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B557M 618867-1
B557M 618867-1
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B557M – 10
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B557M – 10
Dimensions, mm
Standard Specimen Sheet-Type
Subsize Specimen 6 mm Wide
12.5 mm Wide
G—gage length 50.0 6 0.1 25.0 6 0.1
W—Width (Note 1 and Note 2) 12.5 6 0.2 6.0 6 0.1
T—Thickness (Note 3) thickness of material thickness of material
R—Radius of fillet, min 12.5 6
L—Overall length, min (Note 4) 200 100
A—Length of reduced section, min 57 32
B—Length of grip section, min (Note 5) 50 30
C—Width of grip section, approximate (Note 2 and Note 6) 20 10
NOTE 1—The ends of the reduced section shall not differ in width by more than 0.06 mm for the 50.00-mm gage length specimen or 0.025 mm for
the 25.00-mm gage length specimen. There may be a gradual taper in width from the ends of the reduced section to the center, but the width at each end
shall not be more than 1 % greater than the width at the center.
NOTE 2—For each of the specimens, narrower widths (W and C) may be used when necessary. In such cases the width of the reduced section should
be as large as the width of the material being tested permits: however, unless stated specifically, the requirements for elongation in a product specification
shall not apply when these narrower specimens are used. If the width of the material is less than W, the sides may be parallel throughout the length of
the specimen.
NOTE 3—The dimension T is the thickness of the test specimen as stated in the applicable material specifications. Maximum nominal thicknesses of
12.5-mm and 6-mm wide specimens shall be 12.5 mm and 6 mm, respectively.
NOTE 4—To aid in obtaining axial loading during testing of 6-mm wide specimens, the overall length should be as large as the material will permit,
up to 200 mm.
NOTE 5—It is desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section large enough to allow the specimen to extend into the grips a distance equal
to two thirds or more of the length of the grips. If the thickness of 12.5-mm wide specimens is over 9 mm, longer grips and correspondingly longer grip
sections of the specimens may be necessary to prevent failure in the grip section.
NOTE 6—The grip-end centerline of the 12.5-mm wide and 6-mm wide specimens shall coincide with the centerline of the reduced section within 0.2
mm and 0.1 mm, respectively.
FIG. 6 Rectangular Tension Test Specimens
Dimensions, mm
G—gage length 50.00 6 0.10
W—Width (Note 1) 12.50 6 0.25
T—Measured thickness of specimen Note 2
R—Radius of fillet, min 12.5
A—Length of reduced section, min 57
B—Length of grip section, min (Note 3) 75
C—Width of grip section, approximate (Note 4) 20
NOTE 1—The ends of the reduced section shall not differ in width by more than 0.06 mm. There may be a gradual taper in width from the ends of
the reduced section to the center, but the width at each end shall not be more than 1 % greater than the width at the center.
NOTE 2—The dimension T is the thickness of the tubular section as provided for in the applicable material specifications.
NOTE 3—It is desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section great enough to allow the specimen to extend into the grips a distance equal
to two thirds or more of the length of the grips.
NOTE 4—The grip-end centerline of the specimen shall coincide with the centerline of the reduced section within 1.00 mm.
NOTE 5—For circular segments, the cross-sectional area shall be calculated using the formula shown in 7.2.3.
NOTE 6—The radii of all fillets shall be equal to each other within a tolerance of 1.00 mm, and the centers of curvature of the two fillets at a particular
end shall be located across from each other (on a line perpendicular to the centerline) within a tolerance of 2.00 mm.
FIG. 7 Longitudinal Tension Specimens for Large-Diameter Tubular Products
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Dimensions, mm
G—gage length 50.00 6 0.10
W—Width (Note 1) 12.506 0.25
T—Thickness, max (Note 2) 12.5
R—Radius of fillet, min (Note 3) 13
L—Overall length, min 200
A—Length of reduced section, min 57
B—Length of grip section, min 50
C—Width of grip section, approximate 50
D—Diameter of hole for pin, min (Note 4) 13
E—Edge distance from pin, approximate 40
F—Distance from hole to fillet, min 15
NOTE 1—The ends of the reduced section shall not differ in width by more than 0.06 mm. There may be a gradual taper in width from the ends of
the reduced section to the center, but the width at each end shall not be more than 1 % greater than the width at the center.
NOTE 2—The dimension T is the thickness of the test specimen as stated in the applicable product specifications.
NOTE 3—For some materials, a fillet radius R larger than 13 mm may be needed.
NOTE 4—Holes must be on centerline of reduced section, within 60.05 mm.
NOTE 5—Variations of dimensions C, D, E, F, and L may be used that will permit failure within the gage length.
