Sustainable Urban Engineering

WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING & APPLICATIONS

Dr. Anabel A. Abuzo, Associate Professor

Civil Engineering Department- Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan
HYDRAULOGIC CYCLE
Evaporation
Transpiration
Interception
Sublimation
Condensation
Precipitation
Infiltration
Runoff
Storage
& Discharge
WATER SOURCES Source: https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=79936&printable=1
GLOBAL WATER SOURCE PROFILE https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Distributi
on-of-available-global-water_fig1_351888606
GLOBAL WATER RESOURCE: SUPPLY PROFILE
SUPPLY & RESOURCES

http://igeogers.weebly.com/water-demand-and-management-issues.html
WORLD WATER SUPPLY
WATER DEMAND & USAGE http://igeogers.weebly.com/water-demand-and-management-issues.html
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity#/media/File:GlobalWaterWithdrawals.jpg

WATER DEMAND & USAGE

http://igeogers.weebly.com/water-demand-and-management-issues.html

Recommended basic water for human needs (per person)

WATER DEMAND: USAGE
GLOBAL WATER USAGE
The U.S. uses a large amount of
water each day compared to other
countries.
Ave. person in U.S.: 156 gallons a day
Ave. person in France: 77 gallons a day
Ave. person in India: 38 gallons a day
Ave. person in Mali: 3 gallons a day

Source: http://www.unwater.org/downloads/Water_facts_and_trends.pdf
WATER DEMAND BY SECTOR
POPULATION & DEMAND
FAO Land and Water
 WATER SCARCITY: WITHDRAWAL TO SUPPLY
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity#/media/File:Water_stress_2019_WRI.png

Water is not
equally
distributed
around the
world.
---
Some places
have an
abundance
of water
but others
have real
shortages.

Water scarcity: refers to the lack of water

Water stress: refers to the impact of high water use (either withdrawals or consumption) relative to its availability
WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution is the
contamination of water bodies
Environmental degradation of
water occurs when pollutants are
directly or indirectly discharged
into water bodies without
adequate treatment to remove
harmful compounds

Water pollution affects

• Natural environment: fora and
fauna on water and land
• Built environment: communities
that relies on water
https://researchoutreach.org/articles/soil-groundwater-contamination-old-new-issue-needs-solved/
Soil Pollution Type
Point Source
Non-point Sources
WATER POLLUTION
WATER POLLUTION TYPES
Pathogens include
• high levels of pathogens may result from on-site sanitation systems
• inadequately treated sewage discharge and poorly managed livestock operations

Organic water pollutants include

• Detergents
• Disinfection by-products
• Food processing waste
• Insecticides and herbicides and other chemical compounds
• Petroleum hydrocarbons: fuels, lubricants (motor oil) and combustion by-products
• Volatile organic compounds, such as industrial solvents, from improper storage
• Chlorinated solvents since they don't mix well with water and are denser.
• Chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and cosmetic products
• Drug pollution involving pharmaceutical drugs and their metabolites
WATER POLLUTION TYPES
Inorganic water pollutants include
• acidity caused by industrial discharges (i.e. sulfur dioxide from power plants)
• ammonia from food processing waste
• chemical waste as industrial by-products
• fertilizers containing nutrients--nitrates and phosphates—which are found in
storm water runoff from agriculture, as well as commercial and residential use
• heavy metals from motor vehicles and acid mine drainage
• silt (sediment) in runoff from construction sites, logging, and burning or land
clearing
Macroscopic pollution
• "floatables" in an urban storm water or marine debris
• trash or garbage (e.g. paper, plastic, or food waste) Nurdles, small ubiquitous
waterborne plastic pellets
• shipwrecks, large derelict ships
WATER POLLUTION TYPES
Thermal pollution
• elevated water temperatures decrease
oxygen levels, which can kill fish and
alter food chain composition, reduce
species biodiversity, and foster invasion
by new thermophilic species
• use of water as a coolant by power
plants and industrial manufacturers
• urban runoff may also elevate
temperature in surface waters
• release of very cold water from the base
of reservoirs into warmer rivers
WASTE WATER POLLUTION
WASTE WATER POLLUTION
ANTHROPOGENIC WATER ISSUES
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/eme807/node/636

▪ groundwater depletion
▪ contamination of
ground- & surface- water
▪ lake drying
▪ droughts
▪ desertification
▪ eutrophication
▪ loss of habitat
▪ water & food shortages
PILLARS OF SUSTAINABILITY

https://www.mdpi.com/2413-8851/4/1/11/htm
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/fi
gure/Schematic-illustrations-for-
sustainable-water-resources-
management_fig4_267386446
WATER SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES & CHALLENGES
Our water resources face a host of
serious threats, all of which are
caused primarily by human activity.

✓ Climate Change
✓ Sedimentation
✓ Deforestation
✓ Water Pollution
✓ Water Scarcity
✓ Water Conflict
✓ Landscape Changes
✓ Urban Growth
✓ Excessive Groundwater
Extraction & Withdrawal https://www.epa.gov/watersense/how-we-use-water
SUSTAINABILITY CONSIDERATIONS

https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-water- https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-water-infrastructure/water-infrastructure-challenge
infrastructure/water-infrastructure-challenge
SUSTAINABILITY CONSIDERATIONS
Sustainable Water Infrastructure (supply & demand)
Sustaining the collection and distribution systems,
treatment plants and other infrastructure that collects,
treats and delivers water-related services.

