Chapter 1

Introduction

Brief History

There has always been a need to categorize items since the beginning of

civilizations, and efforts have been made throughout history to discover methods that

are easier, quicker, and more effective.

Numerous techniques were employed to separate valuable metals in ancient

Greece as early as 2,000 BC. A screen that prevents things larger than a specific size

from passing through is manually shaken to divide materials into various particle sizes

(fractions). Thus, the idea of separation was presented.

With the development of mechanized vibrating screens at the beginning of the

20th century, screening technology achieved great strides. The invention of screens that

could move automatically throughout the first decades of the 20th century was

highlighted by a wave of patents, which also confirmed stratification as the second

essential mechanical screening technique. To put it simply, it occurs when the

movement of a screen deck or conveyor makes the material bed which lowers internal

friction and makes it simpler for finer particles to descend to the bottom.

As a result of these efforts, many different types of screening mechanisms have

been developed and improved aimed at finding the optimum approach in material

screening operations, and these solutions named screen also known as Auto Centering

Vibrating Screen and companies engaged in stone quarrying, mining fields, ore

processing and recycling operations are the primary sectors and target in employing

Auto Centering Vibrating Screens.

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Subject of the Report

Auto Centering Vibrating Screen is an equipment used to separate and transport

granulated materials in various processes. It is widely used in construction, chemical

industry, and is much suitable for classification or separating of medium and fine-

grained materials in mining sites or industries, which is the focus location of the study .

One of the most typical unit processes in mineral processing is screening. Starting with

manufacture at the mine site and ending with suitability for use as a specific end-

product, it is utilized for a variety of applications.

According to Mular et al., 2002, Some of the primary uses of screening in mineral

processing include classification, size limitation of crusher feed, dewatering, slime

cleaning, solid recovery, washing, and others. The quantity and characteristics of the

target products, the overall power consumption, the effectiveness of the crushers, and

ultimately the profitability of the mineral processing all directly depend on the design,

size, and separation efficiency of screens.

There are different approaches to the modeling of the screening process: the first

attempt was by Whiten, 1972 and Ferrara and Perti, 1975 where the modeling of

screening was a phenomenological process. The other one is known as Karra (1979)’s

model which is one of the most popular examples in empirical or capacity models that

approach the screening process modeling by investigating the effect of different

variables on the screening performance experimentally. 

Wills and Napier-Munn, 2006 stated that models are frequently utilized by screen

manufacturers, they continue to search for ways to better separate the product through

such methods as higher speed, longer stroke or combinations of amplitude and

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frequency. Wherever materials are processed, from mining to recycling to agriculture,

screening is important, and it often offers a surprisingly effective way to improve return

on investment. It separates the final, marketable product, makes sure the particles are

the right size for subsequent processing, removes unwanted particles, and lessens the

workload on other operations, including crushing.

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Capitalization

This project study is about the Auto Centering Vibrating Screen whose uses of

screening in mineral processing include classification, design, size, and separation

efficiency of screens. The major components and parts are specifically listed below as

well as the total estimated cost of the said project.

Cost of Machinery:

Qty Name of Description Materiel Cost Total Amount

Parts
1 Vibration Industries 3 Vibration Motor Php 15,433.99 Php 15,433.99
Motor
8 Screen Polyurethane screen mesh (4) Php 873.42 Php 3493.68
Polyurethane screen PU (4) Php 3359.30 Php 13437.20
1 Rear Frame Rear Frame assembly Php 13,187.99 Php 13,187.99

1 Chute Transfer chute - PCS Php 11,687.44 Php 11,687.44

1 Rack Galvanized Sheet Metal Rack Php 10,703.02 Php 10,703.02

1 Screen Box Carbon Automatic Screen Box Php 12,703.02 Php 12,703.02

1 Feed Box Carbon Automatic Feed Box Php 13,503.02 Php 13,503.02

10 Spray Spray nozzle Php 1,046.73 Php 10,467.30

60 Bolts U-Bolts (20) Php 43.67 Php 873.4

Wide U-Bolts (20) Php 70.55 Php 1411
J-Bolts (20) Php 33.59 Php 671.8
25 Rubber Rectangular Rubber Buffer Php 235.15 Php 5878.75
Buffers
15 Capping Screen Straight Capping Php 940.60 Php 14,109
Fittings
6 Spring Nitinol Springs Wire Php 1023.37 Php 6140.22

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Study Locale

The locale of this report is the Philex Mining Corporation which is located at 2/F,

LaunchPad Reliance corner Sheridan Streets, Mandaluyong City.

Philex Mining Corporation is a company that operates in the mining industry for

the extraction of resources such as copper, gold, silver, and complex ore through

technologies such as open-pit mining.

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 Chapter 2

Report Proper

The basic reason for a vibrating screen is to accomplish a separation of a

granular product into various sizes. In order to affect this separation, the various size

particles must be given as many opportunities as possible to pass through the

screening medium. Particles that adhere to one another must be dislodged, and

stratification or sifting of the fines down to and through the screening media must be

accelerated. The best means accomplishing this is by moving (vibrating) the screen

under the product as often as possible to allow the product multiple chances of being

sized.

The screening surface is generally drawn tightly over an open framework and

anchored to vertical side plates with tension members to keep it tight. Fastened to the

side plates, normally through the center, is a shaft supported at the side plates by

bearings. A pulley or sheave is attached to one end of the shaft and a driving

mechanism - usually an electric motor through a V-belt is attached. The screen frame is

supported by springs at each corner allowing it to move freely in a vertical circle.

