CHEMISTRY

“The Science that matters”

A short history of
CHEMISTRY
Transform alchemy into
chemistry
What is chemistry?

Study that deals with the structure, properties,

composition of matter and the changes (energy) it
undergoes.

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

Fields of Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
◼ Determines the identity and quantity of each element or compound
present in a substance
◼ Quantitative Analysis
◼ Qualitative Analysis

Biochemistry
Study of the chemical composition of living matter and of the chemical
processes that occur in living organisms.
Physical chemistry
The study of the physical properties of molecules, and their relation to
the ways in which molecules and atoms are put together.
 Fields of Chemistry

Organic Chemistry
◼ Study of carbon and its compounds.
Inorganic Chemistry
◼ Study of all elements and compounds that do not contain carbon.
Metals, Halogens and Alkalies
 Fields of Chemistry

Chemical Engineering – A combination of chemistry and engineering that

improves or develops industrial processes for making commercial amounts
desirable chemicals that have been produced only in small quantities or in
the laboratory.
Nuclear Chemistry
◼ Study of radioactivity, the atomic nucleus and nuclear reactions and the
development of application for radioactive isotopes in medicine and
industry.
WHY STUDY CHEMISTRY?
CHEMISTRY IN COFFEE
WHY DO ONIONS MAKE US CRY?
WHAT IS IN A CIGARETTE?
BODY COMPOSITION
Chemistry is all around us. Oxygen and water are
vital support system for human and animal life.
Carbon dioxide is needed by plants in
manufacture of food. Other natural materials
are minerals and elements such as iron, copper,
silicon, and gold which are used in various forms
and ways.
PHYSICS
 PHYSICS
Branch of science which deals with the study of
matter and energy.
PHYSICS
Is a natural science

Is a physical science

Is a fundamental science
MOST BASIC THINGS OF NATURE
BRANCHES OF PHYSICS
BRANCHES OF PHYSICS
CLASSICAL MECHANICS
WAVE PHYSICS
THERMODYNAMICS
ELECTROMAGNETISM
OPTICS
ATOMIC PHYSICS
QUANTUM MECHANICS
IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICS
Introduction to the
Scientific Method
 To Begin
Scientific Method is a process that is used to solve every day
problems or questions.

Scientists use a specific set of steps when investigating a problem

or a question about the world around them.

Steps within the scientific method will vary from textbook to

textbook, but the process is basically the same.
 Steps of the Scientific Method
Step 1: Ask a Question
Step 2: Research your Question
Step 3: Create a Hypothesis
Step 4: Design and Test your Experiment
Step 5: Collect and Analyze Data/Draw Conclusions
If hypothesis was supported, repeat experiment several more times
to confirm results.
If hypothesis was not supported, go back and modify or revise
your hypothesis.
Step 6: Communicate your Results
 Real Life Example:
Can you think of an example of when you might have used the
scientific inquiry process?

◼ My Example:
◼ I went camping and my flashlight didn't work.
◼ I Asked: Why isn't my flashlight turning on?

◼ I Hypothesized: The batteries are dead.

◼ I Tested: Put in a new set of batteries

and turned on the flashlight.

 Scientific Method Quiz

Read the following sentences and select the word that best fills
each blank.

Lets Begin ☺
 Question #1
The __________ method is a process that scientists use to help
answer questions or test new ideas.

a. Variable
b. Scientific
c. Control
d. Think
 Question #2
The first step is to ask a question or identify a ______.

a. Conclusion
b. Data
c. Experiment
d. Problem
 Question #3
Next, information must be gathered by __________ your question
or problem.

a. Senses
b. Control
c. Researching
d. Solving
 Question #4
Scientists then create _____________ to test their hypothesis.

a. Theories
b. Experiments
c. Properties
d. Conclusions
 Question #5
While you are performing your experiment, observations are made
and recorded. This is also known as collecting ____________.

a. Data
b. Hypothesis
c. Expressions
d. None of the above
 Question #6
Once scientists analyze their data, they will come to a ___________
that either proves or disproves their hypothesis.

a. Meeting
b. Data
c. Conclusion
d. Laboratory
Measurement in Chemistry

Experimental science
Any branch of science without measurement is
meaningless
Reliability of measurement is dependent upon the
measuring instrument and the person making the
measurement.
Number and unit
PRECISION- refers to the degree of closeness or agreement
among the numerical values derived from a series of measurement
done successively.

