UNITED STATES DEPART'IEN1' OF THE INTERIOR

Ray Lyman Wilbur, Seerel.. y

GEOLOGICAL IV_V.,..
GM.,.. O~ ",IUI. IMnctH

Profeastonal Paper 164

THE KAIPAROWITS REGION

A GEOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC RECONNAISSANCE OF PARTS
OF UTAH AND ARIZONA

BY

HERBERT E. GREGORY AND RAYMOXD C. MOORE

Propert'j of
UTAH GEOLOG ICAL & MINERAL SURV~

VNlTIW STUES
GOVERNlIfCNT PlUNTINO OFFIO&
WASfUNGTOK = INl

For:." by lob. kpr.-tntaD4n& oJ Ooeum.nta. w~ 0. c. .... .. • - .. . .. .. .. .. Prk-. '1.01 (paper 1:'0 "''''
 CONTENTS

IDtroductlon __ . ____________________ __________________ . ________ "' . . ___________________________________________ _

~
P ...
I
HI.tory and IeOp. ot investllationl ............ _...... _........................ _._ ... ___ ..................... ___ . . __ .......... _______ .................. __ ............ ___ e ...... _ _ _ _ ... _ _
I
Previou. lVork _________________________________________________ __________________________________________ _
Chapter I. (}eoaraphy _______________________________________________________________________________________ _ 2
4
!,ocatioD. and extent ___ • ___ ... _________ ....... ;0 _ ... _ _ . _ ......... _ ............ ___ ... _ .... ______ ... ___ ... _ _ _ . . . . . _ _ _ _ ." ' ... ___ ... ____ ...... _ ............. _ _ _ _ _ _
4
1rhe[Dap------------------------------------------- ____________________________________________________ _ 3
aketeh ________________________________________________________________________________________ _
lI~torieal

Spanish entrada8 ______________ _____________________________________________________________________ _

~
3
1rhe trappeni _____________________________________________________________ ________ .. _________________ _ 6
8
Powell &nd Wheeler lurvey, __ .. " ________________________________________ ____ ____ ______________________ _
7
eroNingll of tbe Colorado _________________________________________________ ___________________________ _
1ropographte _______ ______________________________________________________________________________ _
ou~ne
10
12
Climate o( .autbeaatern Utah _________ .. _______ .. _______ .. _______ .. _________ .. ______ • ____________________ ___ • __ _
14
General condit[olll ______ .. _______ .... ________ .. ___ • ___ •• ___ ... ______ • _.. ___ .. ____ .. _______________ • ____ _____ __ _
·PTeeiplt&Uon _________________________________________________________________________________ _______ _ 14
Fteeordl ______________________________________________________________________________ ___ _______ _ 15
13
(}eographic d~trlbution __________________________________________________________________________ _
17
Variation from yenr \0 year _________________ .. _____________ .. ___________ .. _____ ...... _________________ _
17
Seasonal distribution ________________________________________________________________ ____________ _
18
Character of rainstorml .. _______________________ .. ___________ .... ________________ ._ .. _________________ ..
Temperature _______________________________________________________________________________________ _ 20
~ind______________________________________________________________________________________________ _ 21
Soil ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ _ 28
Vegetatlon _____________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________ _ 24
AnirnaJa ________________________________________________________________ • _______ • _________ • _____________ _ 24
IohAbit&nlo ____________________________________________________ _______________________________ __ ________ _ 27
Indian tribes _______________________________________________________________________________________ _ 27
27
1rhe ~orlDon ptoneers-------------- - ---------------------------.----- ________________________________ _ 27
I.ees Ferry .. ____________ .. _____________________ .. ___ .. _...... __ .. __ .. __ ...... __ .. _________ .. ______ • _.. _-'_____ ._____ _
Pana ______________________________________________________________________________________________ _ 30
30
Cannonville, Henrieville, aDd Tropic- ___ .. __ .. ____ .. ___ ...... ____ .... _.. ________________ .... __________ .. ___________ .. 31
EocaJante ___________________________________________________________________________________ _______ _ ~

