Social Science – Geography

Chapter 5
 Mineral : A homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a
definable internal structure.
 They are found in varied forms in nature.
 Rocks are combinations of minerals.
 A particular mineral that formed from a certain combination of
elements depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under
which the material forms.
 Because of this different minerals have different colour, hardness,
crystal forms, lustre and density.
 Minerals are usually found in ores.
 Minerals generally occurs in these forms:
 In igneous rocks they occur as cracks, crevices, faults or
joints. Smaller occurrences are called veins and larger ones are
called lodes.
In sedimentary rocks minerals occur as beds or layers .
 Another mode of formation is when only mass of weathered
material containing ores remain.
 Some minerals occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley
floors and hill bases.
 Ocean water and ocean beds also contain minerals.
Ferrous Minerals

Non-Ferrous Minerals

Non-Metallic Minerals

Rock Minerals
Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths
of the total value of the production of metallic
minerals.
 They provide a strong base for the development
of metallurgical industries.
Two types of ferrous minerals are:
 Iron ore
 Manganese
Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial
development.
 India is rich in good quality iron ores.
 Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to
70 per cent.
 Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the
quantity used, but has a slightly lower iron content than magnetite. (50-
60 per cent).
 Orissa-Jharkhand belt. Haematite iron ore is mined in Goa and Noamundi.
 Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Iron
ore from these mines is exported to Japan and South Korea via
Vishakhapatnam port.
 Bellary-Chitradurga - Chikmanglur - Tumkur belt in Karnataka has large
reserves of iron ore. The ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to
a port near Mangalore.
 Maharashtra-Goa belt includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of
Maharashtra. Iron ore is exported through Marmagao port.
others
orissa
chattisgarh
goa
jharkhand
karnataka
Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and Ferro-
manganese alloy.
Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of
steel.
It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and
paints .
Orissa is the largest producer of manganese ores in India. It accounted
for one-third of the country’s total production in 2000-01.
orissa

others

madhya pradesh

karnataka
Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. It splits so easily into thin sheets. These
sheets can be so thin that a thousand can be layered into a mica sheet of a few centimeters
high. Mica can be clear, black, green, red yellow or brown. Due to its excellent di-electric
strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is one
of the most indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries.

Mica deposits are found in the northern edge of the Chhota Nagpur plateau. Koderma Gaya-
Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer.
In Rajasthan, the major mica producing area is around Ajmer. Nellore mica belt of
Andhra Pradesh is also an important producer in the country.
Limestone is found in association with rocks composed of
calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates. It is
found in sedimentary rocks of most geological formations.
Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry
and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.
Others 50%

Karnataka 30%

Andhra Pradesh 20%

 The total volume of workable mineral deposits is only 1% of the earth’s
crust.
The geological processes of mineral replenishment are infinitely small in
comparison to the present rates of consumption.
Mineral resources are therefore non-renewable.
Continued extraction of ores lead to increasing costs as mineral extraction
comes from greater depths along with decrease in quality.
 A concerted effort has to be made in order to use our mineral resources
in a planned and sustainable manner.
 Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow use of low
grade ores at low costs.
 Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes are steps in
conserving our mineral resources for the future.
Conventional Sources
•Firewood, coal, petroleum, cattle
dung cake, electricity, natural gas

Non-Conventional Sources
•Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal,
biogas and atomic energy
Coal

Petroleum
Natural Gas
Electricity
In India , coal is most abundantly available fossil fuels.
 There are three types of coal :
 Lignite : Low grade brown coal which is soft with high moisture content.
Found in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu. Used to generate electricity.
 Bituminous : Most popularly used coal . Used in smelting irons
in blast furnaces.
 Anthracite : High quality hard coal .
 Metallurgical coal found at : Damodar valley [West Bengal- Jharkhand]
 Important coal fields : Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro .
 Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits.
 Tertiary coals : North Eastern States
Found in the rocks of tertiary age .
 63% petroleum comes from Mumbai high.
 18% from Gujarat's Ankleshwar oil field .
 16% from Assam Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moram-
Hugrijan oil fields.
 Digboi [Assam] : Oldest oil field in India .
 Petroleum refineries act as a nodal industry for
synthetic textile, fertilizer, and numerous chemical industries
Environment friendly owing low Carbon dioxide emissions.
 Used as CNG (compressed natural gas) in vehicles .
 Found in :
Krishna-Godavari basin
Gulf of Cambay
Andaman and Nicobar islands
Mumbai High
 Transported through pipelines.
 HAZIRA-VIJAIPUR-JAGDISHPUR is the longest (1700km) pipeline
that transports natural gas from Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur in
UP.
Electricity per capita consumption is considered as an
index of development.
 Hydroelectricity : by the force of water
Bhakra Nangal and Damodar valley projects generate
hydroelectricity.
Thermal Electricity : by coal, petroleum or natural gas.
 There are over 310 thermal power plants in India .
 Nuclear or Atomic Energy
 Obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
 Electric power is produced from the energy released through this process.
 Uranium and Thorium which are available in Jharkhand , Rajasthan and Kerala are
used for generating Nuclear Power.

Solar Energy
 Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight into electrical energy.
 Largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur near Bhuj in Gujarat.
Wind Power
 Largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagercoil to Madurai.
 Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Lakshadweep and Maharashtra
also have important wind farms.
 Nagercoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy.
 Biogas
 Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce
biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas.
 Decomposition of organic matter yield gas, which has high
thermal efficiency.

Tidal Energy
 Floodgate dams are build across inlets to use ocean tides to generate electricity.
 A 900 mw tidal energy power plant is set up at Gulf of Kuchchh by the National Hydropower
Corporation.
Geo Thermal Energy
 The heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior is called Geo Thermal
Energy.
 The steam rising from earth’s surface due to the heating inside earth is used to
generate electricity.
 One such project is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in
Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh
Energy is the basic requirement for economic development. Energy is needed in every sector of
the national economy. Presently, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all
over the country.
Due to this, there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.
Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are two ways
of sustainable energy.
We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources.
 Athira
 Hrutu Bala
 Keerthi
 Neha
 Hrishitaa
 Ameesha