SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING

DIGITAL ASSIGNMENT-1

Name: Vijayaraj M
Reg. No. : 22MIS1027
Faculty: Prof. SANGEETHA P

INTRODUCTION
Ion Exchange is a reversible chemical water treatment
process where a ion specific resin is used to selectively remove
charged inorganic species from water and replaces them with
charged ions present of the resin’s surface.This occurs when the
water is passed through a column of resin media.The resin can
be regenerated and the waste stream is discarded.Most common
example for ion exchange process are water softeners which
remove hardness causing minerals and salts from the water.In
this method the water is actually passed through a bed of resin
with cation, anion or both mixed together.The resin is cross
linked ,long chain organic polymer .It has microporous structure
and it is insoluble.The ion exchanging property is due to the
functional groups attached to it.Resins with functional groups
that are acidic will exchange H+ ions with the cations that come
in contact with it and those that are basic will exchange anions
with other ions that come in contact with it.Resins can be
categorised into two types.They are:-

1. Cation Exchange Resin(RH+)

2. Anion Exchange Resin (ROH-)

Cation exchange resin

Sulphonation or Carboxylation of Styrene-divinyl benzene
copolymers will allow hydrogen ions to be replaced with the
cation present in the water.

Cation exchange resin

2RH+ + Ca2+/Mg2+ R2Ca2+/R2Mg2++2H+

Anion exchange resins

Amine -formaldehyde copolymers contain amino or quaternary
ammonium or quaternary phophonium or tertiary sulphonium groups as
an integral part of the resin . After this is treated with dil NaOH , the OH-
ions can be exchanged with the anions present in the water.


 ROH-+ Cl- R+Cl-+OH

Hard water in

Soft water out

 REGENERATION OF CATION AND ANION

RESINS

REGENERATION OF CATION EXCHANGE

COLUMN

R2Ca2++2H+ 2RH++Ca2+

REGERATION OF ANION EXCHANGE COLUMN

R2SO2- + 2OH- 2ROH-+SO 2+

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ION EXCAHNGE

METHOD
ADVANTAGES:
• The process can be used to soften highly acidic or alkaline
water

• It produces water of very low hardness (2ppm)

 DISADVANTAGES:
• The equipment is costly and more expensive chemicals are
needed

• If the water contains turbidity then the output is reduced

H2O