DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES

volume 1 highway structures:

approval procedures
and general design
section 3 general design

Part 18

BD 85/08

STRENGTHENING HIGHWAY
STRUCTURES USING EXTERNALLY
BONDED FIBRE REINFORCED
POLYMER

SUMMARY

This Standard covers the strengthening of concrete and

metallic highway bridges, on trunk roads including
motorways, using externally bonded fibre reinforced
polymer (FRP). This Standard does not cover the use
of prestressed plates or other systems in which the
FRP is subjected to sustained long-term loading. This
Standard does not cover the strengthening of prestressed
concrete structures, although many of the issues and
limit states described will also be relevant to the design
of FRP strengthening schemes for such structures.
Design guidelines are provided for flexural and shear
strengthening of reinforced concrete bridge decks.
Design guidelines for strengthening metallic bridge
decks are limited to flexural strengthening. In addition,
general guidance is provided on suitable strengthening
techniques.

instructions for use

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3. Please archive this sheet as appropriate.

Note: A quarterly index with a full set of Volume

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November 2008
 design manual for roads and bridges BD 85/08
Volume 1, Section 3,
Part 18

the highways agency

SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT

welsh assembly government

llywodraeth cynulliad cymru

the department for regional development

northern ireland

Strengthening Highway Structures

Using Externally Bonded Fibre
Reinforced Polymer

Summary: This Standard covers the strengthening of concrete and metallic highway
bridges, on trunk roads including motorways, using externally bonded fibre
reinforced polymer (FRP). This Standard does not cover the use of prestressed
plates or other systems in which the FRP is subjected to sustained long-term
loading. This Standard does not cover the strengthening of prestressed concrete
structures, although many of the issues and limit states described will also be
relevant to the design of FRP strengthening schemes for such structures. Design
guidelines are provided for flexural and shear strengthening of reinforced
concrete bridge decks. Design guidelines for strengthening metallic bridge
decks are limited to flexural strengthening. In addition, general guidance is
provided on suitable strengthening techniques.
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Part 18 BD 85/08 Registration of Amendments

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November 2008
 Volume 1 Section 3
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November 2008
 DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES

volume 1 highway structures:

approval procedures
and general design
section 3 general design

Part 18

BD 85/08

STRENGTHENING HIGHWAY
STRUCTURES USING EXTERNALLY
BONDED FIBRE REINFORCED
POLYMER

Contents

Chapter

1. Introduction

2. Application

3. Design

4. Strengthening Concrete Structures

5. Strengthening Metallic Structures

6. Materials

7. Installation Inspection and Maintenance

8. References

9. Enquiries

Annex A Flow Chart for FRP Strengthening Design

November 2008
Volume 1 Section 3
Part 18 BD 85/08
1. introduction
General
1.1 This Standard covers the strengthening of
concrete and metallic highway structures using
externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). The
viability of the technique when applied to reinforced
concrete has been demonstrated through experimental
studies and numerous practical applications in the
UK and elsewhere. Experience of its application to
metallic structures is more limited and less experimental
verification exists.
1.2 This Standard focuses on the use of FRP for
strengthening both reinforced concrete and metallic
beams and reinforced concrete slabs. Design guidelines
are provided for flexural and shear strengthening of
reinforced concrete structures. Design guidelines
for strengthening metallic structures are limited to
flexural strengthening. In addition general guidance is
provided on suitable strengthening techniques and their
specification.
1.3 This Standard does not cover the use of
prestressed plates or other systems in which the
FRP is subjected to sustained long-term loading.
However, some general guidance on such
techniques is provided in Clauses 2.17 to 2.19.
1.4 This Standard does not cover the
strengthening of prestressed concrete structures,
although many of the issues and limit states
described in Chapters 3 and 4 will also be relevant
to the design of FRP strengthening schemes for
such structures.
Implementation
1.5 This Standard shall be used forthwith on
all schemes involving strengthening of highway
bridge decks on trunk roads, including motorways.
In Northern Ireland this Standard shall be used
forthwith on all schemes involving strengthening of
highway bridge decks on all roads. The use of FRP
for the strengthening of bridge supports is dealt
with in BD 84/02 (DMRB 1.3.16).
November 2008
Chapter 1
Introduction
Definitions
1.6 The following definitions and terminology
relating to FRP are used in this document:
Aramid fibre: A synthetic fibre consisting of a
long-chain aromatic polyamide in
which at least 85% of the amide
linkages are attached directly to two
aromatic rings.
Carbon fibre: Fibres produced from organic
materials such as rayon,
polyacrylonitrile or pitch. The term
is often used interchangeably with
‘graphite’.
Composite: Or advanced composite. Alternative
term for FRP, i.e. fibres plus resin.
Cure: To irreversibly change the properties
of a thermosetting resin by chemical
reaction, i.e. condensation, ring-
closure, or addition. Cure may be
accomplished by the addition of
curing agents, with or without
catalyst, and with or without heat.
Fabric: Fibres woven into a fabric. Fibres
can be aligned in any direction, with
0°, 45° and 90° being the most
common.
FRP: Fibre reinforced polymer (or Plastic)
comprising high strength fibres in a
resin matrix.
Galvanic Also called bimetallic corrosion.
corrosion: Corrosion where two conducting
materials with different
electropotentials are in contact.
Glass fibre: A fibre spun from an inorganic
product of fusion that has cooled to a
rigid condition without crystallising.
Laminate: FRP composite in the form of
a plate. Pultruded sections are often
referred to as laminates, but the term
is not specific to any method of
production.
1/1
Chapter 1
Introduction
NSM FRP: Near-surface mounted (NSM), where
FRP is installed into grooves that
have been cut into the concrete.
Pre preg: Fibres impregnated with resin and
attached to a backing paper or plastic
release film.
Primer: A low viscosity epoxy resin applied
to the concrete to provide a good
bond (normally stronger than the
surface concrete) and a suitable
surface for the FRP.
Pultrusion: A factory method of manufacturing
FRP laminates in long lengths.
Sections currently available include
plates, rods and profiles.
Putty: A filler, usually an epoxy resin in the
form of a paste, used to fill holes and
surface defects in a concrete surface.
Resin: A resin is used to impregnate the
fibres and bind filaments, fibres and
layers of fibre together.
Stress rupture: Also known as creep rupture.
Property whereby the material can
fail (rupture) at a stress level
considerably less than the ultimate
stress under sustained loading.
Thermoset: A resin that cannot be melted and
recycled because the polymer chains
form a three-dimensional network.
Voids: Air bubbles trapped in the resin or
between the FRP and concrete/steel
substrate.
Wet lay up: A method of installing FRP by hand.
The dry FRP (fabric or tow sheet) is
impregnated with resin immediately
prior to application.
Notation
1.7 The following notation is used in this document:
α Angle between the principal fibres of the FRP
and the vertical
γma Material partial safety factor for adhesive
γmc Material partial safety factor for concrete
1/2
Volume 1 Section 3
Part 18 BD 85/08
γmfε Material partial safety factor for FRP strain
capacity
γmfE Material partial safety factor for FRP stiffness
γms Material partial safety factor for steel
reinforcement
εfrps Effective strain in the FRP for shear
strengthening
εfrpu Characteristic ultimate strain capacity of FRP
λ Parameter used to determine longitudinal
shear at point where reinforcement yields
σfrp1 Stress in FRP at location 1
σfrp2 Stress in FRP at location 2
σa1 Maximum tensile principal stress in the
adhesive
τl Longitudinal shear stress at the FRP-concrete
interface
ωf Parameter used to determine longitudinal
shear at point where reinforcement yields
ω s Parameter used to determine longitudinal
shear at point where reinforcement yields
Afrpm Cross-sectional area of the FRP laminate for
flexural strengthening (mm2)
Afrps Area of FRP (mm2) for shear strengthening
measured perpendicular to the direction of the
fibres (see Figure 1.1). When FRP laminates
are applied symmetrically on both sides of a
beam Afrps is the sum of the areas of both
laminates
As Cross-sectional area of tensile steel
reinforcement (mm2)
b Width of the beam or plate spacing in slabs
(mm)
bfrp Width of the FRP laminate (mm) measured
perpendicular to the direction of the fibres (see
Figure 1.1). For continuous FRP sheet, sfrp is
taken as 1.0 and bfrp is taken as cos α
d Effective depth to the centroid of the tensile
steel reinforcement (mm)
November 2008
Volume 1 Section 3 Chapter 1
Part 18 BD 85/08 Introduction

Es Characteristic tensile modulus of the steel

reinforcement (MPa)

Efrp Characteristic tensile modulus of the FRP

laminate (MPa)

fcu Characteristic or worst credible strength of the

concrete (MPa)

fctm Characteristic tensile strength of the concrete

(MPa)

fy Characteristic or worst credible strength of the

tensile steel reinforcement (MPa)

fa Characteristic strength of the adhesive

FCk,max Maximum anchorage capacity of FRP (N)

FCk FRP anchorage capacity (N)

Ffrp Force in FRP (N)

h Total depth of the section (mm)

kb Parameter used to determine maximum

anchorage capacity of FRP

LC,max Anchorage length required to develop

Fck,max (mm)

La Anchorage length (mm)

sfrp Longitudinal spacing of the FRP laminates

used for shear strengthening (see Figure 1.1).
For continuous FRP sheet, sfrp is taken as 1.0
and bfrp is taken as cos α

tfrp Thickness of the FRP laminate (mm)

V Shear force due to ultimate loads (N)

Vc Contribution from the concrete to the shear

capacity (N)

Vfrp Contribution from the FRP to the shear

capacity (N)

V s Contribution from the steel to the shear

capacity (N)

Vu Ultimate shear capacity of FRP strengthened

section (N)

November 2008 1/3

 Vu Ultimate shear capacity of FRP strengthened
section (N)
Chapter 1 Volume 1 Section 3
Introduction Part 18 BD 85/08

Afrps = 2bfrp tfrp

D
d h bfrp
sfrp

FRP Laminates on both sides

Figure1.1
Figure 1.1 Notation
Notationfor
forShear
ShearStrengthening
Strengthening of
of Concrete
Concrete Elements
Elements

1/4 May 2008

1/4 November 2008

Volume 1 Section 3
Part 18 BD 85/08
2. application
General
2.1 FRP can be used to increase the load
capacity of structural elements as described in
this Standard. A structure shall only be considered
suitable for strengthening using this technique if it
can be shown to be at least capable of supporting
nominal dead load plus nominal superimposed
dead load plus nominal assessment live load, as
specified by BD 21 (DMRB 3.4) with all partial
safety factors, including those applied to material
strengths, set to unity.
2.2 General guidance on the use of FRP to
strengthen concrete structures is given in the Concrete
Society Technical Reports No. 55[1] and No. 57[4].
General guidance on the use of FRP to strengthen
metallic structures is given in CIRIA Report, C595
Strengthening metallic structures using externally
bonded fibre-reinforced polymers[5] and ICE design and
practice guide FRP composites – Life extension and
strengthening of metallic structures[6].
2.3 For a particular structure, an economic
evaluation shall be carried out in order to compare
this technique with other methods of strengthening.
This evaluation shall include a risk assessment,
taking into account the performance history of the
proposed techniques. Factors to be considered are
safety, cost, construction methods, environmental
considerations, remaining life and inspection and
maintenance capability.
2.4 FRP systems are available in many forms
including fabrics applied using a wet lay-up process,
and factory produced FRP plates installed using
adhesives. All FRP systems are acceptable provided
they comply with the requirements of this Standard and
have been shown to be appropriate for the application
for which they are being considered.
November 2008
Chapter 2
Application
2.5 Where uncertainties exist concerning the
effectiveness of an FRP system for a particular
application, appropriate experimental testing on
representative specimens shall be undertaken to
prove the technique. Examples where this might
be required include the use of a material with
significantly different properties to those used in
previous studies or applications, the use of a new
approach or system, or bonding onto an irregular,
curved or deteriorated surface. The requirements
for, and the extent of, the testing shall be agreed
with the Overseeing Organisation.
2.6 The durability of all components of the FRP
strengthening system shall be considered when
selecting an appropriate strengthening approach.
Information and test results to demonstrate the
long-term performance of the system shall be
sought from manufacturers and suppliers (see also
Chapter 6).
2.7 A flow chart is included in Annex A setting out
the steps to be taken in assessing the suitability of a
structure for strengthening using FRP, together with
references to relevant documents and clauses.
Suitability of Structure
2.8 The effectiveness of externally bonded FRP
is highly dependent on the integrity of the bond
between the FRP and the surface of the structure
and also on the integrity of the surface material
itself. This interface must be capable of sustaining
the stresses necessary for tension to be developed
in the FRP. For surface profile requirements for
concrete, see Clause 4.25.
2.9 When considering the suitability of a
structure for the application of externally bonded
FRP, investigations shall be carried out to ensure
that the risk of corrosion in the existing member
is low and to determine the soundness of the
structure including any repaired areas. For concrete
structures, BA 35, The inspection and repair of
concrete highway structures (DMRB 3.3.2) gives
advice on special inspections and guidance
2/1
Chapter 2
Application
on suitable tests. In Scotland, advice on special
inspections and guidance on suitable tests for
concrete structures should be sought from the
Overseeing Organisation.
2.10 Externally bonded FRP shall only be applied
to dry surfaces. Remedial measures shall be taken
if surfaces are damp, and leakages stopped. Any
damaged material shall be removed down to a
sound base.
2.11 For concrete structures, expansive rust
products arising from reinforcement corrosion may
disrupt the concrete and eventually cause
de-bonding of the FRP. Therefore, unless repairs
have been carried out, bonding shall only be
considered where half-cell potential measurements
are numerically greater than -250mV with respect
to a copper/copper sulphate electrode.
2.12 For concrete structures, the integrity of
the surface concrete and its associated method of
preparation shall be demonstrated by a series of
pull-off tests, for which the failure plane should
occur within the concrete. Such tests shall be
carried out in accordance with PR EN 1542.
A minimum of five tests shall be undertaken at
representative locations on each element to which
the FRP is to be bonded. The characteristic value of
the concrete tensile strength may be taken as 70%
of the mean of the test results but not greater than
the minimum test result. FRP strengthening shall
not be used when the characteristic concrete tensile
strength is less than 1.5 N/mm2.
2.13 Wrought iron structures may be prone
to delamination. For this reason, wrought iron
structures shall not be strengthened with FRP
without the specific approval of the Overseeing
Organisation. Guidance shall be sought from
specialist designers in such cases.
2.14 Where FRP is bonded to soffits above
carriageways, the available headroom shall be
checked to ensure that impact from high vehicles
is not likely, making allowance for the presence
of fixings if used. FRP should not be installed on
bridge soffits where there is evidence of frequent
damage from vehicle impact.
2/2
Volume 1 Section 3
Part 18 BD 85/08
Inspectability
2.15 The ease of inspection of the installed system
shall be considered in devising the strengthening
scheme and a recommended inspection regime (see
Chapter 7).
2.16 Special consideration shall be taken where
strengthening is required to the top surfaces of
slabs and beams and subsequently buried by the
road surfacing. In such cases it can be impractical
to provide inspection facilities for the plates.
Special care should be taken during bridge
inspections to identify any areas of plates which
may have de-bonded as indicated by local break-up
or reflective cracking of the surface in the location
of the plates. Accurate drawings indicating the
location of all plates shall be available for such
inspections (see Clause 7.1). The use of Near
Surface Mounted (NSM) FRP should be considered
in top slab strengthening applications. See Clause
4.2.
Prestressed FRP
2.17 The efficiency of externally bonded FRP
strengthening can be increased by prestressing the FRP,
or alternatively by jacking up a structure during the
installation of the FRP. Such approaches can enable a
greater proportion of the ultimate strength of the FRP
to be utilised. Only a limited amount of testing of such
systems is currently available.
2.18 When FRP is subjected to sustained long-term
loading, failure of the FRP can occur through creep
rupture at a load level significantly below its ultimate
short-term strength. Creep rupture can be prevented by
limiting the magnitude of any sustained loading.
2.19 Guidance shall be sought from specialist
designers and materials suppliers when a
strengthening scheme includes the use of externally
bonded FRP subjected to sustained loading. The
design of such schemes is not covered by the
guidelines given in this Standard, although many of
the issues and limit states described are relevant to
their design.
November 2008
Volume 1 Section 3
Part 18 BD 85/08
3. design
General
3.1 The design guidelines set out in this Standard
are based upon experimental findings and current best
practice in the design of FRP strengthening schemes.
They are applicable to the design of strengthening
schemes using both pultruded laminates and fabric
systems. Before undertaking a design, the requirements
of Clause 2.5 should be carefully considered.
3.2 Structural elements strengthened with FRP
can have significantly reduced ductility when
compared with conventional structural elements
of the same strength. The ductility of FRP
strengthened elements can be particularly low
when their ultimate capacity is governed by failure
modes involving fracture of the FRP or a loss of
composite action between the FRP and the surface
to which it is bonded. The implications of such
limited ductility of FRP strengthened elements
shall be carefully considered, especially in relation
to the structural analysis upon which the design is
based.
3.3 The FRP strengthening system should be
designed for a minimum service life of 30 years.
3.4 The stresses in the structure when the FRP
is installed shall be taken into account in the
design. Such stresses may arise from permanent
and live loads, support settlement or thermal
effects. Particular care is required in establishing
permanent stresses in statically indeterminate
structures and for brittle metallic structures for
which the strengthening design will be particularly
sensitive to the stress in the structure when the FRP
is installed. In such cases, it may be necessary to
undertake tests to establish the permanent stresses
in the structure with confidence. If excessive
vibrations are expected the designer should
consider excluding traffic from the bridge while the
FRP is installed.
November 2008
Chapter 3
Design
Properties of FRP
3.5 Characteristic values of the elastic modulus,
strain to failure and ultimate stress of the FRP
material shall be used in design. A characteristic
value is defined as the value below which not more
than 5% of all possible test results may be expected
to fall.
3.6 Care shall be taken to ensure that consistent
properties for the FRP are used in the design and
installation. These should be noted on all drawings and
relevant documents.
Properties of Concrete and Reinforcement
3.7 Characteristic values of steel reinforcement
and concrete strengths may be used. Alternatively,
worst credible values may be derived from test
data where they exist, in accordance with BD 44
(DMRB 3.4.14). Where design values are not
known or are uncertain, tests shall be undertaken to
enable appropriate values to be derived. Guidance
on the assessment of material properties is given in
BD 21 (DMRB 3.4.3).
Properties of Metallic Elements
3.8 The material strengths of metallic elements
may be obtained using BD 21 (DMRB 3.4.3).
Additional guidance is included in the CIRIA
report C595[5].
3/1
Chapter 3 Volume 1 Section 3
Design Part 18 BD 85/08

Partial safety factors Table 3.1 Values of partial factors for FRP
materials for the ultimate limit state for
Combination 4 loadings in accordance with BD 37
3.9 The partial safety factors for FRP for the
ultimate limit state shall be taken from Table 3.1 or Material γmfE γmfε
Table 3.2. These safety factors shall be applied to
the characteristic values of the material properties. Carbon 1.15 1.15
The values given in Table 3.1 may be used for
Aramid 1.20 1.20
Combination 4 loading in accordance with BD 37
(DMRB 1.3.14). The values in Table 3.2 shall be Glass 1.50 1.50
used in all other cases.

3.10 For the serviceability limit state, the value of

the partial safety factors for FRP shall be taken as Table 3.2 Values of partial factors for FRP
1.0. materials for the ultimate limit state, excluding
Combination 4 loading in accordance with BD 37
3.11 For the ultimate limit state, the partial safety
factors for material strength shall be as specified in
Material γmfE γmfε
BD 44 (DMRB 3.4.14) for concrete elements, and
BD 21 (DMRB 3.4.3) for steel elements . Wet Laminate Wet Laminate
lay up lay up
3.12 For the serviceability limit state, the partial
safety factors shall be taken as specified in Carbon 1.3 1.15 1.67 1.47
BS 5400: Part 4 for concrete elements, and Aramid 1.3 1.15 1.77 1.57
BS 5400: Part 3 for steel elements.
Glass 2.13 1.89 4.14 3.67
3.13 Strengthened cast iron elements shall be
analysed on a permissible stress basis, as described
in BD 21 (DMRB.4.3), with the partial factors for
FRP taken from Table 3.1 or 3.2. The values given
3 in Table 3.1 may be used for Combination 4
loading in accordance with BD 37 (DMRB 1.3.14).
The values in Table 3.2 shall be used in all other
cases.

3.14 The partial factor for the adhesive at ultimate

limit state should be taken as γma = 5, unless a
project-specific value is determined and agreed
with the Overseeing Organisation. Adhesive
properties are affected by environment and time
related factors in addition to material variability.
Guidance on the evaluation of project-specific
partial factors is included in C595[5].

3/2 November 2008

Volume 1 Section 3
Part 18 BD 85/08
4. strengthening concrete structures
General
4.1 The guidelines set out in this Chapter are
applicable to the design of strengthening schemes for
reinforced concrete beams and slabs.
Strengthening for Flexure
4.2 FRP materials can be bonded to the tension face
of beams or slabs to act as additional reinforcement,
increasing the moment of resistance of the section. The
FRP reinforcement can be either externally bonded to
the concrete structure or near-surface mounted (NSM),
where the bars are installed into grooves that have
been cut into the concrete. The bonding operation can
frequently take place with no or minimal disruption to
traffic and without a need for temporary propping.
4.3 Structures strengthened with FRP to increase
their flexural capacity can exhibit the same ultimate
failure modes as reinforced concrete structures, for
example, compressive failure of the concrete. However,
in addition, their capacity may also be governed by
fracture of the FRP or by the loss of composite action
between the FRP and the concrete, sometimes referred
to as FRP separation, debonding or peeling. Failure
modes in which the FRP separates from the concrete
section have frequently been found to be critical in
experimental studies.
4.4 Design guidelines for ultimate flexural
capacity are set out in Clauses 4.12 to 4.32. Rules
are given to account both for ultimate failure
modes where composite action between the FRP
and concrete is retained and also where it is lost.
Serviceability requirements are set out in Clauses
4.42 and 4.43.
Strengthening for Shear
4.5 Bonding FRP to the webs of beams has been
shown experimentally to increase the shear strength
of the section. The bonded material acts as external
shear reinforcement. The use of FRP for shear
strengthening is less well established than its use for
flexural strengthening and has been the subject of fewer
experimental studies.
November 2008
Chapter 4
Strengthening Concrete Structures
4.6 Structures strengthened with FRP to increase
their shear capacity can fail due to separation of the
FRP from the concrete. The significance of such failure
modes is reduced when a beam is fully encased in FRP.
However, it is frequently difficult to achieve this, for
example where beams are continuously connected to a
deck slab.
4.7 Whenever practicable, shear strengthening should
be undertaken by wrapping FRP completely around
a beam. However, when as in most cases this is not
possible, the FRP wrapping should be applied to the
sides and either the top or underside of a beam. Whilst
not encouraged, bonding to only the sides of beams is
permissible in cases where it is not possible to continue
the FRP around the top or the underside of a beam.
When FRP is not wrapped completely around a beam
consideration should be given to the use of additional
FRP anchorage systems. Specialist advice should be
sought in such cases.
4.8 Design rules for externally bonded FRP
for shear strengthening are set out in Clauses
4.33 to 4.40. These rules have been calibrated
against published experimental data for shear
strengthening using carbon and aramid systems.
The limit states given are also relevant to the
design of shear strengthening using glass fibre
systems. However, there is currently very limited
experimental data on the use glass fibre in this
application and the requirements of Clause 2.5
should be carefully considered before it is used.
The design rules presented are not applicable to
NSM FRP reinforcement.
4.9 In view of the potentially brittle nature of the
shear failure of FRP-strengthened elements, the relative
effectiveness of shear strengthening would be expected
to diminish as the size of the element being strengthened
increases. The extrapolation of experimental results
from small specimens to real structures must therefore
be undertaken with caution. Such a potential size effect
has been taken into account in the design rules in this
Standard.
4/1
Chapter 4 Volume 1 Section 3
Strengthening Concrete Structures Part 18 BD 85/08

Limit States
4.10 The design of strengthened structures shall
be considered for the ultimate limit states in
accordance with the relevant clauses of BS 5400:
Part 4: 1990 (BSI 1990) as implemented by BD 24
(DMRB 1.3.1), except where amended by other
clauses in this Standard. The appropriate loads and
load factors shall be taken from BD 37 (DMRB
1.3.14).
4.11 The criteria for the serviceability limit states
given in Clause 4.1.1 of BS 5400: Part 4, shall be
followed, except where amended in this Standard.
(iii) The stress-strain behaviour of the concrete
is as given in BS 5400: Part 4. A rectangular
stress block shall only be used when
considering concrete crushing.
The stress-strain behaviour of the steel
reinforcement is linear-elastic in tension, with an
elastic modulus of 200 kN/mm2, until the yield
stress (fy/γms) is reached, as shown in Figure 4.1.
4.13 For concrete members strengthened for
flexure, the following modes of failure shall be
considered, assuming that composite action is
retained between the FRP and the concrete section:

(i) FRP rupture; and

Flexural Capacity
(ii) crushing of the concrete.

4.12 The analysis of a concrete section 4.14 FRP rupture should be considered to occur
strengthened for flexure using FRP shall be based when the strain in the FRP reaches εfrpu/γmfε.
on the following: Concrete crushing should be considered to occur
when the strain in the concrete at the compressive
(i) The strain at any level in the section shall face reaches 0.0035. If the section analysis
be determined assuming that plane sections indicates that concrete crushing occurs before the
remain plane. steel reinforcement has reached its yield stress,
then the required moment of resistance of the
(ii) TheVolume
FRP is a1linear
Section 3 material, as
elastic strengthened section should be increased by 15%.
shown in Figure 4.1.
Part X BD 85/08

FRP
fy / Jms
Steel in
Tension
Stress
Steel in
fy Compression

Jms + fy
2000

Es = 200 kN/mm2
Efrp / JmfE

Strain

Figure 4.1 Short-term Stress Strain Curve for Steel and FRP Reinforcement
Figure 4.1 : Short term stress strain curve for steel and FRP reinforcement *
4/2 4.15 For concrete members strengthened for flexure, failure can also occur November
when 2008
there is a loss of composite action between the FRP and the concrete section. Typically
failures occur through the development of a longitudinal failure plane close to the interface
Volume 1 Section 3
Part 18 BD 85/08
4.15 For concrete members strengthened for flexure,
failure can also occur when there is a loss of composite
action between the FRP and the concrete section.
Typically failures occur through the development of a
longitudinal failure plane close to the interface between
the FRP and the concrete or at the level of the main
reinforcement. Such longitudinal failure planes can
initiate from:
(i) Ends of FRP;
(ii) Shear cracks;
(ii) Flexural cracks;
(iii) Concave surface profiles.
4.16 The bond behaviour of externally bonded FRP
differs markedly from embedded steel reinforcement. It
is possible to anchor steel reinforcement by providing
a sufficient anchorage length such that, beyond this
anchorage length, the full strength of the reinforcement
can be developed. However this is not typically the
case for externally bonded FRP. Experiments have
demonstrated that the longitudinal shear stress that can
be transferred between the FRP and the concrete is not
independent of the bonded length, as typically assumed
in design for embedded steel reinforcement. In tests on
the anchorage of FRP externally bonded to concrete, it
has been found that beyond a limiting bonded length,
of the order of 50-300mm, there is no further increase
in the ultimate anchorage load-capacity with increased
bonded length. Furthermore, this ultimate anchorage
capacity can be very much less than the ultimate tensile
capacity of the FRP.
4.17 Experimental findings have indicated that
the maximum force that can be developed in FRP
externally bonded to concrete that is uncracked
under the applied load is limited to the anchorage
force given in Clause 4.27. In cases where the FRP
is externally bonded to a structural element that
remains uncracked under the ultimate load case
for which it is being strengthened, the maximum
force in the FRP must be limited to the anchorage
capacity given in Clause 4.27. Instances where
this requirement may be applicable include
structural members with significant changes in
section properties, for example the transverse
strengthening of thin outstands cantilevered from a
bridge deck.
November 2008
Chapter 4
Strengthening Concrete Structures
4.18 Failure modes where there is a loss of
composite action between the FRP and concrete
section shall be considered in the design of FRP
strengthening. Such failure modes may be avoided
by limiting:
(i) the strain in the FRP;
(ii) the longitudinal shear stress between the
FRP and the concrete section;
(iii) irregularities in the profile of the surface to
which the FRP is bonded;
(iv) the stress in the FRP near its end (i.e. in the
anchorage region).
Guidance on suitable limits is provided in Clauses
4.21 to 4.29. These limits may be relaxed if
a rigorous analysis is undertaken or based on
experimental results using representative sized
specimens. The likelihood of failure modes
involving a loss in composite action may be
decreased for externally bonded FRP by reducing
the FRP thickness and by tapering the FRP when
multiple layers are used.
4.19 Tests have shown that bolts can be used with
multi-directional externally bonded FRP laminates
to prevent loss of composite action. Where used,
the anchorage strength shall be verified through
appropriate testing.
4.20 Specialist advice shall be sought in cases
where shear cracks could initiate a loss of
composite action. Such a mode of failure may be
disregarded if the maximum applied shear force
can be carried by the concrete alone, neglecting
any contribution to the shear capacity made by
shear reinforcement.
4.21 The maximum strain in the FRP shall not
be greater than 0.008. This limit will generally
be more onerous than the factored ultimate FRP
tensile strain capacity. The likelihood of failure
modes occurring that involve a loss of composite
action has been found experimentally to increase if
this strain limit is exceeded. The data upon which
this limit is based comes predominantly from tests
using externally bonded carbon. In the absence of
more comprehensive test data it is also required for
NSM FRP strengthening. This limit may be relaxed
4/3
Chapter 4
Strengthening Concrete Structures
based on experimental results using representative
sized specimens. This would be subject to the
agreement of the Overseeing Organisation.
4.22 The longitudinal shear at the interface
between the adhesive and concrete shall not exceed
the ultimate values given in Table 31 of BS 5400:
Part 4, Clause 7.4.2.3. The longitudinal shear at
the interface between the FRP and the adhesive
shall not exceed 20% of the shear capacity of the
adhesive.
Volume 1 Section 3
PartThe
X BD 85/08 shear shall be checked, at least,
longitudinal
at terminations in the FRP and the position in the
span where the steel reinforcement yields. The
longitudinal shear stress may be determined from:
I frp 2
Volume 1 Section 3
Part 18 BD 85/08
4.23 For sections where the design indicates that
the steel reinforcement would yield or where the
compressive strain in the concrete is such that its
behaviour is significantly non-linear, standard elastic
methods for determining the longitudinal shear stress in
prismatic sections should not be used.
4.24 Provided that the stresses due to permanent loads
prior to strengthening have a negligible effect on the
stresses due to ultimate loads, which may assumed to be
the case if the structure is uncracked in the region being
strengthened, the longitudinal shear stress at the location
in the span where the reinforcement yields for prismatic
elements with solid, rectangular sections strengthened
with externally bonded FRP may be conservatively
taken as:
w g  2 h g  f ctm
W1 Ft Ck ,§¨max
frp ¨
E frp S
V frp 2  V frp1 ·1 .5
¸¸
4
J mfE J mc
for externally
(N)
*τ l =
λVt frp
Afrpm h
© 'x ¹ bonded FRP
The anchorage length required to develop this force
may be assumed to be given by:
provided
SI frp 2 § V frp 2  V frp1 ·
W1 ¨ ¸¸ for NSM FRP
4 p ¨© 'x ¹ I frp 2
d
> 0.7
E frp S J mc h
L C , max 4 .5 4 (mm)
g gw ctm 2h
where σfrp1 is the stress in the FRP at the location
f where λ is determined from Figure 4.2 for mild
of interest and σfrp2 is the stress in the FRP at a steel reinforcement (up to fy=250N/mm2) and
small distance Δx from the location of interest Figure 4.3 for high yield steel reinforcement (up
in the direction in which the applied moment is to fy=460 N/mm2). In Figures 4.2 and 4.3:
where I frp isis the
increasing, nominaldiameter
the nominal diameterofofthethe FRP bar, measured in mm, w g and h g are the
NSMwidth
FRP bar and
and height of the groove
p is the effective in cross
perimeter of section, measured §inf ymm, · and Efrp and fctm §¨ E frp ·¸
¨ A frpr
A ¨ J ¸¸
2
the interface at which the longitudinal shear is
have units of N/mm . s ¨J ¸
being checked. σfrp1 and σfrp2 may be determined © ms ¹ and Z © mfE ¹
Z s f
from a section analysis in accordance with Clause
For shorter anchorage lengths, La < Lc,max , the anchorage force § f · § f ·
4.12. bh¨¨ iscu given
¸¸ by: bh¨¨ cu ¸¸
ª º © J mc ¹ © J mc ¹
For NSM
L a where La
FCk FRP, inFspecial
Ck , max
cases « 2 the
 » [THIS CLAUSE SHOULD BE BOXED]
preparation or condition ofL Cthe
, max ¬«
concrete doesLnot
C , max ¼»
allow the complete concrete interface to be fully
effective in resisting longitudinal shear, specialist
advice shall be sought and the value for p shall
4.29be reduced accordingly.
The adhesive used inIt may
NSM beFRP
appropriate to
strengthening schemes shall have sufficient strength to
prevent a splitting failure in the adhesive
reduce the effective perimeter p to w g
+ h g under ultimate loading. This requirement may be
in cases
where
taken thesatisfied
to be method of preparing
if the the grooves
following criteriaresults
are met, in addition to the requirements of 4.28:
in sides which cannot be assumed to achieve
effective bond with confidence, where wg and hg
x f atm t 5.0 f ctm
are the width and height of the groove in cross
section.
x f atm t 12 MPa

x 1.5I frp d w g d 2.5I frp

x 2.0I frp d h g d 5.0I frp

where
4/4 fatm is the characteristic tensile strength of the adhesive. November 2008
Part X BD 85/08
Volume 1 Section
Volume 1 Section 3 3 Chapter 4

Part X BD 85/08
Part 18 BD 85/08 Strengthening Concrete Structures

Figure 4: O values for mild steel reinforcement

Zf = 30 Zf = 20 Zf = 10
1.8
1.6
Figure 4: O values for mild steel reinforcement Zf = 5
1.4 Z =2
Zf = 30 Zf = 20 Zf = 10 f
1.8
1.2
ZZf f == 51
O 1.6
1
1.4
0.8 Zf = 2
1.2
0.6 Zf = 1
1
O 0.4
0.8
0.2
0.6 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
0.4
Zs
0.2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Figure 4.2 λ Values for
ZMild Steel Reinforcement
s
Figure 5: O for high yield steel reinforcement
Z f = 30 Z f = 20 Z f = 10 Zf = 5
1.8
Zf = 2
Figure 5: O for high yield steel reinforcement
1.6 Zf = 1

1.4 Z f = 30 Z f = 20 Z f = 10 Zf = 5
1.8
Zf = 2
O 1.2
1.6 Zf = 1
1
1.4
0.8
O 1.2
0.6
1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
0.8
Zs
0.6
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
CHANGE FIGURES FROM 4ZsAND 5 TO 4.2 AND 4.3

CHANGE FIGURES FROM 4 AND 5 TO 4.2 AND 4.3

Figure 4.3 λ for High Yield Steel Reinforcement
4.25 If FRP is bonded to a concrete surface with a concave profile, th
separation
November 2008failure is increased. Unless justified through a rigorous 4/5 anal

results,
4.25 Ifthe FRPgapis under
bondeda to 1ma concrete
long straight surface edgewithheld to the surface
a concave profile, of
th
 where
assumed to be given by:

b frp E frp t frp f ctm

FCk , max 2 0.5 k b b frp (N)
b JVolume
mfE J mc 1 Section 3
Chapter 4 kb 1.06 t 1.0
Strengthening Concrete Structures b frp Part 18 BD 85/08
where 1
400
b frp
and bfrp and tfrp2 have

b units of mm and Efrp and fctm have un
4.25 If FRP is bonded to a concrete surface with k b anchorage1.06 length required t 1.0to develop this force
The b frp
a concave profile, the likelihood of FRP separation The be
may assumed1 length
anchorage to 400
be given requiredby: to develop this force may b
failure is increased. Unless justified through a
frp t frpJ mc
rigorous analysis or experimental results, the and bfrp and tE frp have units of mm and Efrp and fctm have units of N/m
gap under a 1m long straight edge held to the LC ,max (mm) (mm)
surface of the FRP following installation shall The anchorage 2 f ctm required to develop this force may be assume
length
nowhere exceed 3mm. If preformed laminates
such as pultruded plates are used, the gap under For t frpJ mc
shorterE frpanchorage lengths, La < Lc,max , the(mm) anchorage f
LC ,max
a 1m long straight edge held to the surface of the 2 f ctm
For shorter anchorage lengths, La < Lc,max, the
concrete prior to the installation of the FRP may anchorage force is givenLby: ª La º
be up to 5mm provided the depth of adhesive is F
For FCk , max lengths,
Ck shorter anchorage
a
L«a2< Lc,max  , the anchorage » force(N)
is giv
varied to achieved the required FRP straightness
L C , max «
¬ L C , max »
¼
after installation. Where fabric systems are used La ª L a º (N)
FCk FCk , max «2  » (N)
particular care is required in the surface preparation L C , max «¬ L C , max »¼
since such systems will closely follow the surface Volume 1 Section 3
profile of the concrete. For NSM FRP systems 4.28 For NSM FRP, the maximum anchorage force per bar may
Volume the1 grooves
Sectionshould
3 Part X BD 85/08
be cut to allow the bars to be Volume
Volume
Volume 111Section
Section
Section 3 33the maximum anchorage force per bar may be assume
Part X installed
BD 85/08 4.28 For
4.28 NSM ForFRP,
NSM FRP, the maximum anchorage
straight. Part
PartX
Part X BD
X BD
BD 85/08 85/08
Volume 1 Section 3 force85/08per bar may be assumed to be given by:
Part X BD
4.26 85/08
Sufficient anchorage shall be provided I frp 2
beyond the point at which the FRP is no longer E frp S2
I 4 22
w g  2 h g  f ctm
1 .E5 frp S frp w h g  f ctm (N) (N)
*
FCk , max I
required to ensure that any force in the FRP
4.26 Sufficient anchorage shall be provided beyond the pointF at which the 1FRP
developed within this anchorage region can be .5
is noE 4longer
E frpfrpS
g 
SI frpJ mfEw
frp 2
Jwmc 
g 22hh g(N)
f f ctm
J mfE J mc4
Ck , max
required to ensure
4.26 Sufficient Thethat
anchorage any inforce
shall in the
thebeFRP
provided FRP developed
beyond the point within Fthis
FCkthe
at which anchorage region 11.5.5 can be 4 J
g g
page 21
ctm
(N)
(N)
Ck , max FRP is no longer
sustained. force developed within , max
J pageJ J 21
sustained. The force in the FRP developed within the anchorage
The region
anchoragemay be
lengthdetermined
be required tomfE
mfE
develop
mc
requiredthetoanchorage
ensure thatregion
any force
mayinbethe FRP developed within this anchorage region canrequired this forcethis mayforce may bt
determined by mc
The anchorage length to develop be assumed
by undertaking
sustained. anan
The force
undertaking analysis
in analysis
the FRP ofofthe
thestrengthened
developed within the
strengthened section
anchorage
section at the point
The
region where
anchorage
may the FRPrequired
length
be determined is no to develop this force
longer required aninanalysis
accordance the with
is noClauses 3.4 and atin4.12. Thebe
A minimum
The anchorage
anchorage
anchorage length
belength
length required
requiredof to develop this force may
I frp 2 I frp 2to develop this force may b
by undertaking
at the point where of FRP
the strengthened
longer section
required the point may
where assumed
the FRP is tono given by:
500mm accordance
shall be
longer required with Clauses
in provided
accordance when 3.4the
with andFRP
Clauses4.12.isAterminated
3.4 minimum
and 4.12. A within
minimum a span.
anchorage lengthEoffrp SE frp4S J mc J mc
500mmanchorage length ofwhen
shall be provided 500mm shallisbeterminated
the FRP L
provided within a span.L C ,max 4 .5
4 .5w g  2 h g  f ctm 4 2 (mm) (mm)
 IIhfrpfrp2 f J
C ,
max
w E S 2 (mm)
when the FRP is terminated within a span. E frpfrpS
g g
4 mc J
ctm mc

LLCC, max 44.5.5 4 (mm

4.27 externally
4.27 For For externally bondedbonded FRP, the
carbon fibremaximum FRP, the maximum anchorage
, max
ww g 22hh g f f ctm
force gmay be g ctm
(mm)
4.27 For externally forcebondedmay becarbon fibre
to be FRP, given theby: maximum where anchorage
I frp is the force
nominal maydiameter be of the FRP bar, measured in mm, w
assumed to
anchoragebe given
assumed to be given by:
by: assumed
where
width and
where isis the
I frp height the of nominal
the groove
nominal
2
diameter
in cross
diameter ofof the
section,
the FRP FRP bar, measure
measured in mm, a
have units of N/mm .
E frp E
t frpfrpftctm
frp f ctm width
whereand
bar, measured height
in mm,
isthethenominal ofwthe
nominal andgroove
hg are the
diameter in of cross
width and
theFRP section,
FRP measur
bar,measur
measu
FFCkCk, max 0 .50k.b5bkfrpb b frp (N) (N) where IIfrp
frpis diameter of the in bar,
g
height of the groove in2 cross section, measured
, max
J mfEJJ mfE J mc (N) have
For units
shorter of N/mm
anchorage .
lengths, L a < Lc,max , the anchorage force is give
mc width
width
mm, andand and height
Efrpheight
and fctm of of the
have theunitsgroove
grooveof N/mm inin cross
2cross section, measu
. section, measur
L a 22.ª La º
Fhave
have
For units
units
Ck shorter ofofN/mmN/mm
anchorage . «lengths, L »L[THIS
L< the , the anchorage f
FCk 2  CLAUSE SHOULD
where
where
where For shorter anchorage , max
LC , maxlengths,
¬«
LaL<C ,amax ¼»
c,max
,c,max
Forshorter
shorter anchorage lengths,
ª LLa<<LLc,max º, the anchorage
anchorage force is given by:
For anchorage L alengths, Lc,max
a , the anchorage
b frpb FCk FCk , max « 2 a » [THIS CLAU
2 2  frp LC ,L « ª L C ,L »º
a ¼º shall have suffi
max »
kb 1.06 b b t 1.0 4.29 TheFadhesive F
used NSMLFRP
in, max 2 
a strengthening schemes Lmax [THISCLAU
CLAU
F splitting failure FCk , max «
««2 under
 ultimate »»»[THISThis
a a
kb 1.06 b frp t 1.0 prevent a Ck
Ck Ck
in the Ladhesive LC , maxloading. requ
1 b frp L C , max
C , max ¬ «¬ L C , max ¼ » ¼
1 400
 taken to be satisfied if the following criteria are met, in addition to the require
400
4.29 The x adhesive
f atm t 52.0 f ctmused in NSM FRP strengthening schemes sha
and bfrp and tfrp have units of mm and Efrp and fctm have units of N/mm .
andb bfrpand andtfrpthave
frp have units of mm andand Efrpf and prevent
fctm
4.29have aunits
The
splitting of N/mm
adhesive
failure
used
2 in the adhesive under ultimate loading
. in NSM FRP strengthening schemes sh
and
The anchorage
frp
length
units of mm and E
2 required to develop this force
frp ctm 4.29
taken
may Thex adhesive
to assumed
be
f
be satisfied
atm t 12
to
MPa
be usedthe in
ifgiven NSM FRP
following
by: strengthening
criteria are met, inschemes additionsha to
have units of N/mm . prevent a splitting failure in the adhesive under ultimate loadin
The anchorage length required to develop this force prevent may a splitting failure in the adhesive under ultimate loadin
takento tox be1be I assumed
.5satisfied
d w d if 2.5toI be
the given by:criteria are met, in addition
following
E frp t frpJ mc taken x be satisfied
f atmfrpt 5.0g fifctmthefrpfollowing criteria are met, in addition t
LC ,max (mm)
E2 frp t frpJ mc
f ctm xx 2.0fIatm frp dth5 d 5f .0I frp
5.0.MPa
g 0
LC ,max xx ffatm
(mm) atm tt12 f ctm
ctm
2 f ctm where fatm is the characteristic tensile strength of the adhesive.
For shorter anchorage lengths, La < Lc,max , the anchorage force x is given
f atmtt12 byMPa
12 :
xx 1f.5atm I frp d wMPa g d 2.5I frp
4/6 For shorter anchorage L a lengths,
ª La <LLa c,max º , the anchorage force is given by : November 2008
FCk FCk , max «2  » 4.30 Ifxthe 1force
(N) . 5I indthe w FRP d 2 developed
.5 I within the anchorage region is in exc
L C , max «¬ ª
La
L C , max »¼
L a º anchorage xx capacity
1.5I frpfrpthen
2.0I frp
d w g d 2.5I frpfrp should be given to reducing the thickne
d h ggconsideration
d 5.0I frp
FCk FCk , max « 2  » increasing
(N) the width of externally bonded FRP. Alternatively a rigorous analy
 For
haveshorter N/mm2. lengths, La < Lc,max , the anchorage force is given by:
units ofanchorage
ª La < Lc,maxL,a theº anchorage force is given by:
For shorter anchorageLlengths,
FCk1 SectionF3Ck , max
Volume
a
«2  » [THIS CLAUSE SHOULD BE BOXED] Chapter 4
Part 18 BD 85/08 LLC , max ª «¬ L º »¼
L aC , max Strengthening Concrete Structures
FCk FCk , max a
«2  » [THIS CLAUSE SHOULD BE BOXED]
LC , max «¬ LC , max »¼

Shear Capacity
4.29 The4.29 adhesive used
The adhesive ininNSM
used NSM FRPFRP strengthening schemes shall have sufficient strength to
prevent a splitting
adhesive failure
strengthening
4.29 The used in in
schemes shall
NSMtheFRP
have adhesive
sufficient under ultimate
strengthening schemes loading.
shall haveThis requirement
sufficient strength tomay be
4.33 For concrete members strengthened for
taken to be
prevent satisfiedfailure
strength to
a splitting if the in
prevent a following
splitting failure criteria
in
the adhesive
the are ultimate
under met, inshear,
addition
loading. to therequirement
This
the following
requirements mayof
modes of failure
4.28:
be
shall be
adhesive under ultimate loading. This requirement
taken may
to bebesatisfied if satisfied
taken to be the following criteria criteria
if the following are met, in addition to the
considered requirements
at the ultimate limitof 4.28:
state:
arex met,f atm t 5.0 f ctmto the requirements of 4.28:
in addition
x f atm t 5.0 f ctm (i) FRP rupture;
•
x ffatmatm≥ t5.012fctm
MPa (ii) FRP separation from concrete;
•
x f atm t 12 MPa
fatm ≥ 12 MPa
x 1.5I frp d w g d 2.5I frp (iii) excessive shear-crack widths (resulting in
• x 1.5I frp d w g d 2.5I frp a loss of effectiveness of the concrete in
carrying shear through aggregate interlock
• x 2.0I frp d h g d 5.0I frp and friction).
x 2.0I frp d h g d 5.0I frp

wherefatm
where fatmisis the
the characteristic tensilestrength
strength
of of
thethe adhesive.
These failure modes may be avoided by limiting
characteristic tensile adhesive.
where fatm is the characteristic tensile strength of the the strain in the FRP. Guidance on suitable limits is
adhesive. provided in Clause 4.37.

4.34 The shear

4.30
4.30 IfIfthe
the force
force inin the
theFRP
FRPdeveloped
developedwithin
within
thethe anchorage
anchorage is capacity
region
region in is in of the FRP
of theofstrengthened
excess
excess the
4.30 If the force in the FRP developed within the concrete section, Vu, shall be determined by adding
anchorage
anchorage
anchoragecapacity
capacity then
region is then consideration
consideration
in excess should
should
of the anchorage bebe given
given
capacity tocontributions
tothe reducing
reducing the thickness
the thickness
from and andsteel and FRP,
the concrete,
increasing
increasing the width
the
then consideration of
of externally
should be given tobonded
externally bonded FRP.
reducing Alternatively
FRP.
the ie. a rigorous
Alternatively analysis
a rigorous of theof the
analysis
development of the force in the FRP within the anchorage region
development of the force in the FRP within the anchorage region may be used
thickness and increasing the width of externally may be used to demonstrate
to demonstrate
bonded FRP. Alternatively a rigorous analysis of Vu = Vc + Vs + Vfrp
the development of the force in the FRP within the
anchorage region may be used to demonstrate that The contribution from the concrete and the steel
will22 may be determined in accordance with BD 44. The
page
extending the FRP further into the anchorage region
enable the required anchorage force to be developed.
page 22area of any longitudinal FRP reinforcement shall be
However, if such a rigorous analysis is undertaken, ignored in the calculation of the shear capacity of
particular care should be taken if the FRP is extended the concrete section. The combined contributions
into a region where the concrete is likely to be cracked from the steel and FRP shall not be less than
at ULS. 0.4bd (N).

4.35
VolumeThe maximum
1 Section 3 shear stress shall not exceed
4.31 If the FRP extends into areas in compression, the
Partlimits
X BD specified
85/08 in BS 5400: Part 4.
buckling of the FRP might occur, resulting in a
loss of composite action. Where it is necessary to 4.36 The contribution to the shear capacity from
extend the FRP into an area in compression, the FRP
4.36 with principal fibres
The contribution to theatshear
an angle, α, from
capacity to theFRP with principal f
the vertical
vertical is given
is given byby(See
(SeeFigure
Figure 1.1):
1.1):
possibility of buckling should be considered.

n
E frp (d  LC ,max )
4.32 It is recommended that when several strips of V frp H frps Afrps 3 ( cos D  sin D )
FRP are required these should be applied next to each J mfE s frp
other rather than in layers. If it is necessary to install
where LC,max is determined in accordance with Clause 4.28 and n is tak
multiple layers of FRP then, unless proven by rigorous when considering FRP separation from the concrete
where LC,max is determined in accordance with as described in Cl
analysis or experimental testing, the maximum number should be taken
Clause 4.28 andasnzero for a fully
is taken wrapped
as zero, exceptbeam,
when1.0 when FRP is bon
of layers should be limited to three for pultruded strips
considering FRP separation from the concrete as to the sides o
the sides and bottom of a beam and 2.0 when it is bonded
or five for cured in-situ fabrics.
described in Clause 4.37, when it should be taken
as zero for a fully wrapped beam, 1.0 when FRP
4.37
is To prevent
bonded FRP rupture,
continuously to theFRP separation
sides and bottomfromof the concrete and
awidths
beamrespectively,
and 2.0 when theit effective
is bondedstrain
to theinsides of a Hfrps, shall no
the FRP,
minimum
beam of:
only.
(i) Hfrpu / 2JmfH

November 2008 J mfE f ctm 4/7

(ii) 0.64
E frp t frpJ mc
V frp H frps Afrps ( cos D  sin D ) strengthening for shear and flexure, the area of FRP requi
J mfE s frp bending moment should be increased by the following facto
where LC,max is determined in accordance with Clause 4.28 and n is taken as zero, except
when considering
Chapter 4 FRP separation from the concrete as described in ª«ClauseV4.37,
º when it
» Volume 1 Section 3
1
should be taken as Concrete
Strengthening zero for aStructures
fully wrapped beam, 1.0 when FRP is bonded continuously
«¬ 2 Ffrp »¼ to Part 18 BD 85/08
the sides and bottom of a beam and 2.0 when it is bonded to the sides of a beam only.
Where, at the section being considered, V is the she
and Ffrp is the force in the longitudinal FRP due to b
4.37 To prevent FRP rupture, FRP separation If strengthening is required for shear only (i.e.,
4.37 Tofrom
prevent FRP rupture, FRP separation from the concrete analysis
and in accordance
excessive shear crack with Clause 4.12.
the concrete and excessive shear crack if no longitudinal FRP is required to strengthen
widths widths,
respectively, the effective
the effective strain in thestrain
FRP, εin , the not Hfrps,the
shallFRP, shall
beamnot be greater
or slab than
to resist the the bending
ultimate
minimum of:
be greater than the minimum of:
frps
If strengthening
moment) then: is required for shear only (i.e., if n
strengthen the beam or slab to resist the ultimate ben
(i) εHfrpu
(i) frpu / mfε
/2γ 2JmfH (i) The area of longitudinal steel reinforcement
i. Theisarea
which of longitudinal
effective steel reinforcement
in resisting flexure should whic
J mfE f ctm should
be be determined
determined by reducing bythe
reducing the area of steel
area of steel
(ii) 0.64
(ii) equal
in to:
the tension face by an amount equal to:
E frp t frpJ mc
V
(iii)
(iii) 0.004
0.004
2( f y / J ms )
unless aunless
rigorous analysis
a rigorous is undertaken
analysis or based
is undertaken or basedon experimental
results using representative
sized specimens, with the agreement of the Overseeing Organisation.
on experimental results using representative sized ii. The ultimate bending capacity of the beam or sla
specimens, with the agreement of the Overseeing reduced
(ii) The areabending
ultimate of reinforcement to ensure
capacity of the beam that it is stil
Organisation. or slab should be rechecked using this
the ultimate applied bending moment. If not, then l
reduced area of reinforcement to ensure that
4.38 Where individual strips are used the centre
4.38 Where individual strips are used the centre to centre spacing, toisincrease
measured
it the
still hasalong moment capacity
the span,
adequate capacity of thethebeam or slab
to sustain
shall betoless than
centre 0.75 times
spacing, the effective
measured along the depth of the section to prevent
span, shall ultimatea shear
appliedcrack
bending moment. If not,
formingbebetween
less thanstrips, i.e. sthe
0.75 times frp < 0.75d.
effective (See
depth Clause
of the 4.36) then longitudinal FRP should be added to
section to prevent a shear crack forming between
Fatigueincrease the moment capacity of the beam or
*
strips, i.e. sfrp < 0.75d. (See Clause 4.36) slab.

4.39 When shear is applied to a concrete beam or

slab associated tensile forces are developed in the 4.41 No fatigue check is required for FRP itself. If the exis
Fatigue
4.39 When shear isreinforcement.
longitudinal applied to a concrete
These arebeam or slab associated
additional tensile
relevant forcesrequirements
fatigue are developedthenin no further fatigue check
the longitudinal
to forces duereinforcement. These arelongitudinal
to bending. Adequate additional to forces due to bending. Adequate
longitudinal reinforcement
reinforcement and FRPandshould
FRP should be provided to sustain
be provided 4.41 Noadditional
these
Serviceability fatigue check is required
tensile forces. for FRP itself.
This requirement may be satisfied by ensuring that the reinforcement and axial FRP extend a with relevant
to sustain these additional tensile forces. This If the existing structure complies
distancerequirement
d beyond the maypoint
be satisfied
at whichbythey
ensuring that the for bending
are required fatigue
4.42 alone.
requirements then no further fatigue check
The strengthened structure shall conform to the gene
Volume 1 Section 3
reinforcement and axial FRP extend a distance d is required.
given in Clause 4.1.1 of BS 5400: Part 4. However, provide
Part X beyond
BD 85/08 the point at which they are required for
bending alone. performing satisfactorily in service with no evidence of crac
carried by the structure is not significantly increased then th
Serviceability
4.40 Alternatively, one of two different
approaches may be used depending upon whether page 24
strengthening is required for shear and flexure or 4.42 The strengthened structure shall conform
4.40 Alternatively, one of two different approaches may betoused depending
the general upon whether
serviceability requirements given page 25
for shear alone. At sections requiring strengthening
strengthening is required for shear and flexure
for shear and flexure, the area of FRP required to or for shear alone. At sections requiring
in Clause 4.1.1 of BS 5400: Part 4. However,
strengthening
resist thefor shear applied
ultimate and flexure,
bendingthe area of
moment FRP required
should to resist
provided the the ultimate
structure applied
has been performing
bendingbemoment
increasedshould
by thebe increased
following by the following factor: satisfactorily in service with no evidence of
factor:
cracking and the future loading to be carried by
ª the structure is not significantly increased then the
V º
«1  » serviceability requirements for cracking may be
«¬ 2 F frp » deemed to be satisfied. The limitation on stress in
¼
the reinforcement under service load given in
Table 2 of BS 5400: Part 4 will ensure that the steel
Where,atatthethe
Where, section
section being
being considered,
considered, V is the sheardoes
V is the force due to the ultimate loads
not yield under service loads.
and Fforce
shear frp is due
the toforce in the longitudinal
the ultimate loads and FfrpFRP
is due to bending determined from a section
analysis
the force in inthe
accordance
longitudinalwith
FRP Clause
due to4.12.
bending
determined from a section analysis in accordance
If strengthening
with Clause 4.12. is required for shear only (i.e., if no longitudinal FRP is required to
strengthen the beam or slab to resist the ultimate bending moment) then:

i. The area of longitudinal steel reinforcement which is effective in resisting flexure

4/8 should be determined by reducing the area of steel in the tension face by an amount November 2008
equal to:
Volume 1 Section 3 Chapter 4
Part 18 BD 85/08 Strengthening Concrete Structures

4.43 Deflection at serviceability loading can

be calculated using elastic analysis and cracked
or uncracked section properties as appropriate.
Deflections shall be restricted to a level that will
not impair the appearance or functionality of the
structure. This can be ensured by limiting the
maximum deflection to the effective span/250. If
the structure has been performing satisfactorily
in service and the future loading to be carried by
the structure is not significantly increased then the
serviceability requirements for deflection may be
deemed to be satisfied.

Detailing

4.44 Mechanical systems and transverse overlapping

FRP may resist failure modes involving a loss in
composite action between the FRP and the concrete
sections. Such approaches are currently the subject
of research and are permitted with the approval of
the Overseeing Organisation and provided their
effectiveness has been substantiated through testing.
Bolting is not appropriate for uni-directional FRP
systems. However, tests have shown the bolting can
provide effective anchorage where multi-directional
FRP laminates are used.

4.45 If FRP is bonded to the top surface of slabs or

beams and subsequently buried by the road surfacing,
a protective system should be provided to prevent the
FRP being damaged if the surfacing is removed. Such
a system could include studs, with a thickness greater
than that of the FRP, bolted to the structure adjacent to
the FRP laminates.

November 2008 4/9

Volume 1 Section 3
Part 18 BD 85/08
5. strengthening metallic structures
5.1 Externally bonded FRP may be used for
strengthening metallic structures constructed from cast
iron or steel. Wrought iron structures should only be
strengthened in accordance with Clause 2.13. Bonding
of FRP to metallic structures can be advantageous since
the need for welding can be eliminated. Strengthening
of metallic structures using FRP has received less
research attention than concrete structures and there
have been fewer practical applications.
5.2 Detailed guidance on the design of FRP
strengthening for metallic structures, based upon current
best practice and knowledge, is included in CIRIA
Report C595[5]. It is recommended that C595 be used
in conjunction with this Standard for the design of FRP
strengthening schemes for metallic structures.
5.3 The behaviour of FRP-strengthened metallic
structures differs markedly from FRP-strengthened
concrete structures. For example, for concrete
structures the adhesive strength generally greatly
exceeds the strength of the surface concrete, so the
design is typically governed by the behaviour of the
surface concrete. However, for metallic structures the
behaviour of the adhesive itself can govern the capacity
of the strengthened member, and requires detailed
consideration in the design.
5.4 The coefficient of thermal expansion of
FRP can differ significantly from that of metallic
elements. As a result differential thermal expansion
can lead to significant stress concentrations at
the ends of externally bonded FRP plates and at
any other geometric discontinuities. Such effects
must be taken into account in the design of FRP
strengthening schemes for metallic structures by
considering the timing of the operation and the
range of effective bridge temperatures likely to be
encountered. Temperature loads shall be taken from
BD 37 (DMRB 1.3.14), with cast iron structures
categorised as Group 2 structures in Figure 9 of
BD 37, unless a rigorous temperature analysis is
undertaken.
5.5 Although not covered by this Standard, externally
bonded FRP could potentially also be used to enhance
the fatigue life, shear capacity, bearing capacity or
buckling resistance of metallic elements or to enhance
November 2008
Chapter 5
Strengthening Metallic Structures
the capacity of connections. When considering such
strengthening schemes, guidance should be sought from
specialist designers and materials suppliers, and the
appropriate design approach agreed with the Overseeing
Organisation. Because of the limited experimental
work that has been undertaken into such strengthening
applications, it may be necessary to undertaken testing
on representative specimens to prove the effectiveness
of the technique.
5.6 Cracked metallic structures shall not be
strengthened using FRP without the agreement of
the Overseeing Organisation. Guidance shall be
sought from specialist designers in such cases.
Strengthening for Flexure
5.7 FRP materials bonded to the tension flanges of
beams increase the effective area of the tension flange
and therefore enhance the moment of resistance of the
section and its stiffness. The bonding operation can
frequently take place with no or minimal disruption to
traffic and without a need for temporary propping.
5.8 Structures strengthened with FRP to increase
their flexural capacity can exhibit the same ultimate
failure modes as conventional metallic sections, for
example, local buckling of the compression flange or
lateral torsional buckling. However, in addition, their
capacity may also be governed by fracture of the FRP or
by the loss of composite action between the FRP and the
metallic section, because of failure of the adhesive joint.
5.9 A particular complexity in the design of FRP
strengthening for metallic elements is that the behaviour
of the adhesive joint and of the anchorage region near
the ends of the FRP strengthening cannot be analysed
making the assumption that plane sections remain plane,
see Clause 5.18. This assumption may, however, be
used in undertaking sectional analyses away from end
regions, see Clause 5.13.
5/1
Chapter 5
Strengthening Metallic Structures
Limit States
5.10 The design of strengthened steel structures
should be considered for the ultimate limit states in
accordance with the relevant clauses of BS 5400:
Part 3: 2000 (BSI 2000) as implemented by BD 13
(DMRB 1.3.14), except where amended by other
clauses in this Standard. The appropriate loads and
load factors should be taken from BD 37 (DMRB
1.3.14).
5.11 The criteria for the serviceability limit states
given in Clause 4.2.2 of BS 5400: Part 3, should be
followed for steel elements, except where amended
in this Standard.
5.12 Strengthened cast iron elements should be
analysed on a permissible stress basis, as described
in BD 21 (DMRB 3.4.3).
Section Capacity and Stiffness
5.13 The evaluation of the flexural capacity and
stiffness of a metallic section strengthened using
FRP should be based on the following:
(i) The strain at any level in the section may
be determined assuming that plane sections
remain plane.
(ii) Account should be taken of the stresses in
the structure when the FRP is installed (see
Clause 3.4).
(iii) Differential thermal expansion of the FRP
and metallic elements should be taken into
account.
(iv) The FRP is a linear elastic material, as
shown in Figure 4.1.
Guidance on the analysis of FRP-strengthened
metallic sections is included in C595[5].
5.14 The following modes of failure shall be
considered:
(i) FRP rupture;
(ii) rupture of the metallic element;
5/2
Volume 1 Section 3
Part 18 BD 85/08
(iii) global or local buckling of the element; and
(iv) rupture of the adhesive.
5.15 FRP rupture shall be considered to occur
when the strain in the FRP reaches εfrpu / γmfε
5.1.6 For cast iron elements, rupture shall be
considered to occur when the stress in the metal
reaches the limits specified in BD 21 (DMRB
3.4.3). Yielding of ductile materials such as steel is
acceptable at ultimate limit state.
5.17 It has been found that FRP strengthening
can result in global or local buckling becoming the
critical failure mode for an element. Global and
local buckling in steel elements should, therefore,
be considered in accordance with BS 5400:
Part 3: 2000 (BSI 2000) as implemented by BD 13
(DMRB 1.3.14) using the transformed properties
of the FRP-strengthened section. Guidance on
the evaluation of the buckling properties of FRP-
strengthened metallic elements is included in the
ICE design and practice guide[6] and CIRIA report
C595[5]. Buckling of FRP-strengthened cast iron
elements should be considered using Clause 5.2.8
of C595[5].
5.18 The adhesive joint shall be checked at
the ends of the FRP strengthening and at any
discontinuities in the structure or changes in the
FRP thickness to ensure that it has sufficient
capacity to sustain the stresses due to:
(i) live loading; and
(ii) differential thermal expansion.
The analysis of the adhesive joint shall be based
upon the elastic analysis approach set out in
C595[5], unless an alternative approach, such as one
based upon fracture mechanics, is agreed with the
Overseeing Organisation. The principal stress in
the adhesive shall satisfy the following condition:
σa1 < fa / γma
5.19 If the FRP extends into areas in compression,
buckling of the laminate might occur, resulting in
a loss of composite action. Where it is necessary
to extend the FRP into an area in compression, the
possibility of buckling should be considered.
November 2008
Volume 1 Section 3
Part 18 BD 85/08
Adhesive Joint
5.20 The analysis of the adhesive joint shall take
account of any lack of straightness in the FRP.
Requirements for the straightness of the FRP as
installed shall be specified by the designer. It is
generally recommended that a limit be used based
upon the gap under a 1m long straight edge held
to the surface of the FRP following installation
nowhere exceeding 3mm. For moderate sized
plates the effect of this lack of straightness will be
small, although this may not be the case for thick
stiff FRP plates.
5.21 For FRP-strengthened steel elements in
which yielding occurs at the ultimate limit state,
account shall be taken of the effect of the yielding
on the stresses developed in the adhesive joint. In
particular, account shall be taken of the effect of
the yielding on the longitudinal shear stresses in the
adhesive.
Anchorage
5.22 Sufficient anchorage shall be provided
beyond the point at which the FRP is no longer
required, to enable stress development in the
FRP and provide robustness of the design. In the
absence of a rigorous analysis, the anchorage
length may be based upon the approach given
in C595[5] with the stress development length
determined using an elastic analysis of the adhesive
joint.
The anchorage length that is required beyond the
position at which strengthening is no longer needed
may be taken as the section depth.
Fatigue
5.23 No fatigue check is required for FRP itself.
If the existing structure complies with relevant
fatigue requirements then no further fatigue check
is required provided the installation of the FRP
does not increase the stress ranges experienced
by fatigue sensitive details and the stresses in the
adhesive at the plate ends due to live loading are
small in relation to those due to thermal effects.
November 2008
Chapter 5
Strengthening Metallic Structures
Serviceability
5.24 The strengthened structure should conform
to the general serviceability requirements given
in Clause 4.2.2 of BS 5400: Part 3. Deflections
should be restricted to a level that will not impair
the appearance or functionality of the structure.
This can be ensured by limiting the maximum
deflection to the effective span/250. If the structure
has been performing satisfactorily in service and
the future loading to be carried by the structure is
not significantly increased then these serviceability
requirements may be deemed to be satisfied.
5.25 For steel structures, yielding shall not occur
at FRP strengthened sections under serviceability
limit state loading unless agreed with the
Overseeing Organisation.
Detailing
5.26 Stresses in the adhesive may be reduced by
increasing the width of the FRP and by tapering the
FRP near the end of the strengthening. Alternatively,
mechanical anchorage systems may be used. As the
width of pre-manufactured FRP plates is increased, the
difficulty of expelling the air under the plate during
installation also increases. Special consideration should
therefore be given to this issue for pre-manufactured
plates with a width in excess of 300mm.
5.27 When a carbon fibre based system is used to
strengthen a metallic structure, galvanic corrosion
can occur. To eliminate the risk of galvanic
corrosion on such schemes, a glass fibre insulating
layer shall be interposed between the carbon fibre
and metallic substrate to electrically isolate the
FRP. The effectiveness of the system must comply
with the requirements of Clause 2.5.
5/3
Volume 1 Section 3
Part 18 BD 85/08
6. materials
6.1 The manufacturer or supplier of an FRP system
shall provide test data and evidence of the properties
and performance both of the materials and the
application method to demonstrate its suitability to the
satisfaction of the Overseeing Organisation.
FRP
6.2 FRP products are manufactured in many different
forms including:
(i) FRP sheet with fibres orientated in one or more
directions. These are saturated with resin and
bonded to the member on site;
(ii) FRP sheet pre-impregnated with resin (prepreg)
with fibres orientated in one or more directions
and boded with additional resin;
(iii) uni-directional factory impregnated laminates
formed using the pultrusion process and supplied
in standard thicknesses (normally 1 to 2mm) and
widths (typically 50 – 120mm);
(iv) multi-directional laminates with variable
thickness (normally 1mm – 30mm) and width
(normally 50mm – 500mm);
(iv) pre-formed shells manufactured to size and
bonded to the member.
These products may be manufactured with different
types of fibre. The fibre types suitable for strengthening
concrete structures are aramid, carbon and glass. Further
details of FRP products and manufacturing processes
are given in TR55[1].
November 2008
Chapter 6
Materials
Adhesive
6.3 Any adhesive may be used provided
it satisfies the requirements for strength and
durability, and is appropriate for the installation
method. The adhesive shall be suitable for the
environmental conditions to which it will be
exposed during both installation and service.
Special consideration is required if the adhesive
will be subjected to high temperatures or if it will
be submerged in service.
6.4 Epoxy based adhesives have been used most
commonly in FRP-strengthening of concrete structures,
both in experiments and practical applications, and
their use is recommended. Their durability has been
established over a period in excess of fifteen years for
steel plate bonding. Further information on adhesives is
provided in [1], [2] and [3].
Fixings
6.5 All materials used in fixings shall be of a non-
corrosive nature, with durability consistent with that
of the FRP system and the requirements of Clause 3.3.
All fixings shall be compatible with the composite
materials.
6.6 Coatings may be used to provide additional
protection or surface finish. It should be noted, however,
that these may interfere with future inspections. Any
coating used should be fully compatible with the FRP
material.
6/1
Volume 1 Section 3
Part 18 BD 85/08
7. installation inspection and
maintenance
7.1 The effectiveness of FRP strengthening is highly
dependent upon the quality of installation.
7.2 Where innovative materials or systems are
proposed, a trial panel strengthened using the proposed
materials and method of application should be
constructed in order to demonstrate to the Engineer that
all aspects of the installation scheme are practicable,
including the preparation of the surfaces, application of
resin, installation of the FRP and curing.
7.3 For all schemes, consideration should be given
to the use of procedure trials to prove the method of
application and quality of installation.
Preparation of Concrete Surfaces
7.4 The concrete surface shall be prepared so
that the FRP is bonded to a sound surface with no
protuberances, laitance or contaminants. Damaged
areas, cracks wider than 0.2mm and porous areas
shall be repaired and any holes filled. The prepared
surface should be dust free and dry prior to
installation of the FRP.
Preparation of FRP Surfaces
7.5 FRP surfaces shall be completely free of
dirt, dust, grease, moisture or other contaminants.
For prefabricated plates and laminates, suitable
preparation methods may include light controlled
mechanical abrasion or removal of a peel-ply
provided during manufacture.
Application of FRP
7.6 The environmental conditions during
installation shall not be detrimental to the long-
term performance of the FRP system. The FRP
shall not be installed unless the environmental
conditions, including temperature and humidity,
are in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
November 2008
Chapter 7
Installation Inspection and Maintenance
7.7 The installation procedure shall be devised
and implemented to avoid the formation of voids
that affect the overall integrity of the bond between
the FRP and the concrete, or between layers of
FRP.
7.8 For fabric systems, sufficient resin should
be used to ensure that all fibres are fully wetted.
For pre-formed FRP laminate strips, the adhesive
thickness should not be less than 1mm nor greater
than 5mm. Typically the adhesive thickness should
be between 1.5mm and 2.5mm.
7.9 Installation should only be undertaken
by operatives experienced in the use of the FRP
system.
Quality Control
7.10 Records shall be kept throughout the
installation of the FRP system detailing the date
and time of installation, references to uniquely
identify the FRP installed, environmental
conditions, sampling undertaken, inspections and
test findings.
7.11 An independent testing authority shall
be appointed to carry out an examination of the
workmanship and the testing of the materials.
7.12 Tests shall be undertaken to demonstrate that
the properties of the installed FRP are consistent
with those used in the design. Such testing should
include tests on the adhesive, the FRP laminates
and to confirm the adequacy of bond between the
FRP and the concrete.
7.13 Consideration should be given to installing
additional FRP to facilitate long-term monitoring and
future testing.
7/1
Chapter 7 Volume 1 Section 3
Installation Inspection and Maintenance Part 18 BD 85/08

7.14 Following installation a survey shall be

undertaken to identify any voids. The findings of
this survey shall be reported to the Overseeing
Organisation together with proposals to address
any voids identified. At present, it is recommended
that a light tapping test is used for this survey.
More sophisticated methods are currently being
developed and they should be considered once
their application has been proven, subject to the
agreement of the Overseeing Organisation.

In-Service Inspection And Maintenance

7.15 A comprehensive manual of procedures for

inspection and maintenance of the strengthened
structure shall be prepared including requirements
for long-term monitoring and testing. The manual
shall include all relevant technical literature
relating to the products used, installation records,
drawings, test findings and photographs of critical
details. Procedures for minor repairs should also be
included.

7.16 Inspections shall take place every six months

for at least two years after completion of the works.
The frequency of further inspections shall be
agreed with the Overseeing Organisation after a
review of the inspection reports.

Abnormal Loads

7.17 If a significant abnormal load is routed over a

structure that has been strengthened, consideration
should be given to undertaking an inspection of the FRP
strengthening before and after its passage.

7/2 November 2008

Volume 1 Section 3 Chapter 8
Part 18 BD 85/08 References

8. references

Bibliography DMRB 3.4: BD 44: The assessment of concrete

highway bridges and structures.
[1] Design guidance for strengthening concrete
structures using fibre composite materials, DMRB 1.3.16: BD 84: Strengthening concrete bridge
Technical Report 55, Concrete Society, supports using fibre reinforced plastic.
Crowthorne, 2004.
DMRB 3.3.1: BA 30: Strengthening of concrete
[2] A guide to the use of structural adhesives. highways structures using externally bonded plates.
Institution of Structural Engineers, London, 1999.
DMRB 3.3: BA 35: The inspection and repair of
[3] Mays, G.C. and Hutchinson, A.R., Adhesives in concrete highway structures.
Civil Engineering, Cambridge University Press,
1992.

[4] Design guidance for strengthening concrete

structures using fibre composite materials,
Technical Report 57, Concrete Society,
Crowthorne, 2000.

[5] Strengthening Metallic Structures Using

Externally Bonded FRP, CIRIA Report C595,
CIRIA.

[6] Design and Practice Guide for FRP Composites

– Life extension and Strengthening Metallic
Structures, ICE.

Standards

British Standards Institution (1990). BS 5400:

Part 4: 1990. Steel, concrete and composite bridges.
Code of practice for design of concrete bridges, British
Standards Institution, London, UK.

PR EN 1542: Products and systems for the protection

and repair of concrete structures – Test methods, the
pull-off test.

Design Manual for Roads and Bridges

DMRB 1.1: BD 2: Technical approval of highways

structures on motorways and other trunk roads.

DMRB 1.3: BD 24: Design of concrete highways

bridges and structures, Use of BS 5400: Part 4: 1990.

DMRB 3.4: BD 37: Loads for highway bridges.

DMRB 3.4: BD 21: The assessment of highway bridges

and structures.

November 2008 8/1

Volume 1 Section 3 Chapter 9
Part 18 BD 85/08 Enquiries

9. enquiries

All technical enquiries or comments on this Standard should be sent in writing as appropriate to:

Chief Highway Engineer

The Highways Agency
123 Buckingham Palace Road
London G CLARKE
SW1W 9HA Chief Highway Engineer

Director, Major Transport Infrastructure Projects

Transport Scotland
8th Floor, Buchanan House
58 Port Dundas Road A C McLAUGHLIN
Glasgow Director, Major Transport Infrastructure
G4 0HF Projects

Chief Highway Engineer

Transport & Strategic Regeneration
Department for Economy & Transport
Welsh Assembly Government
Cathays Parks M J A PARKER
Cardiff Chief Highway Engineer
CF10 3NQ Transport & Strategic Regeneration

Director of Engineering
The Department for Regional Development
Roads Service
Clarence Court
10-18 Adelaide Street
Belfast R J M CAIRNS
BT2 8GB Director of Engineering

November 2008 9/1

 Volume 1 Section 3 Annex A
Part 18 BD 85/08 Flow Chart for FRP Strengthening Design
Volume 1 Section 3
Part X BD 85/08

annex a flow chart for frp

ANNEX
A : FLOW CHART FOR FRP STRENGTHENING
strengthening DESIGN
design

Identify need
for strengthening

Check structure
capacity Specification and
(Clause 2.1) Design
(Chapters 3-6)

Check headroom
(Clause 2.14)
Installation
(Chapter 7)
Check structure
condition
(Clauses 2.8- 2.11)
In-service
Inspection
Identify suitable
and Maintenance
FRP strengthening
(Chapter 7)
techniques
(Clauses 2.4-2.6)

Economic
appraisal
(Clause 2.3)

Undertake
pull-off tests
(Clauses 2.12, 2.13)

November 2008 A/1