International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
Volume: 05 Issue: 05 | May-2018 www.irjet.net
Urban Sprawl Analysis Using GIS Applications for Jabalpur City
Vivek Garg1, Dr. Alok Sharma2
1,2 Department of Planning & Architecture, M.I.T.S., Gwalior
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Abstract - Urban sprawl is the uncontrolled and
uncoordinated outgrowth of towns and cities. The process of
urban sprawl can be described by change in pattern over time,
like proportional increase in built-up surface to population
leading to rapid urbanspatial expansion. The current research
addresses the issue of urban sprawl in the context of Jabalpur,
India. We propose a theoretical framework to analyse the
interaction of planning and governance on the extent of
outgrowth and level of services. Reviewing the different
indicator frameworks, we also propose urban sprawl
indicators and operationalize the same for Jabalpur. The
interaction of different indicators with respect to the core city
and the outgrowth is determinedbymulti-dimensional scaling.
The analyses reveal the underlying patterns - similarities (and
dissimilarities) that relate with the different governance
structures. Subsequently, we attempt to understand the
process of sprawl. This might help one to understand the
dynamics that lead to such outgrowths. An attempt was made
to capture the dynamics using systems approach and finally
the insights gainedwere translated into agent-basedland-use
model. The aim of the study is to find out the land cover
change caused due to different activities in Jabalpur City and
its surroundings. The main trajectories of land use change are
based on nine types of land use data derived fromthe remotely
sensed images. The buffer analysis is done to interpret urban
growth The process was used to calculate the mean relative
and distributed entropy in the both buffer types. Entropy
approach shows that the urban development of Jabalpur city is
going on unplanned manner and it is random in nature. The
study is potentially useful for administrators and planner in
Jabalpur and as case study, of value and interest to a broader
community.
Key Words: Land use/cover change, Urban growth,
Remote sensing, Gis, Shannon’s entropy, Spatial forms
of urban Sprawl
1. INTRODUCTION
The rapid pace of world’s urban population growth,
especially in developing countries, is one of the major
challenges for governments and planning agencies. Today,
3.9 billion people—54 percent of the world’s population—
reside in urban areas and is expected to reach 6.3 billion in
2050, with nearly 90 percent of the future urban population
increase being in developing world cities (United Nations,
2015).
The definition of an urban area is normally based upon the
number of residents, population density, percent of people
dependent upon non-agricultural income and provision of
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public utilities and services. The term ‘urban’ has its origin
from the Roman word Urbanus, which adopted the meaning
‘city dweller’ in Latin. The precise definition of an urban area
can vary from country to country. Some countries define an
urban area as any place with a population of 2,500 or more
while some other countries set a minimum population of
20,000 as a criterion. In general, there are no universal
standards and therefore each country develops its own set of
criteria for recognising urban areas. In India, an area is
designated as urban if the population is more than 5000 with
a population density of more than 400 persons per sq. km
and at least 75 percent of the population is involved in non-
agricultural occupations.
India’s urban population grew at an average rate of 1.26
percent per annum during 2010 to 2015 (United Nations
Population Division 2017). It is projected that the country’s
urban population would increase from 31.2 percent in 2011
to about 41.4 percent by 2030 (United Nations). By 2011,
there were 53 urban agglomerations (cities having a
population of more than one million), as compared to 35
urban agglomerations of 2001. The number of urban
agglomerations and towns has increased from 4369 in 2001
to 5100 in 2011 (Census of India, 2011). Among the 5000
plus Urban agglomerations, about 43 percent of its
population resides in just 53 urban areas. Currently, the
Indian economy is experiencing a strange transformation
(with about 68.8 percent of the population in rural areas
contributing to about 28 percent of GDP) to services based
economy (with about 31.2 percent of the population in urban
areas contributing a significant proportion of the services
sector contribution to GDP).
Towns and cities are expanding in certain pockets with a
change in the land-use along the highways and in the
immediate vicinity of the cities. This outgrowth along
highways and roads connecting a city and in the periphery
of the cities is caused by the uncontrolled and uncoordinated
urban growth. This dispersed development outsidecompact
urban and rural centres that is along highways and in rural
Countryside is referred to as sprawl. Sprawl generally refers
to some type of development with impacts such as losses of
agricultural lands, open spaces, and ecologically sensitive
habitats in and around the urban areas. These regions lack
basic amenities due to the unplanned growth and lack of
prior information and forecasts of such growth during
policy, planning and decision-making.
Shannon (1948) did the conception of entropy. The second
law of thermodynamics states that thermodynamic
degradation is unalterable over time. The disorder,
disorganization the disorder, disorganization or randomness
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Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Impact of Covid-19 in India’s Urban slum and Informal Settlement

Vivek Garg1, Shubham Yadav2, Shraddha Garg3

1Assistant Professor UTD CSVTU Bhilai, Urban Planning Department
2 Assistant Professor UTD CSVTU Bhilai, Urban Planning Department
3Block Technology Manager ATMA Bhagalpur

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Abstract - As per census 2011 India’s urban poor basic amenities like safe drinking water, sanitation, housing
residents residing within informal settlements is over 65 and health care services.
million which is roughly 17 per cent of the entire urban
Population In Andhra state one out of each three urban
households is a slum nine out of each 10 slum families in
Odisha do live either without a sewerage connection or
connected to an open gutter Six out of 10 slum inhabitants
reside adjacent to unsanitary sewers and approximately
four of each 10 do not receive treated water. The situation
of urban slum is even going more vulnerable in the Covid-
19 pandemic. While the affluent urban residents can
afford to assure hygiene, access to essentials and non-
essentials, physical distancing, work from home, and get
protected under the social safety measures, urban poor
are even struggling to survive in this pandemic. But
though they are being the victims, they are even mainly
blamed for spreading the coronavirus disease and become
target of isolation, stigma, and social perception. Dharavi, Mumbai
Reaching to the immense uncertainties of the pandemic,
The unprecedented lockdown in the country to prevent the
we hold ill-famed examples like the relatively big outbreak spread of the virus may be well-intentioned but not
in Dharavi, Mumbai, or the spread of the virus in the slum adequate for this section of the population. A lockdown may
area of Bhopal, Delhi, and elsewhere. be an effective approach to stop the spread of virus.
However, the impact of COVID-19 on informal workers,
Key Words: slums; global health; coronavirus; informal domestic workers, street-vendors etc. who are often
settlement; community health; ‘invisible’ during the normal days, will not just be restricted
to them, but will have multidimensional risks to the country
1. INTRODUCTION as a whole.

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has
changed everything. It has forced humanity to flex and
evolve, both in real-time and in the long-term. Physical- and
social-distancing are buzzwords and an integral part of daily
life. In India, unprecedented urban sprawling already
impedes intensification of complex, urban issues including
but not limited to land, water and sanitation. Almost 65
million people or 17 per cent of the urban population live in
informal settlements. These two factors, combined with the
fact that India has a population density of 200,000 people
per square kilometer in slums like Dharavi in Mumbai, mean
that social distancing is almost impossible in the country.
The urban slum population is more prone to deficiency of
There are about 750 slums in Delhi which have a population
of about 15 to 20 lakh. At a time when the Delhi government
has asked people to home-quarantine themselves in a bid to
contain the spread of novel coronavirus, how is it possible to
maintain '2 gaj ki doori' in these areas where there are very
small houses and a dense population. After the spike in
coronavirus cases in Delhi, the government decided to
quarantine coronavirus patients at home. While the decision
is suitable for those living in houses which have two or three
rooms, it is not feasible for those residing in 8x8 rooms in
overcrowded slums.

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 07 Issue: 07 | July 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Effect on Quality of life of slum Dwellers due to PMAY In-Situ Slum

Redevelopment
Vivek Garg1, Shraddha Garg2
1Assistant Professor UTD CSVTU Bhilai, Urban Planning Department
2Block Technology Manager ATMA Bhagalpur

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Abstract - Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana In-situ Slum Redevelopment scheme using Land as Resource approach aims to leverage
the locked potential of land under slums to provide houses to the eligible slum dwellers bringing them into the formal urban
settlement. The main aim is to provide better pucca house with water connection, toilet facilities, 24x7 electricity supply and
access. As the quality of life is being assessed by various indicators and dimensions in which housing is the major issue affecting the
quality of life. The aim of the paper is to define the concept of assessment of housing the quality of life index and to define the main
indicators for assessment of housing impact on quality of life. Housing quality refers to the physical condition of a person’s home as
well as the quality of the social and physical environment in which the home is located. Poor-quality housing is associated with
various negative health outcomes, including chronic disease, injury and poor mental health.

Key Words: Slum, Poverty, Housing, Health, Hygiene, PMAY

1. INTRODUCTION
The unparalleled growth of slums in urban centres reflects
both on the poor housing conditions of a large section of the
society and the massive shortfall of affordable homes near
economic clusters. Lack of developable land parcels in city
centres is one of the significant challenges towards the
development of such homes in metros. In order to address
all housing associated concerns, the government included a
plan to develop existing slums ‘in situ’ in PMAY, implying on
the same land. The approach aims at leveraging the potential
of land parcels locked under slums to provide formal urban
settlements to slum dwellers by using land as a resource
with private participation. “In-situ” slum rehabilitation using
land as a resource with private participation for providing
houses to eligible slum dwellers is an important component
of the “Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) – Housing for
All” mission. This approach aims to leverage the locked
potential of land under slums to provide houses to the
eligible slum dwellers bringing them into the formal urban
settlement.
This is not the first time that a housing project is being
implemented by the central government. Similar attempts
were made by past governments as well. From Indira Awas
Yojana (IAY) launched in 1990 to Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
in 2009 and a host of different housing schemes in
between this period, attempts were made by successive
governments to improve basic services, provide tenure
security, upgrade existing infrastructure and create new
housing units with a vision of creating a ‘Slum Free India’.
In-situ upgradation should be detailed outlining BLC with
upgradation and provision of basic services such as water
Supply, sanitation, sewage, various social amenities etc.
Along with this, BLC should be allowed for individual
households.
In India out of 4,041 Statutory Towns in Census 2011 Slums
reported from 2,543 Towns (63%). Total Slum Enumeration
Blocks (SEBs) in Census 2011 is about 1.08 lakh in the
country. The largest number of Slum as pert EBs reported
from Maharashtra (21,359).As per Census 2011, there are
37,072 notified slums are there in the country with 30,846
recognized slums and 40, 309 identified slums. There are
137.49 lakh households are living different types of slums all
over the India such as 49.65 lakh households are living in
Notified slums, 37.96 lakh in Recognized slums and 49.88
lakh in Identified slums.
The problems faced by the people living in the urban areas of
India have become major concerns for the government. Slums
are considered to be the major issue within many urban
areas; problems related to transportation, population, health
and safety. Considering today’s poor urban environmental
quality in India, the majority of families affected by urban
development projects are located in slum areas which are
under consideration for resettlement and/ or rehabilitation.
This study attempts to examine the relationship between
housing conditions and the quality of life of the urban poor.
Quality of life is measured by various items on self-reported
health status, Water Supply, personal safety, Housing
Condition, Drainage, social support, and involvement in social
activities, which represent these independent but
interrelated qualitative dimensions.

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 © CSVTU Research Journal: Swami Vivekanand Technical CSVTU Research Journal
University All Rights Reserved. Vol. 9(1), 22–27, 2020 ISSN: 0974-8725

Impact Evaluation of Affordable Housing In Partnership at Chhattisgarh

Mr. Nomesh Kumar Dewangan1, Mr. Shubham Yadav², Mr. Vivek Garg³
Deaprtment of Urban Planning,University Teaching Department, Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand
Technical University, Bhilai, 491107
Corresponding Author, Email: nomeshdewangan26@gmail.com1; er.shubhamyadav8@gmail.com2;
vivekgarg8193@gmail.com3
Received; Received in revised form; Accepted

Abstract
Chhattisgarh state is the first in nation to get Central Government approval for Affordable Housing Projects in Chhattisgarh
under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (PMAY) launched in June 2015. Under this project, the aim is to build 26,034 houses in 11
cities and towns of Chhattisgarh till 2022 including 12670 houses for Economically Weaker Section (EWS) that includes all
households with an annual income of less than Rs. 3 Lakh and 13364 Houses for Lower Income Group (LIG), that includes all
households with an annual income of less than Rs. 6 Lakh. Most of the people in urban areas are working either as daily wages
or Informal sectors. They are facing financial problems in constructing Puckka house and require financial support for the
Research Article

construction of their house. To full fill their need of house in affordable cost, Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP) scheme
is regarded. Under this scheme, Subsidy by NHB (National Housing Bank) & HUDCO (Housing & Urban Development
Corporation) or Financial support by Nationalized Banks, Housing Finance Institutions provides loan to the beneficiary. The
impact of the affordable housing, with the initiatives taken by the government is evaluated in this article.
Keywords: PMAY, Housing, EWS, LIG, AHP, NHB, HUDCO.

1. Introduction
Housing is one of the most basic human needs
along with food and clothing. In India, housing has
always been a challenge owing to a number of
factors like exponential population growth, high
purchase/construction costs, and limited
availability of affordable housing and lack of
funding. India has recorded an increased
requirement for housing in recent years [1,2]. The
increased demand in housing is based on increasing
levels of income & savings, urbanization,
emerging of a younger earning age group, decrease
in the average size of household & nuclearization
of families. Likewise, there is an increased demand
for commercial and residential space in metro /
surrounding areas, due to phenomenal growth in
sectors like retail, information technology, IT
enabled services, etc.
As per the Census, the housing stock in
Chhattisgarh increased from 2.0 crore in 2001 to
2.5 crore in 2011. Out of 2.0 crore houses,
approximate 58.0 Lakh households are considered
as non-live able [3,4]. According to the report of
Technical Group, Ministry of Housing And Urban
Poverty Alleviation (2012) [5], 96% of housing
shortages in urban areas are in the EWS
(Economically Weaker Section with an annual
income of less than Rs. 3 Lakh) and LIG (Low
Income Groups with an annual income of less than
Rs. 6 Lakh).
2. Objectives
The objectives of this research article are as
follows:
1. To examine the various initiatives taken by the
Chhattisgarh Government for boosting affordable
housing section.
2. To analyze the impact of affordable housing on
individual household.

22 CSVTU Research Journal. 2020, Vol. 09, No. 1

 International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 2, no 11, pp 824-827, November 2021

International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews

Journal homepage: www.ijrpr.com ISSN 2582-7421

Identification of Indicators/Attributes for Sustainable Development in

Indian Scenario

Vivek Garg1, Naveen Kumar2

PhD Research Scholar, Department of Architecture & Planning, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi
1

Architect, AK Pathak & Associates

2

Abstract-

The goal of sustainable development is to strike a balance between our economic, environmental, and social needs, allowing us to succeed now and in the future.
Sustainable development is a long-term, integrated approach to growing and achieving a healthy community by tackling economic, environmental, and social
challenges together while avoiding excessive use of natural resources. We want to establish the indicators and qualities for sustainable development in Indian
cities in this article
Keywords – Sustainability indicator, Nature, Environment, Society

1. Introduction

By gradually modifying the ways in which we produce and use technologies, sustainable development pushes us to protect and increase our resource
base. Countries must be able to meet their fundamental employment, food, energy, water, and sanitation requirements. If this is to be done in a
sustainable manner, a sustainable population level is required. Economic growth should be encouraged, and emerging countries should be permitted to
expand at the same rate as developed countries.

The four goals of sustainable development are as follows:

 Social advancement and equality, environmental protection, natural resource conservation, and sustained economic growth are among them.
 Every person has the right to live in a healthy, clean, and secure environment.
 Every person has the right to live in a healthy, clean, and secure environment.
 Pollution, poverty, substandard housing, and unemployment can all be reduced to attain this goal.

To protect human and environmental health, global environmental risks such as climate change and poor air quality must be mitigated. Nonrenewable
resources, such as fossil fuels, should not be abandoned overnight; rather, they must be used wisely, and the development of alternatives should be
promoted to aid in their phase-out.

Fig. 1 Sustainable Development Indicators