GLASS

SUBMITTED BY –SATISH
KUMAR VERMA
B ARCH 2 YEAR
ROLL NO 21
 INTRODUCTION
 Glass: it is an amorphous, hard, brittle, transparent, or
translucent, super cooled liquid of infinite viscosity,
obtained by fusing a mixture of metallic silicates, most
commonly of Na,K,Ca and Pb
 It has no sharp melting point and definite
structural formula
 HISTORY
Glass has a long history of 5000 years. 1500
BC Small glass articles made from moulds
have been found in Egypt and Syria. The
first glass was produced probably in Egypt.
 according to the archaeological
evidence, the first man made glass was in
Eastern Mesopotamia and Egypt around
3500BCand the first glass vessels were made
about 1500BC in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
 COMPOSITION OF GLASS
Ordinary glass is manufactured by the
composition of various substances like silica,
bleaching powder, oxides of alkaline metals,
calcium oxide (lime) etc. These constituents of
the glass are transformed into fine micro
powder and after fusing these are melted into
the furnaces at moderate temperature and
ordinary glass is prepared by a suitable cooling
mechanism of the molten or liquid glass. Thus
ordinary glass is a non-crystalline substance of
ultra cooled liquid glass.
 Manufacturing Steps:
 1.Melting
 2.Forming and Shaping
 3.Annealing
 4.Finishing
 Melting
 Raw marerials, in proper proportions(e.g sand,
soda, ash and limetone for common glass) are
mixed with refinely added cullets called as
“batch” are heated in open hearth furnace in
which heat is produced by burning of producer
gas.At high temperatures like 1800oC glass starts
melting
Forming
 molten glass is then worked into articles of desired
shapes by either blowing or moulding or pressing
between rollers
 Annealing
 Glass, being insulator cannot be cooled rapidly
because if it is cooled rapidly the superficial
layer cools down and the inner layer remains in
expanded state which may cause breakage of
glass.
 Due to this reason glass is passed through
different zones of decreasing temperature and
this process is known as annealing.
Finishing
 All glass articles, after annealing, are subjected to
finishing processes such as cleaning, grinding,
polishing, cutting, sand- blasting, etc.
 Properties of Glass:
 Strength
A glass is a hard material but it is liable to break
easily. Thus, one should be careful while using glass
as a building material and in the home as well.
 U value
U value is the measurement that calculates the
amount of heat transferred through the window. The
lower the U- values of glass, the better the insulation
properties.
 Workability
A glass can be used in various ways as it can be
blown drawn and pressed. Thus, it can be molded
into different shapes and serves various purposes.
Transparency
A glass is transparent and allows visual
connection with the outside world. Though, its
transparency can be altered just by adding
admixtures and can leave the overall beautiful
look of glass.
Greenhouse effect
The trapping of heat in the glass leads to a
higher temperature and the trapping occurs
due to the greenhouse effect.
Recyclable
The glass material is totally recyclable and the
broken glass scrap is gathered and remelted to
be used again.
ARCHITECTURAL GLASS
 Used as a Building Material.
 Used as transparent glazing material in
the building envelope, including windows
in the external walls.
 Also used for internal partitions and as an
architectural feature.
 Glass is often of a safety type, which
include reinforced, toughened and
laminated glasses.
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 TYPES
 Safety glass  Mirror glass
 Acoustic glass  Coated glass
 Coloured glass  Pattern glass
 Special glass  Annealed glass
 Flat glass
 Extra clear glass
 Acid etched glass
 Etched glass
 Fire rated glass

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 FLAT GLASS
There are 2 types of flat glass 1.The
float
2.The printed glass

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 FLOAT GLASS
 Float glass is a transparent, colorless or
colored glass, with uniform thickness and
homogeneous mass.
 It is the ideal glass for application that
demand perfect visibility.
 Has high light transmission,double
glazing.
 It is used in automotive industry, of
household appliances, civil construction,
furniture and decoration.
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FLOAT GLASS

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 PRINTED GLASS
 The printed glass is a translucent flat
glass, colourless or coloured, which
receives the printing of a pattern
(drawing) when is leaving the furnace.
 It is used in civil construction,
household appliances, furniture and
decoration.

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PRINTED GLASS

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 SAFETY GLASS
• Produced from the float glass, aiming to
reduce the risks in case of accident and
accidental break.
• The safety glasses are defined by ABNT as
“those that, when broken, produce
fragments less susceptible to cause serious
injuries”.

SAFETY GLASS TYPES

1. Tempered glass
2. Laminated glass
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 TEMPERED GLASS
 The tempered glass is a float glass that
receives a thermal treatment (it is heated
and cooled quickly), which makes it more
rigid and resistant to breakage.
 If it breaks it produces tips and edges less
cutting, and it fragments in small round
pieces.

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 LAMINATED GLASS
 The laminated glass is composed by two
glass plates intercalated by a plastic skin
of great resistance.
 The laminated glass is used as cover,
facades, balconies, guardrail, doors,
windows, partitions, showcase, floorings
and others.
 The laminated glass has other benefits,
as the reduction of external noise
entrance (when compared to the
common glasses) and the protection
against UV (Ultraviolet) rays. 20
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 ACOUSTIC GLASS
 The acoustic glasses that impede the noise from
passing from one environment to the other.
 This sound comfort can be obtained through two
solutions: acoustic laminated glass and the
double glass (or insulated).