PopULatiOD _______________ .. ____________________________ .. ____ .. _.. ________ .. ________ .... ________ • __ .. __________ _ 31
32
~i.u1ture---------------------------.------------------- ______________________________________________ _ 83
~~~~~~~~g-------~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
34
Chapter 2. ___________________________________
SedUneo~ryrocke
:::: ::::: ::::: :::: :::::: :::: :::::: ::::: :::: e _____________________________________________ _
33
88
General atrati!raphio relations _____ .. _.. ________________________ .. _.. _ .. __________________ .. _.. _______ .. __________ _
Perxnian (orInaUoDB .... _. ________________________________________ • _______________ .. _____ .. _.... _. __ . _____ _____ _ ~
38
88
I.ocatioD aDd esten .. ____ .. ______ • __________ ... _______ ...... ____ .. ____ • ___________ .... _.. _.. ______ ' __ • ___________ _
Kalbab llmeetone and Coconino 8andstone ______________________________________________________________ _ 88
IIlatorical sketcb ________________________________________________________________________________ _ 88
l'o",hero FUUbab F1ateau ___ • _____________________________________________________________________ _ 88
~rele CJli«s_____________________________________________________________________________________ _ 39
Physical leatureo ____________________________________________________ ; __ ____________________ _ ~
40
40
Slrat~&phy---------.----------------------------------- _________________________________ , __
FaunBlohazacter ____________________________________________________________________________ _ 40
42
CI888ifieatlon and oorrelation _________________ ..... ______ .. ______ • ____ • __ - __ - _____ - ______________ • ____ _ 43
Kaibab-Moenkopl oroslon Interval _________________________ • ____________________ -- - ____________________ _ 45
Triaaeic formatioDa __ .. ___ .. ___ .. ______ .. _. ____________________________ ... ______ -- -- .. ---- - --- - - ..... - - --- - .. ----- .. 48
Historical oketeb __________________________________________ : __ : _______ - ____ - ____ - ___ - ___ e ____________ _
48
~oenkopi(oJ'IDation----------- .. ---.-------- .. ------- .. ------ _____________ ~ _________ .. __________________ _ 47
Areal diatribullon and thIek ________________________ e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - _ - - - _ . _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - __
41
IJthologie feat"""' ___________________________________ e _______ - ___ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ___ • - - - - - - - - - - - -_
41
Stratlarapby ______________________________________________________________________ e _____________ _

48
A.ge and correlatioD _______ .... __________ .. ___ .. _.. ___ .. __ • ____ .. ___ • -- ____ - - - - - --- - - - - .. - _ .... _-.:. --- - - - - - __ _ 80
Moenkopl-Bhinuump erosion interval .. ______ .. ___ .. _____ .. ________ .. _____ - __ ,_ -- - - --- -- - - - - - _- _- .... __ - - - -- ---_ 32
Sbinarump oongloDlerate _______ .. ___________________________________ - _________________ ._. _____________ _
32
m
 CONTENTS
II"

Chapter 2. Stratigraphy-CooIiDuod. p ...

TrlAMIo rorma.tioDl-Continued. 63
Chiole form"Lion- ___ - - -.--- - - .---." - - - - - - - .--' - .-- - - - -- - -- - -- . --- --- _.. -- -. - - - ---.- - - _. - _.. . - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Definition, areal extent, &ad thiekaeu __________ - --- - -.- --.- -- w __ - - ' .- -- . - - - . - - -.- - - - - - _ ... - -- - - -. - - . --
63
Typlca) .eetlOOIl __ ------------ ---- -- -- --- -- ----- - --- .--- -------- -.-.- - - -- --- - - -- __ A - - - - - _ .. -. -- - ---
54
GeDeral re&Wrea of Itratigraphy .nd Iithol.°8Y ---- -- .- - - - -.- .-- -- - - ~ --- - -- --- -- .-- - - - - -- - - - -- - - .. --- - -- 56
Ap .ad correla.t.ioo ______ - ----- --- - .--- ~- -- - --- --- -- . - - - -- - - - ---- - - -. - - - ---- - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - _. -- 1I8
ChlDle· Winsate eonta,1. -- ............... -- ................. --. -- --'''' -- .• " -- . -- -- ...... - .. -- .. .. 1I8
JurAMIe format.iolll_ ------ ----- -- - -- - - - - -.-- - -- -- - - - - - -.- --- --- - - - - - ----- - - ---- ---- - -- --- - - - - - -" - - - - - - - ---
1I8
Hiot.orie.1 oketch •• __ .... __ ...... ". _'" __ ..• __ .... __ .. --0. --.--- ......... -- .. . ...... --- .. -- ......... . 1I8
GtlDerallithoiolie features ____ - -- - ------ -- --- ------ - -- ---- - - - -- -- -- - - -- -- - ------- - - - - - - - - -- - - --- - - - --- 60
Pruen .. kaowtedlc 01 the Juraseic of 90uthern t'lah __ . __________ _______ ____ _____ ________ __ __________ .. __ ~ A
60
Major divisioll8 of .. he Jurasaic _______________ -. --- - - _r - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - --- p ------ - - -- - .. - -- - - - - - - -- 61
GIeD CanyoD group (Jul'08sie!) --- - -- - ----- - -. -- - - - - -- - - - --- -- - - -- - -- --- .. - --- - -- --- -- - - - -- - - - . -" - - - - - - -- 81
Winpte lIandstone _____ --- -- ___ - - -- _-- ___ ----- ---- .. - - - -- - -- --- -- ----" - ---- - --- .. - - - - - -- - - .. " - - - ---- 62
To(Ulto (1) tormatioo ____ 0 . . . . __ . . . . . . - - . . . . - - - - - - - - - - . . , , - • •• - -- . . . . . . . . ---- . . . . . . . . --. -- . . . . . ' "
63
Navajo .a.ndltone_ -- -- - ------ ---- - -- --- -- --- - -. - -- - p ----- - .. - - - - - - - - - -- ---- - - - - - - - -- . - - - -- - - - - .. - --
64
Distribution aDd puenl appearance_ -- - - - - -- -- - --- -- - ----- - -.-- -- - -- - -- - - - - -- -- - - - - .. - - -- -- - - --- 64
Stratillraphlc rell.turel __________________ . _. _______ - -- -. -- - - - - -- ..... - -- - - - - - r -- - - - --- - ... -" - -- - - - -- 64
Structure, texture. and compolitioD _____ ---- - - - - - - - - - - --- ------- - - ---- - - - --.- ---- - - ---- ---- - - --- 65
Color ______________ ~ __ ~ _____________________________ __-------------------------------------- 86
Glen CanyoD .roup of Pari .. Valley and westward_ - - - - -- - -- - -- -- - .. --- - --- - - .. . -------- - .... - - - ----- - --- 67
Son Ito/Bel group (Ju,...,,;o) ........ -- ..... -- ............ --'--'" ... . " ---- ... -- ....................... . 69
Di.trlbution and topographic c:!l:preMiun _____ --- --- --- --. - - ---.- ---- - ---- - ---. -- .. - -- -- -- -- .. - - --- ----- 69
Ge.neral "tra.tilrll.phie &rId litholollte fen.l:urel_ - - - - - - -- - -- -- .. ----------- - - ----- - -- - - - ----- - - -- - - - - - - --- 70
Age and correlation _____ ____ ___ - - -- - - - - -- ~- ---- - - - - -- --~ - .. - -- ----- - ---- -- -- ------ -- --- - -- - - - " - - --- 71
Cume1 form.tioo _______ ___ • ____ - - - -- - - - --- - . --- - - -- --- -- - -- ------ - - .. ,- "' . - --- - - - .. -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 72
HiltoriBal .ketch ____ --._ - -.- -- - ------ -. --- - - -- - - - - - -- - - ~ --- -- - --- - .. - -- ------ - - - -- - -- - -- - - - --- 72
Stratigraphie .ectiont. ___________ .... _-- ----. - -- -- ---- - ----- - -- --- - - - -- --- ---- - - - --- -. --- - - -- - --- 73
F.n~r9da .an&OOoo ___ . _______________________ - ________ - - _._ - 5-- - ~
-- ----- - -- -- -----. - -- -- - - - --- 77
S~mmer\'Ule format!... ....... ________ --_ - - __ -------- -- --- ---------"'- -- - ---- - - - -- '" - .. - - --- - - --- - .. -- - - -- 7T
Ban RalRclsrol.lp and MorrLaoh rorm&ti.oa. (Cretaceouln undifferentiated ________________ __ ______ _____ · - ----- 78
HoIlII Creek Valley ________ .. __ .. _______ ...... -- ____ • __ • ------. --. -- •• ----. - -- -- . -- •• ---- -- ---- -- 78
Eoealanlo> ".iley. __ __ . ________ -- ____ . .. ------ -- -. - -- -- ... -- -- -- .. - --.-.--. ------ ---- •.. ---- . . -- 61
Paria V"ney ________ .. ___ _.. ___ ___ _____ • __ • __ .. _____ .. _________ _____ _____________ • a - - - .. - - - - - - . - - - 83
Glen Canyon nJion __ __ ___ ______ . __ _- - _____ __- ___- - - - - - - -- - --- -- ~-- -- - - - - - --- - .. - --- - - - - -- -- - --- 8&
Cre.. nceoua formationa __ • __ - __ _ -- - --- . • - - - - - . - - - ---. -. - - -.- - - - .... -- - - -. - -- - -- '" - - - - - - -- - -. -- .. - - - - - - --- - -- 89
PrevioUi "Qrk. ___________ ______ ______ . . __ ____ _________________ _______ . -- . ___ ______ --- ------- -. - -- . 89
A~dllltnnuUou ••••..•..• : •. ..• .••. ••. .. _ • • ..•.••. • ..•..•• • ..•• _•.•••••.. _ ••.•... • •.•••... .•...• • , 90
Topo",apbic expre.ion _________ _______ _______________ . ______ .. ______ • _____ • ____ .... ______ ___ - ___ - - - - -- - .. 90
00
~=:t;~:~~t~~· (C;;~~~1}:~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~: ~~~: ~ ~~: ::::: ~:~:~ ~~: ~: ~ ~::: : : ~ : ~:::: ~::: ~~: ~
<Xl:-relation ___________ ... ___ • ________ _____ . ___ __ _______ • ____
91
'O _____________ • _____ .- _ _ _ _ _ _ • __ • _ - -- ---
il
Areal ex\.leut and thickoeE8 _______________ . _ .. _______ _____ • ____ .. ________ .. _______ • ___ .. ______ • ___ .. ___ -_ 91
Lithologic and atntigraphie fetlturetl ___________ 'O _ _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ • _______ • ____ - -
92
93

~
9~

~9'
101
--- -- ---._--_..-------_._------- 1
10'
---------- ---- ----- ----.------
------ ------_.- . ----------_._- 10
10!
10!
--- -- ----------_ . ----- ----------
------.---------------' ---.. . -.
Undifferenti~t.ed Stralll\t Cliffs And WahwCAp .and;tc;~;; ___:::: ~::::::: ~ ~=:: ~
!~
T.rIl~~~~~~~~O~~~~~~~~~~~;~;~~~~~~:~~~~::::~:::::::::::::::::::::~~:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:::::::::
Wua~b format-lou (Eooene) ______________ • ____ :::: ~::: :-- - -- - - - -- -- -- ... ~ .. -- - ---- - ------ --. - --
~~
11
Di.tribut.loD and topoaraphio expre.ioD ___ ______ _____ - -- - - -- -- - - - -- -- -- -- - -- - -- - -- -- -- l~
Pre'\-lou. atudis_. _____________ .___________ ----- -- ----~-- - -----~--- -- -- -- - ------ , - --~-,- 11
- - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 4 __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ____ _
1
 CONTENTS

Ch81)ter 2. S!ratigraphy--Continued.
'TertiAry rocks-C ont inued.
W.:)satch formation (Eocene)-Cont iut1cd. PIlt;1"
Str.t.Ugraph.ic and lithologic features. __ • __________ '. ______ ____ _. _'. __________ •• _~ __ . _. __ a __ ' . , . _ _ • __
115
linconfor ulity at base of Eocene ____ .• ____ ... _____ _______________ • ____ ... _________________ ..... ____ __ __ _ ~
116
Quaternary deposits ___ __ ________ ____ ____ • ____________ a __ • ______________ _ _ _ a _ ____ _ • _ _____________ a _. _ ____ _

116
rocks ___ - ___ _______________ __ '" __________
Ig[ leo u~ a __ ______ _ _ a _ _____________ • ___ . _ . ' ________ ' . __ • ____ _ __ _
116
Chn.pter 3. St.ructure . _- . ' ______ ____ ____• ___ ______ ___ __ .' ___________ ••• __________________ • ___ ____ • ____ a ___ a __ _
117
JlistoriC:l1 sketch __ • • __________ ____ _____ ______ _.. __________ _____________ • ___ • ___________ .. _. _ .. ____________ _ ~
117
R.egionnl relations __ __ • __ ... ,. ____________ ____ _______ _.. ___• ___ ____ ___ ____ ..... _. _________ _______ ____________ _
~
118
~'Iethod of determinat·ion ___ ___ • __ ___ ___ ___ __ ___ ___ _____ __ • __ ___ ___________ ,. ___ __ ___________ _____ __ ___.. __
~
119
lVaterpockct IDonoc-line.... _____ _______ ______ ____ ______ __ ____ ___________ __ ____ ________ __ _______ • _____ __ ___ __ . _
119
Circle Cliffll upwli.rp ___ _________ ____• ___________ • ____ __ ___ __ __ _. ___ ___ • __ • ____ __ __ • _-..... __ .. ____ ______ ______ _
119
Harris synclinc __ ______... ___ ___ __ ___ _____ _____ _______ ____ ____ ___ __ _______ .. _____________ _____ .... ___________ _
120
CoUet.t antieUne. __. ____ ___ __ _______ .. ___________ ___ __________ ___ .. ______ ____ .... __ ________ .. ___ • __ .. .. _. _______ _ ~
120
Esoal.a.ate mouocHne. ______ ___ __ ______ . .;. ____ .. ____________________ ___ __________ __ .. ____________________
120
A ___ _

KatpnrQ"rits do\\>n\\'nrp ____ ____ __ _ A ____ ____ _ _ .. _ _ • _ . ___ _ • • __ __ _ ________________ _ __________ • _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. _

