ENDATA130 Handouts 4C

Chebychev’s Rule and Measures of Position

Using the Standard Deviation:

Chebychev’s Rule: (For Normal or Bell-Shaped Distribution)

The Empirical (Normal) Rule
Chebyshev’s theorem applies to any distribution regardless of its shape.
However, when a distribution is bell-shaped (or what is called normal), the following statements, which make up the
empirical rule, are true.
1.) Approximately 68% of the data values will fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean.
2.) Approximately 95% of the data values will fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean.
3.) Approximately 99.7% of the data values will fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean.

NOTE: Standard deviation used as the distance or scattering away from the center (mean) applies to both the distance
on the left side and the right side of the mean.

Where: 𝑥̅ + 𝑠𝑡𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (distance to the right of the mean)

And: 𝑥̅ − 𝑠𝑡𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (distance to the left of the mean)

Example:

Illustration: Use of Chebychev’s Rule

Example:
Given: Scores of 100 students in a 50-item test.
For a mean score of 𝑥̅ = 35, and standard deviation s = 3,
determine the following:
a.) scores and number of students within 1 standard deviations from the mean
Soln:
Scores within 1 std. dev =
Number of students = 68% (total no. of students) = 0.68(100) = 68 students

OR: There will 68 students with scores from 32 to 38 (No. of students within + 1s away from 𝑥̅
b.) scores and number of students within 2 standard deviations from the mean
Soln:
Scores within 1 std. dev =
Number of students = 95% (total no. of students) = 0.95(100) = 95 students

OR: There will 95 students with scores from 29 to 41 (No. of students within + 2s away from 𝑥̅

c.) scores and number of students within 3 standard deviations from the mean
Soln:
Scores within 1 std. dev =
Number of students = 99.7% (total no. of students) = 0.997(100) = 99.7 or 100 students

OR: There will 95 students with scores from 29 to 41 (No. of students within + 2s away from 𝑥̅

d.) the number of students with scores within the range 32 - 41 points
Soln:
For score of 32 =
For score of 41 =

Hence: number of students with scores within 32 to 41 = 34% + 47.5 % of the data points
= 81.5% (100 students) = 81.5 or 82 students

e.) the number of students with scores within the range 38 - 44 points
Soln:
For score of 38 =
For score of 41 =

Hence: number of students with scores within 38 to 41 = 47.5 % - 34% of the data points
= 13.5% (100 students) = 13.5 or 14 students
Measures of Rank /Position or Quantile Points
- Indicate the relative position or rank of a single or specific value/score/data point relative to the rest
of the values in the data set/file.
- Include
1.) Quartile Points(Q) – single values or scores that divide the data file or set into
four equal portions.
-includes first (1st) quartile = Q1,
second (2nd) quartile Q2,
… Q3, Q4
2.) Quintile Points (Qn)– single values or scores that divide the data file or set into
five equal portions.
-includes first (1st) quintile = Qn1,
second (2nd) quintile = Qn2,
… Qn3, Qn4, Qn5

3.) Decile Points (D) – single values or scores that divide the data file or set into ten
equal portions.
-includes first (1st) decile = D1,
second (2nd) decile = D2,
… D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D10

4.) Percentile Points (P) – single values or scores that divide the data file or set into
one hundred equal portions.
-includes first (1st) percentile = P1,
second (2nd) percentile = P2,
seventy-fifth(75th) percentile = P75
… P3, D4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10…….. P30…P40……P80……… P100

NOTE: The rank or position starts from the lowest value to the highest value in the data file/set

Notation / Definitions:

For Quartile Points (data set is divided into 4 equal portions, 1div = ¼ or 25%):
1.) Q1 = 1st quartile = single value that separates the lowest ¼ or 25% of the data from the highest ¾ or
75% of the data.

Illustration:
Interpretation: Ex: Q1
Data File/Set (either Raw Data or Grouped Data)

Also: Viewing the position of Q1 from the bottom(lowest) or from the top (highest) values of the data file
Q1 = refers to the maximum score of the lowest ¼ or 25% of the data file (viewing from the
bottom or lowest value)
Q1 = refers to the minimum score of the top or highest ¾ or 75% of the data file (viewing from
the top or highest value)

2.) Q2 = 2nd quartile = single value that separates the lowest 2/4 or ½ or 50% of the data from the
highest 2/4 or 1/2 or 50% of the data.
Illustration:
Interpretation: Ex: Q2
Data File/Set (either Raw Data or Grouped Data)

