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UNIT IX: POLYNOMIAL CURVES

9.0 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson packet, the students are expected to attain the
following intended learning outcomes:
9.0.1 Determine the equation of the normal and tangent to the curve
9.0.2 Identify the critical point
9.0.3 Use the first derivative test to determine maxima or minima
9.0.4 Use the second derivative test to determine concavity and
determine maxima or minima
9.0.5 Identify the inflection of the function
9.0.6 Construct a sketch of polynomial curves

9.1 Introduction

A polynomial curve is a special case of a rational curve and

can be parametrized by polynomial functions of R(x). A polynomial
curve cannot be bounded, nor have asymptotes, except if it is a line.
A polynomial curve is a curve obtained by
fitting polynomials to each ordinate of an ordered sequence of
points.

9.2 Topics and Discussion

9.2.1. Generalities About Straight Lines

A straight line or simply referred to as a line, is the simplest equation

of a locus. It is a curve with constant slope. The equation of a line is an
equation in x, y which is satisfied by every point of the line.

The following are the different forms of the equation on the line.

The General and Standard Equation of The Line

The general equation of the straight line of first degree is in the form
𝐀𝐱 + 𝐁𝐲 + 𝐂 = 𝟎
and the standard equation of the straight line is
𝐀𝐱 + 𝐁𝐲 = 𝐂
where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are given real numbers and 𝐴 and 𝐵 are not both zero.
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Point-Slope Form
Suppose a line passes through a given point P1(x1,y1) and has a slope
equal to m. If you take any point on the line, say P(x, y), the slope of the line is
𝑦 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝐲 − 𝐲𝟏 = 𝐦(𝐱 − 𝐱 𝟏 )

Figure 9.1. A straight line

Two-point Form
Suppose a line passes through points P1 (x1, y1) and P2(x2, y2), then the
slope is
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
Using point slope form, we have
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝐲 − 𝐲𝟏 𝐱 − 𝐱𝟏
=
𝐲𝟐 − 𝐲𝟏 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟏

Slope-Intercept Form
Suppose a line having a slope m and passing through the y axis at (0, b).
Using the point-slope form, the equation is
𝑦 − 𝑏 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦 − 𝑏 = 𝑚𝑥
𝐲 = 𝐦𝐱 + 𝐛

Figure 9.2. A straight line that passes through the y-axis at (0, b)
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Intercept Form
Suppose x and y-intercepts of a straight line of point A and B are a and
b, respectively. Accordingly, the coordinates of point A and B are (a, 0) and (0,
b), respectively.

Figure 9.3. A straight line with x and y-intercepts a and b, respectively

Therefore, the slope of line AB is

𝑏−0 𝑏
𝑚= =−
0−𝑎 𝑎
Using point-slope form
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑏
𝑦 − 𝑏 = − (𝑥 − 0)
𝑎
𝑏
𝑦−𝑏 =− 𝑥
𝑎
𝑦 𝑥
−1= −
𝑏 𝑎
𝐱 𝐲
+ =𝟏
𝐚 𝐛

Perpendicular or Normal Form

Suppose P is the perpendicular length from the origin, O, to the point A
on the line and 𝜃 is the angle of inclination of P. The equation of the line passing
through point A can be found in terms of P and 𝜃.
Using Trigonometry, the coordinates of A are (𝑃 cos 𝜃, 𝑃 sin 𝜃)

Figure 9.4. Line OB that is perpendicular to the straight line

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The slope of line OA is tan 𝜃. Since the given line is perpendicular to OA

and perpendicular lines have slopes that are negative reciprocal of each other,
1
therefore the slope of the line is − tan 𝜃 = − cot 𝜃.
By, point-slope form, we have
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦 − 𝑃 sin 𝜃 = − cot 𝜃 (𝑥 − 𝑃 cos 𝜃)
cos 𝜃
𝑦 − 𝑃 sin 𝜃 = − (𝑥 − 𝑃 cos 𝜃)
sin 𝜃
𝑦 sin 𝜃 − 𝑃 sin 𝜃 = −𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝑃 cos 2 𝜃
2

𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝑦 sin 𝜃 = 𝑃(sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃)

𝐱 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 + 𝐲 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉 = 𝐏

Note: Lines that are perpendicular to each other have slopes that are negative reciprocal
of each other. Perpendicular lines have equations in which x-coefficient of the first is
equal to the y-coefficient of the second and the y-coefficient of the first is numerically
equal but of opposite to the x-coefficient of the second. While, lines with the same slope
are parallel lines. Parallel lines have equations that have identical x-coefficients and
identical y-coefficients.

9.2.2. Tangents and Normal to Curves

As mentioned above, the equation of line passing through a point P1(x1,y1)
and has a slope equal to m is
𝐲 − 𝐲𝟏 = 𝐦(𝐱 − 𝐱 𝟏 )

So, in order to get the equation of the line tangent to or normal to a curve
at a given point we need to know the slope of the line. Remember that the first
derivative of the given function is the slope of the curve. Hence, substituting
the x and y-coordinate of the given point to the x and y variables of the first
derivative will give you the slope of the line tangent to the curve at that given
point. Get the negative reciprocal of the slope of the tangent line, this slope is
now the slope of the line normal to the curve in that given point.

Examples:
Find the equations of the tangent and the normal at the point indicated.
1. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 𝑎𝑡 (1, 2)
Solution:
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 Equation of the curve
𝑦′ = 6𝑥 − 2 First derivative of the function
′
𝑦 = 6(1) − 2 Substitute the coordinate/s of the given point
′
𝑦 = 4 = 𝑚𝑇 Slope of the tangent line
1
𝑚𝑁 = − 4 Slope of the normal line (Negative reciprocal of 𝑚𝑇 )
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Use the slope and the given point to get the equation of the tangent and the
normal using point-slope form.

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) Point-slope form

𝑦 − 2 = 4(𝑥 − 1) Substitute (1, 2) and 𝑚𝑇 to the point-slope form
𝑦 − 2 = 4𝑥 − 4 Using distributive law
4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 Equation of the tangent line in standard form

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) Point-slope form

1
𝑦 − 2 = − 4 (𝑥 − 1) Substitute (1, 2) and 𝑚𝑁 to the point-slope form
4𝑦 − 8 = −𝑥 + 1 Multiply both sides by 4 and use distributive law
𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 9 Equation of the normal line in standard form

2. 𝑦 = 2 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = −1
Solution:
𝑦 = 2 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 3 Equation of the curve
2
𝑦′ = 4 − 3𝑥 First derivative of the function
′ 2
𝑦 = 4 − 3(−1) Substitute 𝑥 = −1
𝑦 ′ = 1 = 𝑚𝑇 Slope of the tangent line
𝑚𝑁 = −1 Slope of the normal line (Negative reciprocal of 𝑚𝑇 )

Since only x is given, solve for y by substituting 𝑥 = −1 to the equation of

the curve, then use the slope and the x and y-coordinates to get the equation
of the tangent and the normal using point-slope form.

𝑦 = 2 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 3 Equation of the curve

3
𝑦 = 2 + 4(−1) − (−1) Substitute 𝑥 = −1 to solve for y
𝑦 = −1 Value of y when 𝑥 = −1

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) Point-slope form

𝑦 − (−1) = 1[𝑥 − (−1)] Substitute (-1, -1) and 𝑚𝑇 to the point-slope form
𝑦+1=𝑥+1 Using distributive law
𝑥−𝑦 =0 Equation of the tangent line in standard form

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) Point-slope form

𝑦 − (−1) = −1[𝑥 − (−1)] Substitute (-1, -1) and 𝑚𝑁 to the point-slope form
𝑦 + 1 = −𝑥 − 1 Using distributive law
𝑥 + 𝑦 = −2 Equation of the normal line in standard form
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👉 Exercise 1: Find the equation of the tangent and the normal at the point
indicated