120
ltock Creek anticline ____ _ . __• _. ___ _____ __ __ ____ ____ __ .. _. _______________ ____ ______________ ________________ _
121
Croton syncli ne ________ ___ • __• _. ____ ___ _______ ___ __ •• _____ . ______ ____ _____ _________ _________ ___.________ _ ~
121
Last Chance ·s yuclinc ____ ____ __ ____ ~ _&___ __ _ • __ ____ • _________ • ______________ • ________ __ ________ ._, _ ~ __ __ __ 121
Smoky Anticline •• _. • ____ ___ ____ __ • ___ __ _______ ___ • _____ ___ __ ____________ • .. _______________ ____ _
~lo\l D tA in ~
121
\\'n-rm Creek .syncline _____ • • ____ _____ ____ __ ___ • ___ ________ ___• ______ .... _ _______ __ _____________________ .... _. ~
121
\\rah~·c ap syncline_________ ___ ...... _~ __ _.. __ _________ __ .... _. __ ______ ____ ___ . ____ __ __ __________ _____ __ _______ _ ~
121
Table Cli ff sync.1inc ____ ___ ___ ____ _____ .. ___ __ _______ ___ . ______ ____ ___ _________ ____________ ___ • __ __________ _
122
Echo tnonocline ______ . ________ _____ _____ • ___ . _____ ___ __________ _______ ___.. : __ __ • _________ ____ _________ __ _
122
Pilria. plat.forw. ______ ___ _____ _____ __ ___. ______ _______ ___ __ ______ . ___ ____ ___ ___ _ .. ____________________ .. ___ _
122
Ea8t Kfl.ibab monocline __ ______ ______ ___ _ .. ___ __ __ __ ____ .. ____ __ _______ _____ ___ ___ _______ ... ____ ____ _______ _ __ _ 122
Kaibab upl\'urp_ .. ____ _____ ___ • __ • __ __ ____ __ ________ ,,_ . __ ____ _____ ___ ___ _• . ____ ___ __________ ______ __ ___ _ _
Ea~t P nunsBuguutfsult _____ __ _____ _______ __ ___ __ ___ _______ _____ ___ __ __• __ __ __ ___ _______________ _____ ___ ••
123
123
Ch'pter 4. Physiography _______ __ __ ______ __ ____ ____ ____ ___ ___ ___ __ _____ ____________ ____ • _____ ___________ _____ _
12.
RegioDal relatlons _______ __ ___ __ _____ _______ __ .. __ .. __________ ___ ______ ___ ____ ___ ____ _____ __ .. ____ ___ ____ ___ _
12.
Factors that. infiuence erosion __ ____ __ ___ __ _______ ____ __ ______ ____ • ________ ____ _____ ______ __. _. ________ ___ _ _ 12.
CIlIOa!e ___ ___ __ • __ ______ __ ___ __ _• _____ ____ _____ _________ __ ___ ___ ________ __ ___ __ ____ ___ ___ ____ _____ __
IZ5
--- --- ---- ------------. --- ---- -- --- .-.- r---- ---
Vegetatfon ____ _ • __ _.. __ ___ __ ___ ___ ____ _____ __ ___ __ __ ___
Strea lll gradients ________ __ ______ ___________ ___ ______ ___ _.. __ _. ___ .. ____ ____ _.. ____ ____ ____ __ __ __ ___ .. ___ _
126
126
Ground _________ _________ __ _______ ___ __ __ ___• ___• __ • ____ _ • __ __ _________ _ • __ .. __ ____ __. __ __
w~ter __ _ ~_ .

127
Rolnt.ions of topography to geology ______ ___ _____ ____ ___ ____ ___ __ ___ ___ __ ___ ________ ____ __ ___ __ ______ I~ __ _ __ .. 127
(}enerat relations ___________________ ____ _______ ______ ____ ________ . ___ ... _____ __ ____ ______ • _____________ _ 127
Relation of vnJley (orm to rock hrt.rdne6a.. ________ __ __ ___ ... _____ ______ __ ___~ ___ _ . ___ ___ __ _____ _______ : ____ _ 128
Valleys in soft rocks ____ ___ ___ ________ ______ __ _ ~ ___ •• ____ __: ______ .. ~ • __ _ ~ M ___ ___ ____ • _________ __ _ _
128
Volleys in hard roCk8 _____ ___ ______ _____ ~ _ . ___ ___ __ ___ ~~ _. _______ ~ _________ _• __ ____ ___ ___ ~_._ .. __ __
129
Valleys in hard aDd sort rocks __ ___ • _______ .. ________ ___ ____ :: ___ ___ ___ ___ • _____ . . ___ __ . _. __ __ .___ __ _ 129

Relf1~!.ec!f o:t:::c~n::.l"~~~:~~ .-~ ~ ~ ~ ~~::: ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~:~: ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~..:~ ~ ~:: =~: ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ==: =:: ~: ==: ~ =~ =::~ ~: ~
129
13\
Extent and or erosion _____ ______ _______ .. __ • ________ _ . ______ _-.- __ _________ .. _ • ___ _____ _ .. __ . ___ ____:. __ _
Mt~ ~
132
Erosion 5llrfo.ree . _______ ____ _____ _____ ___ __ ____ ____ . _____ _______ _____ __ _____ _~ _:. __ ... ___ ____ _• . ___ . ___ ~ ._-____ _ 133
Regional di8tributioD _~ ____ _ . _____ ___ ____ A __ _ _ ____ _ __ _ __ ___ _____ .. _. ____ ___ • ____ .. ___ __ ____ _ _ • ____ • _ __ __ _

133
C·a nlloDvillo erollion surface ___ ____ ____ ___ __ ______ • __ ____. ________ .. ___ .. __ • _______ _ . . ______ .. ____ . _. _____ _
~
133
Surf:lce of Knipnrowits Plateau . ______ __ .... _____ __________ ____ ____ ~ _. __ ... _- __ ___ ___ ____ ~ ___ __ _____ __~ ____ _ 134
Surface of Paunsaugunt Plateau ___ . ___ __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ __ ___ __ __________ __ _____ _ . _________ __ _____ ___ __ 134
Slopes of Aquru-iu" ________ __ _____ ___ • __• ___ ___ ___ __ _____ ____ ___ ____ ________ __ ____ • ___ _______ _ _
P1.te~u
135
Eroalon 8urfaces a.t other localities ___ _____ ____ ___ _• ____ __ ___ __ __ ___ __ _. _____ _... . . _______ . __ _"' ____ • ___ . __ __ 13S
(·nolosed meanders ___.- ___ _____ ___ ___ ____ ___ __.. __ __ _... _____ __ ___ ___ • __ _____ ____ ___. __ ___ ___ __ __ __. ___ ____ _ _ 135
Cyclet of crollion . ______ A ___ • _ ___ ... _ _______ _ _ __ _______ • w_ .. ___ ___ • __ _
_ _ _ __________ ___ .. ___ _ __ __ __ . ... _ . ____ ____

138
Feat·ures of valleys _____ __ ________ __ _____ _ • . _____ . ___ _____ _____ ______ .. _. __ _ - __ ____ ____ - - - - ___ ___ .. __ • _. - __ _ 139
Olen Canyon ... ______________ • ____ _____ ________ ___ . ___ ____ _ • ______ ___ . ____ _____ ______ ___ __ _____ ____ ___
139
Wllhweap, Warm.. Last Chance, and Rock Valleys.. __ ___ _ a _ _ . _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ... _ _ __ _ _ _ • __ __ _ • _ ___ _____ ___ _ ______ _
HO
Poria Valley _______ ____ ... _______ __ ___ . __ ______ ____ ____ ____ _._ .... . - - ___ ___ __ ___ - - - - - __ _____ ____ _ - - - - __ _ 141
Esca lante Valley •• ______ __ _____ ____ ____ _ • __ _______ •• ___ _• ____ __ __ _____ _______ - . - -- _- ____ ___ __ ____ -- -_ 142
)'finor phyai·o@ra.phic features ___ ______ ___________ __ ______ .. ____ _____ .: __ • _____ ___ ____ ___ __ - __________ ... ______ _ 143
AlJu"ial ~rrace8 ____ ____ __ ____ __ _______ .... ____ __ .. ___ . _. - ____ _____ . --- - - - ---- -_ - .. _- - - - ---- --- __ - - _ - __ _ 143
Canyon walls ___________ ___ _. __ • __ .w _____ __ . __ __ ___ __• ____ _____ ___•__________ • ____.- __ --_. ___________ _ 144
Butte. a.nd towen!l ____ ___ ____ w __ _____ __ _ _ _ _____ __ __ ______ • ____ _ _ _______ - - - _ .. - ___ • _ _ _ _ ,_. _ - - - __ _ - . _ ... _ _
144
Arches and' brldges __ _______ __ ___ ____ ___ _________ A _ . __ __ _ _ . .. - _______ _ _ ____ _ ____ - - - ___ _ __ _ _ • _ -. - _ - -- ___ _
144
Wlltcr pocketa __ ... ___ . _ _____ ___ . _ ... ________ w ____ __ _ ~ _ _ _ ______ - - __ ____ • _ _ _ _ .. _ 0 ._ - ___ .. _ _ _ 0 _ _ • __ • • _ _ __ _ _
145
Work of the wind _____ ___________ ___ ___ ___ ______ ___ __ ___ - ___ _- _--- - - - - - - - - -- -- - . -- - - - - - --- - - - - - . --- 145
Landslide8 _____ _ _ ___ .. _____ ___ ____ _• ___ ___ k ________ ~ _ _________ ... ~ - - ______ • __ ... -- - __ ... •• __ - -. - .
145
 CONTENTS
p ...
141
147
148
148
148
149
149
164
1M
155
168
167
159

ILLUSTRATIONS
P...
PL6TC]. Topoa:raphic Dl&P ot Kalplll'Owita region, Utah~AriJ.oDa4 ___________________________________________ .-. In pocket,
2. Geolosie map of Kalpoorowlll resioo, Ut&b-Arisona ___________________ : _____ - - - - - -. - -: -. - - - - - - -- --- - - - In pocket.
a. aeoer.u1Od view of Kalparowitaresloo looking nortb from the Utah-Arizona boundary hne_. _____________ ;___ 8
L A Contact of Moenkopi (ormation and K&ibab Umoolon. at mouth o( Kaibab Gulch; B, Cooloct 01 Kalbab hme-
',10.. and Hermit abale 10 Kalbab Gulcb; e, Vi..... alon, old Ule trail leadlo, to the Croeain, of the Fatbo.. ;
D HTraU" over Navajo aandatone Waterpocket Fold, near B&ker ranch ________________________________ _ 40
6. eor:ohl,tlon ohart .110'11'101 relations ~( the p ..leosoic and Meloloic rocks of the Kaiparowita region to tbOie of
40
••nt~o ..------------------------------.---------·-----.--.-----.--------------------.------
8. A,adja
Marble 00.... ; B, K&lbab limeolon. near junction of BU.er Fall. and Muley Twist roado __ ._. _____________ _ 40
7. 4, Sbnabkalb shale member of Moenkopi formaUoD about 3 miles BOuthwatt of Paria; B, )loenkopi strata uncon-
(ormably overlain by Shinarump cooglomerate In northern part of Circle Cliff.; e,
Butte I mile lOuthw••t of
u
Parla._. _________________ . __ • ____________ • _________ • ___ ---------.------------------------------.-.
8. A, VI.wlooklna north aero,i Colorado River near Leea Ferry; H, Bu~te 0/ Chinle .hale capped by jointed Wingate
_tone In lOothWoatem port of Clrole Cloth_ .. _____________ - __ - - -- - - - - - - -- -- - - - --- - -- - - - - - - - - - -- -. -- 72
9. A, WaU of Colorado RJvor 8 miles above mouth of the Bee.lute; IJ, HODeycomb wea.theriDI in block of Wina nte
aandstooe, Silver FaUa Canyon. _________ - _.......... _................ __ ...... __ ............ ___ . . ____ ... __ ...... -- ......... ... a 72
_ _ _ ......... - - ......... - - ... - -

10. A, Gleo Canyon weat. of Kane Creek; B, Wall bordering Kane Creek.; C, Glen Cenyon Dear mouth of WUID
8pnnil Creek ___________________________________________________ ------:------------------------.--
11. A, Banded red and white eandetone and calcareoWl .hale of Cannel formation near Cr08lin, ol1.he Fatheraj B,
Clid' of mlUivo Entrada undatona overlain by banded Summerville 6trata. .a.nd capped by remnants of Mor...
rieon unde\Ooe, Halla Creek Valley near Baker rLDcb _________________________________________________ _
12. A, Blah 01 nppl ..marked ohaly .. nd.teD. In Carmel formation, 40 feet above lop of Navajo in Dry Canyon; B,
Evenly Itrat.itled Entrada ...ndetone near Cannonville; er.-bedded Entrada .. r.d.tooe near CanDonville_ e, 72
13. A,vrabweapCraek
Banded ahal,. Summerville (1) Mlld,tone 1 mile lOuthweet of Ca.nDonvilllj
________________________________________ Bt MOniBOD (7) ea.ndatoQe on lower
. _____________________________________ ----
73
U. A, 8traiSbt CIlII...n<lllone on EacaI&Dte River weat 01 Eac&l&nte; If, Tropic .hale overlain by St....I'ht Clill.
aan<lllon., vrahweep Cn.ok; C, vrall of Wahwoap aandalo.., vrahweap Creek. _____ . ___________________ ._ IOf
16. Bry.. Conyon_ • ________________________________________________ • ____________ • _c_ _____ _____ ___ __ _____ 106
16. Struo.un map of Kalparowite regloo ___________________________ . ________________________ .______________ 120
IT. GeoIOilo 88OtlOOB ao .... Kaiparowlte regioo _________________________________________________________ In pocket.
18. Paooraml. view from ...., of vraterpoeket Fold and .ketch ahowlnl lurI... diatribution 0/ (ormatioos. ________ 120
19. A, VIew lookln,__ aouth aloo, Halle Valley from polot JUBt above mouth 01 Muley Twlat Creek; B, East Kalbab
w _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ www _ _ _ _ _ w __ w_w _ _ _ _ _ _ _ w _ _ ww _ _ w
121
______________________________________________ _
D
l
o
n
~
i
n
e
SlO. A. B. Vie ..... [lODl a poin' near the II Out" ____________ • _______________ • _________________________________ _ 136
21. A, VI... aloDl faoe of Straight CUIJa; B, Monoclio&! • .uey In Tropic ahal. alon, Eaat Kaibab monooUne eaat 01
Butler Viney; C, Colorado River from" pinoacle above Leea Farry __ .• __________________________________ 136
~. A, Oleo CanyoD "'OBt of mouth of K&oe Creek; B, Dry Valley, a bowl-like deprl!OBioD cut in the loft .trata 01 the
San &rut group and 'he MomlOD (T) lormation; e, 8tronlly underou' meander OD "fuley Twlat Creek ____ _ 138
28. A, Canyon of Dea\h Hollow Creek; B, Canyon tributary to Muley Twi.' Creek ____________________________ _
24. To_phio and ,eolOCie map of a part of 'he vralerpockot mooocIine ____________________________________ _ ~~
215. A. Colorado RJ.ver a~ Balla CroaiOli B, CannoD\"llle erotion ,uri.ce from point De¥ head of Little Canyon ____ _ 13~
26. AI Par~ Valley neaz Pula;: B, Paria River below Pariaj C, Glen Canyon at Waterpocket Fold _______________ _ 162
27. A, PUla VaUey neal' mouth of CoU.onwood er.k.; B. Paria VaUey 1 mile below JDOu~h of Cottonwood Creekj C,