FIG. 8 Pin-Loaded Tension Test Specimen with 50-mm gage Length
Dimensions, mm
Nominal Diameter Standard Specimen Small-Size Specimens Proportional to Standard
12.5 9 6 4
G—gage length 62.50 6 0.10 45.00 6 0.09 30.00 6 0.06 20.00 6 0.04
D—Diameter (Note 1) 12.50 6 0.25 9.00 6 0.10 6.00 6 0.10 4.006 0.05
R—Radius of fillet, min 9 8 6 4
A—Length of reduced section, min (Note 2) 75 54 36 24
NOTE 1—The reduced section may have a gradual taper from the ends toward the center, with the ends not more than 1 % larger in diameter than the
center (controlling dimension).
NOTE 2—If desired, the length of the reduced section may be increased to accommodate an extensometer of any convenient gage length. Reference
marks for the measurement of elongation should, nevertheless, be spaced at the indicated gage length.
NOTE 3—The gage length and fillets shall be as shown, but the ends may be of any form to fit the holders of the testing machine in such a way that
the load shall be axial (see Fig. 10). If the ends are held in wedge grips it is desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section great enough
to allow the specimen to extend into the grips a distance equal to two thirds or more of the length of the grips.
NOTE 4—On the round specimens in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10, the gage lengths are equal to five times the nominal diameter. In some product specifications
other specimens may be provided for, but unless the 5-to-1 ratio is maintained within dimensional tolerances, the elongation values may not be comparable
with those obtained from the standard test specimen.
NOTE 5—The use of specimens smaller than 6.00-mm diameter shall be restricted to cases when the material to be tested is of insufficient size to obtain
larger specimens or when all parties agree to their use for acceptance testing. Smaller specimens require suitable equipment and greater skill in both
machining and testing.
FIG. 9 Standard 12.5-mm Round Tension Test Specimen with 62.5-mm gage Length and Examples of Small-Size Specimens
Proportional to the Standard Specimen
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TABLE 1 Guidelines for Selecting Round Tensile Specimens 6.2.1.4 Tension test specimens for aluminum alloy sheet and
Specified Material Minimum Material plate less than 12.5 mm thick shall be the standard rectangular
Thickness, mm Section Thickness Specimen specimen. For plate thickness 12.5 mm and greater, the
Length or Diameter, mm
Over Through Width, mm standard 12.5 mm round specimen, or a smaller round speci-
6.30 9.50 40 4
men proportional to it, shall be used. Material less than 20 mm
9.50 12.50 60 6 in width is tested in full section when the standard 12.5 mm
12.50 16.00 80 9 round specimen, or smaller round specimen proportional to it,
16.00 120 12.5
cannot be used.
6.2.1.5 Tension test specimens for magnesium alloys shall
be taken parallel to the direction of rolling.
6.2 Type, Direction, and Location in Wrought Products— 6.2.2 Wire, Rod, and Bar:
This paragraph and subparagraphs provide the standard re- 6.2.2.1 Full-section specimens shall be used when practical.
quirements for the testing of wrought products for the purpose It is permissible to reduce the section slightly throughout the
of quality control and lot release testing. Additions or excep- test section in order to ensure fracture within the gage length.
tions to these requirements may need to be made in individual Otherwise, round specimens shall be used, except that for
specifications for a particular material or product. rectangles of 12.50 mm and less in thickness, rectangular
NOTE 5—These requirements also do not preclude the use of these test specimens of the full thickness may be used.
methods for purposes other than quality control as desired for research, 6.2.2.2 Specimens shall be taken in the longitudinal direc-
material evaluation, or other purpose utilizing other test locations, test tion from the locations specified in Table 2.
directions, and test specimen sizes. In these cases, the general require- 6.2.3 Extrusion Profiles:
ments in 6.1 should be followed for specimen type and the requirements 6.2.3.1 Round specimens shall be used whenever it is not
in Sections 5 and 7 shall be followed for test apparatus, testing, and practical to use full-section specimens, except that for extru-
analysis.
sion profiles 12.50 mm and less in thickness, rectangular
6.2.1 Sheet and Plate: specimens may be used.
6.2.1.1 Tension test specimens for non-heat-treatable alumi- 6.2.3.2 Specimens shall be taken in the longitudinal direc-
num alloy sheet and plate shall be taken so that the specimen tion from the predominant section of the extrusion profile. The
axis is parallel to the direction of rolling (longitudinal speci- specimens shall be taken from a location that most nearly
mens). satisfies the intent of Table 2.