As the shaft with counterweights attached is rotated it throws the frame in the

opposite direction of the counterweights that is constantly changing in an arc or circular

throw or stroke, the magnitude of the stroke can be varied by increasing or decreasing

the number of counterweights. It is the characteristics of a vibrating screen to move

freely during that period of process in starting and stopping when the frequency of

vibration equals the natural frequency of the spring.

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 In order to counteract vibration, a counterweight or counter balance is installed

between the bearings on the centerline of the outboard shaft. This counterweight does

not act as the one but is used to counteract the weight and centrifugal force of the live

frame on the shaft at the inboard bearings, and reduce or eliminate vibration.

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Drawings/Process Flow of the Report

Technical Parameters

Model D3Z1014 D4Z1014 D571014 D2Z1021 D3Z1021 D421021 D521021

Screen Deck 3 4 5 2 3 4 5
layers
Total 4.2㎡ 5.6㎡ 7㎡ 4.2㎡ 6.3㎡ 8.4㎡ 10.5㎡
Screening
Area
Vibration 1-2mm
Amplitude
Total 2 sets×1.84 kW
Installed
Power
Vibration 25Hz
Frequency
Screen 17.5°
Inclination
Mesh Size 0.045-2mm
Screen Size 700×1050（mm）
Number of 6 8 10 6 9 12 15
Screens
Discharge 6～18 8～24 10～30 5～12 6～19 8～25 10～32
Capacity m3/h m3/h m3/h m3/h m3/h m3/h m3/h

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Auto Centering Vibrating Screen Main Components

● Vibration Motor

A vibration motor is a three-phase motor that is intentionally unbalanced, and is

also known as an eccentric rotating mass (ERM) used to vibrate sieves, troughs

and tables, and separate products in a bunker or landfill pipe

● Polyurethane Screen Panel-Coarse Screening

It is made of a polyurethane wrapped metal skeleton. It is characterized by good

wear resistance and strong corrosion resistance.

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● Polyurethane Screen Mesh-Fine Screen

Fine screen polyurethane screen mesh is a kind of polymer polyurethane

elastomer, which has excellent physical and mechanical properties.

● Rear Support Frame

To support the vehicle's mechanical components and body. To deal with static

and dynamic loads, without undue deflection or distortion.

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 Receiving/Transfer Chute

To facilitate bulk material transfer from one conveyor belt to another or for

redirecting flow from a delivery point

● Rack

It is a supporting framework usually made of a durable material and much like

shelves, has a wide array of shapes and sizes. Racks are of great use for

storage and industrial purposes

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● Screen Box

Uses shafts with counterweights or exciters to cause the material bed to vibrate.

Through the vibration, larger particles work their way to the top of the material

bed, while the smaller particles contact the screening surface

● Feed Box

Adopts a unit-combination structure, and bolts are used between each unit, or

the form of quick clamping is used to combine them together.

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 Spray

To clean materials, clean the screen and remove dust.

 Mesh Fixing Bolts

(U-Bolts, Wide U-Bolts, J-Bolts)

Cappings act as a bumper between the deck and screen mesh. It is very

important to fix the screen mesh tight to the deck as a loose connection will

destroy the screen in a short period of time.

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 Rubber Buffers

Screen operation should be strictly linear in line with the material flow and side

movements should be minimized. Rubber buffers prevent the screen from

moving sideways.

 Capping and Fittings

Capping act as a bumper between the deck and screen panel. It is very important

to fix the screen mesh tight on the deck as a lose connection

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 ● Springs

Proper vibrating patterns are not possible without flexible mounts. Springs are

the most common type of vibrating screen suspension. They are durable and

easy to install and service.

How does Auto Centering Vibrating Screen Work:

 When the smaller rock has to be classified a vibrating screen will be used. The

simplest Vibrating Screen Working Principle can be explained using the single

deck screen and put it onto an inclined frame. The frame is mounted on springs.

The vibration is generated from an unbalanced flywheel. A very erratic motion is

developed when this wheel is rotated. You will find these simple screens in

smaller operations and rock quarries where sizing isn’t as critical. As the

performance of this type of screen isn’t good enough to meet the requirements of

most mining operations two variations of this screen have been developed.

 In the majority of cases, the types of screen decks that you will be operating will be

either the horizontal screen or the inclined vibrating screen. They reflect the direction of

the motion that is creating the vibration. The pattern of vibration for the horizontal screen

deck is back and forth while the inclined vibrating screen is circular.

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 There are different ways to generate the vibration itself. A double counterbalance

system is used in the horizontal screen.

 The counterbalance weight will alternately promote and retard the direction of

vibration depending upon where within each revolution the weights come

opposite each other.

 An eccentric shaft is used in the inclined vibrating screen. There is an advantage

of using this method of vibration generation over the unbalanced flywheel method

first mentioned. The vibration of an unbalanced flywheel is very violent. This

causes mechanical failure and structural damage to occur. The four-bearing

system greatly reduces this problem.

 These screens are vibrated is to ensure that the ore comes into contact will the

screen. By vibrating the screens, the rock will be bounced around on top of it.

This means, that by the time that the rock has traveled the length of the screen, it

will have had the opportunity of hitting the screen mesh at just the right angle to

be able to penetrate through it. If the rock is small enough it will be removed from

the circuit. The large rock will, of course, be taken to the next stage in the

process.

 The reason for using two decks is to increase the surface area that the ore has to

come into contact with. The top deck will have bigger holes in the grid of the

screen. The size of the ore that it will be removed will be larger than that on the

bottom. Only the small rock that is able to pass through the bottom screen will be

removed from the circuit. In most cases the large rock that was on top of each

screen will be mixed back together again.

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 Chapter 3

ENGINEERING ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

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