Sustainable Water Sector Systems (water balance)

Sustaining all aspects of the utilities & systems that
provide water-related services.

Sustainable Communities (water management)

Promoting the role of water services in furthering the
broader goals of the community.

https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-water-infrastructure/water-infrastructure-challenge
SUSTAINABILITY APPLICATION: ADAPTATION
ADAPTATION &
MITIGATION
Global adaptation
readiness and
income mitigate
sectoral climate
change
vulnerabilities

https://www.sciencedirect.c
om/science/article/abs/pii/S
0048969720351718
MITIGATION: WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING
Water resources engineering is the
study and management of equipment,
facilities and techniques that are used to
manage and water as a resource.

Applications: control water as it pertains

to water-related activities
✓water projects: sanitation & waste
disposal, canal & drainage
✓water management: agriculture (crop
& livestock), potable & domestic usage
MITIGATION: WATER RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

https://researchoutreach.org/article
s/soil-groundwater-contamination-
old-new-issue-needs-solved/
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
https://www.aquatechtrade.com/news/water-treatment/water-resource-management-essential-guide/
INSTITUTIONAL WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/integrated-water-resources-management
MITIGATION: WATER PROTECTION PROGRAM
https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/assess-plan-and-protect-source-water

INVENTORY AND
CHARACTERIZATION of the
contaminant threads in the source
water protection area

ACTION PLAN OUTLINING

STRATEGIES AND RESOURCES
required for the long-term
management of the source to prevent
contamination

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
MANAGEMENT MEASURES
identified in the planning process
MITIGATION: WATER CONSERVATION

Water conservation is the

practice of using water
efficiently to reduce
unnecessary water usage.

Water Conservation is
deduction in water loss
✓Sustainability
✓Energy Conservation
✓Habitat Conservation
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40899-021-00556-2
✓Better Irrigation Practices
✓Use of saline water for irrigation
✓Propagation of dry garden
✓Eco Lawns
✓Mulching
✓Contour Farming
✓Inter-linking systems
✓Recharge and Soak Pits Construction
✓Tree Plantation
✓Rainwater Harvesting
✓Innovative Surface Water
✓Tippy Tap
✓Renovation of Tradition Water Bodies
MITIGATION:
WATER
PURIFICATION
vis-à-vis
SEWAGE
TREATMENT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources#/
media/File:Urban_Water_Cycle_-_EPA_2004.png
MITIGATION: WASTE WATER
MANAGEMENT

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Wastewater-irrigation-and-its-definition-6-8-left-photo-wastewater-irrigation-of_fig2_318287936
MITIGATION: IOT & SMART SYSTEMS
INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)-BASED WATER
DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10098-020-01975-z
MITIGATION: IOT & SMART SYSTEMS

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10098-020-01975-z
WATER MANAGEMENT: COWD

https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/Te
chnical-Briefer-NRW-FINAL.pdf
COWD MANAGEMENT Source: https://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/policy/health/water_supply/dl/project_2017.pdf
MITIGATION: : WATER QUALITY & BALANCE

https://www.envisupply.com/resources/benefits-water-quality-audit.html https://www.slideshare.net/cpkumar/water-balance-analysis
MITIGATION: : WATER AUDIT

http://www.inventumpower.com/product.aspx?category=Water-Audit https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/water-audit-service-9929348462.html
MITIGATION: WATER AUDIT
 ADAPTATION
TECHNOLOGIES

https://www.dhigroup.com/global/news/2017/11/launc
hed-climate-change-adaptation-technologies-for-water
ADAPTATION INFRASTRUCTURE: STORM & FLOOD

LOCKS BARRIERS
ADAPTATION INFRASTRUCTURE: FLOOD BARRIERS SYSTEMS

DIKES LEVEES
DISCHARGE CHANNEL
ADAPTATION INFRASTRUCTURE: ARTIFICIAL PONDS

DETENTION PONDS RETENTION PONDS

ADAPTATION INFRASTRUCTURE: STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

DETENTION PONDS RETENTION PONDS

ADAPTATION INFRASTRUCTURE: URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

CANAL DRAINAGE
ADAPTATION INFRASTRUCTURE: WAVE CONTROL SYSTEMS

C OA STA L WAV E B R EA K E R
ADAPTATION INFRASTRUCTURE: ROAD DRAIN SYSTEMS

G R E E E N S T O R M WAT E R P I T
ADAPTATION: ROAD INFILTRATIONDRAIN SYSTEMS

PERMEABLE PAVEMENTS
REFERENCES
Climatic Change Improving China's water resources management for better adaptation to climate change - Scientific
Figure on Research Gate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Total-water-resources-and-water-
abstraction-unit-billion-m-3-in-Chinas-major-river_tbl3_267386446 [accessed 31 Oct, 2021]
Study Session 4 The Water Cycle and Sources of Water,
https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=79936&printable=1
Project for Improvement of Water Quality Management in Cagayan de Oro Water District, Republic of the Philippines
https://www.mhlw.go.jp/english/policy/health/water_supply/dl/project_2017.pdf
Potential Impacts of Climate Change: https://www.inforse.org/europe/dieret/Climate/climate%20graphics/38.htm
Water Scarcity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity#/media/File:GlobalWaterWithdrawals.jpg
How we use our water https://www.epa.gov/watersense/how-we-use-water
Understanding the water conservation and management in India: an integrated study
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40899-021-00556-2