Introduction – Disaster Natural and Man Made and Hybrid

Disaster is an unexpected event, which may inflict significant damage and even
casualty. It impacts disruption on a massive scale, which can be natural or
manmade occurring in short or long period.
Natural Disasters: Most of the time, energy transfers are quite smooth, but
situation happens, when the magnitude of transfer of energy so enormous, that
smoothness cannot be maintained, resulting in sudden movements results in
disasters.
Man-Made: These disasters are disruption of massive scale over a short or long
period of time , caused by human action or interaction.
These disasters are cause economic damage, loss of life and health emergencies.
Manmade disasters are classified further into sudden disasters, continuing
disasters, Armed conflicts
Human disasters are more responsible disasters than natural once
Hybrid Disasters: Disasters are linked with natural and man made, for e.g .drought
due to over consumption, landslide due to deforestation

Causes for natural disasters:

1.Poverty
2 Increased Population density
3.Rapid Urbanization
4.Environmental degradation
5. war/civil strife
6.Socio /political issues
Natural Disasters:
Earthquake:
Earth quake caused due to tectonic movements of earth crust, when the tectonic
plates slides over there is cause of orogeny , which results in earth quakes and
volcanoes. These disturbances cause vibration in all directions. As there is relative
motion of the plates, there is stress built up, which breaks by releasing the stored
energy as shock waves.
What to do during Erath quake:

Before disaster:
1. Connection of gas line and appliances must be flexible.
2. Earth quake readiness plan must be ready, including locating a shelter
house, canned house, up to aid first,gallons of water, masks, goggles,
firefighting equipment’s torch, battery operated radio
3. Architects and consulting engineers must be consulted before laying the
foundation in earthquake prone area, also the buildings must be
constructed as per guidelines of disaster management committee.

After the disaster:

1.First aid kits must be used to attend the persons with minor injuries, such as
bleeding and bruises , whereas serious peoples must not be moved until they are
out of danger and proper medical help arrived
2.If the person not breathing, rescue breathing, must be administered,.
3, Tumbling shelves and falling items must be taken care, and damaged walls out
of bricks and damaged walls out of bricks must be taken care of
4.One must stay away from powerlines and any objector or appliance in contact
with it.

Tsunami:
Series of waves triggered by the movement of large amount of water in a
waterbody, typically in an ocean or lake. Tsunami and tides create inland water
waves, but inland movement of water can be much greater , giving the
appearance of extremely high and strong tide called tsunami wave.
How does Tsunami occur.
1. Tsunami caused by earthquake.
2. Tsunami caused by landslides
3. Tsunami caused by meteorological conditions

Type of Tsunami:
Local Tsunami: Alocal tsunami is one that causes damage in close proximity to
the event that triggered the tsunami.
The underwater occurrence , which is typically an earth quake that triggers local
Tsunami , occurs with 100 kms (just over 60 miles) of the and damage that results
Regional Tsunami: Regional Tsunami that causes damage between 100 and 1000
from the sources of Tsunami
Regional Tsunamis have longer warning time than local Tsunamis, arriving
between one to three hours after triggering incident
Distant Tsunami: Also known as teletsunami or ocean wide tsunami, caused by
strong devastating occurrence that caused 1000km away from landfall
A distant Tsunami may appear to be local tsunami first, but it spreads through
vast swaths of ocean basin
Destruction:
Tsunami inflict damage by two mechanisms, slamming force of first moving wall
of water, and destructive strength of large volume of water, draining off the
ground and briging large amount of debris, even with small waves.
Tsunami waves wrecks everything in their path: boats, houses, bridges,
vehicles ,trees, telephone lines, powerlines and everything else
Chemical Disaster:
Chemical disasters are occurrence of emission of fire, or explosion involving one
or hazardous chemicals in the course of industrial activity.
Factors causing chemical disaster:
1. Aging of process plants , defects in design and inadequate steps to pace
with modern technologies in the Indian chemical industry has increased
vulnerability to chemical disasters
2. Organic solvents are most source of fires and explosions in the chemical
industry
3. Another prime cause improper maintenance of equipment’s.
4. Hazardous waste processing and its proper disposal needs special attention
to the activities, and can also contribute to fire, explosions, and toxic
releases to environment
Ways the chemical disasters to be prevented
Prevention of chemical disaster, possibility of chemical accidents, and thereby
preventing its harmful effect
Some of the preventive measures that can be deployed are through make use of
inbuilt safety measures , having standard operating procedures, rigorous
operational safety procedures , and providing necessary training and periodic
retraining in it.
Man made disasters:
Nuclear disaster
Accident taking in any nuclear facility, of the nuclear fuel cycle , including the
nuclear reactor or in facility using radio active sources , leading to release of large
scale reactivity in the environment
Impact: Benjamin K Sovacol has reported world wide there has been 99 accidents
at nuclear power plants , and 57% of them majorly occurred in USA .
The Growth of science and technology , in the fields of power generation,
medicine, industry, agriculture, research and defence has led to increase in the
risk of occurrence of nuclear and radiological emergencies.
India has been vulnerable to natural disasters on account of unique geo climatic
conditions and has of late like all other countries in the world.
Any radiation incident resulting in or having apotential to result in exposure
contamination of the workers or public in access of the respectable permissible
limits can lead to nuclear/radiological emergency
Sad memories of thE USA nuclear weapons, dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
and the wide publicity given to reactor accidents at the Three Mile island(TMI) in
USA and Chernobyl in erstwhile USSRhave strongly influenced the public
perception of any nuclear Emergency or disaster often to be linked , erroneously
only to those events

Effects of chemical Disaster:

Chemical disaster caused immediate health effects like eye irritation,skin burns,
poisoning.Long term health effects of chemical disaster ould be development of
asthma, allergies, negatively effects the mental, physicaland intellectual
development of children, weakness

Hybrid Disasters
Hybrid disasters are linked with man made and natural , For e.g, drought due to
over consumption, land slides due to extensive deforestation

Drought – Hybrid disaster

Unlike tropical storm or wildfire drought is keeping disaster .It slowly takes toll on
a area, until it be comes destructive as any climate related disaster
What causes drought
Climate Change
People are driving climate change, which in turn is causing more droughts. Rising
temperatures are increasing the rate at which water is being evaporated. For
regions that are already more arid, this can lead to disaster.
Moreover, climate change can shift storms away from their typical paths. This
could remove any chance of the region receiving the moisture it needs.