6.2.1.2 Tension test specimens for heat-treatable aluminum 6.2.4 Tube and Pipe—Specimens shall be taken in the
alloy sheet (specified thickness less than 6.35 mm) shall be longitudinal direction.
taken so that the specimen axis is perpendicular to the direction 6.2.4.1 For all tube (Note 8), particularly sizes 25 mm and
of rolling (long transverse) for product widths 230 mm and under in nominal outside diameter, and frequently for larger
greater, and in the longitudinal direction for widths less than sizes, except as limited by the testing equipment, it is standard
230 mm. practice to use tension test specimens of full-size tubular
6.2.1.3 Tension test specimens for heat-treatable aluminum sections. Snug-fitting metal plugs shall be inserted far enough
alloy plate (specified thickness of 6.35 mm and greater) shall into the ends of such tubular specimens to permit the testing
be taken in the long transverse direction and, when specified, in machine jaws to grip the specimens properly. The plugs shall
the longitudinal and short transverse (specimen axis perpen- not extend into that part of the specimen on which the
dicular to the surface of the rolled product) directions. Long elongation is measured. Fig. 11 shows a suitable form of plug,
transverse and longitudinal tensile test specimens are taken the location of the plugs in the specimen, and the location of
midway between the two plate surfaces for plate having a the specimen in the grips of the testing machine.
specified thickness of 12.5 mm through 40 mm, and midway
between the center and surface of plate for plate having a NOTE 8—The term “tube” is used to indicate tubular products in
general, and includes pipe, tube, and tubing.
specified thckness over 40 mm. Short transverse tensile speci-
mens are taken so that the midpoint of the gage section 6.2.4.2 When it is not practical to test full-section speci-
coincides with the plate mid-thickness plane. Short transverse mens, 12.50-mm wide specimens in accordance with Fig. 7
testing, when specified, is applicable to plate having a specified taken as in Fig. 12 shall be used if practical. Otherwise, round
thickness of 40 mm and greater. specimens in accordance with 6.1.5 shall be taken from the
center of wall thicknesses through 40 mm; for thicknesses over
NOTE 6—ASTM Specification B209 lists thick plate products for which
short transverse tensile tests are required. 40 mm, they shall be taken midway from center of thickness to
NOTE 7—In some cases, customer requirements may call for tensile surface. If specimens of the type shown in Fig. 7 are used and
testing in the short transverse direction for plate with a specified thickness curved grip faces are not available, it is acceptable to flatten
less than 40 mm. In these cases, the specimen geometry, preparation, (without heating) the grip ends of the test specimen. The gage
sampling requirements, and test procedure shall be agreed upon by the length area shall not be deformed.
supplier and customer. The precautionary information in 6.1.6 and 6.1.7 6.2.5 Die Forgings—Round specimens shall be used for
should be considered in these cases. Because of potentially higher scatter
and specimen size effects, data from such tests should not be combined
section thicknesses over 12.50 mm. Either subsize round or
with short transverse tensile test data from products having a specified rectangular specimens may be used for section thickness from
thickness of 40 mm and greater which were tested using the specimen 8.0 to 12.5 mm. Rectangular specimens shall be used for
geometry provided in Fig. 9. section thicknesses less than 8.0 mm. The direction of the
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Dimensions, mm
Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 4 Specimen 5
G—gage length 62.50 6 0.10 62.50 6 0.10 62.50 6 0.10 62.50 6 0.10 62.50 6 0.10
D—Diameter (Note 1) 12.50 6 0.25 12.50 6 0.25 12.50 6 0.25 12.50 6 0.25 12.50 6 0.25
R—Radius of fillet, min 9 9 9 9 9
A—Length of reduced section 75, min 75, min 100, approximately 75, min 75, min
L—Overall length, approximate 145 155 140 140 255
B—Length of end section (Note 2) 35, approximately 25, approximately 20, approximately 15, approximately 75, min
C—Diameter of end section 20 20 20 22 20
E—Length of shoulder and fillet section, approximate 15 20 15
F—Diameter of shoulder 15 15 15
NOTE 1—The reduced section may have a gradual taper from the ends toward the center with the ends not more than 1 % larger in diameter than the
center.
NOTE 2—On Specimen 5 it is desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section great enough to allow the specimen to extend into the grips
a distance equal to two thirds or more of the length of the grips.
FIG. 10 Various Types of Ends for Standard Round Tension Test Specimen
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B557M – 10
Dimensions, mm
G—gage length 60.00 6 0.10
D—Diameter (see Note) 6.00 6 0.10
R—Radius of fillet, min 75
A—Length of reduced section, min 75
L—Overall length, min 250
B—Distance between grips, min 125
C—Diameter of end section, approximate 10
Note—The reduced section may have a gradual taper from the ends toward the center, with the ends not more than 0.10 mm larger in diameter than the center.