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 2 𝑎𝑡 (1, −4)
2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑡 (0, 0)

9.2.3. Extrema and the First Derivative Test

In studying the properties of a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), it is usually of great
help to represent the function graphically. In tracing a curve, it is good if we
will begin by locating several points such as the intersections with the x and y-
axis, and finding the slope at those points. It is also useful to note the behavior
of y for large positive and negative values of x. In this matter, differential
calculus is used in curve tracing. Aside from giving the slope at any point, it
also helps us determine whether a function is increasing or decreasing at a
given point.
Try to examine Figure 9.5. Notice that on the arc AB, as x increases the
curve rises. In this case, the slope is positive. The slope on the arc BD is
negative, thus, the curve falls. To determine whether the curve is increasing or
decreasing at a certain point, the first derivative test is used. If y’> 0 (first
derivative is positive), y increases and if y’< 0 (first derivative is negative), y
decreases

Figure 9.5. Graph of a certain function

At a point such as B where the function is algebraically greater than at

any neighboring point, the function is said to have maximum value, and the
point is called a maximum point. Similarly, at a point such as D where the
function is algebraically smaller than at any neighboring point, the function
has a minimum value. At these points, the function changes sign (positive to
negative or negative to positive).
At some points in the graph, y’=0. The point at which y’=0 is called
critical point. If the derivative of a function changes sign around a critical point,
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the function is said to have a local (relative) extremum at that point. If the
derivative changes from positive (increasing function) to negative (decreasing
function), the function has a local (relative) maximum at the critical point. If,
however, the derivative changes from negative (decreasing function) to
positive (increasing function), the function has a local (relative) minimum at the
critical point. When this technique is used to determine local maximum or
minimum function values, it is called the First Derivative Test for Local
Extrema. Note that there is no guarantee that the derivative will change signs,
and therefore, it is essential to test each interval around a critical point.
Note also that there are critical points in which the function does not
change sign. When that happens, the critical point is neither maxima, nor
minima.

Examples:
Locate the critical points and determine the maxima and minima by using the
first derivative.
1. 𝑦 = 4 − 6𝑥 + 𝑥 2
Solution:
𝑦 = 4 − 6𝑥 + 𝑥 2 Equation of the curve
′
𝑦 = −6 + 2𝑥 First derivative of the function
0 = −6 + 2𝑥 Equate 𝑦 ′ = 0 (condition for critical points)
𝑥=3 x-coordinate of the critical point
2
𝑦 = 4 − 6(3) + (3) Substitute the value of x to the equation of the curve
to get the y-coordinate of the critical point
𝑦 = −5 y-coordinate of the critical point

Therefore, the critical point is (3, -5)

To test whether (3, -5) is maxima or minima, we will do a first derivative

test. We will choose value of x at the left and at the right side of 𝑥 = 3.

At the left side of 𝑥 = 3, we will choose 𝑥 = 2.9 and we will solve for 𝑦′.

𝑦 ′ = −6 + 2𝑥 First derivative of the function

𝑦 ′ = −6 + 2(2.9) Substitute 𝑥 = 2.9
𝑦 ′ = −0.2 First derivative is negative (function is decreasing)

At the right side of 𝑥 = 3, we will choose 𝑥 = 3.1 and we will solve for 𝑦′.

𝑦 ′ = −6 + 2𝑥 First derivative of the function

𝑦 ′ = −6 + 2(3.1) Substitute 𝑥 = 3.1
𝑦 ′ = 0.2 First derivative is positive (function is increasing)
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Since the derivative of the function changes from negative to positive, the
critical point (3, -5) is minimum.