Cave in Navajo Mndatone, H&rri.e Washj D, Arch formed by eraaion of Navajo undslone in. wa.U of Eacalante
Canyon above mou\h of Sand vr..b 16
28. EfOIIion ratQnan14 ____________________.-::~ ===== ====:::: ::==: ::: == ==:: ::::=:: :::::: =::: ::::::: =:::: =:: =
= 115~
2~. A, Gold dredJe on Colorado Ri ••r Dear mou~h o( HanBOn (Pine Alcove) Creek; B, Steamboat eM'!.' H. SJWI'M",
coolttuQted to tt'IDaporl coal from Warm Creek to Lee. Ferry for placer mininl___________________________ 164
10. Coal _IODB measored In Kane and Garfield Counties Utah 16:
31. A, Petroutoroua Moenkopi ,\r&\& in eastern part of 'Circle -Ciitf;:-B-oil-~p-o-~b~~k-~i-C~i~r~d~-ii;e~-~t
tI Bennett', oU fleldll" _______________ ... ___ .. _______ .... __ • ___ • _.. : __ :_ •• ___ .. ____ .. _.. _._ .... _______ _____ ___ __ 15~
 P ...
FIGURE I. Map .howinl the loea..tion of the Kaiparowit8 region _________________________________________________ _ • 4
2. Ma.p of eoutheaatern UtAh .howing location oC m.eteoroiogio atationa with reCeronce to the rims of the Blab
Ph,'-ua and to Colorado Valley _ ____ __ ______ ________ _ _________ _ _ ___ __ _ ____ ____ _ ___ _ ___ _______ _____ 18
3. Total and mean annual precipit.ation at-station8 in eout-hea-at.ern Ut&h _____________ ____________ .. ______ .. ___ 19
-t. 8euonal distribution of rainfa.ll In southeastern Utab ___________ ... _____________________________________ 20
:Ii. Relation or time of killin. frost to altitude in BOutheutem Utah__________________ __ _____________________ 23
8. Correlation of Crct.aceoUI formatwne and distribution of {auUM in Utab and adjacent regioDs_ ______________ 113
7. Generalized block diagr~ma ropreoenting .tag.. in the phyoiographic hlolory of ~he upper Paria Valley________ 123
8. Map 01 • part of l{ane County, Utah. showlnc distribution of coal e~posure. in Lb, Straight Clift's aa.ndetone
alone tbe tributaries or Warm and Laot Chao.. Creekl_______________________________________________ 150
9. Outline stratigraphic and ItructuraJ map or the Circle Cliff. area, Garfield Count,. Utah___________________ 156

•
 THE KAIPAROWITS REGION
A GEOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC RECONNAISSANCE OF PARTS OF (jTAH AND ARIZONA
By HuBER'l' E. GIlEGORY and RAYMOND C.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY AND SCOPE OF INVESTIGATJO:-iS
In their traverse of the Colorado River and of the
rim of the High Plateaus the members of the Powell
Survey outlined a large aren between the Henry
Mountains and the Kaibab Plateau within which Ihe
Kaiparowits Platellu is the dominating feature. Diffi-
culty of RCceSS, dry climate, scant vegetation, small
..... ater supplies, I.nd complete absence of human
population previmted I. study of this region lInder the
conditions then prevailing, and the trl.ppers Ilnd
prpspectors who preceded and followed these early
explorers were little interested in making detailed
examinations of the sandstones that eonstitut6 most
'of the bedrock. Largely for these reasons the Kaipa-
rowits region has long remained geologically unknown,
and probably parts of it at least have been seen by
white men only within the last 10 years. Geologic
surveys within this unmapped area were needed for
correlating the formations and structure with those in
surrounding areas, and it seemed desirable to. know
/\lore of Ihe physical features-the soil, water, climate,
and vegetation-as a guide in determining the use to
which this arel. of largely unappropril.ted land might
be put. Furthermore, the very fact that the existing
knowledge of the region was meager made .1. strong
appeal.
With these ideas in mind field work designed to
cover those pl.rts of southeastern Utah thl.t had not
been examined by scientific parties was begun by
Oregory in 1915. During that year a pack-train trav-
erse was made from Lees Ferry along the north wall
of Glen Co.nyon and thence northeastward &cross the
Kaiparowits Plateau, through a region unmarked by
trails. From the head of Collett Wash the traverse
was continued to Escalante, where supplies and ad-
ditional horses were obtained, thence down the EI-
calante River, across the Wl.terpocket Fold, .nd
through the Henry MountaiDB to the mouth of
Trachyte Creek, where the Colorado was crossed by
swimming the hOl'Oea I.nd ferrying the equipment on I.
• makeshift raft. The work of the season ended with
the traverse of White Canyon and the elopes of Ab&jo
18940--31-2
MOORE
lIountain. The purpooes of this exploration-to de-
termine I'ontes, to locate water holes, and to select
areRS where deto.i1ed geologic study could profitably
be undertaken-were successfully I.ccomplished. It
was found that the strlltigraphic formations previ-
ollsly mapped in the Navojo country extended with
little change throughout southeastern Utah.
During the summer of 1918 the exploratory survey
by Gregory was continlled. After leaving Green River,
Utah, on May 2, three weeks was spent in the stlldy
of stratigraphic sections at Temple Wash (San Rafael
Swell), Plensant Valley, Tl.ntalus Valley, I.nd along
the Wnterpocket Fold to the Colorado River at the
mouth. of Halls I.nd Hanson Creeks. After cl'08!ling
the \Vaterpocket Fold at Muley Twist, the next five
weeks w .... devoted to nil investigation of the physi-
ography and stratigraphy of the Escalante Valley,
. the rim of Glen Canyon, and the Kaipo.rowits Plateau
and the examination of the geologic features of the
Paria, Wahweap, and Warm Creek Valleys at plac~s
not previously visited. In 1922, after completing in-
vestigations in the Kanab and Parunaweap V aUeys,
Gregory and L. F. Noble extended their geologic
traverse of ~evo.dl. and western Utah to include the
Pari. VaUey and the south side of the Kl.iparowits
. Plateau. The top and the east end of the Kaipa-
rowits Plateau were examined, and sections were
measured at Canann Peak, Henrieville, and Tropic.
In 1924 Gregory spent two weeks in a study of
Mesozoic and Tertiary strata &long the eastern tribu-
taries of the Paria River, I.nd in 1925 and 1927 he
extended the survey eastward across Glen Canyon to
correlate the geographic and geologic features of the
Kaiparowits region with those of southeastern Utah
and southwestern Colorado.
Decl.use of the poesibility that the Circle CliBs
region might contain oil poola, Moore was assigned
to stratigrl.phie and structuro.l studies in this part of
I southern Utah for three montha in the summer of
I 1921. Assisted by A. C_ Tester and P. C. Benedict,
he mapped the Circle Cliffs dome, & part of the
Straight CliJrs front, the Harris V I.lIey southeast of
Escalante, and the Ha11a V.lIey from Muley Twist
Creek to the C<>lor&do River. In addition to fairly
,
 1'BB KAIPAROWITS BBOION
2
Triassic and Cretaceous in chapte r 2 have been written
precise ~hough rapid geolocie and structural map- mainly by Moore, and the base map, geoiogic map,
ping, numerous stratigraphic sections were measured
sU-ucture map, and geologic sections ha.va been pre-
and some fossils were collected. A reeonnai.6sance
pared under hiM direction. Chapte rs 4 and ~ represent
study waS made of ~e Tertiary and Mesozoic forma-
a combination of manuscripta by both authors. This
~on. north of Kanab, where ~e p&rty outfitted, of
the Kr.ibab Plateau southward to the rim of the
subdi vision of work has been adopte d for convenience
The a.UthOI1l share responsibili~y equally for the
Grand CLlIyon, and along the route acrose the Paun- only.
ations recorded a.nd the opinions expressed.
oaugunt Plateau to Tropic Ilnd Henrieville in the observ
upper Paria Valley and to E1IC&lante by way of the These investigations in the Kaipa rowits region are
tive. Much of the work is recon.
road south of the Table ClitJ Platel.u. A trip was by no means exhaus
i~ explor atory- but ~he text and
made from the lower Halls Creek V dley to the point naissanoe-some of
present the ma.jor features of
On the Colorado River where the Waterpocket Fold maps should fairly weIl
geolog y of tbis interes ting part
Nached G1eD Canyon. In the later part of the field . the geography and
HlBon I. amall area of eo&l land WIB studied in I of the Colorado plateau s.
louthern Wayne County on the northwest slope of PREVIOUS WORK
Mount Ellen, the most northerly I.nd highest of the
peak. in ~. Henry Mountains. After pissing through , • After the termination of the Powell and Wheeler
the Pleasant Valley and Capitol Reef W IBh the party aurveys (see p. 7) • fluarter of I. centur y passed be-
proceeded by wly of Fruita and Loa to Richfield. fore the region that borders Glen Canyon becl.me a
Beginninr early in June, 1m, Moore's work 11'18 field for geologic study.
continued in the Kaiparowita region, with the pri- In 1900 a party consistinll' of Tempest Anderson,
mary object of cl ...ifyinr a large territo ry in lOuth. R. L. Barret t, W. )1. Da.vis, Richar d E. Dodge, and
central Garfield and eastern Kane Countiea that had Herbe rt E. Gregory visited Lees Ferry on their way
been withdrl.wn 18 possible cod land. A. C. Tester from Flagstaff, Ariz., to Toquerville, Utah. Studiea
and Y. W. Baas were IIS8istants. In general the work ' made by them of the physiographic features of Echo
"18 limillll' to that of the previou. year, but in
addi.
Cliffs and the Pari. Platea u Ire recorded by Davis.'
tion a reconnAiesance topographic map was prepared. Lees Ferry wu again visited by Johns on' &lid
(S.. pl. 1.) Shime r' in 1906.
Inveatiptioll.ll were directed chiel!y to the Creta. In 1913 Lawso n' published a peper on the economic
ceoua rocks of the Kaipl.rowits Platea u I.nd I. ""P8Cta of the" Shinar ump clays" (Chinle formation
pert of tha upper Pl.ril. Vliley, but the older and
of pres~t nomenclature) near the settlem ent of Plria,
younger rocks were studied and mapped throughout ' and bnef notes on the coal at Esca.lante and Warm
most of the region. Field work terminated Sep.
tember 7. Creek and the placer gold along Olen Canyon haYe
appeared in. engineering and mining journals. With
In J~y, 1923, IS goolor,iEt of the plll'ty engaged
in mappm , ~h. Colorado River in the Grand Canyon these exceptions, no geologic studiea ha.d been mllde in
owits region prior to the field work on
~oore had opportunity to study the rock formatiou.: the Kaiparpresent report i. based. On the borders of
In the Lees Ferry area. which the
Altho~h the wo~k of ~regory Wila primar ily a the area exploratory surveys and detailed reconnais-
had been made, and for,. large part of
geographiC and stl'at1Jtf&phlc reconnaissance and that sance survey.
the atlas sheet. of the Wheeler and P,owell
of Moo~ collBitted of buic studies for possible future the area
indicate the supposed extension east.
eoonomlc development, the conditions that governed surveys, which
ic formations represented in tM
~~e work ~nnitted both investigators to make ohaerva. w~rd of the geologavailable.
tiOll.8 relating to all subdivisions of geology. Parts
of , High Plateaus, are
t~e lrea. were studied by both geologists. Under these Colorade :
10..... W. lit .. A. eJ:curstoa 10 C_ Grand Cao7oa .: tbevol
1 _
~sults prop. ~ Zoolo- BuU .....01 aa (... _
Circum stances the of the field !!tudies may a.".rd c.n.
lOT-198, 1901,
Mua. ..# . . . . " . u0) ......
erly appear IS " smgle report under joint authorship 'loblaq , D. W.o .epott eo tbe nolOPat J Uc:ur,1o e tbrouch New
The author ship of the piper hi. heen divided as fol: lfezlco. Arlme •• aIM! Vtob. IUDlr:Ut ot ltu'WII· ""-.b Q . .rt .01 .I". pp .
......,. u . "..
",08--{lli. 190..
I?wf : Chapter 1 and the sections on the Tri_i c, Juras. ... _~ Bhhne1', II. W., Permo-C.rto.,teroue
IIC, &nd Tertinry in chapter 2 have been written mainly .u.;:, Amerlea Bull., ~L 10, PO. ('7' ........ ,8.0' ....
lOa.
tbwu.e n "tllO•• : ~ol.
Geoto..,.
r 3 and the section s on the pre. • Llwaoo. A. C. TIle IOId 1o the Shlo.rum p at Pari.: Ero•.
by Gregory. Cbpte 901. 8, pp. 414-"8, 1915.
•
 PR!ilVIOl:8 WORK
Since the begirullng of the field studies on which the
present report is based, twenty papers' that relate
ilirectly to this region have appeared. Several papers