FIG. 13 Standard Tension Test Specimen for Die Castings
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B557M – 10
where:
A = approximate cross-sectional area, mm2,
Pressing Area of Unmachined Compact =v 100 mm2
W = width of the specimen in the reduced section, mm,
Machining Recommendations and
1. Rough machine to 9-mm diameter T = measured wall thickness of the specimen, mm.
2. Finish turn 6-mm diameter with radii and taper
3. Polish with 00 emery cloth
7.3 Gage Length Marking of Test Specimens:
4. Lap with crocus cloth 7.3.1 The gage length for the determination of elongation
Dimensions, mm
after fracture shall be in accordance with the product specifi-
cations for the material being tested. gage marks shall be
G—gage length 30.00 6 0.10
D—Diameter at center of reduced section 6.00 6 0.025 stamped lightly with a punch, scribed lightly with dividers, or
H— Diameter at ends of gage length D + 0.025 to 0.050 drawn with an ink as preferred. For material that is sensitive to
R—Radius of fillet 6
A—Length of reduced section 32
the effect of slight notches and for small specimens, the use of
L—Overall length (die cavity length) 80 layout ink will aid in locating the original gage marks after
B—Length of end section 12 fracture.
C—Compact to this end thickness 12.50 6 0.10
W—Die cavity width 12.5
7.3.2 In the absence of a product specification, the following
E—Length of shoulder and fillet 9 gage lengths shall be used:
F—Diameter of shoulder 8 7.3.2.1 For 12.5 mm-wide rectangular specimens and full
J—End fillet radius, max 2
section specimens from tube and pipe, the gage length shall be
Note—The gage length and fillets of the specimen shall be as shown. The 50 mm (Figs. 6-8, and Fig. 11).
ends as shown are designed to provide a total pressing area of approximately
600 mm.2 Other end designs are acceptable, and in some cases are required 7.3.2.2 For round specimens taken from products 4 mm or
for high-strength sintered materials. Some suggested alternative end designs larger, the gage length shall be 5D, except for wire for electric
include: conductors (Fig. 9).
1. Longer ends, of the same general shape and configuration as the stan-
dard, provide more surface area for gripping. 7.3.2.3 For wire for electric conductors the gage length shall
2. Shallow transverse grooves, or ridges, may be pressed in the ends to be be 250 mm.
gripped by jaws machined to fit the specimen contour. 7.3.2.4 For die cast specimens, the gage length shall be 50
FIG. 15 Standard Tension Test Specimen for Powdered Metal mm (Fig. 13).
Products—Round Machined Tension Test Specimen 7.3.2.5 For powdered metal specimens, the gage length
shall be 25.4 mm (Figs. 14 and 15).
NOTE 9—Measurements of dimensions presume smooth surface fin- 7.3.2.6 Elongation measurements are not required for extru-
ishes for the specimens. Rough surfaces due to the manufacturing process sion profiles less than 1.6 mm in thickness and of wire, other
such as hot rolling, metallic coating, and so forth, may lead to inaccuracy than electric conductors, 3.20 mm and less in diameter.
of the computed areas greater than the measured dimensions would 7.3.3 When required by the material specification, or when
indicate. Therefore, cross-sectional dimensions of tension test specimens making retests or referee tests of products other than wire when
with rough surfaces due to processing may be measured and recorded to the specified elongation is less than 3 % or the elongation
the nearest 0.025 mm.
measured in the usual manner is less than 4 %, mark the
7.2.2 Determine cross-sectional areas of full-size tension original gage length of the specimen and measure to an
test specimens of nonsymmetrical cross sections by weighing a accuracy of 60.05 mm.
length not less than 20 times the largest cross-sectional 7.4 Zeroing of the Test Machine—The testing machine shall
dimension and using the value of density of the material. be set up in such a manner that zero force indication signifies
Determine the weight to the nearest 0.5 % or less. a state of zero force on the specimen. Any force (or preload)
7.2.3 When using specimens of the type shown in Fig. 7 imparted by the gripping of the specimen (see Note 10) must be
taken from tubes, the cross-sectional area shall be determined indicated by the force measuring system unless the preload is
as follows: physically removed prior to testing. Artificial methods of
If D/W # 6: removing the preload on the specimen, such as taring it out by
A 5 [~W/4! 3 ~D 2 2 W 2!1/2# 1 [~D 2/4! (1) a zero adjust pot or removing it mathematically by software,
2 2 1/2
are prohibited because these would affect the accuracy of the
3 arcsin ~W/D!# 2 [~W/4! 3 ~~D 2 2T! 2 W ! #
test results.
2 [~~D 2 2T!/2! 2 3 arcsin~W/~D2 2T!!#
NOTE 10—Preloads generated by gripping of specimens may be either
where: tensile or compressive in nature and may be the result of such things as:
grip design, malfunction of gripping apparatus (sticking, binding, and so
A = exact cross-sectional area, mm2,
forth), excessive gripping force, and sensitivity of the control loop.