2. 𝑦 = 2 + 12𝑥 − 𝑥 3
Solution:
𝑦 = 2 + 12𝑥 − 𝑥 3 Equation of the curve
′ 2
𝑦 = 12 − 3𝑥 First derivative of the function
0 = 12 − 3𝑥 2 Equate 𝑦 ′ = 0 (condition for critical points)
𝑥2 = 4 Simplifying the equation above
𝑥 = ±2 x-coordinates of the critical points
Substitute the value of x to the equation of the curve to get the y-coordinate
of the critical point

When 𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = 2 + 12(2) − (2)3 Substitute 𝑥 = 2 to the equation of the curve
𝑦 = 18 y-coordinate of the critical point

Therefore, one of the critical points is (2, 18).

When 𝑥 = −2
𝑦 = 2 + 12(−2) − (−2)3 Substitute 𝑥 = −2 to the equation of the curve
𝑦 = −14 y-coordinate of the critical point

Therefore, another critical point is (-2, -14).

To test whether (2, 18) is maxima or minima, we will do a first derivative

test. We will choose value of x at the left and at the right side of 𝑥 = 2.

At the left side of 𝑥 = 2, we will choose 𝑥 = 1.9 and we will solve for 𝑦′.

𝑦 ′ = 12 − 3𝑥 2 First derivative of the function

𝑦 ′ = 12 − 3(1.9)2 Substitute 𝑥 = 1.9
𝑦 ′ = 1.17 First derivative is positive (function is increasing)

At the right side of 𝑥 = 2, we will choose 𝑥 = 2.1 and we will solve for 𝑦′.

𝑦 ′ = 12 − 3𝑥 2 First derivative of the function

𝑦 ′ = 12 − 3(2.1)2 Substitute 𝑥 = 2.1
𝑦 ′ = −1.23 First derivative is negative (function is decreasing)

Since the derivative of the function changes from positive to negative, the
critical point (2, 18) is maximum.
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To test whether (-2, -14) is maxima or minima, we will do a first derivative

test. We will choose value of x at the left and at the right side of 𝑥 = −2.

At the left side of 𝑥 = −2, we will choose 𝑥 = −2.1 and we will solve for 𝑦′.

𝑦 ′ = 12 − 3𝑥 2 First derivative of the function

𝑦 ′ = 12 − 3(−2.1)2 Substitute 𝑥 = −2.1
𝑦 ′ = −1.23 First derivative is negative (function is decreasing)

At the right side of 𝑥 = −2, we will choose 𝑥 = −1.9 and we will solve for
𝑦′.
𝑦 ′ = 12 − 3𝑥 2 First derivative of the function
𝑦 ′ = 12 − 3(−1.9)2 Substitute 𝑥 = −1.9
𝑦 ′ = 1.17 First derivative is positive (function is increasing)

Since the derivative of the function changes from negative to positive, the
critical point (-2, -14) is minimum.

9.2.4. Concavity and the Second Derivative Test

Try to examine again Figure 9.5. As you can see, the arc ABC is concave
downward while the arc CDE is concave upward. Concavity tells us if the
critical point is maxima or minima. If the graph concaves downward, then it is
maxima. If the graph concaves upward, then it is minima.
The second derivative of the function gives us information about
concavity. Remember from the discussion above that when the first derivative
is positive, the function is increasing. Note that the second derivative is the rate
of change of the first derivative. So, when the 𝑦’’ is positive, 𝑦’ is increasing.
This means that as x increases the tangent turns in counterclockwise sense and
the curve is concave upward. When the 𝑦’’ is negative, 𝑦’ is decreasing and the
curve is concave downward.
Second derivative therefore tells us whether the critical point (point at
which 𝑦’ = 0) is maxima or minima depending on the conditions as follows:
a. 𝑦 ′′ > 0; critical point is minimum
b. 𝑦 ′′ < 0; critical point is maximum
c. 𝑦 ′′ = 0; the test fails; critical point is neither minimum nor
maximum.
Examples:
Locate the critical points and determine the maxima and minima by second
derivative test.
1. 𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 1)2
Solution:
𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 1)2 Equation of the curve
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𝑦 ′ = 2(2𝑥 − 1)(2) Using chain rule to get the derivative