relating to bordedng areas in which the stratigraphic
• LooQ:well. C. R .• "'lIe'r, B. D .• Moore, R. C., Bt'f ... Kirk. lind
PIIlp, 8idney. nock formatioDa Ia. the Colorado PlatSlI of lOutheo.a(.ern
t'tab aDd DOrtbern At'iaoll&: U. S. Gaol. lune,. Prot. Pnper 132. pp.
1-23, la2B. Moore, B. C.• Stratl(p'aPbJ' or • part ot ..mtht·ru Utah:
.... Aaoe. PetroleulD Oeoloi;l8t1 Bull.. yol. 6, pp. 199-221, 1922.
Bryn, Kirk. Wind eroaloQ at Leee F.rrr: Am. Jour. Bet. ~t'h 'et'.,
yol. 6. pp. 281--30T. 1923. GresorY. B. B .• IDd Nollie. L. P., Notea 00
• Seolcc1cal h11VerM trom MoJava. CaW'.. to. the mo.tb 01. tbe Saln
lua.a: Alii. Jour. Sci., !Jth .er., vOl. ft. pp. 22t-238. 1823. Bryna, 10 ....
Dl8CUnloD. OD l"Od:-dlled dalD, Leu J'err1: .I. •• Soc. etvn EnE. Ttana.•
Yol. 10, pp. 181~lm. 1128. La Rut:. a. C., Water ,01"(>1' and looct
fOotrolot Cclorado River ,b elo.... GreeD Rtver. Uleb: U. S. Geol. Su",e,
Water-Buppl, Paper Me. 182ft. Noble, L ..... A .cellon ot lb, !talbab
JllIlfttene to. B:albab Oatch, utab: '0. s. 0.01. Bune, Prot. Paper laO,
,p.. \11-60. 1928. Uoon. Il. C., Orlilo. of haeloaed. mell,u4en OD al~m.
ot m. Colorade PJateaa: Jour. GeoloD, vol. 34, p,. I8-IT, 1828.
Moore, R. C., IIlpUlcanet of 11lclOtM!Cl meandera 11l the pbraJoll'uphl.c
bletorJ af Ule Colorado Plateau eotInu1: Jour. GeololY. ftJ. N, ,p.
l1-JlO, 10M. Berry. Jt. w.. CrcadB 1.a tlM 8hlaanlmp CQnglolMrat(!
cd' lOutbem Utah: "'U'1DltOD Acad. Bet Joor., ,"oL 11, pp. 103-307,
1.2T. Grelor" B. II., 'fbe ka"ajo C!OlIlItr,...... lftCI'aphle aod h,.dro·
lraphlc HCOUllO.luauCt 0' ",rtl or A rllonct., New liIulea, aDd Utab:
U. a. GeoL Burft,. W.ter-Suppl, Paper 880, 1'18: Geo}OlJ .r nte
Na"jo EOUDt17-a. recoonallllflDCe ot parte ot Arlaobl, New lIe:aleo,
and UtAh: U. S. Geo)' SIW"'"", Prot. Paper 88. 1011. Emery. W. B.,
3
sequence iii closely similar to that of .the Kaiparowits
region have also been published.'
The papers by Noble, Reeside and Bassler, Gilluly
and Reeside, and that published under the joint au-
thorship of Longwell, Miser, Moore, Bryan, and Paige
are of particular value for comparative .tuilies.
Tile Green IU",..r Delert eectlon, Utah: Alii.. Jour. 8cl., 4th ler., ?OI. 40.
pp. 1:I1-G7T. 1018. Ilab, C. L.., HlrlKOa or the . . rlDO Jura.le of
Uta': Joar. GeolocY. nil. ::1. pp. 83 .....' IOU, Tbe pre-Ko_topl
(p~Permlao 1) uDcollforlDU,. of tbe Colorado Pl.tflI..: Jour. GooJon'•
vol 28, pp. 81-H. 1D20. Butler. B. I .. aDd otbera,. Ore depoatta .1
Uta'; U. S. Gee!. 8~rve1' Prof. P.~r Ill, 1120. Noble, 1.. 1'., ... IHo
Uoo of the Paleosok: tormatione ot tbe Gt'ODd Cau10S1i1 at t1M 81._
tun: u. S. CeoL But"Q' Prot. Paper lBl, pp. 21-33, Ina. a~ld..
J. B., Jr., aDd UQNlrJ'. Barny. 8trat"rapble aecUoa.I la IDUthw.l.n
Utf.' luul nortb.estera ArlaoD..: U. S. GeoL 8Drve1 Prot. Paper 129.
pp. G!-71, 1922. IlIRl', H. D., Oeolotlc Itracture ot Ina Juao C••fOO
aDd Idjae.ot couot17, UUb. I U. I. Oeo1. .Umt Bun. TDI, pp. 1 • ..,11&,
19201.. LoDlr"en. C. R. o TM ,re·Trlaal1e gDcootOnD.it1 . . . .tbern
Nevada: Alii. . .rOOf. ScI•• Dtll au., vol. 10. pp. 88-100, 1I2~
• GlIIul),. JemH . . .41 Jleeelde, I. B., Jt., 8e4JmeataJ7 1'OC.' of the
SID Rd•• Swen an4 lOme .cIJaent arlal Ia. eIIaterD Utall t u.. e. Geol.
SutTe, Prot. Pmpel' 180, pp. 81-110, 1928. Lo_I"U, C. R.• OeoJOI'J
ot tbe :\fadel,. MountalDe,. Ne... wltk a aeetloo to Ille OraD.. Wula
Clta. ill WHtera Arlsona: Am. J'our. lei., Dtb ICI'•• 9'01. 1. pp. 30-81,
IIJ:!I. Ct'OIII. Whit..... 8tradcraphlc r.uUI of • recouDlllMaace ia
1fC8tem CoJorndo and . .atera Utab: Jour. OaoloU, .... 1. 11. pp.
I 83+-8'T8, 1.0T.
 CFlAfTDl 1. GEOGRAPHY

LOCATION AND 'EXTENT

northeast boundary is Halls Creek. As thus appl·?xi.
matelv outlined the region has 0. length of 90 nul•.",
The Kaiparowits region lies mostly in GIl'field a bre~dth of SO miles, and an .8 rea of 5,400 square
County and Kane County, southern Utah, but inel~des miles, nearly an in Utah. It is a vast expan... of
a sma.ll part of Coconino County, Ariz. (See fig. 1
undeveloped grazing land utilized .by a spa),se popu·
and pI. I.) It is approximately included between par· lation tha.t clusters ill a few small set·
t1ements where water for irrigation is
available. It is remote from the popu·
lation centers of Utah and Arizona.
The villages of Tropic, Cannonville,
and HendevilIe, near the head of the
Pari .. Va.lley, mark the terminus of
an automobile road 90 miles long that
reaches the Den"el' & Rio Grande
Western Railroad at :Marysvale, Utah.
From Marysvale a highway oIso ex·
tends 80 miles to Escalante and con·
tinues 35 miles to Boulder as a wagon
road.
The five settlements-Tropic, Can·
non~ille, Henrieville, Escalante, and
,Boulder, situated at the base of tile
High Plateaus-are the only per·
manent centers of population, and the
l'Onds to them nre the only ones that
are kept in 1·epair. To reach the few
intermittently cultivated dry brms
and the temporary .tock ca.mps, l'Oads
haye been marked out down the
Escalante Valley, along Pine Creek
and Halls Creek, and down Paria.
I Creek. With suitable wagons it is pos·

I sible to reach W"rm Creek and t he

Circle Clill's and to cross the Wa ter·
pocket Fold, and at times supplies
have been brought to the settlements by
wagons from Kanab, 40 miles west;
from Green River, 100 miles north;
and even from Flagstaff, Al'i •. , 250
J 10:) MILLS
('I
L'~'~'~~~' ______-J' miles south. Except for the county
Ftouu I.-Map .bo .... l ... l'\e locllUon. ot th~ Kalparowtu Jf1.;Lon (Iba<ll!d 3rea) roads to Morys\'a1e and to Panguitch
and those in the immedia.te vicinity
allels 87· and 8S· and meridians 110· 45' and 112" of the villages, however, the recognized "ways of
80'. Its south and southeast ooundary is formed by going" may be called roads only for the want of a
Glen Canyon of the Colorado River; its west and better name. They are in reality trails with alternat·
nortb boundary follows the valley e>f ti,e Paria River. ing stretches of sand, bare rock, and steep illclines
the edge of the Paunsaugunt Plateau, the west ba .... over which with few mishaps a .kirlf111 dri"er may
of the Table Cliff Plntuu. imd the rim of the Aqusrius conduct a stl'ongly built, Iigh~ly loaded wagon. For
Plateau to its junction with the Wa.terpocket Fe>ld: its most of the Kaipal'owits region .addle horse" an(l
(
 BISTOIUCAL 8Ki:TCB
"ack trains arc the only practicable means of trans-
~rt_ (See pI. 4, C, D.) Only one established trail
crosses the Kaiparowit. Plateau.
The deep·cut iutedocking canyons tributary to the
Colorado, the buttressed walls of the Kaiparowita
Plateau, and its distance from settlements make the
eastern half of Kane County peculiarly difficult of
access, and the information obtainable from the few
stock men who have penetrated parta of this region
is meager and unreliable. The explorer must rely
on his e"perience and knowledge of topography to
lind routes nnd water holes.
THE MAP
The topographic base map that accompanies this
, report was prepared from plane-table .urvey. by
Moore, supplemented by maps of the counlry along
Glen Canyon made by the Colorado River survey.
of 19'21, by a m..p of the Powell National Foreot made
by the Forest Sel·vice, and by the reoonnaissance maps
of the Powell Survey. (See pl. 1.)
In the Cir(·le Clift's, along the Waterpocket Fold,
and in the middle part of the Escalante Volley An area
of about 6;;0 .quare miles was mapped on a scale of
1 inch to the mile, wit h plone toble and alidade. AI·
titudes were determined by vertical angles b..sed on a
bench mark of the United States Coast and Geodetic
Survey in Halls Valley .nd loe.tions by stodia trav-
erse and trioniulation. Section corners were located
southeast of Escalome and northeast' of the Cirele
(~ilfs, and their position •• nd those of control points
in the inten·ening area were established by primary
triangulation. In the region east of the Paria River
and along the south flank of Lhe Kaiparowits Plateau
about 1,450 square miles was mapped wilh plane table
and olidade on L scale of 1 inch to the mile, and a
reconnaissance topographic map' was prep&red. This
survey showed th.t even the largest otream CQUI'SeS
and the most prominent cliff. and meSBS were inac-
curately or quite erroneously represented on the
earlier maps.
The geologic mapping may be rlassed as detailed
reconnaissl\noe. For parts of the region knowledge
of the stratigraphy and structure is insufficient for
precise mapping; for other parts more of the geology
i, known than is practicable to represent on the base
map. The geologic boundaries in much of the region
Ire based on mapping with plane table and aJidade 00
a sca.le of 1 inch to the mile. Though the geologic
map does not attain a uniformly high degree of ac-
tuncy, it probably records fairly the significant fea-
tures in the ~ology of southeastern Utah. (See pl. 2.)
HISTORICAL SKETCH
IUlUIII EIIT.AIIAS
The occupation of central Me:rico by the Spaniards
ill 1514 was followed by a series of exploratory upe-
5
dition. to the regions t.hat lie to the north. The firot
expedition, unde.r Nuiio de Guzman, met with disaster
before reaching tlIe Rio Grande. Marcos de Niza
was more fortunate. Accompanied by three other
priests, the Borbary negro Estevanico, and a small
body of soldi...·., he t .... venied Sonora and western
Arizona, reaching Zuiu in 1540. Jlis descl'iptions of
the &Cenery and especially of the intereoting pueblo
~il1ages led to the ela,b orately organized expedition of
Franciseo Vt\squez de Coronado, president of New
Spain. From Zuiii as a base, Coronado disp&t ched
expeditions into surrounding regions. Junn de Pa-
dilla and Pedro de Tovar discovered the unique Hopi
villages, and Garcia L6pea de Cardenas came, in his
journey northweshurd along the Moenkopi trail, to
Il great river whose blnks extended "three or four
leAgues into the ai .. " and Wei.. "broken into pinnacles
higher than the tower of the cathedra! of Seville."
ljndoubtedly Cardenas wa. the first white man to see
nny part of the Colorado cllnyons.'
After the expedition of Coronado (1540), Spanish
exploration included visits to Lhe COflst of California
(Cabrillo, 1542-43; Velosco, 1564), excursions among
the pueblos between the Rio Grande and the little
Colorado (Espej 0, 1582-83), and the founding of
Santa Fe by Juan d. Onate (16U). E:lplorations in
the Gulf of California were made by Vizcaino (1595-
96), Iturbi (1615), Ortega (1632), Carboneli (1636),
Can•• (1642), Casanate (1648), and Pinodero (1664).
The Jesuits (1642-1766) added little to the e:listing
store of geographic knowledge, but the Franciscans
(1707-1812) undertook mftny expeditions into un-
known territory now included in New Me:lico, Ari-
zona, Utah, and California. So far I.S known only
one of these famoU3 entradas ruched the land. beyond
the canyons of the Colorado.
Silvestre Velez de Escalante, min.i8tro doctrinero of
Zulli, ond Francisco Atana.io Dominguez, visitador
comisa .. io of New Mexico, set out from Sa.nts Fe on
July 29, 1776, for the purpose of discovering a better
mute f ..om New Mexico to Monterey than the one by
way of Gila, Mojave, and San Gabriel. In addition
to these two priests the party included Juan Pedro
Cisneros, alcalde mayor of Zuni, ne!na.rdo Miera y
Pacheco, capitin milidano of Sant.. Fe; and live
soldiers--Joaquln Lane, Lorenzo Olinre.., Lucrecio
Muniz, Andros MUiiiz, and Juan de Aguilar y $im6n
Lucero.' From the ' clear description by Esc&!.ante
hi. route is readily traced. It led through the La
Plata Mountains, across the eastern part of the Great
Sage Plains to the base' of the La Sal Mountains,
thence northwestward acrees the Colorado and Green
'.01 ac!diUooa' _tal .. _tid rererencCli, lee Gre'lOl'J. H. 11., The
NenJo ~DtI7----- ~ocr.pblc and hydrOi(rAphlc: roeoDDahianDCt of
parb! of ArIJoDIII. New )(edco, aod Utah: U. I. G.I. a.nej' Water·
IIIppl.1 Paper Iso. 1911.
Il:aeaIaate 8. V. ... DI,rlo, la DocumeatM JW)ra I, IIlatDrla ,.
.Uslco, pr. t . .,.01. I, p. 178.

6
Rinrs and through the Wasatch Pla.teau to Utah
Lake.
It is ditlicult to picture tho motives tha.t 100 Ese&lanto
to take this extremely circuitous l'oute. He ma.y have