W = width of the specimen in the reduced section, mm, NOTE 11—It is the operator’s responsibility to verify that an observed
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preload is acceptable and to ensure that grips operate in a smooth manner. determined with a stopwatch by observing the time required to
Unless otherwise specified, it is recommended that momentary (dynamic) apply a known increment of stress.
forces due to gripping not exceed 20 % of the material’s nominal yield 7.5.6 Rate of Straining—The allowable limits for rate of
strength and that static preloads not exceed 10 % of the material’s nominal
yield strength.
straining shall be specified in millimetres per millimetre per
second. Some testing machines are equipped with pacing or
7.5 Speed of Testing: indicating devices for the measurement and control of rate of
7.5.1 Speed of testing may be defined in terms of (a) straining, but in the absence of such a device the average rate
free-running crosshead speed (rate of movement of the cross- of straining can be determined with a timing device by
head of the testing machine when not under load), ( b) rate of observing the time required to effect a known increment of
separation of the two heads of the testing machine during a test, strain.
(c) the elapsed time for completing part or all of the test, (d) 7.5.7 Unless otherwise specified, any convenient speed of
rate of stressing the specimen, or (e) rate of straining the testing may be used up to one half the specified yield strength,
specimen. For some materials the first of these, which is the or up to one quarter the specified tensile strength, whichever is
least accurate, may be adequate, while for other materials one smaller. The speed above this point shall be within the limits
of the others, listed in increasing order of precision, may be specified. If different speed limitations are required for use in
necessary in order to obtain test values within acceptable determining yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation,
limits. Suitable limits for speed of testing should be specified they should be stated in the product specifications. In the
for materials for which the differences resulting from the use of absence of any more specified limitations on speed of testing
different speeds are of such magnitude that the test results are the following general rule shall apply:
unsatisfactory for determining the acceptability of the material. 7.5.7.1 The speed of testing shall be such that the forces and
In such instances, depending upon the material and the use for strains used in obtaining the test results are accurately indi-
which it is intended, one or more of the methods described in cated.
the following paragraphs is recommended for specifying speed 7.5.7.2 During the conduct of a test to determine yield
of testing. strength the rate of stress application shall not exceed 12
7.5.2 Free-Running Crosshead Speed—The allowable lim- MPa/s. The speed may be increased after removal of the
its for the rate of movement of the crosshead of the testing extensometer, but it shall not exceed 0.01 mm/mm of gage
machine, with no force applied by the testing machine, shall be length (or distance between grips for specimens not having
specified in millimetres per millimetre (mm/mm) of length of reduced sections) per second.
reduced section (or distance between grips for specimens not 7.6 Yield Strength—Determine yield strength by the offset
having reduced sections) per minute. The limits for the method at an offset of 0.2 %. Acceptance or rejection of
crosshead speed may be further qualified by specifying differ- material may be decided on the basis of Extension-Under-Load
ent limits for various types and sizes of specimens. The average Method. For referee testing, the offset method shall be used.
crosshead speed can be experimentally determined by using a 7.6.1 Offset Method—To determine the yield strength by the
suitable measuring device and a timing device. “offset method,” it is necessary to secure data (autographic or
numerical) from which a stress-strain diagram may be drawn.
7.5.3 Rate of Separation of Heads During Tests—The al-
Then on the stress-strain diagram (Fig. 16) lay off Om equal to
lowable limits for rate of separation of the heads of the testing
the specified value of the offset, draw mn parallel to OA, and
machine during a test shall be specified in millimetre per
thus locate r, the intersection of mn with the stress-strain
millimetre of length of reduced section for distance between
diagram (Note 12). In reporting values of yield strength
grips for specimens not having reduced sections per second.
obtained by this method, the specified value of “offset” used
The limits for the rate of separation may be further qualified by
should be stated in parentheses after the term yield strength.
specifying different limits for various types and sizes of
Thus:
specimen. Many testing machines are equipped with pacing or
indicating devices for the measurement and control of the rate Yield strength ~ offset 5 0.2 %! 5 360 MPa (3)
of separation of the heads of the machine during a test, but in A Class B2 extensometer (see Practice E83) would be
the absence of such a device the average rate of separation of sufficiently sensitive for most materials when using this
the heads can be experimentally determined by using a suitable method.
length measuring device and a timing device.
NOTE 12—Automatic devices are available that determine offset yield
7.5.4 Elapsed Time—The allowable limits for the elapsed strength without plotting a stress-strain curve. Such devices may be used
time from the beginning of force application (or from some if their accuracy has been demonstrated to be satisfactory.
specified stress) to the instant of fracture, to the maximum NOTE 13—If the force drops before the specified offset is reached,
force, or to some other stated stress, shall be specified in technically the material does not have a yield strength (for that offset), but
seconds. The elapsed time can be determined with a timing the stress at the maximum force attained before the specified offset is
device. reached may be reported instead of the yield strength.