ACOUSTIC GLASS TYPES

 Acoustic laminated glass
 Double glass or insulated

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 ACOUSTIC LAMINATED GLASS
 It is a glass laminated with a special PVB
(acoustic)
 Because of this it works as an excellent
acoustic insulator.
 It is an innovative product that ensures a
powerful protection against noises.

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 INSULATED GLASS
 It is the set of two glasses separated by an
air or gas layer, conferring a reduction in
the sound propagation, in the entrance of
heat and endless decorative combinations.
 The double glass is present in our daily life,
as for instance, in freezers and refrigerators
doors (with the thermal insulation
function).
 The double glazing can be composed by
any type of glass, improving the thermal
and acoustic performance.
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 INSULATED GLASS
 The double glazing can be composed by
any type of glass, improving the thermal
and acoustic performance.
 Besides that, it can be equipped with
internal blinds that give the set a
differentiated aesthetic effect.

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 COLOURED GLASS
There are two types of colored glasses:
1.painted
2. screen-printed.

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 PAINTED GLASS
 Produced from a float glass, it receives in the
production line a special painting, which gives to
it, besides the coloured and shiny finishing,
greater resistance.
 Its versatility makes it possible to use in
furniture, residences, offices, hotels, stores
and museums.

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 SCREEN PRINTED GLASS
 Screen-printed glasses are glasses one side of
which is covered with permanent decorative
designs.

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 SPECIAL GLASS
 With the technological advance in the creation
of micro layers, several special types of
glasses have come up.
 Actually, theses glasses have layers of diverse
type of materials, these layers of microscopic
dimension that offer several differentiated
characteristics to the glass.

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SPECIAL GLASS TYPES
 Sun protection glass
 Self-cleaning glass
 Low reflection glass
 Low-emissivity glass

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 SUN PROTECTION GLASS
 Also known as reflective glass or solar
control
Being indicated for places where there is
great incidence of solar rays, like facade
of buildings, windows, doors, balconies
and cover, as it provides a better thermal
comfort ,Function to reduce the entrance
of heat inside the environment, besides
producing a control in the entrance of
light for the interior

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 SELF CLEANING GLASS
 The self-cleaning glass is visual identical to the
normal glasses.
 It ensures a clear vision in all the situations, even
on rainy days; and the self-cleaning layer is
integrated to the glass and because of this has a
high level of durability, and do not wear out over
the time.
 It shall be applied always in the external part of
the buildings like facades, covers, windows,
doors, balconies and other in highly polluted
areas.
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LOW REFLECTION GLASS
 It is an extra clear float glass
 Ideal for showcases, showrooms,
museums, authorized dealers, displays
and other types of applications that need
to avoid the discomfort of the light
reflection in the glass, which many times
forces the person to create a shadow in
front to observe the object that is behind
the glass.
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 LOW EMISSIVITY GLASS
 It does not enables the heat exchange
between the internal and external
environment.
 It has the appearance of a colourless float glass,
reducing the entrance of heat or cold.
 Used in the commercial refrigerating
market and on civil construction, in
facades and covers.

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 EXTRA CLEAR GLASS
 It is an extremely transparent glass, that is,
without the green shade common to the
colourless glasses.
 This happens because in its composition
there is one less concentration of iron
oxide.
 Used in civil construction, decoration and
household appliances.

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 ACID ETCHED GLASS
 They are glasses treated with acid and
with whitish appearance.
 It offers several aesthetic options for
architect and decorators.

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 ETCHED GLASS
 It is a glass worked with jets of sand grains that
mechanically attack the glass, transforming it in
translucent and slightly rough. It is used in
furniture and decoration.

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 FIRE RATED GLASS
 The fire-rated glasses, without the metal
mesh, are laminated glasses composed
by several intercalated plates with
transparent chemical material that melts
and dilates in case of fire.

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 ANNEALED GLASS
 It is common glass that tends to break into
large, jagged shards.
 It is used in some end products and often
in double-glazed windows.
 It is also the starting material used to
produce more advanced products through
further processing such as laminating,
toughening, coating, etc.

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 MIRROR GLASS
 Mirrored glass is gaining a more prominent place
in architecture, for important functional reasons
as well as for the aesthetic effect.

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 PATTERN GLASS
 Patterned glass is flat glass whose
surfaces display a regular pattern.
 Patterned glass is mostly used in internal
decoration and internal architecture.

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 COATED GLASS
 Surface coatings can be applied to glass to
modify its appearance and give it many of
the advanced characteristics and
functions available in today's flat glass
products, such as low maintenance,
special reflection/transmission/absorption
properties, scratch resistance, corrosion
resistance, etc.

