Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Mid term

Inverse Laplace transforms:

If the Laplace transform of a function f (t ) is F( s) i.e., if L { f ( t ) }=F (s ) then f (t ) is called the

inverse Laplace transforms of F( s) and we write

L { F( s) } =f (t ).
−1

Important formulae of Inverse Laplace transformation:

1
L
−1
{}
1
s
=1
2
L
−1
{ } 1
s n+1
=
tn
n!
, n=0,1,2 ,…

3
L−1 {s−a1 }=e at 4
L−1
{ }
s
s −a
2
2
=cosh at

5
L−1
{ }
2
a
s −a
2
=sinh at
6
L−1
{ }
s
s +a
2
2
=cos at

7
L−1
{ }
2
a
s +a
2
=sin at

Some workout examples on Inverse Laplace transformation:

Example: 1 L
−1
{ } { }
s 2 +1
s3
=L
−1 1
+
s s3
1
=1+
t2
2!
=1+
t2
2
.

{ } { }
5
−1 1 −1 1 1 t
L =L = e2
Example: 2 2 s−5 5 2
2(s− )
2

Example: 3 L−1
{ } { }
1
2
s −16
=L−1
1 4
4 s −4
2 2
1
= sinh 4 t
4

Example: 4 L−1
{ } { }
2s
s −9
2
s
=2 L−1 2 2 =2cosh 3 t
s −3

L−1
{ 4
}
− 2
s
+ 2
4
s−2 s −16 s −4
Example: 5 ¿4 L { } { } {
−1 1
s−2
−L
−1
2
s
s −4 2
+2 L
−1 2
s −22
2 }
2t
¿ 4 e −cosh 4 t +2 sinh 2t .

Example: 6
L−1
{ 5
− 2
3s
+ 2
2
s s + 16 s +4 }
¿5 L
−1
{ 1s }−3 L {s +s16 }+ L {s +22 }
−1
2
−1
2 2

¿ 5−3 cos 4 t +sin 2 t .

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Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Mid term

First translation property:

If L−1 { F( s) } =f (t )then L−1 { F( s−a) }=e at f ( t ) .

Example: 01 Example: 02
L
−1
{ } 10
( s +3 )4
L
−1
{ 1
(s−2)2 +1}
¿ 10 L
{ }
−1 1
( s+ 3 )4
¿ e 2 t L−1 2
{ }
1
s +1

{}
2t
1 ¿ e sin t .
¿ 10 e−3 t L−1 4
s
3
−3 t t 10 −3t 3
¿ 10 e = e t .
3! 6
Example: 03 Example: 04
L
−1
{ s−1
(s−1)2 + 4 } L
−1
{ s +2
(s+ 2)2−25 }
t −1
¿e L
{ }
2
s +4
s t
=e cos 2 t .
−2 t −1
¿e L
−2 t
{ }
2
s
s −25
¿ e cosh 5 t .
Example: 05 Example: 06
L−1
{ 1
(s+3) −4
2 } L−1 2
{ s
} {
s +4 s+ 13
=L−1
s+2−2
2
( s +2) +3
2}
{ }
¿ e−3 t L−1 2 2
1
s −2
¿L
−1
{ } {
s +2
2
( s+2) +3
2
−L
−1 2
2
( s+2) + 3
2 }
¿ e−3 t L−1
{ }
1 2
2 s 2−22
−2 t −1
¿e L
{ }2
s
s +3 { 2
−2 t −1
−2e L 2
s +3
1
2 }
{ } { }
1 −3 t s −2 −2t
−1
3
¿ e sinh 2t . ¿ e−2 t L−1 2 2 e L
2 s +3 3 s +32
2

−2 t 2 −2 t
¿ e cos 3 t− e sin 3 t .
3
Example: 07
L−1 2
{ 2 s+ 1
s +4 s+ 13 } {
=L−1
2 ( s +2 )−3
(s+ 2) +92 } {
=L−1
2 ( s+ 2 )−3
( s+2)2 +9 }
¿L
−1
{
2 ( s+ 2 )
2 2
−
( s+2) +3 (s+2) +3
3
2 2 }−2 t −2t
=2 e cos 3 t−3 e sin3 t .

Example: 08
L
−1
{ s
5
− 2
2 s+7
(s+3) s + 4 s+29 }
¿L
{
−1 s +3−3
5
−
2(s+ 2)+3
(s+3) (s +2) +5
2 2 }
¿ L−1
{s +3
5
−
3
5
−
2( s+2)
2 2
−
3
2
(s+3) (s+3) ( s+2) + 5 (s +2) +5
2 }
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Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Mid term

¿L
−1
{ 1
4
−
3
( s+3) (s +3)
5
−2
(s+ 2)
2
( s+2) + 5
2
−
3
5
5
2
(s +2) +5
2 }
−3 t t3 −3 t t
4
−2 t 3 −2 t
¿e −3 e −2 e cos 5 t− e sin 5t .
3! 4! 5

Inverse Laplace transformation using partial fraction:

Example: 01 1 A B
Let, ≡ +
L−1 2
{ 1
s −5 s+6 } ( s−3 ) ( s−2) s−3 s−2

⇒1=A ( s−2 ) + B(s−3)

¿L
−1
{ 1
( s−3 )( s−2) } If s=2 , B=−1∧if s=3 , A=1
¿ L−1
3t
{
1
−
1
( s−3 ) ( s−2)
2t
}
¿ e −e .