7.5.5 Rate of Stressing—The allowable limits for rate of 7.6.2 Extension-Under-Load Method—For tests to deter-
stressing shall be specified in megapascals per second. Many mine the acceptance or rejection of material whose stress-strain
testing machines are equipped with pacing devices for the characteristics are well-known from previous tests of similar
measurement and control of the rate of stressing, but in the material in which stress-strain diagrams were plotted, the total
absence of such a device the average rate of stressing can be strain corresponding to the stress at which the specified offset
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most machined or reduced section specimens, there are minimal differ-
ences. However, for some materials such as some forgings and tube
sections, significant differences in measured yield strength can occur. For
these cases it is recommended that the averaging type be used.
7.7 Tensile Strength—Calculate the tensile strength by di-
viding the maximum force carried by the specimen during a
tension test by the original cross-sectional area of the speci-
men.
7.8 Elongation:
7.8.1 To determine elongation after fracture, carefully fit the
ends of the fractured specimen together and measure the
distance between the gage marks to the nearest 0.25 mm. A
percentage scale reading to 0.5 % of the gage length may be
used. The elongation after fracture is the increase in length of
the gage length, expressed as a percentage of the original gage
length. Report the elongation after fracture using both the
percentage increase and the original gage length.
7.8.2 If any part of the fracture takes place outside of the
middle half of the gage length or in a punched or scribed mark
within the reduced section, the elongation value obtained may
not be representative of the material. If the elongation so
measured meets the minimum requirements specified, no
FIG. 16 Stress-Strain Diagram for Determination of Yield Strength further testing is required, but the location of fracture shall be
by the Offset Method noted. If the elongation is less than the minimum requirements,
discard the test and test a replacement specimen as allowed in
occurs will be known within satisfactory limits; therefore, in 8.1.
such tests a specified total strain may be used, and the stress on 7.8.3 Elongation at fracture is defied as the elongation
the specimen, when this total strain is reached, is taken to be measured just prior to the sudden decrease in force associated
the value of the yield strength (Fig. 17). The total strain can be with fracture. For many ductile materials not exhibiting a
obtained satisfactorily by use of a Class B2 extensometer. It is sudden decrease in force, the elongation at fracture can be
recommended that this approximate method be used only after taken as the strain measured just prior to when the force falls
agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, with below 10 % of the maximum force encountered during the test.
the understanding that check tests be made for obtaining 7.8.3.1 Elongation at fracture shall include elastic and
stress-strain diagrams for use with the offset method to settle plastic elongation and may be determined with autographic or
any misunderstandings. automated methods using extensometers verified over the
NOTE 14—There are two general types of extensometers, averaging and
strain range of interest (see 5.4). Use a Class B2 or better
non-averaging, the use of which is dependent on the product tested. For extensometer for materials having less than 5 % elongation, a
Class C or better extensometer for materials having elongation
greater than or equal to 5 % but less than 50 %, and a Class D
or better extensometer for materials having 50 % or greater
elongation. In all cases, the extensometer gage length shall be
the nominal gage length required for the specimen being tested.
Due to the lack of precision in fitting fractured ends together,
the elongation after fracture using the manual methods of the
preceding paragraphs may differ from the elongation at fracture
determined with extensometers.
7.8.3.2 Percent elongation at fracture may be calculated
directly from elongation at fracture data and reported instead of
percent elongation after fracture as calculated in 7.8.1 and
7.8.2. However, the two parameters are not interchangeable.
Use of the elongation at fracture method generally provides
more repeatable results.
NOTE 15—When disagreements arise over the percent elongation re-
sults, agreement must be reached on which method to use.
7.8.4 When required by the material specification, or when
FIG. 17 Stress-Strain Diagram for Determination of Yield Strength making retests, or for referee tests of products other than wire,
by the Extension-Under-Load Method and the specified elongation is less than 3 % or the elongation
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measured in the usual manner is less than 4 %, determine the 9.2.2 Testing an additional specimen from the specified
elongation of a round specimen as follows: location in each of at least two other samples for each sample
7.8.4.1 Prior to testing, the original gage length of the that failed from the same lot.
specimen shall be marked and measured to an accuracy of 9.2.3 In the case of separately cast test specimens, testing
60.05 mm as required in 7.3.3. two additional cast specimens from the same lot for each
7.8.4.2 After testing, remove any partly torn fragments that specimen that failed.
might influence the final measurement from the broken ends of 9.3 If any retest fails, the lot shall be subject to rejection,
the specimen. except that the lot may be resubmitted for testing provided the
7.8.4.3 Fit the fractured ends together with matched sur- producer has reworked the lot, as necessary, to correct the
faces and apply an end load along the axis of the specimen deficiencies or has removed the nonconforming material.
sufficient to close the fractured ends together. If desired, this
load may then be removed carefully, provided the specimen 10. Report
remains intact. 10.1 Report test information on materials not covered by a
NOTE 16—The use of an end load of approximately 15 MPa has been product specification in accordance with 10.2 or both 10.2 and
found to give satisfactory results on test specimens of aluminum alloy. 10.3.