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 HOW TO CUT A GLASS
Step 1: What You Need Step 3: Cutting/scoring

Step 2: Getting Ready for Step 4: "Breaking" the

the Cut Glass
 ADVANTAGE
 A glass can absorb, refracts and transmits 80% of
available natural daylight in both the directions.
 A glass can be made transparent or translucent, thus
it adds extraordinary beauty to the building.
 It can be blown, drawn and pressed to any shape and
hence it is used for various purposes.
 It is dustproof and can be easily cleaned because of
smooth and glossy texture
 Glass does not rust so it does not degrade by time
with chemicals and surroundings.
 A glass is 100% recyclable and it does not degrade
during the process of recycling. The broken pieces of
glass can be gathered and melted and it becomes
reusable.
 It is unaffected by noise, air, water and most of the
acids thus, it makes the building look beautiful
lifelong.
DISADVANTAGE
 A glass is unsafe for earthquake proven area.
 Use of glass in a building enhances the cost of
security because of the transparency.
 The glass is made of very rigid and easily
breakable material so when it is subjected to
stress, it breaks without strain.
 Broken pieces of glass are very sharp and can
hurt badly.
 Glass offers transparency of heat hence the heat
needs to be balanced with relatively low R-value.
 Glass absorbs heat and acts as a greenhouse,
hence are not suitable for hot climates.
 Glare is one of the most problematic things in
glass façade building.
 GLASS AS A STRUCTURAL
ELEMENT
 The popularity of structural glazing and the use
of glass as a structural element are now widely
used across all mainstream building projects.
 Designing glass to integrate with the interior
elements such as railings and stairs are being
seen more and more due to the aesthetic
appeal of glass. Because of this, laminated and
tempered glass are important elements in
structural glass design.
 Laminated glass and tempered glass are
important elements in structural glass design.
Due to the growing appeal of using glass as a
structural element, demand for tempered and
laminated glass is on the rise.
 Everyone loves glass because of the transparency,
and its ability to bring in the natural light. It
provides a feeling openness while increasing
visibility.
 The utilization of glass adds value to our lives, and
that is why the glass industry continues to grow so
rapidly. This is why we have seen a growing
number of landmarks featuring transparent design.
Large glass sheets and new fixing systems are
enabling designs with almost full transparency.

 The unique aspect about glass is that it carries

with it air of mystery to see what comes next in
the implementation of design using glass.
Glass glazing as building material
Glass glazing as
building material
Role of Glass in Green Buildings
 Glass plays a significant role in constructing and
designing green building. It can be used to
enhance the aesthetics of a structure, improve its
design, improve thermal performance and even
create a comfortable environment for the
occupants.

 Due to India’s tropical climate, it is very

important to pick a glass that serves multiple
purposes such as providing UV protection and also
thermal insulation.
 Types of green glass
Ecosense glass
 Such glass types are designed to achieve the perfect
blend of aesthetics and economics, finesse and
function. It is designed specifically keeping in mind
the Indian subcontinent’s tropical climate. It
prevents solar radiation from entering a space and
delivers a cooling effect rather than a heating effect.
 It is an energy efficient solution that also allows
natural light to pass through freely. It also absorbs
and reflects a large amount of near range infrared
heat. This enables it to keep the space within a
structure and the occupants cool in every climate
and weather.
Such glass is generally used on the exteriors of a
building such as windows or facades and even skylights.
 Sunshield glass
This type of glass is built to provide superior cooling comfort
even in harsh Indian weather. It enhances aesthetics, improves
energy efficiency and is durable.
It drastically reduces glare and improves energy efficiency. It
comes with a superior protective coating that keeps occupants
safe from harmful UV rays.
Its various features and benefits make it the perfect glass to be
used for exterior uses in buildings.

 Opal glass
Solar control glass is a green glass type that also improves the
aesthetics of the structure that it has been installed on. It has
great value for money and is primarily designed to keep heat
from entering the building. Solar control glass is typically installed
on building exteriors, facades and windows.
 Supersilver glass
This type of glass is easy to install, and can be
customized to provide thermal insulation, acoustic
insulation and protection from UV radiation. Its
glazing properties allow it to reflect light during the
day, thereby enhancing the privacy of a space.
Similar to most heat reflective glass, this type of
glass is also installed on facades and exterior
windows.
 SIGNIFICANCE
Glass, a fascinating material, and usually quite viable in
most places, glass have become an extraordinarily useful
material in architecture. Both, classic and modern, its use
in the construction industry has stood the test of times
for over centuries now. Glass, when discovered, was
considered a magical material and was fascinating to the
world. The translucent and the transparent nature of the
material often accompanied every other material, be it
cement, mud or, steel in today’s times. It has now moved
heights, literally, with more and more skyscrapers in the
world using it with steel as the prominent construction
material.
Glass has various uses, and its special importance in
architecture.
 CONCLUSION
 The use of glass and glass product in architecture is
now quite popular ,especially with glass turning from
a fragile to sturdy material. Earlier glass was thought
to be too fragile to use as a building material but the
concept and types of modern glasses changed it all.
The use of architectural glass makes building most
elegant ,beautiful and eye catching but also the use
of glass in building provide energy efficiency .The use
of architectural glass product contributes to the
enhance natural light.
 Moreover, the glass is usually quite inexpensive and
environment friendly . These are only few reasons on
why glass product are more popular as a building
material.
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