𝑦 ′ = 4(2𝑥 − 1) The first derivative of the function
𝑦 ′′ = 8 The second derivative of the function

To get the critical point, equate 𝑦’ = 0 then solve for x

0 = 4(2𝑥 − 1) Equating 𝑦’ = 0
1
𝑥=2 x-coordinate of the critical point
1 1
𝑦 = [2(2) − 1]2 Substitute 𝑥 = 2 to the equation of the curve
𝑦=0 y-coordinate of the critical point.
1
Therefore, the critical point is (2 , 0)
1
Since 𝑦 ′′ = 8; 𝑦 ′′ > 0; the critical point (2 , 0) is minimum.

2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 20
Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 20 Equation of the curve
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥2 − 6𝑥 − 9 The first derivative of the function
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 6 The second derivative of the function
To get the critical point, equate 𝑦’ = 0 then solve for x
0 = 3𝑥2 − 6𝑥 − 9 Equating 𝑦’ = 0
0 = 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 − 3 Divide both sides by 3
0 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) Factor and equate each factor to zero to get x
𝑥 = 3; 𝑥 = −1 x-coordinate of the critical points

When 𝑥 = 3
𝑦 = (3)3 − 3(3)2 − 9(3) + 20 Substitute 𝑥 = 3 to the equation of the curve
𝑦 = −7 y-coordinate of the critical point
Therefore, one of the critical points is (3, -7).

To determine if (3, -7) is maximum or minimum, we will use the second

derivative test
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 6 The second derivative of the function
′′
𝑦 = 6(3) − 6 Substitute 𝑥 = 3
𝑦′′ = 12 𝑦 ′′ > 0, critical point is minimum

Since 𝑦 ′′ > 0, therefore the critical point (3, -7) is minimum

When 𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = (−1)3 − 3(−1)2 − 9(−1) + 20 Substitute 𝑥 = −1 to the equation
of the curve
𝑦 = 25 y-coordinate of the critical point
Therefore, another critical point is (-1, 25).
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To determine if (-1, 25) is maximum or minimum, we will use the second

derivative test
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 − 6 The second derivative of the function
′′
𝑦 = 6(−1) − 6 Substitute 𝑥 = −1
𝑦 ′′ = −12 𝑦 ′′ < 0, critical point is maximum

Since 𝑦 ′′ < 0, therefore the critical point (-1, 25) is maximum

👉 Exercise 2: Locate the critical points and determine the maxima and minima by
first derivative or second derivative test.

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 2)2
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥

9.2.5. Points of Inflection

A point at which the curve changes from concave upward to concave
downward, or vice versa, is called a point of inflection. At a point of inflection,
the tangent reverses the sense in which it turns, so that y’’ changes sign. Hence
at such a point y’’, if it is continuous, must vanish. In Figure 9.5., the points C,
E, F are points of inflection.

As mentioned above, when doing a second derivative test, sometimes

′′
𝑦 = 0. When this happens, the critical point is neither minima nor maxima.
Please take note that some critical point is a point of inflection such as point F
in Figure 9.5. However, not all points of inflection are critical points, such as
points C and E. They are inflection points but they are not critical points.

Theorem: If 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a root of odd order of the equation 𝑦’ = 0, then 𝑥 =

𝑎 is a maximum or a minimum. If 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a root of even order of the equation
𝑦’ = 0, then 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a point of inflection with horizontal tangent.

9.2.6. Sketching Polynomial Curves

One of the many applications of derivative is it helps use in sketching
polynomial curves.
Listed below are the steps in sketching polynomial curves.
1. Find the x and y-intercepts
2. Determine how y behaves for large values of x
3. Locate the points where 𝑦’ = 0 and determine the extremes
4. Locate the points where 𝑦’’ = 0 (usually points of inflection) and
draw the tangents to those points.
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5. If needed, plot additional points.

Example: Sketch the curve of 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥.