Also: Viewing the position of Q2 from the bottom(lowest) or from the top (highest) values of the data file
Q2 = refers to the maximum score of the lowest 2/4 =1/2 or 50% of the data file (viewing from
the bottom or lowest value)
Q2 = refers to the minimum score of the top or highest 2/4=1/2 or 50% of the data file (viewing
from the top or highest value)
3.) Q3 = 3rd quartile = single value that separates the lowest ¾ or 75% of the data from the highest ¼ or
25% of the data.
Illustration:
Interpretation: Ex: Q3
Data File/Set (either Raw Data or Grouped Data)

Also: Viewing the position of Q3 from the bottom(lowest) or from the top (highest) values of the data file
Q3 = refers to the maximum score of the lowest 3/4 or 75% of the data file (viewing from the
bottom or lowest value)
Q3 = refers to the minimum score of the top or highest 1/4 or 25% of the data file (viewing from
the top or highest value)

4.) Q4 = 4th quartile= topmost score

For Quintile Points:

(data set is divided into 5 equal portions, 1 div = 1/5 or 20% of the data):
Qn1 = 1st quintile = single value that separates the lowest 1/5 or 20% of the data from the highest
4/5 or 80% of the data.
Qn1 = refers to the maximum score of the lowest 1/5 or 20% of the data file (viewing from the
bottom or lowest value)
Qn1 = refers to the minimum score of the top or highest 1/5 or 20% of the data file (viewing from
the top or highest value)

Qn2 = 2nd quintile = single value that separates the lowest 2/5 or 40% of the data from the
highest 3/5 or 60% of the data.

Qn3 = 3rd quintile= single value that separates the lowest 3/5 or 60% of the data from the highest
2/5 or 40% of the data.

Qn4 = 4th quintile= single value that separates the lowest 4/5 or 80% of the data from the
highest 1/5 or 20% of the data.

Illustration:
Interpretation: Ex: Qn4
Data File/Set (either Raw Data or Grouped Data)

Qn5 = 5th quintile = highest or topmost score

For Decile Points:

(data set is divided into 10 equal portions,1 div = 1/10 or 10% of the data):
D1 = 1st decile = single value that separates the lowest 1/10 or 10% of the data from the
highest 9/10 or 90% of the data.
D2 = 2nd decile = single value that separates the lowest 2/10 or 1/5 or 20% of the data
from the highest 8/10 or 4/5 or 80% of the data.

D3, D4, D5, D6…..D10

For Percentile Points (commonly used Measure of Position or Rank or Quantile Points):
(data set is divided into 100 equal portions,1 div = 1/100 or 1% of the data):

- Include
P1, P2, P3, P4, …..P20, P21, P22,……P30, ……P50….. P60…………,.,.P100

where:
P1 = 1st percentile = single value that separates the lowest 1/100 or 1% of the data from
the highest 99/100 or 99% of the data.
 P2 = 2nd percentile = single value that separates the lowest 2/100 or 2% of the data from
the highest 98/100 or 98% of the data.

P67 = 67th percentile = single value that separates the lowest 67/100 of 67% of the data
from the highest 33/100 or 33% of the data

Relationships of all Measures of Position/ Rank or Quantile Points

Quartile Points Quintile Points Decile Points Percentile Points

__________ ___________ _____________ _____________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________ ___________ _____________ _____________

Hence:
Q4 = Qn5 = D10 = P100 = topmost score
Q1 = D5 = P50 = MEDIAN = scores that separate the lowest ½ of the data file
Qn1 = D2 = P20 = single value that separates the lowest 1/5 = 2/10 = 20/100 or 20%
Q1 = P25 = single value that separates the lowest ¼ = 25/100 or 25%
D1 = P10
etc

Determination of Measures of Position/Rank or Quantile Points:

Case 1: For Raw Data
Steps:
1.) The raw data should be arranged from lowest (bottom) to the highest (top) values
2.) Just determine the score in the raw data corresponding to the location or position indicated by
the measure of position or quantile point.

Illustration:
Example: Identify the score or value corresponding to the Measure of position/rank or quantile point
Given: No. of passengers on the first trip of 10 jeepneys
3, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18
Reqd: a.) no. of passengers for Q2

b.) maximum number of passengers for the lowest 60% occupancy of the jeepneys

c.) minimum number of passengers for the highest 20% occupancy of the jeepneys

Soln:
Arrange raw data from bottom (lowest) to top (highest)
Case 2: For Grouped Data (Frequency Distribution)
Steps:
1.) From the given frequency distribution, add the column for the values of the less than
cumulative frequency , >f
2.) Choose the “Quantile Class” by comparing the value of (x/y)n = (x/y) Σf with the values for >f
Where:
The quantile class is the class whose “less than” cumulative frequency contains the value (x/y)n = (x/y) Σf
3.) Solve for the Quantile point using the formula.