ACCURACY- closeness of measurement to the true or accepted

value
 Trial 1----- 0.782
Trial 2------ 0.778 PRECISION

Trial 3 ------ 0.780

AVERAGE: 0.780 g/mL ACCURACY

TRUE VALUE: 0.781 g/mL at 20˚C
 .

Good Accuracy
v

Good Precision

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

 .

Poor Accuracy
Good Precision

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

 .

Poor Accuracy
Poor Precision

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

 Scientific notation
Measurements can range from very large to extremely tiny,
depending on what it is to be measured.
◼ 2 x 103 ---→ 2, 000 2 x 10 -3 ---→ .002
◼ Wherein
◼ 2-coefficient

◼ 10-base

◼ 3-exponent
Significant figures
Digits in the measured number that include all certain digits plus a
final one that is somewhat uncertain.

GUIDELINES FOR USING SF

1. Any digit that is non zero is significant. 1.2323- 5 SF; 323- 3 SF
2. Zeros between non zero digits are significant. 606- 3 SF ; 40,340- 5 SF
3. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant. 0.03- 1 SF; 0.000083-
2SF
4. If a number is greater than 1, all zeros to the right of decimal point are significant
2.00- 3SF 3.040- 4 SF
If a number is less than 1, only zeros at the end and in between non zero digits are
significant. 0.090- 2 SF; 0.3005- 4 SF
5. For numbers that do not contain trailing zeros may or not be significant.
400 4x102 – 1 SF; 4.0 x102 – 2 SF; 4.00 x102 – 3 SF
METRIC SYTEM (International System of Units
or SI System)

Length meter (m)

Mass kilogram (kg)
Temperature Kelvin (K)
Time second (s)
Amount of Substance mole (mol)
Electric current ampere (A)
Luminous Intensity candela (cd)
 Metric System
The metric system is an internationally agreed decimal system of
measurement created in France in 1799.

In the metric system, each basic type of measurement (length,

weight, capacity) has one basic unit of measure (meter, gram,
liter).
 English System
While the metric system was lawfully accepted for use in the
United States in 1866, the US has not adopted the metric system
as its "official" system of measurement.

The US English System of measurement grew out of the manner

in which people secured measurements using body parts and
familiar objects.
 Length
1 foot (ft) = 12 inches (in)
1 yard (yd) = 3 feet
1 mile (mi) = 5280 feet
1 mile = 1760 yards
Weight
1 pound (lb) = 16 ounces (oz)
1 ton = 2000 pounds
Capacity
1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 3 teasponns
(tsp)
1 cup (c) = 16 tablespoons
1 cup = 8 fluid ounces (oz)
1 pint (pt) = 2 cups
1 quart (qt) = 2 pints
1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts
 Length

The SI standard unit for length is the meter (m). It is equivalent to

the distance traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of
1/299 792 458 of a second.
The instrument commonly used in the laboratory to measure
length is the meter stick.
 Mass and Volume
Mass is the amount or quantity of material present in a body.
It is fixed and is independent of the object’s location and
position.
The SI standard unit for mass is kilogram (kg).

VOLUME is defined as the amount of space occupied by an

object.
The SI unit for volume is the cubic meter (m3).
The graduated cylinder is the most commonly used laboratory
apparatus to measure the volume of a liquid.
Temperature

The property that indicates the hotness or coldness of a

system regardless of its size.
Thermometer is used to measure temperature.
The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin.
Developed by William Thomson Lord Kelvin
 Celsius and Fahrenheit

Celsius scale was developed by a Swedish astronomer, Anders

Celsius.

Fahrenheit scale was developed by Daniel Fahrenheit, a German

who first used the mercury-in-glass thermometer.
 Density

It is defined as the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume

occupied by that mass.

Density (d) = mass/volume

The SI unit for expressing density is kg/ m3

1. If 96.5 grams of gold has a volume of 5 cm3, what is the
density of gold?

2. If the density of a diamond is 3.5 g/cm3, what would be the

mass of a diamond whose volume is 0.5 cm3?

3. If a 96.5g piece of aluminum has a density of 2.7 g/cm3,

what is its volume?
Temperature Conversion Formulas
To convert between degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and degrees
Celsius (°C):
C = (5/9) x (F -32)
F = (9/5) x C + 32
To convert between degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and Kelvin (K):
F = ((9/5) x (K -273)) + 32
K = (5/9 x (F -32)) -273
To convert between degrees Celsius (°C) to Kelvin (K):
C = K - 273
K = C + 273