TOPIC 1:

INTRODUCTION TO
MICROBIOLOGY
PART 2
PASTEUR’S CONTRIBUTION
AND
KOCH POSTULATES

FACILITATOR: DR. NORASHIRENE BT MOHAMAD JAMIL

Learning Outcomes
• At the end of this topic, students should be able to

• Define microbiology

• Explain the discovery of microorganisms

• Compare/contrast Pasteur’s contributions and Koch postulates

• Explain the importance of microorganisms

Contributions by Louis Pasteur :
The father of Microbiology

• The greatest contributor to the development of microbiology. Among his work:

1. Disproving the spontaneous generation theory: The Swan Necked Flask experiment.

• Developed pasteurization - heating at temperature high enough to kill the microbes that causes spoilage.

• Saved the wine industries.

Contributions by Louis Pasteur

2. Sterilization technique known as Pasteurization.

• Pasteurization does not lead to food sterilization or preservation but rather on killing non-spore forming
pathogenic bacteria (non temperature resistant). It is aim at food safety without altering the quality
of food; taste and appearance etc.
• Designed for heat sensitive food and beverage like wine, beer, milk, canned food etc.
• Two methods:

a) HTST: High temperature short time: Milk at 71.7ᵒC for 15 second or ice cream richer in fat at 82.2 ᵒC
for 20 second.
b) LTLT: Low temperature long time (holding method): Milk at 61.7o C for 30 min. or ice cream richer
in fat at 71.7 ᵒC for 30 min.
Contributions by Louis Pasteur

3. Creation of the concept of vaccination. Discovery was incidental, while studying chicken disease.

4. Coined the term “microbiology”

5. The rise of germ theory of disease.

6. Demonstrated anthrax was caused by bacteria (1868).

7. Developed vaccine for anthrax.

8. Developed attenuated vaccine.

The Germ Theory of Disease

▪ ROBERT KOCH
▪ Introduced a guideline for testing and
proving that a disease is caused by
microorganism.

▪ The rationale is that if a disease is

caused by any etiologic agent, then
that agent must be present on the
diseased person. This guideline is
known as the Koch’s Postulates.

https://cnx.org/resources/6ac1152a5b78be9d316b25f
4069cac6c4364f3fc/OSC_Microbio_03_02_ListerKoc
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Koch’s Contributions

▪ Robert Koch
▪ Late 1800’s
▪ First to identify bacterium that causes anthrax
▪ Studies on tuberculosis won him the Nobel prize https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/images/Robert_Koch_in_lab.jpg

▪ Pure cultures
▪ With help from Angelina Hesse grew on solidified
agar

▪ Came up with Koch’s postulates

▪ A step-by-step procedure in determining the
causative agent of disease
▪ Developed bacterial staining method
▪ Discovered Mycobacterium and Vibrio cholera
https://www.hispanagar.com/sites/default/files/2019-12/lina_1.
jpg
 Koch’s postulates by Robert Koch
▪ Koch’s Postulates:
1. In any disease suspected to be caused by microorganism, the
causative agent must be present in the lesion of the diseased
person.

2. The causative agent can be isolated from the lesion in the

form of pure culture onto an artificial media.

3. The pure culture if inoculated into a susceptible host

(experimental animal or culture) will produce the same
disease with the same symptoms.

4. The same microorganism can be recovered from these

diseased animal or host.
Classifying living
organisms
• The initial binomial system of
nomenclature by Carolus Linnaeus
in 1735 grouped all organisms into
two kingdoms – vegetable
(plants) and animal
https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/history-of-classification_med.jpeg

• Several revisions of organism classification that have occurred over the years:
• In 1866, Ernst Haeckel - the addition of a third kingdom – Protista
• In 1925, Edouard Chatton recognized the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and introduced
the two-empire system
• In 1938, Herbert Copeland classified prokaryotic cells into a fourth kingdom – Monera
• In 1969, Robert Whittaker - a five kingdom system, which included a kingdom for Fungi
• In 1977, Carl Woese identified differences among the prokaryotes and in 1990 proposed the currently
recognized three domain system
 THREE KINGDOM SYSTEM: (ERNEST HAECKEL-1866)

1. KINGDOM PROTISTA:
• It includes unicellular & colonial eukaryotes such as bacteria,
algae, fungi & protozoans.

2. KINGDOM PLANTAE:
• It includes multicellular photosynthetic plants.

3. KINGDOM ANIMALIA:
• It includes multicellular animals. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8
d/Ernst_Haeckel.jpg
 FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM: (R H WHITTAKER-1969)

• Classification based on: Organisms

a/en/0/01/Whittaker-Robert-H-1920-1
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi
• Complexity of cell structure ‐ prokaryote
or eukaryote
• Complexity of organism's body – Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
unicellular or multicellular
• Mode of nutrition – Autotrophic or

980.jpg
Heterotrophic MONERA Unicellular Multicellular

• Major ecological role – Producer,

Consumer, Decomposer Without cell
PROTISTA With cell wall
• Phylogenetic relationship – simple to wall
complex
Phototrophic Heterotrophic ANIMALIA

PLANTAE FUNGI
 Three Domain System: (Carl Woese – 1928)
▪ The Three Domain System, groups
organisms primarily based on differences in
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) structure. Ribosomal
RNA is a molecular building block
for ribosomes.

▪ Under this system, organisms are classified

into three domains and six kingdoms.

▪ The domains are Archaea, Bacteria,

and Eukarya.

▪ The kingdoms are Archaebacteria (ancient

bacteria), Eubacteria (true
bacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plantae,
and Animalia.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eranga-Jayashantha-2/publication/274708754/figure/fig1/AS:670721235771400@1536923812539/Thre
e-Domain-Classification-system.jpg
 ▪ Currently, microbiologists and biologists use the adapted
ALL LIVING ORGANISMS version of classification based on:

PROKARYOTES bacteria and viruses

plants, animals, fungi,

EUKARYOTES
algae, protozoa

ancient microorganism
ARCHAEA
(for e.g. extremophiles
 EUKARYOTES

BACTERIA

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crobio_05_01_locom.jpg

VIRUS: BACTERIOPHAGE

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2_01.jpg

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PROKARYOTE: Common Bacteria