Formula for solving the values for Measure of Position/Rank or Quantile Points:

(x/y)n - F
Q or Qn or D or P= Quantile Point = LB + f’ C

Where: LB = lower boundary of chosen quantile class

x/y = fractional part represented by the quantile point from the lowest value
F = less than cumulative frequency up to but not exceeding (x/y)n
= also the >f just before the chosen Quantile Class
f’ = frequency of quantile class
n = Σf = number of data points
C = class size

NOTE: The quantile class is the class whose “less than” cumulative frequency
contains the value (x/y)n = (x/y) Σf

◼ Example:
Age of students enrolled in an adult basic mathematics subject:
Given:

Class(Age in yrs) f Determine the age representing:

15-19 13
20-24 15 a.) Q3
25-29 20 b.) Qn2
30-34 10 c.) Minimum age of the 40% from the
35-39 8 oldest of the group.
40-44 4

Soln:
a.) age for 3rd Quartile = Q3 = age that separates the lowest(youngest) ¾ or 75% from the
highest(oldest) ¼ or 25% of the students.

Class)(Age in yrs) f <f

15-19 13 13
20-24 15 28
25-29 20 48
30-34 10 58
35-39 8 66
40-44 4 70

Choosing the Quantile Class = Q3 class

where: x/y = ¾
(x/y)n = (x/y) Σf = (3/4) (70) = 52.5 ; check for the “<f” values

Q3 class = 30 - 34

Solving for Q3:

LB = 29.5
f’ = 10
F = 48
C = LL1st – LL2nd = 20 – 15 = 5
 (𝒙⁄𝒚) 𝒏 − 𝑭 (𝒙⁄𝒚) ∑ 𝒇 − 𝑭 (𝟑⁄ ) 𝟕𝟎 − 𝟒𝟖
𝑸 𝟑 = 𝑳𝑩 + [ ] 𝑪 = 𝑳𝑩 + [ ] 𝑪 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟓 + [ 𝟒 ]𝟓
𝒇′ 𝒇′ 𝟏𝟎
= 𝟑𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 𝒚𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒍𝒅

b.) age for 2nd Quintile = Qn2

Class)(Age in yrs) f <f

15-19 13 13
20-24 15 28
25-29 20 48
30-34 10 58
35-39 8 66
40-44 4 70

Choosing the Quantile Class = Qn2 class

where: x/y = 2/5
(x/y)n = (x/y) Σf = (2/5) (70) = 28

Qn2 class = 20 - 24

Solving for Qn2:

LB = 19.5
f’ = 15
F = 13
C = LL1st – LL2nd = 20 – 15 = 5

(𝒙⁄𝒚) 𝒏 − 𝑭 (𝒙⁄𝒚) ∑ 𝒇 − 𝑭 (𝟐⁄𝟓) 𝟕𝟎 − 𝟏𝟑

𝑸𝒏𝟐 = 𝑳𝑩 + [ ] 𝑪 = 𝑳𝑩 + [ ] 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟓 + [ ]𝟓
𝒇′ 𝒇′ 𝟏𝟓
= 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓 𝒚𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒍𝒅

c.) Minimum age of the 40% from the oldest of the group = P60 = D6 = Qn3.

Class)(Age in yrs) f <f

15-19 13 13
20-24 15 28
25-29 20 48
30-34 10 58
35-39 8 66
40-44 4 70

Choosing the Quantile Class = P60 = D6 = Qn3 class

where: x/y = 60/100 = 6/10 = 3/5
(x/y)n = (x/y) Σf = (3/5) (70) = 42

P60 or D6 or Qn3 class = 25 - 29

Solving for P60 = D6 = Qn3:

LB = 24.5
f’ = 20
F = 28
C = LL1st – LL2nd = 20 – 15 = 5

(𝒙⁄𝒚) 𝒏 − 𝑭 (𝒙⁄𝒚) ∑ 𝒇 − 𝑭 (𝟑⁄𝟓) 𝟕𝟎 − 𝟐𝟖

𝑸𝒏𝟑 = 𝑳𝑩 + [ ] 𝑪 = 𝑳𝑩 + [ ] 𝑪 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓 + [ ] 𝟓 = 𝟐𝟖 𝒚𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒍𝒅
𝒇′ 𝒇′ 𝟐𝟎