INTRODUCTION

When solute molecules are added to a solvent, a collective property known as freezing point
depression is created. In direct proportion to the molality of the solute, the freezing points of
all solutions are lower than those of the pure solvent. At a lower temperature, the re-
establishment of equilibrium is achieved.

∆ T f = K f × mb

Where,
∆ T f is the change in freezing point depression

K f is the freezing point depression constant

m is the molality

OBJECTIVES
1) To determine the Tf of pure solvent and a solution of an unknown
2) To determine the molar mass of the unknown solid using freezing point depression
method
EXPERIMENTAL
Part I : Freezing Point of the Solvent
1. 30mL of cyclohexane is poured into a boiling tube.
2. The tube is placed in a 250mL beaker full of ice and a thermometer is placed inside
the tube.
3. Temperature sampling for every 30 seconds is started when the temperature has
dropped to 10°C until the crystals are appeared and the temperature reading becomes
constant. This temperature is recorded as the freezing point of pure cyclohexane. A
graph from the data obtained is prepared. The solution from procedure Part I is kept
for further experiment in Part II.
Part II : Sample Preparation and Freezing Point of the Mixture (Solution)
1. 0.5g of unknown as a solute is weighed into a small dry test tube.
2. The tube is placed with the solvent and thermometer (from Procedure Part I) back into
a beaker of boiling water (water bath).
3. The thermometer is removed after the solvent melts and the solute sample prepared
above is added. The solution was stirred gently with thermometer after the solvent and
solute melts.
4. For about five minutes, removed from heat and cool at room temperature.
5. The tube was put into an ice-filled beaker.
6. Temperature sampling for every 30 seconds is started when the temperature has
dropped to 10°C until crystals are appeared and the temperature reading becomes
 constant. This temperature is recorded as the freezing point of the mixture. A graph
from the data was prepared.
RESULTS
Part I : Freezing Point of Solvent
Time (s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Temp (°C) 10 9 9 8.5 8 8 8 8

Time (s) 240 270 300 330 360

Temp (°C) 7.5 7 7 7 7

Part II : Freezing Point of Solution

Time (s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Temp (°C) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 4

Time (s) 240

Temp (°C) 4

DATA TREATMENT

Freezing point (solvent) = 7°C

Freezing point (solution) = 4°C
DATA ANALYSIS
1. ∆ T f =T f ( solvent )−T f ( solution )
¿ 7 °C−4 ° C
¿ 3 °C

2. ∆ T f =K f × m
∆Tf
m=
Kf
3 °C
¿
20.0° C /m
¿ 0.15 m

3. mass of solvent used = ρ ×V

¿ 0.799 g/mL ×30 mL
¿ 23.97 g
¿ 0.024 kg

moles of solute
4. motality =
mass of solvent
moles of solute=motality ×mass of solvent
¿ 0.15 ×0.024
¿ 0.0036 mol

mass of solute
5. molar mass=
moles of solute
0.5 g
¿
0.0036 mol
¿ 138.89 g /mol
¿ 138.89 amu

6. By using the freezing point depression method, we obtained the molar mass of the
solute is 138.89g/mol. Molar mass has the same numerical value as molecular weight
of a substance. It helps to predict the unknown solute. The unknown solute has the
closest value with molar mass value which is 137.14 amu.

7. Unknown solute = para-nitrotoluene

|Experimental value−Theoretical value|

8. % Error= × 100
|Theoretical value|
¿ ¿ 138.89−137.14∨ ¿ ¿
¿ 137.14∨¿ × 100 ¿
¿ 1.28 %
DISCUSSIONS
The purpose of this experiment is to use the freezing point depression method to determine
the molar mass of the unknown solid, the freezing point of a pure solvent and a solution of an
unknown and the related freezing points. This experiment used Cyclohexane, C6H12 as a
solvent. When the temperature becomes constant, the freezing point is determined. For Part I,
the temperature becomes constant at 7°C and we found that the freezing point of
Cyclohexane is 7°C. For Part II, the temperature becomes constant at 4°C and the freezing
point of the solution is 4°C.
Pure solvents have more ordered particles when they freeze because the intermolecular forces
between the molecules become stable. As a result, freezing the solution requires more energy
removal than freezing the pure solvent. So the freezing point of the solution is lower than the
pure solvent. This is why the curve for the freezing of a solution is different in slope from the
freezing of the solution.
The percentage error that occurs in this experiment is 1.28%. there may have been a possible
reason for the error that the unknown solute maybe does not melt completely before the
addition of Cyclohexane. The errors also may cause by the natural random uncertainties in
reading thermometer and balance. The measurement might have a slight error due to the air-
cond that has in the lab. To reduce the errors, we need to do this experiment in places that
have a suitable environment and also we can repeat the experiment twice or more to get an
accurate result.
CONCLUSSION
In conclusion, the freezing point of both pure solvent and solution was determined as 7°C and
4°C respectively. Meanwhile, molar mass of the unknown solid determined using freezing
point depression method was 138.89g/mol which mostly similar to molar mass of para-
nitrotoluene which is 137.14 amu.
REFERENCES
1. Libretexts. (2020, September 23). Freezing Point Depression. Chemistry LibreTexts.
Retrieved July 5, 2022, from
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Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mixtures/Colligative_Properties/
Freezing_Point_Depression#:%7E:text=Freezing%20point%20depression%20is
%20a,the%20molality%20of%20the%20solute
2. Ain, Z. U. L. K. E. P. E. L. I. (2021, July 18). brainly.in. Brainly. Retrieved July 5,
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3. Freezing-point depression. (2022, July 5). In Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing-point_depression