been in1luencod by current rumol'S of a. great ri ~er
north a.nd east of Monterey, which might lea.d hIm
to the California. coast, and by vague accounts of tribes
and villages north of Tusaya.n, but a. re&ding of .the
Diuio gives the impreasion tht zeal for e¥ploratJOn,
the pure joy of seeing unknown lands a.ud unknown
people, exe,·ted a. strong inftuence. Whatever the rea-
sons that brought Esca.Iante's party to the west base
of the W.sa.tch, it was evident to the lea.der that fur-
ther tra.vel to the north a.nd west would lead • way
from his prospective goal. He therefore turned south,
crossing BtrelUIl5 leading from the mountains_ Find-
ing that the India.ns knew nothing of roads to the
sea or to the 8pa.nieh settlements at the south, the
contemplated journey to California was aba.ndonOO
.... ith keen regret a.nd the decisioo reached to return
to Santa Fe t1l1'Ough the Moqui villllgea. This deci-
sion necessitated crossing the Colorado and long JOUI'-
neys through unknown lands. With tho scant sup-
pli.. remaining, supplementOO by seed. and pitlon
nuts, the party made their wily dong the blse of the
Wasatch to the Virgin River, thence elllltward fl'om
the vicinity of 8t. George, heading ca.nyons, crossing
plateaus, following dry valleys, ILnd finally reaching
the Colorado September 26. After a 12 days' search
tor a possible cl"OIISing among the cli/s and sharply cut
tributary gorll"8 of Marble Gorge and Glen Canyon,
an old Indian ford was found at the point aince known
as the CroS!1ing of the Fnthe.... The route southeast
from the crossing presented no great difficulties, and
the party reachOO Oraibi November 1ft, 1776, and Zuiii
January 2, 1777. The traverse of the plateal1ll lind
gorges north of Grand and Glen Canyons and the
cl'OII8ing of the river is perhaps the most difficult
undertaking credited to the intrepid Spanish padres.
The Hurricane Cliffs and Kanab Canyon are formi-
dable obstacles, and from the Paria outward the region
ill deeola.te and abandonOO even by Indiam i it is a
«no man's land" that sapar.tea the Utes from the
roving N syo.jos. Access to the Crossing of the Fathers
is through a narrow gorge, down precipitous slopes,
and crossing is feasible only at low w.tel· or on· ice
during abnormal winters. (See pI. 4, 0.) Lieutenant
Marshall,' who in 1872 found th.. ford but did not
cross, described the region 8S "one of remarkable
gl'811deur and almost unique in its loneliness." So far
as known Esc.lante was the first white mon to traverse
southern Utah and the only e:tplorer to enter Glen
Canyon before Powell's memorable tra..e...." nearly a
century later.
I U. e. ~ auue,. W. lOOtb v ....."'Pt.• .,oL 1. p.
TRB II:.A1PAROW1TS BlIG10lll
I TBI TUl'PERS
During the second and third decades of the nine-
teenth century trappers llnd fur ,t raders crossed the
IWckies a.nd pushed their way into the Valley of the
Colorado but their wanderings, which m8.rk a note-
worthy ~riod in western exploration, added nothing
to the knowledge of southern Utah. After the over-
throw of Spanish power in 1821, a few traders ex-
tended their operations westward from Santa F. p~r­
haps as far aa the lower San Juan, ond Chittenden ,.
expresses the belief tha.t in 1824 William Bicmell, a.
trappel', wintered on the Colorado below the mouth
of the Green River. The Mission Fur Co. and its suc-
cessor, the American Fur Co., operated chiefly within
the Missouri River Basin. The business of the Rocky
Mountain Fur Co. centered on the Upper Green River
in Wyoming a.nd extended westward to Salt Lake
and northwestward into Idaho.
Camps and winter quarters were established on the
streams of the Uinta Mountains and on the Grand
River, a.nd partie!l WGrG at work along the Colorado be-
low Camp Mojave. The intervening stretch of about
600 mil~ WIS unmolested. It offered few attractions
to the trappel's, It was not beaver country nor buffdo
I'Inge. The river "could not be approached," its
Lordering countt)' was" desolate," " desert," and t"av-
6t-sed by "impassable chasms." Little food was to
be obtained, and few India.ns were there to be robbed_
The fur hunters were interested in bea..ers, not
scenery. With the exception of Jp.mes O. Pattie,"
who in 1826 made his way northeastwu.rd from Mojave
to the Green River along the general course of the
Colo"ado, no trapper is mown to have been on or near
the gl'elLt river between the mouth of the Green a.nd
the mouth of the Virgill_ Pattie's narrative is a las-
cinatinlt story of trapper life, but Wlfortunntely it is
so deficient in geographic description that the route
followOO can not be traced. After it 1....08 Black
Canyon the tl'a.il is picked up with assurance only at
the headwaters of the Platte.
Frtlmont" summarizes the knowledge of 1843 in
the following terms:
The Colorado Is but little known, Ind tha.t l1ttle de.rlved
frOiD \"l.C\le report. Tbree hundred mUM ot Ita lower part, as
It approRchea the Gult ot California, Is reported to be Imooth
and tranquil i but its upper part 1. manIfestly brokeD Into
mllll7 mUll and rapid&. From many descrtpUons ot trappers.
It 1.1 probob1e that In its toamlul course omODI It. loCtJ preci-
pices It preaents many 8Ceuea ot wUd C1'aDdeur; and though
Ooft'ering maD)' tera.ptatlona sDd otten discussed, no trappers
I
• C..ltt~ntltQ, H. W.• T~ A.orlean rllf' trd. of the fir We.t. vol 2.
pp. 5QO-607. 1902.
U PaUle. J. 0 •• Peno •• l aclveulurH of Jam... O. PaUM, ol K:.otuck,.
e4J.led b, Tlmot~ i'llDt. 1813.
.. FNmoat. J , C., R'-'1)ort of the uplol'l_. upedltloa to tbe Hoek,.
llooalal •• ,. 18"2: :!8t~ Coal., 2d .na., I. Doe. 17.. , pp. 129-130.
as. IS8&. lUG.
 HIlITOBIOAL 8ltETOH 7
baYe been round bold enouab to undertake a ,"olare which bas
these ideas in nUlld, Powell returned to Utah in 1870
80 c:ertain • pr06pect of • fatal termination.
"lid from headquarters on the upper Kanab explored
I ves" pays his ~pecta to the Grand Ca.nyon in the canyons of the Virgin and thG Uinkaret Plateau
.
the vicinity of Cataract Creek in the following terms.: JOvestigated .
• trail to the bottom of the canyon near
'
Oun b.s beea !be IIrst ...d wlll doubtl... be tbe I..t party Toroweap, and on his retul'O crossed the river at the
of white. to .,.lslt thl. prodtleu Jocality. It &eeID8 lotended mouth of the Paria on a ferryboat built of lumber
by nature that the Colorado RI"er, alon" the ,reater part brought from Kanab.. After consulting with the in-
ot Its Jonel1 and majestic W1l7. shall be forever UDTlatted and.
undlBturbed.
dispensable Mormon scout, Jacob Hamblin, it was
decided to have supplies taken by pack train to the
:rOWELL AND WHEELEIl 8UIll'BYI
mouth of the Uinta, the mouth of the Dirty Devil,
During 1867, 1868, and 1869 Maj. J. W. Powell the Ute ford (Crossing of the Fdhers), and the mouth
ws.s enllaged in general scientific exploration in west- of the Paria.
ern Colorado and eastern Utah under the auspices, of This second expedition left Green River, Wyo., May
the Smithsonian Institution. While engaged in this 22, 1671, and the mouth of the Green River Septem-
work he mllde the memorahle trip down the Green bel' 19. Inability of the pack train to reach the mouth
and Colorado Rivers. Leaving Green RiveI', Wyo., of the Dirty Devil with provisions compelled the
the old Indian crossing, May 24, 1869, Gunnison'. el<pedition to abandon one boat and to hasten the
crossing of 1~, now Green River, Utah, was pused journey to the Crossing of tbe Fathers, whel'e supplies
July 13, the mouth of the Green River July 18, the h ..d been cached. The party continued to the mouth
Dirty De~il14 (now Fremont) July 28, the Siln Juan of the Paria and thence to Kanab for winter quarters.
July 31, Ilnd the Little Colorado August 10. This Powell left the river party at the Crossing of the
e:ttraordino.ry journey ended August 30 at the mouth Fathers, followed the Ute tr.il to Puio, and pro-
of the Virgin River. The course of the Colorado from ceeded to Salt Lake City. He thus became the first
the mouth of the Green River to the mouth of the geologist to tl'O verse the southwest base of the Kai-
Yirgin was covered in 23 days, it distance of ~39 miles, parowits Plateau.
more than 23 miles a day. The task of getting the The plan to l'ecover the boat left at the mouth of
boats along, overcoming obstacles, procuring food, the Dirty Devil led to the first eumination of the
and recording distances and directious left little time upper tributaries of the Poria, the hea.dwatera of the
or enel'gy fol' scientific observations beyond the im- Escalante, the Waterpocket Fold, and the Henry
mediate river bitn1<s. As stated by Powell:" Mountains. Starting from l{anab in May, 1872, rune
men in ch ..rge of A. H. Thompson made their way
Our last tr(p waa 10 hurrIed, owLDC to the loa of nUon., up to Johnson Canyon through Swallow Park and
and the seleDtlftc Iu&uumenta were so badlJ' luJured that we
were not IOtJ&tIed with the resuUs obtalDed~ AO we Uall ·
along the base of the Paunsaugunt Plateau, where
once more attempt to plea throucb the canyon_ in boats. Thomp"on says:
. derotIng two or three learl to the trip. Trnnt wa. exceedingly slow aud: c!lmcult. Our procress
19'0.otten barred by a canTon, along wbose brink we were
Altbough the scientific results were meager, this compelled to follow till some brollen-down !dope afforded a
first traverse of the Colorado bronght an end to the WI7 to delCeDd. thea up or down tbe canyon until another
fants.stic .torie3 of swiftly revolving whirlpools, long brokeD alopo permitted no to a ....lId. tbea across • m... to
underground passages, and plnnging waterfalls. It another caDyon, repeatloc the mu.nelver • d.ozeD timea In halt
that Dumber of mile..
proved that the river could be n ..vigated by darin"
souls with less di1liculty and perhaps less danger than The Paria was reached near the mouth of Yellow
is involved in traverein" its banks &CI'OSS waterless , Creek and the traverae continued to the head of
tributary canyons and along dry e1iffs perched thou- Table Clilf Creek [Henrieville Creek].
sands of feet above the stream. As expressed by Bere we eUmbed 1.000 reet up a ItHp cla7 rld.. hulBl
the Piutes, the god T .... -wo..ta had made the Colorado an averace 810pe 01 20- aDd ottell DOt more thin IS teet
[wld.l at tbe top to lb. head ot • Darrow nUo,. ""lied
gorges &.II a trail &cro&S the arid I..nds and when later Potato Vane7 [Upper Vallet. a brauek or tke EB<alantel.
that trail was closed by sending a mighty stream to Do"" tbl..... traveled S mil"" ao4 mad. Camp' at a """I
OCI'upy it, no route to the beautiful land to the west "PriDe In tb. mldot or a heautltol m..do ....
remained. From this camp at the ba.. of the towering pink
To obtain fuller Imowledge of the region obviously precipices of the Table Cliff Plateau, now the site of
nquired more time, a.nd this involved stores of pl'O- summer ranches, Thompson'· studied the 8Urround-
visions suitably placed along the ri yer route. With log country. H. saVA:
To tbo north ODd S mil.. ~lstaDt Table OIUr Platen .....
DI?a. J. c.. Report upoo tb. ColorafJo BiTer of the 'West: S6tb
3,000 feet above u, Its fa~ 8 8Decealfon of IDaeeellSibJe preeS..
c.•.. tat Ita., B, !!JI. Doe. eo. 1161.
The 1UUUe .. Dirty DevU," ",Tet) b7 I.dl 811auer. of Powell'. PIU'17,
II.
"108 app~rl"lc tor tbt. es:ceptiooaU7 ..a6-.lade. _I,.n... tT_1ft.
\I Pow.D. Z. W.O I:splorati. . of the Colorado Rlyel' ot ~ Welt ad
at THm.(MK)D. ,t.., H., Report 00 • trip 10 tN moetb. ot' tbe Dlr11 DcTiI
Rt.,er, la r ••ell, I. W.o Eaploralloa or the Colorado Bt ..er fJf tb. W.t
hi tr1hatarl-. p. J04I. SmJ~DIaD Iuat .• lSTI. 1104 it. trlbut.,Iew.,. pp. 133-1t6, 1875,
 ----------------------------------------~~-
--~
~ ----~~---
TBII KAIPAROWITS IIEGIOlf
8
plcea, Ind .toop, broken, ir... elld .lopotI, From the ba.. of
t.e eUIb IOUI rI~ run out to tbe edge or the v.II07, To the
ea.t. abOTe camp, tbe, roU off into a lo~', Darrow p1et.eIU.
lIoUllded on the ..... br • weU-muked \lue of duro, ber!DOlnl
near tho toot of Table ClIff ' Plateau aDd "'DUnolng "",th_
e(} mil... to. polDt OD the Colorado Blftr oppoalte Ibe Navajo
Wou.tallt. At tbe wutera termlDU8 tb. 110e .. tomewhu.t
broken, but toward the ... t It loereo... lu hetcht tlU It last It
Dada tor ao miles an lnaece:&alble rerUCIll Win, 2,!JOO feet
hlltb. Ita I.stern hounclorr 1M • line of cUtts. eommeoetnr Rt
the foot of Potlto Villey and prelentJDI an .hOOlt IlDbroketl
tront to tbe Colorado Rh·.r at a 1)(Jinc but .. mUe. lbo". tbe
t¥'rmlnUM ot the .-nteru line, tbwr g1\'tn, to the plateau a trape-
zoldol out:1oe. b&T!oc a leo,,"tb of M rulles, I breadth It: the
bue ot 15. at tbe opex 4. nnd atandln, at an attitude ot 0.000
te('t aboye ketO leyel. For Itl or 20 miles the we.em eDd J.
rut by • perfect n(~lWork ot cu,nyolls nod "'bort llneli ot cUlb,
mnldn. travel ftcr08l it .Imoat Im~Hlble. The mIddle aDd
hHtorn portlOl1l a,... qUIte level, Ind wben once 00 tile awnmit
prOlPUI In 101 dlreet:tOll 18 eo.,. 80 far 1 .. 1 han heeD ab:e
to (lII.certaln. we were tbe lIut whIte ntco to nsit Ule ploteau.
'l1J. Indian ume fur a $OJaH elevation near the oorth end 11
J[at-p4r-o·wltll (CIOtlOD l'etk], 10 'Te taIled tbe wbole plotnu
111 that Ufile.
Continuing the course down the upper valley, the
p..rty reached the stl'eam which Hamblin had mis-
tllken for the Dirty Devil IUId down which he had
f()ul:ht hi. wly for 50 miles through quicksand and
tortuous channels in all unsncce!i8ful atte,mpt to bring
s"pplies for Powell'. boat party of 1871, ThompliOn
and his fellow topographer. DeUeub.ugh, realized that
the £tI'eom they had boon following was not I,he Dirty
Devil but R pl'eviously unknown tributary to the
Colo1'8do, the mouth of which had not been noted by
the expeditions of 1800 and 1811, A view from the
top of I cliff ..t the crest of the Esc.la.nte Ifold, near
the present village of E....,alanl •• made their position
r1ear, Thompson 11 writ •• :
On rftleblIl. the Humm.it we touud we were 00 tbc "'estern
rIm of I .....In-Uk. ""Ion, 70 mil.. 10 1e"lIth by 00 In breadtb
1..:1 extendIng tram. UK' eosteru. .lorA ot tbe AqulrlUl Plateau
on the larth to the CoIontdo River on the lJOUtb and trolD tbe
Hf'nr), MouutalDl cn the ea_t to our potnt at ohse"aUOD 00
the ""e-.t. A larae portion of tbls area II Dated Mouton. rock,.
an
t,..... l'fIO(j )0 dlrectlons by • IlCrtect llbyrlnth of oa:row
J'OI"Je., IIOmetlwei aeellltni to l"l'(lU Ncb ot.ber but IIDaUy unlt-
hll' In I l\rlnclpol on8, wba»e b:nck line could be- troced.. Cuttlnlf
it.. " '''1 to t~ COlorado. tew mlltl nb('lYt the moutb of the San
JUIlU Rlnr.
Away to the ..st and 50 lillie. dlliltant rose the Btory U:oun-
hll ... tbelr cra, lluPl'tl Ih'eaked 'A'lth Ion" lInel ot white bl
tho ttUO\Y whleb y('t n..'IIlttJooo In the 8UlcbCll benr theh' aumnl1ta.
On our ' ·U)...... doWD tbe Colonulo River lu 1811 we hfld
(J('t['rn.t~cl the moutb tlr tll(!l Dh·ty Dl"' il Ri\'l~r to b~ Rbont 30
mile. DOrtllf',ult trow Ibt~ · Dluunt lllu,;. teah ' uK It at least SO
tulle. trom our Pre:I@Dt Cl.nlP and dtrt't.1:ty nCl'g" tbe ue(wOI'k
ot CIl1))'01l' bPi'ore u,. 'ro proceea rutbt'r lu t~ direction we
bad been puraulD&' \\·ftS lmposalb~. No Inimal without wine-
eould enulti tbe d'-"t~[l lUlcbes In the ~n&totle balihl at our
lef,t. Tbe etrelUll "'hid! we had foJluwt"d Iud wbor.e toune
!lOOn hemlDe loel 1u il'e multitude of cbums betore U$ was DOt
Ule one we were 10 se"reb or but In unknown, uonamed rlnr,
t1rnIDtnQ' the cnsttrD ,lope ot the A\luftrlus Plateau and O:Owin,
u noaPliOIli. A. Y.• 0,. cit .. N, 111-139.
1tbrou.,;b a deep.
tnc our party to
Darrow caD10D to tbe Colondo RiTer. Be1in~
be tbe discoverers, we decided to eon thla
stream In hODor ot "ather Esc.laote, the Old SPflDlsh explorer,
E&callnte Rtver 80(} tbe ecuntr)" wblcb it dr.lna r.ciJ.laote
B..lo,
The "'estern bound.ary ot tbe bl'lsln Is the 'fertleal waU rorm~
Inl tbe ",terJl edge oi tbe KaipArowits Platea u. i'rom tb.,
yer1 base ot the clift' the dr.toBle I, to the Escolante River by
Darrow, deep elDYoos. preaentJng apparently lmpossable bar ..
Flers to Irn"e) toword the aoutb. To the nortb and 20 mile.
away rose tue castero slope of the Aquarius PlntcDu. It.
Icneral trend Js north aDd south, but Iwnl to tbe oorthweat
RntJ about 40 mile. from oor point ot observatlon a gNat
_Uenl an",1e proJec..U H8't1\'ard to~' .rd tbe Henry Mount a ins,
the slopes at Its bose seem lol' to continue out 8 long distance
and form. JaW', brokrn ridle betwccn canyon. rUDo1o;: iiotltb-
wllrd tOo tbe Escntonte Rh"er and otbel'1i rucnlng nortbward.
Here, It Anywbere, tbls caDyon rt;1on eouid be crcSfed, :wd 1
(I«:,ided to CO eastward II10ni the alol>C or Ibe Il-eat plAteau to
the salient spoken of nnel thea Rttempt tho pllSSOI;e along :he
1·ldge.
With the position of the Henry Mountoins estnb-
lished. ThompsolL chosen route along the base of the
Aquarius Plateau across the Waterpocket Fold to the
Henry "fountains and Trachyte Creek and rea checl the
Colorado near the place where the Oan01l.ila had been
I cached the previous yenr, Finding til. boat iILt.d,
four ruen of the party used it for an uneventful trip to
thc mouth of the Pari .. and later down the river to
the mouth of the Kanilb, Thompson with the l'e-
I
maindel' of the party retraced Ihe route to the E'SCII-
lante ar..d after milking ostronomical observations. es-
tablishing topographic atotions, nnd sketching the !ea-
tm..,s of the Escalante Bosin, continued on to Kanab,
\Vbeelet'" states that Lieutenant linrshlll of hi.
stal!' rowe 0 tl'..erse {I'om the Parin settlement to the
Crossing of the Fathers ill 1872, and his "progress
ma.ps"" indicate Lhat during the same year all of
southern Ut..h and northern Arizona between Nevada.
and ~he Waterpocket Fold and north of the Coloraclo
was mapped by hls topographic porties, but there is
no other evidence to show that tho Wheeler sUI'Ye), ()f
1872 was extended to cover the Kaiparowits region,
ond Dellenbaugh" is authority for I,he statement thot
the data on thls part of Wheeler's map were tnken
from sketch maps prepared by Thompson, The mop
itself iii obviously the product of long-distance sketch-
-ing, It is also prob ..ble that tho mop of the region
from the mouLh of the Sun JUln alon" the Water-
pocket Fold, which i. credited to Lieutenant Hallie
(1873), i. iu part at le.st based on Thompson'. data,
GIlbert" credits the triangUlation of that region to
Thompson and the topography to W, H, Gr ..ves,
SIrnngely enough, no mention i. made by Wheeler <}f
the work of Thompson or of the observations malIc I:'y
::,:. s . G("Of::. Surv~)'. W. IQOth lies:. RI!(,tt,. Yol, 1. p. 52, 188'J.
U. I . GI!O" nd (}col.
1813. Bu""". W. loot h. lin• Tot:4)J:;t"vbtca
.. l Alln
: Dellt"Dbau,,,, .... S .• peOiOoal l.."Ow ....lnlc:atlC'OIi. April 2:' 1918.
aUbert. O. K .. R~" on the C('Ole.:y of t'lle neary lfOllDt. l~
ed" pI- 1. 1810.
U , ti, (a·:OI.OGTC,'.J. suftv.t::r l' no,.. t;SSIQN .\L P.\I'ER 11>\ PLATE a

.- -----

GENEII,\I.lZED VIEW OF TilE KAII'A.1l0W1TS I\EGIOS LOOKING SOIlTH FIlOM TilE CTi\H-.\IIIZ0NA. BOU"D.\IlY LINE
 11 ISTOR1C.u. SKETCH

powell's pol'ties of 1869, 1871, or 1872. . In fnot, prepured by the Geologicnl Survey, in 1921, these
Wheeler ignores lhe work done by nll the pntties of sheets haye constituted the sole snulnble information
the Powell Survey. regarding t·he topography aud drn.inage of tltis region.
I'i IS74 Thompson, assisted by ~T. H. Gran's and They present in bold outline the dominn.nt features
J. H. Renshawe, completed mlps of the Aquarius nud ndmu-ably portray the qua.lity of relief, but out-
Plateau and the northern t.ribuluries of the Escalante .• ide <>f lhe routes t,·.versed by Thompson and promi-
Bnd extended the survey to lhe Henry 1I[ountoins. nent features visible from easily accessible vie\vpoints,
The following information regarding explorotion the information they g1"e is of little value us a guide
nnel mapping in 1875 has been gi¥en by F. S. Dellen- to further explorations or as a base on which !,reologic
. baugh: n data III"Y be. presented. The conditions that SUr-
I hn\' c rl"bOlU[JSOU"s .Uury of' (be trip be made 1u 1875. 1'belr rounded the work prohibited more than gene,,.1 re-
supply comp lith. SCluon ","'ns 011 tbe southeast s.trle of Rabbit connaissance. The sho,·t siops lIIade by the river par-
Ynlley. Gllbe-rt ,tarted tot ~he Benry Moun tnl 11S On Au lot~st t.ies permiUed only generalized observations along
12. 1875. Thompsou went to 8 camp nbout )2 mil es abot'o
Parlu ~ttleml'ut.. th1.!ll to D. point IIbont 3 ml : ~ b('IQW tlle " old
Glen Cn.nyon Bnd at the few pillces where the canyon
se>ltlemeut," toon to . camp iu Sentinel Rod t ("rahwenp j Creek wnll could be scaled. The land parties likewise we,'e
.. wnsb." about 20 wiles.. He llud difficulty In Hndtng the hampered by lack of time. Thompson could give but
trail. showlug thllt he Wthi on one which was pr()bo.bly the eight dRyS to n survey of tbe Escalante Valley and the
El Yndo trull, dud he wcot fo thli place (EI Vndo] l_he next Kfliparowits Plateau-about 3,000 squllre miles of
day. Then he went to Warm Creek. then to 0 Iloin t below
Pnrhl setllpDlcut ognln, then bnck. to PUD;1lilch, when ce he
intricately diS>ected nnd structur.lIy complex country
bid come some few dnys before. Earlier . he wos in Tun tnlus in which the relief exceeds 6,000 feet. .
Volle)' (July 19) Rnd worked bls way to the slopcg ot thl' The geologic results of the early survey" mny be
A(lUUrluB, cnm,lIog on July 20 at wbot we culled )I084uito summarized as follows:
Camp ht" 1872 becnuse we were Ctltcll sth'e thC're 00 n ruiny Powell's trips down the Colora.do canyons in 1869
night. He tben went to Boulder Creek, to hea d ot Potato
Creek, to False Creek [Horris Wllsh], ultd 10 Last Cbnnc(t lind 1871" gave the first knowl.edge of the geologic
Creek [Collett W.sh] • • n-lvlllg .t this I• • t on July 28, 187G. fcatmes of Glen Canyon nnd its .immediate vicinity.
On AUGust 2, he WB9 at bis c3mp 26 , "GilbcrL GrOT'eR. Howell" in 1875 recorded observations on the stro·
Jack [Hillers], find m)'sel t storted for tbe eud of the KII.1· tigrnphy nnd 5t.cueture of lhe region b.tween the b.""
poro~1ts Plutuou. Came about 25 miles dO~'n the 1'nlley, of the Aqua.ri us PlAteau and the Henry Mount,"ns,
l;){mbed the ant bench ond up about 300 teet of the second,
.... hell we cnme to a plnce we could not g~t o~er, W'OI'ked on
briefly desr.l'ibed the 'Valerpocket nnd Escalonte
It aad cot tile wule, Net, up, elUDe down to the lower bencb Folds, and measured a section in the upper Poria Vol-
aDd camped. Tied the mules up on account of no water. ley. Gilbert" in connedion with his study of the
A:l1Iust S. Fin isbed our trnU Ilnd got to the top or the plateau Henry ~[ount.in., in 1875 and 1816, outlined the sali-
at 9.30. R<lde till 2.30, muklng 15 miles be(ore we retu:bed ent physiographic fea~Ul'es of lhe Waterpocket lIexure,
lbe end of ' tbe plateau, 'Vos 00 th e end about two hours,
Got lCO<IeUc benrlng9 ond a lew tOpo,gr8.lIblca.1. Reached water tltt Escnlonte Basin, and the Knipnrowits Plale.u.
tbat Walter lGro:ves] hnd found In the mornlot, a bout halt He remarks:
put 1, when our mllies had a chlluce to drink. 'l'be 1trst Two munths would be for too sbol·t 8 period in wbich to
",,,ter .Ioee .resterddy D1orning. suney a thousand Iquare miles In Pe-nnsyh'aula or llUnols,
"Wednesday, August .. .. • -. It to(}k us about two but Illuong the Colorado plnteams It proved RumcieDt. A lew
hoara to ,ct down !)()() t eet of the tlrtit cUff, ond our cnwp coropl-ebensh'c 'Views from rnountaln tops ga"e Ule Iweral
wu lOme 0 miles from tbe comedown. We renched our caulp dldl1lbutlou of too tOfwotions, and the remnlni!er ot the time
of the, 3d lllstnnt ubout n.ao n, 111. Reached tJLmp at u'p. m." wos &ppnt in the examlDiltloll of rtll.e localltlea wbleb best dis·
The>" then went ou bock from tWa co_mp ()u Lo!!t Chnnce played tbe pecuUar features o( tile atructure. So tborougb
Creek (0 n camp on Pine Cl'eek a mile above itl Junction with w:l1I tbe diaplay and 80 lIati~laetory tbe uamluntioD thar lU
tbu Escalnnte. I, SO w Mormons from Pan gultcb, who tlrtl Ill'epnrtllg mJ' repc)l·t I 'b ove relt 1~1l tbon e\'er before tbe desire
