conditioning systems - All Air Systems
1.1 Single zone 1.4 Dual Duct
1.2 Reheat 1.5 Multizone
1.3 Variable Air Volume
2 Central chilled water air conditioning systems - Air-and Water Systems
2.1 Induction 2.3 Two-pipe
2.2 Fan Coil 2.4 Three-pipe
3 Central chilled water air conditioning systems - All Water Systems,
including cooling towers which can also be applied to systems 1, 2 above
3.1 Fan-coil units
3.2 Central chilled water air conditioning system with fan coils and
other devices
3.3 Water cooling tower
4 Direct expansion Systems [i.e. direct expansion of refrigerant, without the
chilled water cooling medium ]
4.1 Window air conditioners
4.3 Split type and package air conditioning systems
4.2 Unitary and Rooftop Air Conditioners
4.4 Heat pumps
Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty
 1. ALL AIR SYSTEM
• An all-air system provides complete sensible
and latent cooling capacity in the cold air
supplied by the system.
• Heating can be accomplished by the same air
stream, either in the central system or at a
particular zone.
• All-air systems can be classified into 2
categories:
– Single duct systems
– Dual duct systems

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

All Air Systems

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

Multiple zone system schematic
(courtesy of E-source, Boulder, CO).

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

 Components of an All-Air System
Outdoor air Equipment may be packaged or separated

Heat source
Fan Supply air

Humidifier
duct

Air filter

cooling
source
To other
rooms

Exhaust
air Air diffuser Room
Relurn air duct

Return air fan (optional) From other

rooms

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

 Distribution systems important components:
1. The Air Handling Unit is a cabinet that includes or houses
the central furnace, air conditioner, or heat pump and the
plenum and blower assembly that forces air through the
ductwork.
2. The Supply Ductwork carries air from the air handler to the
rooms in a house. Typically each room has at least one
supply duct and larger rooms may have several.
3. The Return Ductwork carries air from the conditioned
space back to the air handler. Most houses have only one or
two main return ducts located in a central area.
4. Supply and Return Plenums are boxes made of duct
board, metal, drywall or wood that distribute air to individual
ducts or registers.

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

 Distribution systems important components:
5.The Ductwork is a branching network of round or
rectangular tubes generally constructed of sheet metal,
fiberglass board, or a flexible plastic and wire composite
material located within the walls, floors, and ceilings. The
three most common types of duct material used in home
construction are metal, fiberglass duct board, and flex-duct.
6. Flex-duct is installed between the register and plenum box,
or plenum box and air handler, usually in a single,
continuous piece. While flex-duct has fewer seams, the
inner lining and outer insulated covering can tear or be
pinched closed. Also longer flex-duct runs can restrict the
flow of air; proper design and installation is very important.
7. Both metal and fiberglass duct board are rigid and
installed in pieces. Fiberglass duct board, like flex-duct, is
made of an insulation material. Ducts are built of sections of
the duct board. The seams in the duct board should be
carefully sealed with mastic or high quality duct tape.
Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty
Distribution systems important components:
8. Rectangular metal duct, especially the kind used for plenums and
larger trunk runs, is often insulated on the inside with fiberglass duct
liner. If it is not insulated on the inside, metal ducts should be insulated
on the outside using a fiberglass matt with an attached metal foil vapor
retarder. The insulation should be at least two inches thick, and the
vapor barrier installed on the outside of the insulation facing away
from the duct.
The seams in the insulation are usually stapled together around the
duct and then taped. All of the seams should be sealed before
insulation is installed. All return and supply ducts located outside the
conditioned space, in attics, crawlspaces, or basements, for example,
should be sealed and insulated.
9. Ductwork Joints join pieces of ductwork.
10. Elbows are manufactured pieces of duct used for turns.
11. Boots connect ductwork to registers.
12. Registers and Grilles are the coverings for duct openings into the
conditioned

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

1. ALL AIR SYSTEM
Advantages of All Air Systems
• The central plant is located in central room,
hence facilitating operating and maintenance,
noise control and choice of suitable equipment.

• No piping, electrical wiring and filters are

located inside the conditioned space.

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

1. ALL AIR SYSTEM
Advantages of All Air Systems
• Gives a wide choice of zone-ability, flexibility, and
humidity control under all operating conditions.
• Allows good design flexibility for optimum air
distribution, draft control, and local requirements.
• Adapts to winter humidification

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

Disadvantages of All Air Systems

• Requires additional duct clearance which can

reduce the usable floor space.

• It requires a close cooperation between

architectural mechanical and structural engineers.

• Air balancing in large systems, can be difficult.

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

All Air System Classified to
All Air
System

Single- Reheat Variable Dual Multi-

Zone Air system Duct zone

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

1-Single Zone System

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

2. Reheat System

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3. Variable Air Volume System

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

Basic Components of Reheat VAV System

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

4. Dual Duct System

4.1 Single Fan Dual Duct System.

4.2 Two Fan Dual Duct System.

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4.1 Single Fan Dual Duct System

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4.2 Two Fan Dual Duct System

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5.Multi-Zone System

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

 2. All Water System
• Fundamentally, the function of the chilled-
water system is to transport the cooling
fluid from the chillers to the load terminals
and back to the chillers.
• Systems that use water as the heat
transfer medium are called Hydronic
Systems. [Hydronic]

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

 2. All Water System
Direction of Water Flow in All Water Systems

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

Water distribution
•Series Loop

•One pipe system

•Two pipes, with or without seasonal changeover

•Three pipes

•Four pipes

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

 Methods of Distributing Cooling
and Heating Media:
• Water Piping Arrangements:
– One-pipe arrangement.
– Two-pipe arrangement
– Three-pipe arrangement
– Four-pipe arrangement.

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

1.Series loop

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

2.One pipe system

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3.Two pipe systems

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

4.Three pipe systems

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5.Four pipe systems

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

System Advantages

•First cost is often less than for other central systems.

•Less building space is required.
•More suitable for retrofit applications.
•Off-hour conditioning does not require a central air
system operation.

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

System Advantages

•Water is a more energy and space efficient method of

cooling and heating energy distribution.

•Re-circulation of air is unnecessary so mixing of odors

and contaminants, or concerns over fire and smoke
spreading from one zone to another, are minimized.

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty

System Disadvantages
•Some maintenance must be performed in occupied areas.

•Ventilation is usually from a wall aperture and is not

easily controlled

•A separate ventilation system is required for quality

installations.

•Relative humidity may be high in summer, particularly if

chilled water flow is modulated for temperature control
Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty