Results in Physics 7 (2017) 2950–2957

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/results-in-physics

Metachronal wave analysis for non-Newtonian fluid under

thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects
A. Shaheen a,⇑, S. Nadeem b
a
Department of Mathematics, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
b
Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper analyse the mathematical model of ciliary motion in an annulus. The effect of convective heat
Received 11 July 2017 transfer and nanoparticle are taken into account. The governing equations of Jeffrey six-constant fluid
Received in revised form 27 July 2017 along with heat and nanoparticle are modelled and then simplified by using long wavelength and low
Accepted 3 August 2017
Reynolds number assumptions. The reduced equations are solved with the help of homotopy perturba-
Available online 7 August 2017
tion method. The obtained expressions for the velocity, temperature and nanoparticles concentration
profiles are plotted and the impact of various physical parameters are investigated for different peristaltic
Keywords:
waves. Streamlines has also been plotted at the last part of the paper.
Non-Newtonian fluid
Peristaltic flow
Ó 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://
Cilia effect creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Analytical solution

1. Introduction
Peristalsis is an important mechanism for approaching fluid in a
channel or tube by means of an implementation contractile ring
over the tube, which drives the material forward. In several proce-
dure of physiology and engineering, peristaltic flow concerns are
broadly seen in channel/tube. Such flows emerge in swallowing
of food during esophagus, urine transportation from kidney to
bladder, assessment chyme in gastrointestinal tract, ovum move-
ment in the female fallopian tube, spermatozoa transfer in the
ducts efferent’s of male reproductive tract, vasomotion of narrow
blood vessels, water movement from ground to above branches
of grown-up trees cited as [1–5].
Peristalsis during male reproductive system was examined
experimentally and numerically by Srivastava [6], Gupta [7], Guha
[8] and Batra [9] where a peristaltic flow has been modelled in the
vas deferens by considered it to be a non uniform tube. Unsteady
heat and mass transfer mechanisms in MHD Carreau nanofluid
flow has been discussed by Massoed et al. [10]. On unsteady heat
asnd mass transfer in Carreau nanofluid flow over expanding or
contracting cylinder has been discussed by Azam et al. [11]. A
few other main studies relating to the sort of heat and mass trans-
fer are cited in Refs. [12–16].
Another important area related to peristalsis is known as Cilia
(Single cilium), A cilium means an eye lash in Latin, is motile hair
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: shaheenaqila@gmail.com (A. Shaheen).
like slender that projects from free surface of certain cells. Common
in single cell organisms known as eukryotes. These hair like
structures wave to move cell or to move something around the cell.
Certain tissues like the fallopian tubes in women, the trachea, the
ductus efferent of human males reproductive tract also have a dis-
tinct type of cilia that help in the movement of substances along the
tissues surfaces [17]. There are two types of Cilia, motile and non-
motile cilia. Cilia which lie on the tissues surface are responsible
for protecting a person from germs in the lungs are called motile
cilia and are found in groups. Whereas, primary cilia are usually
found only one at a time on cells. Cilia plays an important role in
many psychological processes such as locomotion, alimentation,
circulation, respiration and reproduction. Cilia operate in a periodic
two-phase movement of effective and recovery stroke. An effective
stroke is executed when a cilium extends itself into the fluid and
drags the maximum volume of the fluid forward. Whereas, during
a recovery stroke a cilium bends towards itself. Ciliated surfaces
can have different patterns depending upon the direction of propa-
gation. When the propagative direction of the metachronal wave is
the same as the direction of the effective stroke, the beat coordina-
tion is called symplectic. If instead both directions oppose each
other than the coordination is termed antiplectic [18] The interac-
tion of cilia and its propulsion has attained much research efforts
by physicists and engineers [19,20]. Basten and Giles [21] repre-
sented a detailed study on the functionality of primary cilia, their
signaling, cell cycle and also different diseases which developed
due to the dysfunctional cilia like tumorigenesis, syndromes etc.
Lardner and Shack [22] developed a model for movement of viscous

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2017.08.005
2211-3797/Ó 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 A. Shaheen, S. Nadeem / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 2950–2957 2951

fluid due to ciliary activity in the ductus efferent of male reproduc- Concentration Equation:
tive tract. Velez-Cordero and Lauga [23] explained the envelop
 !
model of cilia in a generalized Newtonian fluid by employing a @ @ @ 2 C 1 @C @ 2 C
U þW C ¼ DB þ þ
domain perturbation expansion. Ciliary motion its modeling and @R @Z @R2 R @R @Z 2
the dynamics of multi cilia interactions were discussed by Gueron !
and Liron. Rydholm, et al. [24] represented the mechanical charac- DT @ 2 T 1 @T @ 2 T
þ þ þ ; ð5Þ
teristics of primary cilia. They analyzed that a primary cilia in T0 @R2 R @R @Z 2
kidney epithelial cells have been observed to generate intercellular
calcium in response to fluid flow. They also investigated the cilia where T is the temperature, C is the nanoparticle concentration of
bending and the resulting calcium signal. Movement and locomo- the fluids DB is the Brownian diffusion cofficient, DT is the thermo-
tion of microorganisms by considering a ciliary motion was spheric diffusion coefficient, s ¼
ðqcÞp
is the ratio among the efficient
ðqcÞf
explained by John et al. [25] studied the relationship of the power
recovery stroke of respiratory cilia using digital hi speed video heat Capacity of the nanoparticle material and the heat capacity of
imaging and then compared the obtained frequency measurement the nanofluid and qp is the density of the particle.
with those attained by photo multiplier and modified photo diode. The constitutional equation for a Jeffrey six-constant fluid form
Three dimensional flow of Maxwell fluid with suspended nanopar- is defined as
ticle past a bidirectional porous stretching surface with thermal  
ds
radiation are cited in Refs. [26–29]. s þ 1  W:s þ s:W þ dðs:D þ D:sÞ þ bs : DI þ cDtr s
dt
Motivated by the above work the aim of present endings is to 

dD
treatise the fluid movement through the ductus different of the ¼ 2l D þ  2  W:D þ D:W þ 2dD:D þ bD : DI ; ð6Þ
human male reproductive tract. The problem of the two- dt
dimensional motion of non-Newtonian fluid inside a symmetric in which
metachronal wave channel with ciliated walls is discussed. The cil- t
iary system properties are consequent below the impact of low rV þ ðrVÞ 1
Dðsymmetric measurement of velocity gradientÞ ¼ ;
Reynolds number and long wave-length approximation. The mod- 2
t
eled equations are solved analytically by homotopy perturbation rV  ðrVÞ 1
Wðantisymmetric measurement of velocity gradientÞ ¼ ;
method. First step is that the problem is modelled HPM [30] solu- 2
tion is considered for the resulting equation. The results for veloc-
ity profile, pressure gradient, pressure rise and stream function where d; b; c are material constant of a Jeffrey six-constant fluid
have been considered for different values of the parameters. The model, t 1 represents the transpose of a vector, relaxation time is
physical features of pertinent parameters are discussed through 1 and delay time is 2 .
graphs. The streamlines are sketched for some physical quantity Let us examine that the envelops of the cilia tips can be denoted
to examine the trapping phenomenon. mathematically as [31]

 
This paper is organized as follows: we discuss the details of the 2p  
formulation of the problem. Sections 3, describes the proposed R ¼ H ¼ f ðZ; tÞ ¼ a þ a cos Z  ct ; ð7Þ
k
solution methodology for the governing systems of partial differ-
ential equations. Section 4 presents the numerical results and dis-

2p  
cussions. In Section 5, the paper is concluded with a discussion of Z ¼ gðZ; Z 0 ; tÞ ¼ Z 0 þ aa sin Z  ct ; ð8Þ
k
the results.
where a represents the radius of the ciliated tube,  is the mean
2. Model of the problem non-dimensional measure with respect to the cilia length, k pre-
sented by wavelength and c denotes the wave speed. a is the mea-
We have considered the ciliary motion phenomenon for the two sure of the eccentricity of the elliptical motion of the cilia tips. The
dimensional flow of an incompressible in an annulus. velocities of the transporting fluid are just those caused by the cilia
Equation of continuity: tips, which can be expressed as:

@U U @W @Z @g @g @Z @g @g
þ þ ¼ 0: ð1Þ W¼ j ¼ þ  ¼ þ W ð9Þ
@R R @Z @t Z0 @t @Z @t @t @X
Momentum Equation:

 @R @f @f @Z @f @f
@ @ @ @P 1 @ @ s U¼ j ¼ þ  ¼ þ W ð10Þ
q þU þW U¼ þ ðRsRR Þ þ ðs Þ þ hh ; @t Z0 @t @Z @t @t @X
@t @R @Z @R R @R @Z RZ R
ð2Þ Using Eqs. (7) and (8) into the Eqs. (9) and (10), we obtain it as
2p

 ðaac cosð2kpÞðZ  ctÞÞ
@ @ @ @P 1 @ @ W ¼ 2p
k
¼ vðZ; tÞ;
q þU þW W ¼ þ ðRsR Z Þ þ ðs Þ 1  k ðaa cosð2kpÞðZ  ctÞÞ
@t @R @Z @Z R @R @Z Z Z
þ qg aðT  T 0 Þ þ qg aðC  C 0 Þ  rB20 W: 2p
ð3Þ ðaac sinð2kpÞðZ  ctÞÞ
U¼ k
2p at r ¼ h;
1  k ðaa cosð2kpÞðZ  ctÞÞ
Energy Equation:

 ! The transformations between the two frames are
@ @ @ 2 T 1 @T @ 2 T
U þW T ¼a þ þ
@R @Z @R2 R @R @Z 2 r ¼ R; z ¼ Z  ct;
2 ! 0 !2 ! 2 13
@C @T @C @T D @T @T u ¼ U; w ¼ W  c1 ;
þ s4 DB þ þ @T
þ A5 : ð4Þ
@R @R @Z @Z T0 @R @Z
The coresponding boundary conditions are defined as [23]
2952 A. Shaheen, S. Nadeem / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 2950–2957

@W @T @C
¼ 0; ¼ 0; ¼ 0; at r ¼ 0 ð11Þ
@r @r @r  
2p
W ¼ vðZ; tÞ; T ¼ T 0 ; C ¼ C 0 ; at r ¼ h ¼ a þ a cos ðZ  ct : ð12Þ
k

Introducing the following non-dimensional variables,

R r Z z W w kU
R¼ ; r¼ ; Z¼ ; z¼ ; W ¼ ; w¼ ; U¼
a a k k c c ac
ku c1 t 1 c 1 2 c 1 ac1 q a
u¼ ; t¼ ; k1 ¼ ; k2 ¼ ; Re ¼ ; d¼
ac k a a l0 k
h l0 cp g aa32 T 0 ðT  T 0 Þ
h ¼ ¼ 1 þ  cosð2pzÞ; Pr ¼ ; Gr ¼ ; h¼ ;
a k t2 T0
ðqcÞp DB ðC 0 Þ g aa32 C 0 ðqcÞp DT ðC 0 Þ ðC  C 0 Þ
Nb ¼ ; Br ¼ ; Nt ¼ ; r¼
ðqcÞf t2 ðqcÞf a C0
rffiffiffiffi
r
M¼ B0 a:
l
We suppose for small Reynolds number Re  1 and by the
Fig. 1. Influence of a1 on W.
Long-wavelength approximation d  1 the flow inside the passage
is very slow. Therefore, neglecting the non-inertial terms we get
@p
0¼ ; ð13Þ
@r
@p 1 @
0¼ þ ðr srz Þ þ Gr h þ Br r  M 2 ðw þ 1Þ; ð14Þ
@z r @r


2
1 @ @h @h @ r @h
0¼ r þ Nb þ Nt ; ð15Þ
r @r @r @r @r @r




1 @ @r Nt 1 @ @h
0¼ r þ r : ð16Þ
r @r @r Nb r @r @r

@w @h @r
¼ 0; ¼ 0; ¼ 0; at r ¼ 0;
@r @r @r
w ¼ 1  2pda cosð2pzÞ; h ¼ 0;
r ¼ 0 at r ¼ h ¼ 1 þ  cosð2pzÞ;
where
h  2 i
@w
@r
1 þ k1 k2 ð1  dðd þ bÞ  2c ð2d þ 3bÞÞ @w
@r
Þ
srz ¼ ; Fig. 2. Influence of  on W.
2
½1 þ k21 ð1  dðd þ bÞ  2c ð2d þ 3bÞÞð@w
@r
Þ Þ

2

@w @w
srr ¼k2 ð1 þ d þ bÞ  k1 ð1 þ d þ bÞ srz ;
@r @r

2

@w @w
szz ¼k2 ð1 þ d þ bÞ  k1 ð1 þ d þ bÞ srz ;
@r @r

2

@w @w
shh ¼k2 b  k1 bsrz :
@r @r
where
c
a1 ¼ 1  dðd þ bÞ  ð2d þ 3bÞ; a2 ¼ k1 k2  k1 ; a3 ¼ k31 k2 :
2
Finally, in simplified form above equation can be written as

@p
¼0 ð17Þ
@r


3 !
@p 1 @ @w 1 @ @w
¼ r þ a1 a2 r
@z r @r @r r @r @r
Fig. 3. Influence of M on W.

5 !
1 @ @w
þ a21 a3 r  M2 ðw þ 1Þ ð18Þ
r @r @r
The corresponding boundary conditions are defined as


2
1 @ @h @h @ r @h @w @h @r
0¼ r þ Nb þ Nt ; ð19Þ ¼ 0; ¼ 0; ¼ 0; at r ¼ 0;
r @r @r @r @r @r @r @r @r




1 @ @r Nt 1 @ @h w ¼ 1  2pda cosð2pzÞ; h ¼ 0;
0¼ r þ r : ð20Þ
r @r @r N b r @r @r r ¼ 0 at r ¼ h ¼ 1 þ  cosð2pzÞ;
 A. Shaheen, S. Nadeem / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 2950–2957 2953

Fig. 4. Influence of N t on h.
Fig. 7. Influence of a1 on Dp.

"
2 #
@h @ r @h
Hðq; hÞ ¼ LðhÞ  Lðh10 Þ þ qLðh10 Þ þ q Nb þ Nt : ð21Þ
@r @r @r




Nt 1 @ @h
Hðq; rÞ ¼ LðrÞ  Lðr10 Þ þ qLðr10 Þ þ q r : ð22Þ
Nb r @r @r
"
3 !
1 @ @w
Hðq; wÞ ¼ LðwÞ  Lðw10 Þ þ qLðw10 Þ þ q a1 a2 r
r @r @r

5 ! #
1 @ @w @p
þ a21 a3 r þ Gr h þ Br r  M 2 ðw þ 1Þ  :
r @r @r @z
ð23Þ
1 @ @
We have taken linear operator L ¼ ðr @r
and initial guesses
r @r
Þ
Fig. 5. Influence of N b on r. are discussed which gives satisfy boundary conditions cited as [32]
!
2
r2  h
h10 ðr; zÞ ¼ :
4
!
2
r2  h Nt
r10 ðr; zÞ ¼
4 Nb
2
!
r2  h @p0
W 10 ðr; zÞ ¼  1  2pda cosð2pzÞ þ :
4 @z

Fig. 6. Influence of N t on r.

3. Solution methodology

The grouping of the perturbation method and homotopy analy-

sis is called homotopy perturbation method (HPM) (an analytical
technique), which eliminates fixed perturbation method while
maintaining all their advantages.
We use homotopy perturbation method to solve the above
Eqs. (18)–(20) Fig. 8. Influence of a1 on F.
2954 A. Shaheen, S. Nadeem / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 2950–2957

Fig. 9. Influence of  on Dp. Fig. 12. Influence of a3 on F.

Fig. 13. Influence of  on dp=dz.

Fig. 10. Influence of  on F.

Fig. 11. Influence of a3 on Dp.

Fig. 14. Influence of Gr on dp=dz.
According to HPM, we define

hðr; qÞ ¼h0 þ qh1 þ q2 h2 þ . . .

Adopting the same procedure as done by ð21  23Þ the solution
rðr; qÞ ¼r0 þ qr1 þ q2 r2 þ . . . for velocity, temperature and nanoparticle phenomena can be
wðr; qÞ ¼w0 þ qw1 þ q2 w2 þ . . . written as for q ! 1
 A. Shaheen, S. Nadeem / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 2950–2957 2955

Fig. 15. Influence of N b on dp=dz.

Fig. 18. Influence of a1 ¼ 0:3 on Z.

Fig. 16. Influence of N t on dp=dz.

Fig. 19. Influence of a1 ¼ 0:5 on Z.

Fig. 17. Influence of a1 ¼ 0:1 on Z. Fig. 20. Influence of a1 ¼ 0:7 on Z.

2956 A. Shaheen, S. Nadeem / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 2950–2957

Fig. 21. Influence of  ¼ 0:08 on Z. Fig. 24. Influence of  ¼ 0:14 on Z.

!
4

3
r4  h dp 1 @p0
w ¼  1  2pda cosð2pzÞ þ
4
 a2 ðr 4  h Þ
4 dz 32 @z

5
1 2 @p0 6 1 2 2 1 4
 a1 a3 ðr 6  h Þ þ Gr h ðr 2  h Þ  Gr ðr 4  h Þ
192 @z 16 64


1 2 2 Nt 1 4 Nt 1 2 2 2 2 @p0
þ Br h ðr 2  h Þ  Br ðr 4  h Þ  h M ðr  h Þ
16 N b 64 N b 16 @z


1 2 4 @p0 1 2 2
 M ðr  h Þpda cosð2pzÞ:
4 2
þ M ðr  h Þ ð24Þ
64 @z 2

2
! 4
! 4
! 2
!
r2  h r4  h r4  h h  r2
h¼  Nt þ Nt þ
4 32 64 4
6
! 4
! 6
!
r6  h r4  h r6  h
þ ðNt Þ2 þ Nt þ ðNt Þ2 : ð25Þ
576 16 288

2
! 2
! 2
!
r2  h Nt h  r2 Nt h  r2 Nt
r¼ þ 
4 Nb 2 Nb 4 Nb
2
!
r2  h
þ ðNt Þ2 : ð26Þ
32
Fig. 22. Influence of  ¼ 0:1 on Z.
dp 16
¼ ½F þ A1: ð27Þ
dz h4
where
2

h 1 6 1 4 @p0
þ h pda cosð2pzÞ 
2
A1 ¼ h Gr  h
2 96 16 @z


1 6 2 @p0 1 4 2 1 6 Nt
 h M  h M pda cosð2pzÞ þ Br h
96 @z 8 96 Nb

3
5
1 6 @p0 1 8 2 @p0
 h a1 a2  h a1 a3 : ð28Þ
96 @z 512 @z
Flow rate in the dimensionless form can be written as


1 2
F¼Q 1þ : ð29Þ
2 2
The pressure rise Dp can be written as
Z 1

dp
Dp ¼ dz: ð30Þ
0 dz
Velocities in terms of stream functions are defined as



1 @w 1 @w
u¼ ; w¼ :
Fig. 23. Influence of  ¼ 0:12 on Z. r @z r @r
 A. Shaheen, S. Nadeem / Results in Physics 7 (2017) 2950–2957
4. Results and discussions
In this section, we have discuss the solution for the metachronal
wave analysis for non-Newtonian fluid under thermophoresis and
Brownian motion effects. The expression for temperature, concen-
tration, velocity, pressure rise, pressure gradient and streamlines
are calculated numerically. Figs. 1–3 show the velocity profile for
diverse values of a1 (fluid parameters) M (magnetic hydrodynam-
ics) and  (amplitude ratio). Fig. 1 show that velocity profile gets
decreasing function in the region ð0:6 6 r 6 0:6Þ whereas it get
opposite behaviour in the rest of the region. Figs. 2,3, it is depicted
that velocity profile gets increasing function in the region
ð0:6 6 r 6 0:6Þ whereas it get opposite behaviour in the rest of
the region. Fig. 4 show the temperature profile for different values
of N t (Thermophoresis parameter). It is depicted that with the
increase in N t (thermophoresis parameter) temperature profile
decreases. Figs. 5,6 show that with the increase in N b (Brownian
motion parameter) and N t (thermophoresis parameter) concentra-
tion profile increases. Physically, the thermophersis parameter
have a direct relation with temperature gradient. So if we increases
the thermophersis parameter N t , it means the temperature gradi-
ent rises, which is responsible for the resulting increase in temper-
ature field.. From Fig. 6 it is seen that with the increase in N t
concentration profile decreases due to increase in the collision
between the particles which produces heat. Figs. 7, 9, 11 show
the pressure rise (versus flow rate) for diverse value of a1 ; ; a3 .
In these figures, it is depicted that by increasing value of a1 pres-
sure rise decreasing in the region ðQ 2 ½3; 1Þ whereas reflux
occur in the last. The retrograde pumping region can also be seen
in Figs. 7, 9, 11 when Q < 0 and Dp > 0 and free pumping region
can be seen when Q ¼ 0 and Dp ¼ 0. Moreover, augmented
pumping region can also be seen in Figs. 7, 9, 11 when Q > 0 and
Dp < 0. Figs. 8, 10, 12 show the friction force for diverse values
of a1 ; ; a3 . Figs. 13–16 describe the behaviour of pressure gradient
for different values Gr ; ; N b ; N t . Fig. 13 describe that increasing
value of  the pressure gradient decreases in the region
ð1 6 Z  0:3Þ and increases in the region ð0:2 6 Z 6 0:7Þ.
Figs. 14–16 It is depicted that with the increase in N t ; N b ; Gr
pressure gradient decreases. Figs. 17–24 illustrate the streamlines
for different wave shapes. In these figures, it is depicted that by
increasing value of a1 ;  trapped bolus is increasing.
5. Conclusion
This paper analyse the metachronal wave analysis for non-
Newtonian fluid under thermophoresis and Brownian motion
effects. Long wavelength assumption is used. The main explanation
of the present study is concisely as follows:
 Velocity profile gets decreasing function in the region
ð0:6 6 r 6 0:6Þ whereas it get opposite behaviour in the rest
of the region.
 Concentration profile increases by increasing the values of
Brownian motion parameter N b due to increase in the collision
between the particles which produces heat.
 The influence of thermophoresis parameter N t on temperature
field. An increase in thermophoresis parameter results in the
decreases of temperature field. Physically, the thermophoresis
parameter have a direct relation with temperature gradient.
So if we increases the thermophoresis parameter N t it means
the temperature gradient decrease, which is responsible for
the resulting decrease in temperature field.
 There is an opposite behavior between pressure rise and the
frictional forces.
 The pressure gradient increases with the increasing value of .
2957
References
[1] Jaffrin MY, Shapiro AH. Peristaltic pumping. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 1971;3
(1):13–37.
[2] Pozrikidis C. A study of peristaltic flow. J Fluid Mech 1987;180(7):515–27.
[3] Eytan O, David E. Analysis of intra-uterine fluid motion induced by uterine
contractions. Bull Math Biol 1999;61(2):221–38.
[4] Nadeem S, Akbar NS. Influence of heat transfer on peristaltic transport of a
johnson–segalman fluid in an inclined asymmetric channel. Commun
Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul 2010;15(10):2860–77.
[5] Naseer M, Malik MY, Nadeem S, Rehman A. The boundary layer flow of
hyperbolic tangent fluid over a vertical exponentially stretching cylinder.
Alexandria Eng J 2014;53(3):747–50.
[6] Srinivas S, Gayathri R, Kothandapani M. The influence of slip conditions, wall
properties and heat transfer on MHD peristaltic transport. Comput Phys
Commun 2009;180(11):2115–22.
[7] Gupta BB, Seshadri V. Peristaltic pumping in non-uniform tubes. J Biomech
1976;9(2):105–9.
[8] Guha SK, Kaur H, Ahmed AM. Mechanics of spermatic fluid transport in the vas
deferens. Med Biol Eng 1975;13(4):518–22.
[9] Batra SK. Sperm transport through vas deferens: review of hypotheses and
suggestions for a quantitative model. Fertil Steril 1974;25(2):186–202.
[10] Azam M, Khan M. Unsteady heat and mass transfer mechanisms in MHD
Carreau nanofluid flow. J Mol Liq 2017;225:554–62.
[11] Khan M, Azam M, Alshomrani AS. On unsteady heat asnd mass transfer in
Carreau nanofluid flow over expanding or contracting cylinder. J Mol Liq
2017;231:474–84.
[12] Khan M, Azam M, Alshomrani AS. effects of melting and heat generation or
absorption on unsteady Falkner-Skan flow of Carreau nanofluid over a wedge.
Int J Heat Mass Transfer 2017;110:437–46.
[13] Azam M, Khan M, Alshomrani AS. Unsteady radiative stagnation point flow of
MHD Carreau nanofluid flow over expanding or contracting cylinder. Int J
Mech Sci 2017;130:64–73.
[14] Khan M, Azam M, Munir A. On unsteady Falkner-Skan flow of MHD Carreau
nanofluid past a static or moving wedge with convective surface condition. J
Mol Liq 2017;230:48–58.
[15] Khan M, Azam M. unsteady boundary layer flow of carreau fluid over a
permeable stetching surface. Result Phys 2016;6:1168–74.
[16] Khan M, Azam M. Unsteady slip flow of Carreau nanofluid over a wedge with
nonlinear radiation and new mass flux condition. Result Phys
2017;7:2261–70.
[17] Nadeem S, Akbar NS. Exact and numerical simulation of peristaltic flow of a
non-Newtonian fluid with inclined magnetic field in an endoscope. Int J
Numer Meth Fluids 2011;66(7):919–34.
[18] Huan He Ji. Homotopy perturbation technique. Comput Methods Appl Mech
Eng 1999;178(3–4):257–62.
[19] Akbar NS, Nadeem S, Hayat T, AwatifA H. Erratum to: peristaltic flow of a
nanofluid in a non-uniform tube. Heat Mass Transfer 2012;48(2). 425-425.
[20] Das KS, Putra N, Roetzel W. Pool boiling of nano-fluids on horizontal narrow
tubes. Int J Multiph Flow 2003;29(8):1237–47.
[21] Lardne TJ, Shack WK. Cilia transport. Bull Math Biophys 1972;34(1):325–35.
[22] Khan WA, Pop I. Boundary-layer flow of a nanofluid past a stretching sheet. Int
J Heat Mass Transfer 2010;53(11–12):2477–83.
[23] Nadeem S, Akbar NS. Effects of temperature dependent viscosity on peristaltic
flow of a Jeffrey-six constant fluid in a non-uniform vertical tube. Commun
Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul 2010;15(12):3950–64.
[24] Kuznetsov AV, Nield DA. Natural convective boundary-layer flow of a
nanofluid past a vertical plate. Int J Therm Sci 2010;49(2):243–7.
[25] Michael Sleigh A. Adaptations of ciliary systems for the propulsion of water
and mucus. Comp Biochem Physiol, A: Physiol 1989;94(2):359–64.
[26] Ramesh GK, Prasannakumara BC, Gireesha BJ, Shahzad SA, Abbasi FM. Three
dimensional flow of Maxwell fluid with suspended nanoparticle past a
biddirectional porous strecthing surface with thermal radiation. Thermal Sci
Eng Prog 2017;1:6–14.
[27] Prasannakumara BC, Gireesha BJ, Goria SR, Krishnamurthy MR. Effects of
chemical reaction and nonlinear thermal radiation on Williomson nanofluid
slip flow over a stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium. J Aerospace
Eng 2016;29:1–5.
[28] Prasannakumara BC, Gireesha BJ, Goria SR, Krishnamurthy MR. Effect of
multiple slips and thermal radiation on MHD flow of jeffrey nanofluid flow
with heat transfer. J Nanofluids 2017;5:82–93.
[29] Prasannakumara BC, Gireesha BJ, Goria SR, Krishnamurthy MR. Effect of
chemical reaction on MHD boundary layer flow and melting heat transfer of
Williamson nanofluid in porous medium. Int J Eng Sci Technol 2017;230:
48–58.
[30] Buongiorno J. Convective transport in nanofluids. J Heat Transfer 2005;128
(3):240–50.
[31] Akbar NS, Butt AW. Heat transfer analysis of rabinowitsch fluid flow due to
metachronal wave of cilia. Results Phys 2015;5:92–8.
[32] Nadeem S, Akbar NS, Ashiq S. Numerical solutions of peristaltic flow of a
Jeffrey-six constant fluid with variable MHD. Int J Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul
1993;11(10):873–85.