Example: 02 3 s +1
−1
L ¿ Let, ( s+ 1 ) (s ¿ 2+1)≡ A + Bs+C ¿
−1 ¿
¿L ¿ s +1 s2 +1
¿ L−1
{
−1 s+2
+
s +1 s2 +1 } ⇒ 3 s+1= A ( s 2+1 ) +(Bs+C)( s+1)
Comparing both sides, we get

{ }
−1 −1 s 2 A+ B=0 , B+C=3∧A +C=1
¿L + + By solving, we get
s +1 s2 +1 s2 +1
−t A=−1 , B=1∧C=2
¿−e +cos t+2 sin t .

Example: 03 Let, 4 s+5

−1
L ¿ ¿¿
⇒ 4 s +5= A ( s−1 ) (s+2)+ B (s +2)+C (s−1)2
¿L
−1 1 /3
{+
3
s−1 (s−1)2 s+2
−
1/3
} Comparing both sides, we get
A+C=0 , A+ B−2C=4
1 t t 1 −2 t ¿−2 A+ 2 B+C=5
¿ e +3 t e − e .
3 3 By solving, we get
1 −1
A= , B=3∧C= .
3 3

Example: 04 2
3 s +13 s+26
L−1 ¿ Let, A Bs+C
s (s ¿¿ 2+4 s+ 13) ≡ + 2 ¿
¿L
−1 2
+
{ s +5
s ( s+ 2)2 +32 } s s + 4 s +13
⇒ 3 s +13 s +26=A ( s + 4 s+13 )+( Bs+C)s
2 2

2
¿ L−1 +
{ s+2
+
3
s ( s+ 2) +3 (s +2)2 +32
2 2 } Comparing both sides, we get
A+ B=3 , 4 A+C=13∧13 A=26
By solving, we get
s
{ } 3
¿ 2+e−2 t L−1 2 2 +e−2 t L−1 2 2
s +3 s +3 { } A=2 , B=1∧C=5 .

−2 t −2t
¿ 2+e cos 3 t+ e sin3 t

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Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Mid term

Problem set: 01
Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following functions and also sketch f ( t ) :

(1-19) [if free hand sketching is getting complex then use MATLAB]

Using direct formula

1
1. F ( s ) = , Ans: f ( t )=e5 t .
s−5
1 4
2. F ( s ) = 5
, Ans: f ( t )= t .
s 24
3 2
s −5 s +6
3. F ( s ) = 4
, Ans: f ( t )=t 3−5 t + 1.
s
2+ 4 s
4. F ( s ) = 2
, Ans: f ( t )=4 cos 5 t+ 2 sin 5t .
s +25 5
3
5. F ( s ) = 2
, Ans: f ( t )= 3 sin 2 t .
s +4 2
3 3 2 t 3 −2t x
e −e
−x
6. F ( s ) = , Ans: f ( t ) = e − e . (Using sinh x= .)
s2 −4 4 4 2

First translation property

1 3t t
3
7. F ( s ) = ,
4 Ans: f ( t )=e .
( s−3 ) 6
3
8. F ( s ) = , Ans: f ( t )=e−2 t sin 3 t .
( s+2 )2 +9
s−2 −2 t 6t x −x
9. F ( s ) = 2
, Ans: f ( t )= e + e . (Using cosh x= e + e . )
( s−2 ) −16 2 2 2
s
10. F ( s ) = 2
, Ans: f ( t )=e−2 t ¿ .
s + 4 s−9

11. F ( s ) =
5 s−7
2
s −6 s +25 ( 5 )
, Ans: f ( t )=5 e 3 t cos 4 t + 2 sin 4 t .

s
12. F ( s ) = 2
, Ans: f ( t )=e3 t ( cos t +3 sin t ) .
s −6 s +10

Using partial fraction

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Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Mid term

Type unrepeated factors –

s +1 2t −3 t
13. F ( s ) = , Ans: f ( t )= 3 e − 2 e − 1 .
s ( s−2 )( s+3 ) 10 15 6
6
14. F ( s ) = , Ans: f ( t )=e4 t−e−2 t .
( s+2 ) ( s−4 )
6 s−17
15. F ( s ) = 2
, Ans: f ( t )=5 e 2 t +e 3 t .
s −5 s+ 6

Type repeated factors –

s
16. F ( s ) = , Ans: f ( t )=e−t −t e−t .
( s+1 )2
2
7 s +14 s−9
17. F ( s ) = ,Ans: f ( t )=−40 e t−12 t e t + 47 e 2t .
( s−1 )2 ( s−2 )
Type complex or irrational factors --

18. F ( s ) =
20
( s + 4 s+1 ) ( s +1 )
2 ( 3 )
, Ans: f ( t )=10 e−2 t cosh ( √3 t )+ √ 3 sinh ( √ 3t ) −10 e−t .

s
19. F ( s ) = , Ans: f ( t )= 2 sin 2 t− 1 cos 2 t+ 1 et .
( s + 4 ) ( s−1 )
2
5 5 5

Inverse Laplace transformation associated with unit step function:

−as
e
Laplace transform of unit step functionis L { u ( t−a ) }= L{u a ( t ) }=
s
L { f ( t ) . u ( t−a ) } =e−as L { f ( t +a ) }

{ }
−as
−1 e
So, L =u ( t−a )=u a ( t ).
s
If L−1 { F( s) } =f ( t ) , then L−1 {e−as F (s) }=f ( t−a ) ua ( t )=f ( t−a ) u ( t−a ) .

Some workout examples are given bellow:

Example 1:

{ }
−3 s
e
Find and sketch f ( t ), where f (t)=L−1 .
s
Solution: we know that

{ }
−as
−1 e
L =u ( t−a )=u a ( t )
s
So,

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Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Mid term

f ( t )=L
−1
{ }
e−3 s
s

{
¿ u ( t−3 )=u 3 ( t )= 0 , t <3 .
1 ,t >3

Example 2:

Find and sketch f ( t ), where f (t)=L

−1
{ } e−s
s2
.

Solution:
1
Let, F ( s ) = 2 and L
s
−1 1

s2 {}
=t=f (t ).

We know that,
L−1 {e−as F (s) }=f ( t −a ) ua ( t )

So, L
e−s
−1

s2 { }
=f ( t−1 ) u1 ( t )=( t−1 ) u1 ( t )

{
¿ 0 , t<1 .
t−1, t >1

Example 3:

{ }
−πs
−1 e
Find and sketch f ( t ), where f (t)=L 2 .
s +1
Solution:
Let, F ( s ) =
1
s +1
and L
2
−1
2
1
s +1 { }
=sin t=f (t ).

We know that,
L−1 {e−as F (s) }=f ( t−a ) ua ( t )

{ }
− πs
−1e
So, L 2
=f ( t −π ) u π ( t )
s +1
¿ sin(t −π )u π ( t )
¿
{
0 , t< π
−sin (π−t ), t >π

{
¿ 0 , t< π .
−sin t , t > π

Example 4:

{ }
−s −2 s −4 s
−1 e e e
Find and sketch f ( t ), where f (t)=L 2 2
+ 2 2+ 2 .
s +π s +π s
Solution:

{ }
1
s +π
1
π
1
L−1 2 2 = sin(πt)and L−1 2 =t .
s {}
So, f ( t )=L
−1
{ e−s
+
e−2 s e−4 s
+
s2 + π 2 s2 + π 2 s 2 }
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Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Mid term

1 1
¿ sin ( π ( t−1 ) ) u1 ( t ) + sin ( π ( t −2 ) ) u2 ( t ) +(t−4 )u 4 ( t ) .
π π

Since, sin ( π ( t−1 ) )=−sin ( πt ) and sin ( π ( t−2 ) )=sin ( πt ) , so the first two terms cancel each other
when t >2.

{
0 , 0<t<1
−1
sin ( πt ) ,1<t <2
Hence, we obtain f ( t )= π .
0 , 2<t <4
t−4 ,t > 4

Problem set 2

Find inverse Laplace of the following functions and also sketch f ( t ): (24-31)

Associated with unit step function

(s) {
0 ; 0<t< 5
−5 s
e Ans: f ( t )=3 u5 (t )=
24. F ( s ) =3 3 ; t >5

( ) {
0 ; 0< t<3
−3 s
e Ans: f ( t )=4 ( t−3 ) u3 ( t )=
25. F ( s ) =4 2 4 ( t−3 ) ;t>3
s

{−cos
− πs
se Ans: f ( t )=−cos ( 5 t ) u (t )= 0 ; 0<t< π
26. F ( s ) = 2 π
s +25 5 t ; t> π

{
2 (e )
−3 s −4 s
−3 e 0 , 0<t< 3
27. F ( s ) =
s Ans: f ( t )=2 u3 ( t ) −6 u4 ( t )= 2, 3<t <4 .
−4 ,t >4
5 (e ) Ans: f ( t )=¿
− πs −2 πs
+e
28. F ( s ) =

{
2
s +25 0 , 0<t < π
¿ −sin 5t , π < t<2 π
0 , t> 2 π
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Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Mid term

Associated with Dirac’s delta function

29. F ( s ) =1 Ans: f ( t )=δ ( t ) .

30. F ( s ) =e−3 s Ans: f ( t )=δ ( t−3 ) .

31. F ( s ) =25 e−2 s Ans: f ( t )=25 δ ( t−2 ) .