10.2 Test information to be reported shall include the
7.8.4.4 Measure the final gage length to the nearest 0.05 mm
following when applicable:
and report the elongation to the nearest 0.1 % in 62.5 mm or
10.2.1 Material and sample identification,
0.2 % in shorter lengths.
10.2.2 Specimen type (see Section 6),
7.9 Rounding—Round each value of strength to the nearest
10.2.3 Yield strength and the method used to determined
0.5 MPa. Round each value of elongation determined in
yield strength (see 7.6),
accordance with 7.8.1 to the nearest 0.5 %, unless otherwise
10.2.4 Tensile strength (see 7.7), and
specified. Round in accordance with Practice E29.
10.2.5 Elongation, including original gage length, percent-
7.9.1 If elongation is determined in accordance with 7.8.4,
age increase, and method used to determine elongation (see
round each value in accordance with 7.8.4.4.
7.9).
7.9.2 For wire for electric conductors, measure and report
10.3 Test information to be available on request shall
the elongation to the nearest 0.1 %.
include:
8. Replacement Tests 10.3.1 Specimen test section dimension(s) (see Section 6),
10.3.2 Equation used to calculate cross-sectional area of
8.1 Replacement Tests: rectangular specimens taken from large-diameter tubular prod-
8.1.1 A test specimen may be discarded and a replacement ucts (see 7.2.3),
specimen selected from the same lot of material when (1) the 10.3.3 Speed and method used to determine speed of testing
specimen had a poorly machined surface, was not of the proper (see 7.5),
dimensions, or had its properties changed by poor machining 10.3.4 Method used for rounding of test results (see 7.9),
practice; (2) the test procedure was incorrect or the test 10.3.5 Reasons for replacement specimens (see Section 8),
equipment malfunctioned; or (3) the fracture was outside the and
middle half of the gage length, and the elongation was below 10.3.6 Reasons for retests (see Section 9).
the specified value.
8.1.2 In the case of specimens machined from wrought 11. Precision and Bias
products or castings, discontinuities such as cracks, ruptures,
flakes, and porosity revealed in the fracture that are considered 11.1 Precision—An interlaboratory test program5 gave the
indicative of inferior or defective material are not reasons for following values for coefficients of variation for the most
the selection of a replacement test specimen. commonly measured tensile properties:
Coeficient of Variation, %
8.1.3 In the case of separately cast test specimens, flaws Tensile Yield Strength Elongation
other than gas porosity, such as cracks or inclusion, are not the Strength Offset, 0.2 % gage Length,
cause of rejection of the castings based upon tensile properties, 5 Diameter
CV %r 0.9 1.4 2.8
and so the presence of such flaws in the fracture is justification CV %R 1.3 2.3 5.4
for replacement testing. CV %r= repeatability coefficient of variation in percent within a laboratory
CV %R= repeatability coefficient of variation in percent between laboratories
9. Retests 11.1.1 The values shown are the averages from tests on six
9.1 If one or more test specimens fail to conform to the frequently tested metals, selected to include most of the normal
requirements of the product specification, the lot represented range for each property previously listed. When these materials
by the specimen or specimens shall be subject to rejection are compared, a large difference in coefficient of variation is
except as provided as follows. found. Therefore, the preceding values should not be used to
9.2 If a material lot is subject to rejection, retests of that lot judge whether the difference between duplicate tests of a
will be permitted by:
9.2.1 Testing, for each specimen that failed, at least two
additional specimens from an area in the original sample 5
Supporting data can be found in Appendix X1 and additional data is available
adjacent to the area represented by the failure or failures, or from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:E28-1004 and RR:E28-1006.
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B557M – 10
specific material is larger than expected. The values are 12. Keywords
provided to allow potential users of these test methods to
12.1 elongation; strain; stress; tensile strength; tensile test-
assess, in general terms, their usefulness for a proposed
ing; yield strength
application.
11.2 Bias—The procedures in Test Methods B557M for
measuring tensile properties have no bias because these prop-
erties can be defined only in terms of a test method.
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1.1 The precision and bias of tension test strength and when the width or thickness of a rectangular tensile test
ductility measurements depend on strict adherence to the stated specimen is increased.
test procedure and are influenced by instrumental and material X1.4.3.2 Holding the Lo/(Ao)1/2 ratio constant minimizes,
factors, specimen preparation, and measurement/testing errors. but does not necessarily eliminate differences. Depending on
material and test conditions, increasing the size of the propor-
X1.2 The consistency of agreement for repeated tests of the tional specimen of Fig. 9 may be found to increase or decrease
same material is dependent on the homogeneity of the material, elongation values somewhat.
and the repeatability of specimen preparation, test conditions, X1.4.4 Use of a taper in the gage length, up to the allowed
and measurements of the tension test parameters. 1 % limit, can result in lower elongation values. Reductions of
X1.3 Instrumental factors that can affect test results in- as much as 15 % have been reported for a 1 % taper.