Water Demand
The demand on our water supply is growing every year. Drinking water and
intensive farming are pulling large amounts of water from lakes, rivers, and
groundwater. Therefore, this puts a huge strain on water resources. If this strain
becomes too much, it reaches a tipping point, and drought conditions take hold.
Once this happens, it can take years to replenish water resources, if it happens at
all.
Deforestation and Soil Degradation
Plants and trees aren’t only needed to capture carbon and release oxygen. They
are also vital in releasing moisture back into the atmosphere. Without them, the
water cycle breaks, and entire regions become more vulnerable to drought. It can
further diminish soil quality, reducing the land’s ability to retain water.

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF DROUGHTS?

Already, it’s estimated that 55 million people suffer its impacts every year. When
a drought occurs, crops fail and livestock can perish. As a result, entire
communities can experience severe malnutrition or famine.
In addition, there is an increased risk of infectious diseases, such as cholera, due
to lack of water and sanitation.
In order to escape these conditions, tens of thousands of families leave their
homes behind in search of food and water.

Chemical poisoning:
Chemical poisoning can occur, when someone breathes in otherwise ingests
certain chemicals, there are many other conditions which have similar signs and
symptoms to poisoning including alcohol intoxication, seizures, insulin reaction or
strokes.
Signs and symptoms of chemical poisoning
1.Burning and redness of lips and mouth
2. Breadth may smell of chemicals
3. Empty medicine bottle around or scattering of pills
4. Difficulty, breathing , sleeping or talking

Remedy to chemical poisoning:

1.If the person exposed to toxic fumes like carbon mono oxide, move them out
into fresh air as sonn as possible
2, If it appears to have swallowed poison, remove anything which remains in
mouth . Seek Medical attention as soons as possible.
3.If it appears that person may have been poisoned by something like house hold
cleaning, read the label and follow the instructions which were about accidental
processing.
4. If there is evidence of poison on the person’s skin or clothes, removes the
clothes with warmluke water , if possible put them under ashower to wash any
additional chemicals if arrives.

Common objectives about disaster:

Ensure the safety of all employees and visitors at the site/facility
Protect vital information and records
Secure business sites and facilities
Safeguard and make available vital materials, supplies and equipment to
ensure the safety and recovery of records from predictable disasters
Reduce the risk of disasters caused by human error, deliberate destruction,
and building or equipment failures
Be better prepared to recover from a major natural catastrophe
Ensure the organization's ability to continue operating after a disaster
Recover lost or damaged records or information after a disaster

Role of Government in disaster

National Disaster Management authority has been set up as thE APEX body for
disaster management in India, with Prime Minister as its chairman

Disaster management authorities will be set up in the state and district levels to
be headed by Chief ministers and Zillaparishad Chairmen respectively
National Disaster Fund response will be administered by NDMA through National
Executive Committee
And Districts will administer response fund and disaster fund.

Disaster Management Act 2005

Act provides the effective management of disasters and for matters connected
here with or incidental thereto
It provides institutional mechanism for drawing up and monitoring the disaster
management

Act also ensures measures by various wings of the government by prevention and
mitigation of disasters and prompt response to any disaster situation
The Act provides for the Consitutionof different executive committee at national
level and sate levels

Act also provides specific roles to local bodies in disaster management

National Plan
An institutional mechanism for preparation of national Plan has been put in
place , which is under preparation three parts

1.National response Plan

2.National Mitigation Plan
3, National Capacity Building Plan

National Government
National in the ministry of affairs to monitor the disaster or disaster like situation
During the calamities of severe nature, special situation reports have to prepared
and issued to all concerned
It also developed abranch called National Disaster Response Force
NDRF to provide specialist response in case of disasters

Conclusion
Natural and man-made disasters can have a distressing impact on small
businesses, which is why it’s critical to have a disaster management strategy in
place. This is a plan that outlines what hazards your business is at risk of facing,
what you can do to avoid or manage them and how to get your business back up
and running should a disaster strike. The conclusion of your disaster management
plan reiterates the salient points and provides actionable takeaways.

By restating your goal, you provide the reader of the disaster plan the background
and context they need to quickly understand the situation. For example, “Our
goal is to ensure that each employee is safe if a forest fire spreads while they are
at work.”

In the conclusion of your natural disasters article or plan, outline the potential
disasters that your company may be at risk of facing. These may include natural
disasters such as floods, forest fires, earthquakes and hurricanes. It may also
include man-made disasters such as theft, arson, data loss, chemical leakages or
terrorist threats.

SUMMARIZE ACTION PLANS FOR POSSIBLE HAZARDS

In your conclusion, provide a brief summary of the plan you stated in the report.
Your essay on natural disasters may include a step-by-step disaster management
plan on what to do should a neighboring building catch fire. In your conclusion,
you can summarize the plan in two or three sentences. For example, “Evacuate
the building immediately, call 911 and notify the business owner. Once everyone
is out safely, notify customers of closures or changes in schedule.”