ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

THEORY

CHAPTER 4
MAGNETOSTATIC FIELDS
 INTRODUTION

Chapters 1 to 3 were focused on to static electric

fields characterized by E or D.

This chapter will be focused on static magnetic fields,

which are characterized by H or B.

There are similarities and dissimilarities between

electric and magnetic fields.

E and D are related according to D = ε E

H and B are related according to B = μ H

 INTRODUTION
The electrostatic field is produced by static or
stationary charges.

The magneto-static field is produced by charges

moving with constant velocity (constant current flow
or direct current).

This current flow may be due to magnetization

currents as in permanent magnets, electron-beam
(convection) currents as in vacuum tubes, or
conduction currents as in current-carrying wires.

The chapter focus on studying: magnetic fields in free

space and material space
 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS ANALOGY
Two major laws governing magneto-static fields:

Biot-Savart's law Ampere's circuit law

Like Coulomb's law, Biot-Savart's law is the general

law of magneto-statics.

As Gauss's law is a special case of Coulomb's law,

Ampere's law is a special case of Biot-Savart's law.

It is easily applied in problems involving symmetrical

current distribution.
ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS ANALOGY
No. Term Electric Magnetic

Q1 . Q 2 μ 0 I d 𝑙 x 𝐚𝐑
𝐅12 = 𝐚𝐑 dB =
1 Basic Laws 4πϵ0 R2 4 πR2

𝐃 . ds = Q in 𝐇 . d𝑙 = Iin
s l

2 Force law 𝐅 = Q𝐄 𝐅 = Qu 𝐄

3 Source element dQ Q u = I d𝑙

4 Field intensity V I
𝐄 = (V/m) 𝐇 = (A/m)
𝑙 𝑙

5 Flux density Ψ Ψ
𝐃 = (C/m2) 𝐁 = (Wb/m2)
s s

6 Relationship between 𝐃 = ε𝐄 𝐁 = μ𝐇
fields
7 𝐄 = −∇V 𝐇 = −∇Vm (J = 0)
Potential ρl d𝑙 μ Id𝑙
V= 𝐀 =
4 πεR 4 πR

8
Ψ= 𝐃 . ds Ψ= 𝐁 . ds

Flux Ψ = Q = CV Ψ = LI
dV dI
I = C V = L
dt dt
9 Energy density 1 1
wE = 𝐃 .𝐄 wm = 𝐁 .𝐇
2 2
10 Poisson’s equation ρv ∇2 A = - μ𝐉
∇2 V = -
ε
 ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS ANALOGY
The analogy shows that most of the equations which
have derived for the electric fields may be readily
used to obtain corresponding equations for magnetic
fields if the equivalent analogous quantities are
substituted.
 AMPERE CIRCUITAL LAW

current crossing the loop.

𝐻 . 𝑑𝑙 = Iin
𝑙

The direction of the current (normal component)

depend on the direction of integration according to
right hand rule.
 AMPERE CIRCUITAL LAW
EXAMPLE 4.1
An infinite long wire of a radius b carries a constant
current I as shown in figure. Determine the magnetic
flux density B in and outside the wire.
 AMPERE CIRCUITAL LAW
SOLUTION
As the wire of infinite length, its magnetic flux is
constant at constant distance from the wire. Apply
Ampere’s law over a concentric circle:

Icross c1 = 𝐇 r . dl = 2π r 𝐇 r
c1

I
For r > b, Icross c1 = I, thus: 𝐇1 = aϕ
2π r

I r2
For r < b, Icross c2 = . π r2 = I
π b2 b2

r2 I r
2π r 𝐇2 = I  𝐇2 = a
b2 2π b2 ϕ
 CURL OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD H
The curl of any vector A is defined by:
∮ 𝐀 .d𝑙
𝛻x𝐀= lim
Δ s⇾0 Δ s

Using Amperes’ law: ∮ 𝐇 . d𝑙 = Iin

∮ 𝐇 .d𝑙 Iin
Then: 𝛻x𝐇= = =𝐉
Δs Δs
μ = μr μ0 , μ0 is the permeability of the medium in the
free space, = 4π 10− 7 [henery/m]
H is the magnetic intensity vector [A/m]
B is the magnetic flux density [Wb/m2]
𝐉 is the current density [A/ m2]
 DIVERGENCE OF THE MAGNETIC FLUX
As the magnetic flux lines are always go through
closed pathes for the reason of non-existence of
magnetic uni-pole, i. e. magnetic flux return to the
source point. ∮ 𝐁 . ds = 0
So the integration over closed surface gives zero as
the net flux crossing the closed surface is zero.
∮ 𝐁 .ds
div B = 𝛻. B = = 0
Δv
 BIOT SAVART LAW
The low states that the magnetic field intensity dH
produced by a differential current element (I dl) is:
𝐼 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃
dH ∝ 2
𝑅
𝐼 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃 1
dH = 𝑘 , k=
𝑅2 4𝜋
Using the definition of cross product, dl sin 𝜃= dl x 𝑅
I I
d𝐇 = 2 (𝒅𝒍x𝐑 ) d𝐇 = 3 (𝒅𝒍x𝐑 )
4πR 4πR

I
Where: is the magnitude of H , (𝒅𝒍x𝐑 ) is the
4πR3
direction of H.
The field H is normal to both dl and R in the direction
given by right hand rule.
 BIOT SAVART LAW
EXAMPLE 4.2
A current line segment located in the Z axis at
0, φ, z , z1 < z < z2 carrying current I in the positive
z direction.
Find its magnetic field H at P (r, φ, 0). Then find the
equation of the magnetic field for two special cases:
a) When the wire is symmetrical w. r. t y.
b) When the wire is of infinite length.
 BIOT SAVART LAW
SOLUTION
Take element of length dl on the wire and apply Biot-
Savart law:
I
d𝐇 = 3 (𝐝𝒍x𝐑 )
4πR
Specify the components of the element of length dl,
and distance vector 𝐑

𝒅𝒍 = (0, 0, dz), 𝐑 = (r, 0, -z) , |R| = r2 + z2

At any point on the line: (0, φ, z), Find 𝐝𝒍 x𝐑

r φ z
𝐝𝒍 x𝐑 = (0, 0, dz) x (r, 0, -z) = 0 0 dz = r dz φ
r 0 −z
 BIOT SAVART LAW

Note the cross product result is in direction of φ

which is normal to the current in z direction.

I I
∴ d𝐇 = (𝒅𝒍x𝐑 ) = 3 r dz φ
4πR3
4π(r2 +z2 )2
Then, integrate over the total length of the current
wire, the total magnetic field H (r, φ, 0) in φ direction.
z2 z2
I. r dz
Hφ = d𝐇 = 3
z=z1 4π z1 r2 + z2 2

I.r z z2
= | 2 2 2 | z1
4π r r +z
 BIOT SAVART LAW
I z2 z2 𝐈 𝐳𝟐 𝐳𝟏
= − = −
4πr 𝟒𝛑𝐫 𝐑𝟐 𝐑𝟏
r2 + z22 r2 + z21

Case of symmetrical wire:

2I z
z = z2 = − z1 , R = R1 = R 2 , 𝐇= φ
4π r R
Case of infinite wire:
z I
≅ 1, 𝐇= φ
R 2π r

Note for infinite line, we got the same result as given

by Ampere’s law.
dz z
Note: 3 = 2 2 2
(r2 +z2 )2 r r +z
 BIOT SAVART LAW
EXAMPLE 4.3
Find the magnetic field intensity H of a circular loop of
radius r, carrying a constant current I. Find H of the
circular sector φ1 ≤ φ ≤ φ2 .
 BIOT SAVART LAW
Apply Biot-Savart Law:
I
d𝐇 = 3
𝑑𝒍x𝐑
4π R

𝑑𝒍 = (0, rdφ, 0), 𝐑 = (−r, 0, z), 𝐑 = r2 + z2

r φ z
𝒅𝒍x𝐑 = 0, rdφ, 0 × −r, 0, z = 0 rdφ 0
−r 0 z

= rz dφr + r 2 dφ z
Therefore:
I 1
d𝐇 = rz dφr + r 2 dφ z
4π (r2 +z2 ) 3/2
 BIOT SAVART LAW
We get two components for the magnetic field in r
and z axiz
2π
𝐇= d𝐇
φ=0
2π 2π
Irz Ir 2 Ir 2
= r dφ + dφz = 2π z
4πR3 φ=0 4πR 3
φ=0 4πR 3

2π 2π
Note: φ=0
r dφ = φ=0
(cos φ x + sin φ y)dφ = 0 ,

𝐈 𝐫𝟐
Then: 𝐇𝐳 = 𝐳
𝟐 𝐑𝟑
 BIOT SAVART LAW
Limiting cases:
I
At Z = 0 then: 𝐇 r, φ, 0 =
2r
At Z = ∞ then: 𝐇 r, φ, ∞ = 0

For a circular sector φ1 ≤ φ ≤ φ2

φ2 Irz φ2 Ir2 φ2
𝐇= d𝐇 = r dφ + dφz
φ1 4πR3 φ1 4πR 3 φ1

Irz
𝐇= sin φ2 − sin φ1 x − cos φ2 − cos φ1 y
4πR3
Ir 2
+ 3
(φ2 − φ1 )z
4πR
 MAGNETIC VECTOR POTENTIAL
If a current element I induce magnetic flux B.

And since: ∇. 𝐁=0

Then we can define magnetic vector potential A by:

𝐁=∇x𝐀

This definition satisfy the vector identity that

divergence of the curl is always zero using the
following equation:

∇ . 𝐁 = ∇ . (∇ x A) = 0
 MAGNETIC VECTOR POTENTIAL
I𝐧 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝟏:
𝑑𝑄
. V=
4𝜋 𝜀0 𝑟
Here:
μ0
𝐀= l
(𝐈 . 𝐝𝒍)
4πr

Where P are all the points where current exist. The

current distribution can exist on line, surface or
volume.
The total magnetic flux crossing any surface :

Ψm = ∮ 𝐁 . ds = ∮ 𝛻xA . ds = ∮ 𝐀 . d𝑙

Note: Stock’s theorem is used here to transfer surface integral

to line integral.
 BOUNDARY CONDITION BETWEEN 2 MAGNETIC MEDUIMS

To find the tangential components of the magnetic

field H at the boundary surface, integrate over closed
loop components of H, apply Ampere’s law equation
by integrating H over a closed path as in Figure:

𝐇1t W = 𝐇2t W = I

I
Then: 𝐇1t − 𝐇2t = = 𝐉𝐬 = surface current [A/m]
W
 BOUNDARY CONDITION BETWEEN 2 MAGNETIC MEDUIMS

To find the normal components of magnetic flux B, do

the integral on the closed surface as in Figure

Then:
∮ 𝐁 . ds = 0, 𝐁2n − 𝐁1n = 0

𝐁2n = 𝐁1n , μ2 𝐇2n = μ1 𝐇1n

 INDUCTANCE

Inductance is defined by total flux linking the current

loops per current in the loop.

ᴧ N .Ψm
L= =
I I

Ψm is the magnetic flux generated from coil of N

turns.
N is number of turns (loops)
ᴧ is the flux linkage = N . Ψm .
 THE MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
Recall the Ampere’s law:

I = ∮ 𝐇 . d𝑙

For N turns coil:

N I = ∮ 𝐇 . d𝑙 = Vm

Where Vm is called magneto motive force or magnetic

potential which generate the magnetic flux Ψm to go
through the magnetic circuit.
 THE MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
If the circuit parts are not the same, equation take the
form:
n n n
𝐁i Ψmi 1
Vm = N I = 𝐇 𝑖 𝑙i = 𝑙i =
μi Si μi
i=1 i=1 i=1
n
𝑙i
= Ψmi Ʀi Ʀi =
Si μi
i=1
Where:
Ʀi is the reluctance of the magnetic circuit parts.
Si is the cross sectional area.
𝑙i is the length of each part of the circuit.
 THE MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
This is similar to an electric circuit that current path in
a circuit parts of different resistance.

The duality between electrical current I and the

magnetic flux Ψm is given in this table:

V = emf I 𝑙 ς
R=
σS

Vm = N I mmf Ψm 𝑙 μ
Ʀ=
μS
 THE MAGNETIC FORCE

The magnetic force on an element of wire carrying

current (I.dl) is:

𝐝𝐅 = (I . 𝐝𝒍) x 𝐁

The magnetic force on an element of wire having

moving charge with velocity 𝐯 is:

𝐝𝐅 = dQ . 𝐯 x 𝐁
 THE MAGNETIC FORCE
EXAMPLE 4.4
A self-inductance Toroidal coil in the figure below of
average radius r0 , cross sectional area S, number of
turns N , coil current I. Find:
a) Magnetic field intensity H in the coil.
b) Self-inductance of the coil
 THE MAGNETIC FORCE
The magnetic flux will go through the magnetic
material core because of the high permeability of the
core μ = μ0 μr .
Apply Ampere’s circuital law:

∮ 𝐇 . d𝑙 = 2π r 𝐇

= total current cross the path area = N I

NI
𝐇= aϕ
2π r0
B = μ H, Ψm = B S

A N Ψm
Inductance is given by: L = =
I I
 THE MAGNETIC FORCE
EXAMPLE 4.5
Find the force F between two long wires carrying dc
current as shown in figure below.
 THE MAGNETIC FORCE
SOLUTION
Using magnetic force law:

d𝐅 = I 𝐝𝒍x𝐁
Then:
d𝐅12 = I1 𝐝𝒍1 x 𝐁21 d𝐅21 = I2 𝐝𝒍2 x 𝐁12

For the given geometry of the infinite line, the

magnetic flux is given by:

μI
𝐁= φ,
2πd
Then:
d μ I1 −d μ I2
𝐁21 (0, , 0) = −x 𝐁12 (0, , 0) = (x)
2 2πd 2 2πd
 THE MAGNETIC FORCE
Force on line 1:

−d
d𝐅21 (0, , 0) = I1 𝐝𝒍1 x 𝐁12
2

μ I1 I2 μ I1 I2
= 0,0, dl × 1,0,0 = (y)
2πd 2πd

Force on line 2:

d
d𝐅12 (0, , 0) = I2 𝐝𝒍2 x 𝐁21
2

μ I1 I2 μ I1 I2
= 0,0, dl × −1,0,0 = (−y)
2πd 2πd
 THE MAGNETIC FEILD AND POTENTIAL RELATION

SP4.1
Use the magnetic potential A to find the magnetic
field for finite segment of current line described in
example 4.2.
 THE MAGNETIC FEILD AND POTENTIAL RELATION

SOLUTION
1 μ0
𝐁=𝛻× 𝐀 𝐇= 𝛻×𝐀 𝐀= I. 𝒅𝒍
μ0 4π R

𝒅𝒍 = dz z 𝐑 = P − P′ = (r, 0, −z)

μ0 μ0 z2 dz
𝐀= I. 𝒅𝒍 = az
4π R 4π z1 r2 +z2

μ0 z2 μ0 z2 + R 2
𝐀= 𝑙𝑛 (z + z 2 + r 2 ) = 𝑙𝑛 ( )z
4π z1 4π z1 + R1
 THE MAGNETIC FEILD AND POTENTIAL RELATION

Note:
dx
= 𝑙𝑛 (x + x 2 + a2 )
x 2 + a2

𝜕 1 z
𝑙𝑛 (z + R) = 1−
𝜕r r R

R= r2 + z2
 THE MAGNETIC FEILD AND POTENTIAL RELATION

r rφ z
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕Az 𝜕Az
𝛻×𝐀= = [ r +r − φ ]
r 𝜕r 𝜕φ 𝜕z r 𝜕φ 𝜕r
0 0 Az

𝐀z is independent of φ so

𝜕Az
𝛻×𝐀= − φ
𝜕φ

μ0 I 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑙𝑛 z2 + R 2 − 𝑙𝑛 z1 + R1 −φ
4π 𝜕r 𝜕r
 THE MAGNETIC FEILD AND POTENTIAL RELATION
Note:
𝜕 1 d
𝑙𝑛 Z+R = z+R
𝜕r Z+R dr
1 dR 1 2r 1 r
= = =
Z+R dr z+R 2 r2 +z2 z+R R
r z−R r z−R 1 z
= = = 1−
R z2 −R2 R −r2 r R

μ0 I 1 z2 1 z1
𝛻×𝐀= 1− − 1− −φ
4π r R2 r R1
μ0 I z2 z1
= − φ
4π r R2 R1
I z2 z1
H= − φ
4π r R2 R1