clude: the stiffness, damping capacity, natural frequency, and X1.4.5 Changes in the strain rate can effect the yield
mass of the tensile test machine, the accuracy of force strength, tensile strength, and elongation values, especially for
indication and the use of forces within the verified range for the materials which are highly strain-rate sensitive. In general,
machine, rate of force application, alignment of the test yield strength and tensile strength will increase with increasing
specimen with the applied force, parallelism of the grips, grip strain rate, although the effect on tensile strength is generally
pressure, nature of the force control used, appropriateness and less pronounced. Elongation values generally decrease as the
calibration of extensometers used, and so forth. strain rate increases. Aluminum alloys at room temperature are
not highly strain-rate sensitive; some exhibit a slightly higher
X1.4 Material factors that can affect test results include: yield strength with increasing strain rate while others show the
homogeneity of the test material, sampling scheme, and opposite effect
specimen preparation (surface finish, dimensional accuracy, X1.4.6 Brittle materials require careful specimen prepara-
fillets at the ends of the gage length, taper in the gage length, tion, high-quality surface finishes, large fillets at the ends of the
bent specimens, thread quality, and so forth). gage length, oversize threaded grip sections, and cannot
X1.4.1 Test results for specimens with as-cast, as-rolled, tolerate punch or scribe marks as gage length indicators.
as-forged, or other non-machined surface conditions can be X1.4.7 Flattening of tubular products to permit testing does
affected by the nature of the surface (see Note 9). alter the material properties, generally nonuniformly, in the
X1.4.2 Test specimens taken from appendages to the part or flattened region which may affect test results.
component, such as prolongs or risers, or from separately X1.5 Measurement errors that can affect test results in-
produced castings (for example, keel blocks) may produce test clude: verification of the test force, extensometers, microme-
results that are not representative of the part or component. ters, dividers, and other measurement devices, alignment and
X1.4.3 Test specimen dimensions can influence test results. zeroing of chart recording devices, and so forth.
For cylindrical or rectangular specimens, changing the test X1.5.1 Measurement of the dimensions of as-cast, as-rolled,
specimen size generally has negligible effect on the yield and as-forged, and other test specimens with non-machined sur-
tensile strength but may influence elongation. Comparison of faces may be imprecise due to the irregularity of the surface
elongation values determined using different specimens require flatness.
that the following ratio be controlled: X1.5.2 If any portion of the fracture occurs outside of the
Lo/~Ao!1/2 (X1.1) middle of the gage length, or in a punch or scribe mark within
the gage length, the elongation may not be representative of the
where: material. Wire specimens that break at or within the grips may
Lo = original gage length of specimen, and not produce test results representative of the material.
Ao = original cross-sectional area of specimen.
X1.4.3.1 Specimens with smaller Lo/(Ao)1/2 ratios generally X1.6 Because standard reference materials with certified
give greater elongation values. This is the case for example, tensile property values are not available, it is not possible to
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B557M – 10
rigorously define the bias of tension tests. However, by the use son of the repeatability (within-laboratory precision) and
of carefully designed and controlled interlaboratory studies, a reproducibility (between-laboratory precision) of the tension
reasonable definition of the precision of tension test results can test parameters. This shows that the ductility measurement
be obtained. exhibits less repeatability and reproducibility than the strength
X1.6.1 An interlaboratory test program5 was conducted measurements. The overall ranking from the least to the most
where six specimens each, of six different materials were repeatable and reproducible is: % elongation in 5D, 0.2 %
prepared and tested by each of six different laboratories. Tables offset yield strength, and tensile strength. Note that the
X1.1-X1.3 present the precision statistics, as defined in Prac- rankings are in the same order for the repeatability and
tice E691, for: tensile strength, 0.2 % yield strength, and % reproducibility average coefficients of variation and that the
elongation in 5D. In each table, the first column lists the six reproducibility (between-laboratory precision) is poorer than
materials tested, the second column lists the average of the the repeatability (within-laboratory precision), as would be
average results obtained by the laboratories (X), the third and expected.
fifth columns list the repeatability standard deviation (sr) and X1.6.3 No comments about bias can be made for the
reproducibility standard deviation (sR), the fourth and sixth interlaboratory study due to the lack of certified test results for
columns list the coefficients of variation for these standard these specimens. However, examination of the test results
deviations (sr/X and sR/X as a percent), and the seventh and showed that one laboratory consistently exhibited higher than
eighth columns list the 95 % repeatability limit (r) and repro- average strength values and lower than average ductility values
ducibility limit (R). for most of the specimens. One other laboratory had consis-
X1.6.2 The averages (below columns four and six in each tently lower than average tensile strength results for all
table) of the coefficients of variation permit a relative compari- specimens.
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SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee B07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(B557M – 07´1) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved July 1, 2010.)
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