Solution:
a. Find the x and y-intercepts
Note: the x-intercept has y-coordinate which is equal to zero; 𝑦 = 0
the y-intercept has x-coordinate which is equal to zero; 𝑥 = 0

When 𝑦 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
0 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
0 = 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 3)
𝑥 = 0; 𝑥 = ±√3
Therefore, x-intercepts are (0,0), (√3, 0), (−√3, 0)
When 𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
𝑦 = (0)3 − 3(0)
𝑦=0
Therefore, y-intercept is (0,0)
b. Determine how y behaves for large values of x
To determine the behavior of the function, assign a large, positive and a
large, negative value of x and solve for y.
These are how y behaves:
If x is large and positive, y is also large and positive
If x is large and negative, y is also large and negative
c. Locate the points where 𝑦’ = 0 and determine the extremes
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 Equation of the curve
𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 − 3 First derivative of the function
′′
𝑦 = 6𝑥 Second derivative of the function
2
0 = 3𝑥 − 3 Equate y’=0, to get the critical points
2
0=𝑥 −1 Divide both sides by 3
𝑥 = ±1 x-coordinates of the critical points

When 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = (1)3 − 3(1) Substitute 𝑥 = 1 to the equation of the curve
𝑦 = −2 Value of y when 𝑥 = 1

Therefore, one of the critical points is (1, -2).

Determine if (1, -2) is maximum or minimum by second derivative test

𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 Second derivative of the function
′′
𝑦 = 6(1) Substitute 𝑥 = 1
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𝑦 ′′ = 6 𝑦 ′′ > 0, concaves upward (minimum)

When 𝑥 = −1
𝑦 = (−1)3 − 3(−1) Substitute 𝑥 = −1 to the equation of the curve
𝑦=2 Value of y when 𝑥 = −1

Therefore, another critical point is (-1, 2).

Determine if (-1, 2) is maximum or minimum by second derivative test
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 Second derivative of the function
′′
𝑦 = 6(−1) Substitute 𝑥 = −1
𝑦 ′′ = −6 𝑦 ′′ < 0, concaves downward (maximum)
d. Locate the points where 𝑦’’ = 0 (usually points of inflection) and draw
the tangents to those points.
𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥 The second derivative of the function
0 = 6𝑥 Equate 𝑦’’ = 0
𝑥=0 x-coordinate of the point of inflection

When 𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
𝑦 = (0)3 − 3(0)
𝑦=0
Therefore, point of inflection is (0,0).
When 𝑥 = 0
𝑦′ = 3𝑥 2 − 3
𝑦′ = 3(0)2 − 3
𝑦 ′ = −3 The slope at point of inflection

(-1, 2)

(−√𝟑, 0) (0, 0) (√𝟑, 0)

(1, -2)
 2 | Calculus 1
14
1
4

👉 Exercise 3: Sketch the curve

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2
2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥

9.3 References

1. Hughes-Hallet, Gleason, McCallum, et. al., “Calculus: Single and

Multivariable, 6th ed., 2013
2. Larson, Ron, Edwards, Bruce, Calculus of a Single Variable 10th
edition, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 2014
3. http://www.math.utah.edu/~rossi/Polycalcnotes.pdf
4. https://mathcurve.com/courbes2d.gb/polynomiale/polynomiale.shtml#:
~:text=A%20polynomial%20curve%20is%20a,Q%20of%20a%20pro
per%20representation.
5. https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-
guides/calculus/calculus/applications-of-the-derivative/first-
derivative-test-for-local-
extrema#:~:text=If%20the%20derivative%20changes%20from,maxi
mum%20at%20the%20critical%20point.&text=When%20this%20te
chnique%20is%20used,Derivative%20Test%20for%20Local%20Extr
ema.
6. Love, Clyde and Rainville, Earl D. (1981). Differential and Integral
Calculus, 6th Edition. New York. The Macmillan Co.

Note: Should you have questions about the topics discussed in this module, please feel
free to text or call me thru this cellphone number, 09173233507. I will appreciate if
you’ll ask questions for clarifications to have sufficient learning.