talklnC' ab~nt makIn, n s~ttJelDcut hel'e. Ad vised them to call to reyh;1t the ft.e1d and pro\'e JOS coficlusiou!I by mOl'e extended
the place E..,alaDte." obSCTflltlon.
ThcD1~n went out theD across Lhe Aqunrius Plateau to
the luppl)' compo Dutton" in 1875, 1816, and 1877 mapped the we~t
The work of the Powe.1I Survey in the Kaiparowits end of the Kaipllrowits Plateau and the "egion about
region resulted in a reconnaissancetopographio map the headwaters of the Escalante und the Pnria, but
on a scale of about! miles to the ineh ",ith • contour the age Assigned to the stra.ta and the desc"iptions of
interval of 200 feet, published by the United Stotes • POwell, 1 . W .• I!:~ploratlon (It tbe Colorado River 01 lbe W<-at nOIS
Goologien! Survey as the Henry Mountains, Escalunte, It_ Iributat1I."., 1876.
"Howell. K E ., U. S. Gc-og. ud Ceo!. Suro;erl W. 100th llu. Rt"pL,
Echo Clift's, and Kanab mnps. From the time of their 901. 3, PI'. 227-:«11, Uni.
appearance in 1886 until lhe mops showing the nreas • GJlberl, G. K .• Rl!port on t be reo lo~1 01 tile R('OI'7 Mount.IDs, pp.
1~13. U. S. G~OI;. anI! C<=ol. 8ur"" ~ )' Rock)' Mtn. negl(1o, 1817.
to be flooded by the proposed Lees Fet'ry dam wel'e
• DuttOll, C. E., R eport on Ute. f«l logy or til" BIt!) Plateau. or Vtllb.
• P'~Dal Wll'lmUOICOII(lo.
U. S. G('(lI;. and O~ol. survey Roelly ~HQ . RII,.;lon, 1880•

10
plateau .... 11...nd canyon. suggest that bis conclusions
were blsed on obRerntions made at vi.wpointA on the
Aquarius Plateau, many mileft distant.
CROBSIlfas 01' TBB COLORaDO
ClilJ dwellings Ire found on both sides of the Colo.
rado River and &Iso ... ithin it. canyons, and probably
the Pueblo tribes and I ..ter the .s-avajos and Ctes knew
of severll crossings of the Colo"ado which they occa-
sionally utilized. The known movements of warring
Indian bands significantly coincides with times of
!£Jw water 0,· times ... hen the river ... as f"ozen over.
Old trails lead to the Colorado at its junction witb
the O,-een, It the mouth of the Little Colorado, and
down Bright _luIgel ond Shinumo Crooks. Supai in-
form.nta stole thlt crossings by meaDS of rudely con-
structed rafea were made at Grand Wash, at the mouth
of tho Virgin, and at point. on the lower Colorado.
'fhe Splnish explorers, trappers, and hunters were
faUlili.,· with I.he long·used ford at Green River, Utah,
whie" ... IUi recommended by Gunnison (18531) as a
,"Oute {or a r.ilro.,1 and latcr w•• utilized by the
Dcnv~r " Rio Grande Hailroad. Tho Incient Ute
ford, now known a. the Crossing of tho l?athers, w••
r"discovered by }o;ocalonte on his eventful journey
from Utah Lake to the Ropi villages of Tusayan
in 1776.
Sy.temati~ sellrt'h for a fensible crossing of the
Colorado was the result of missionary enterprise of
the Mormon Church. In 18n8 the intrepid scout
JO<Xlb Hamblin
l'(.'4!8Ived Initructioul f~1I PrClldent Dl'lghllm Younl' to take crosse~ the river Ilt this point in 1862, traversed the
a CII1D[l&ny ot mell ODd yhtlt the Moqut .. or town ID.dlnUl, on
the eac .tde lIf the Oolom<1o Rlftl', 'Ibe object at thle .-is1t
wnll to learn IOwetblu, at the char3cter aud. CO.l1(UUon at tbl,
I"",ple aDd to ,.ko .~'.Dt.~. ot any Dpenl~ th~ mllht I
be to prMch the 'OQel to them 0 nd do them I'ood. 11'
Leaving Santa Clan (near St. George) on October At the Crossing of the Fathers U fording was difficult
28, the party of 12 men, including a Spanish inter-
THB KAIPAROWITS REGION
and the C"ossing ,s de!ICribed by Hamblin" as
follows:
Our l'Oute ",os I dlJlleult one to travel in the winter .eAsOG.
The ford ot the Colorado wu deep and d.llngeroua at aDy dme
but upeclllllr ,,' hen the .fee "'W' running. Sometimes there
were steep rocks to climb j III other times {he trll! ra.n aloDC
the 1I1w<»;t perpendicular sides of deep rock 83:. urea, n:urow,
wilh frequent short turn~ ,,'bere u ml!!step micht plunge UI Dr
our Ilnlmols buudreds ot feet below. SometLmes the preclpl-
10UII rocks were cOTered ,,'lth lee, which bad to be backed.
with our hatchet! before we could feel any surety of a toot.-
hold .
I
At one time we waited until Dearly midday tol' the sun
to melt tbe frost Dnd Ice on a steep rock, that we mJCht be
ollie to C'el our antmahi out of n pleh onto the plain above.
On thil occasion my J)Ock ulule sUpped ond tell, tben rolled
and BUd dowD. to "'ltbln about a YIn! of. the edp ot n cba!lID
below. We fRStened a Ion; lariat to the animal flDd laved it
und the pack.
lis extreme difficulty and the hostility of the
Navajos discouraged further use of tho Glen Callyon
crossing, but the project of converting the Hopis to
the Mormon faith;though delayed, wos not abandoned.
Explorations in soutbwestern Utah, which resulted
in the settlement of St. George and of fertile spots in
the Virgin and &nta Clara Valleys in 1861 encour-
aged the search fOI- I crossing which might make pos-
.ible the expansion of the aettlements into northern
Arizona and which did not involve the long, difficult
route to (he old Ute ford.
A feasible crossing was found at the mouth of the
Grand Wash. By swimming the horses and trans-
porting tbe luggage on a homemade boat Hamblin
Coconino Pla.teau, and pl'oceeded along ~he ba.se of the
San Francisco' )foulltains and across the Little Colo-
rado to Ornibi. This mute " ' LS found to be so long
,md tbe water holes so smon and 80 for apart that the
",turn from O... ibi 'VIS mode over the old Ute trail.
and dangerous" but was successfully accomplished on

.
preter (and a Welsh interpreted), proceeded by way
New Year', Day, 1863, after the lOES of eight hones.
of " Yellow Rocks Springs n (Pipe Springo),
trqnntd tbe ('Iln7Ol'. Illld platnl1& eut"'QI'(\ And Arter cl1mt>-
. On Hamblin's next "isit to Tusaysn in 1868, the
river wat .. gain croiSed at the foot of Grand Wash
lu; dllDJeI'ODIL clift's aud, cronlng eJ:tenaJ"e nS8urea La. tbe
rocka. tbe teDtb dar out from bome we crossed tbe Colorado but d a place near the blse of the Grand Wash ClilJs
lUu,r at tbe Ute ton] knowII in Bl)8ull!lk blstory as tbe Cro.r. ' the site of Pierce Fe ....y (now abandoned). On re~
lac of the hth.... tllrning from Oraibi by the saffie route in Mlly, 1863,
The t ....il beyond ..... reported "not only difficult Hamblm reported: "We had explored a practicable
but -,metimes very dangerous." thoug? difficult route for" wagon from St. George to
A second journey over this route was made in 1859 the LIttle Colorado." The length of tbis route a.nd
aud • third in 1~, so timed IS to C"OS$ the river at the scarcity of w.ter we..ot of the San Frllncisco Moun.
its low-water stage_ The return from t.he IIncom- tains led Hamblin to try a new route which he had
pletocl third trip, which WIS dolayed bv disastrous pre"iously reconnoitered, alld in 1869 " successful
trouble with the Navljos, was Iccomplish~ ill winter, crossing WIIS mlde near tho mouth of the Paria-the
present Lees Ferry .
• Little, J, .I. .. Jacob ".albUa. a lla"t;tU,... o( blll I,)('nonal expert'- '
em:!:, :M (!d., . ' ~, Salt 1.ak4 CUT. [).:o\\'ret N~"'", 1008.
 HISTORIOAL SKE]:CH 11
With Hamblin for a guide the Lees Ferry route was the region east of Glen Canyon was" better country"
used by Powell in 1871 and by Lieutennnts Hoxie and than that immediately west.
Marshall, of the Wheeler Survey in 1873. It hns be· The officials of the Mormon Church were favorably
come the established line of travel from Utah to Ari- impressed by the report of Silas Smith, and with
zona and is the only crossing availnble for wagons chnl'acteristic foresight they promptly issued a "cull
along the 788 miles of canyon between Green River, for the Saints to occupy the Sun Juan Valley." The
1:;tal1, nnd Needles, Calif. The Crossing of the pl'esidentof the church W88 firmly convinced that
]'athers, always dangerous, is no longer practicable j a "our people will want all the choice places where
portion of the landing has been blnsted away to block there is water 8nd grDss." But to occupy this £01'-
the route 0,1 m&ruudhlg Navajos. away region was D sOl'ious undertaking. Its climate,
In 1870 southeaslem Utah, comprising about one- its agrieultuI'R1 possibilities, and the attitudo of the
qu.rter of the Stnte, was In unkno,wn land. Powell few · Indians who made their home iu the adjoining
had marked tha course of the Colorado but found no regioru; were Ii ttle known. The proposed settlement
fe •• ible routes leading from it except those already could be reached only by the exhausting tnils th,rough
Imown, Explorntiona by scouts of the Mormon Moenkopi nnd Marsh Puss or by the st i!llonger Green
Church had I'esulted in locating smaU tracts of il'ri. Ri"ol' route. It was recognized thllt the interest. of
gable Innd at the east base of the High Plateaus, along the church demanded that the pioneers in the proposed
the Puia River, and at places south of the Colorado settlement have their commol'cial and religious fts·
canyons, Paria was founded in 1871, CannonviIIe and sociations with their brethren in the Utah villages
Escalante in 1875, and" about 20 families were Jiving rathel' than with the gentiles of the Colorudo mining
ill Potato Valley" in 1878. t"wn.; with :Escalante I'ather than with Durllngo.
To these isolated settlements at the end of long With these ideas in mind, the prodigious t3sk of con·
wads leading aeross the jagged cliffs of the High structing a wagon I'oad from Escalnnt.e ~CI'OSS Glen
Plateans came reports of good lands still fal'ther eRst Canyon to the middle Sun Juan Valley was nnder-
but sepal'nted from them by the impassable Glen Can. taken. After preliminary sconting on both sides of
yon, To confirm these l'epOits an eXp<ldition was the canyon, a crossing was selected at the Hole in the
organized for the o"plol'&tion of the San J Ulln V ~lley. Rock, n,t the lowe I' end of the" SO·mile desert," 41lliles
III 1879 a party of 25 men under the leadership of I south of the mouth of the Escnlante.
Silas Smith crossed the Colorado at Lees Feny and In Octobel', 1879, a party led oy Silas Smith, Platte
followed the mal'kedtrail through the Painted Desert Lymon, and Jess Nielson, with' a huge numl>er of
to the Hopi village of )loenkopi. "Led by inspira- workmen, horses, and wagons, was established in three
tiOIl," the pal'ty roached Marsh Pass on th.e Navajo camps, building a road down the desert, collecting
Resen-otion and, avoiding the canyon of the San Juan, supplies, and assembling material. for .. crude ferry
made their way eastward to the mouth of Montezuma boat. Between November 6 and December 29 aboul
Creek After exploring the San J uan Valley between 70 miles of road wa• .:onstructed, and early in Janu-
McElmo Creek and Butler Wash and obtaining infor. ary 80 wagons, nearly 200 men and women, 50 chil-
motion from roving prospectors, the party turned dren, 200 hOI'SeS, and 1,000 cattle h..d re ..ched the rim
nOlthw"rd to the Blue (Abajo) Mounb.ins. Continu- of the canyon. Work then centered on blasting the
ing Llong the base of the L. Sal Mountains, they canyon walls and bttilding a Oat· bottomed iJQat about
cl'osscd the Colorado near the present town of Moab 9 feet wide and 28 feet long with planks bl'Ought from
and followed the "Spanish trail" to Green River, Escalan(e. The Colorado was crossed in February,
Ut ..h, and thence to Salt Lake City. and the emigrnnts labodously made their way to Fort
This expedition demonstrated that :1 route through Montezuma, neat the pl'esent Aneth, and I~ter to the
tlte N&Vajo country from Eseal ..nte or Kanab to the mouth of Cottonwood Oreek, where Blull City was
San Juan Valley wa. impracticable. The country to established. On April 5, 188(), this settlement enrolled
be traversed consists of stretches of S8ndy flats alter· 225 pioneers, and the foundatioll was I.id for tile con-
!l&ting with areas of sharp·cut canyonsj the water trol of southeastern Utah and adjoining 11I'eas in Colo-
holes are f,u' apart and the Navajos none too friendly; rado IUld ~ew Mexioo by adherents of the Mormon
and even if a wagon road could be constructed and faith,
maintained, the distance, about 600 miles, is prohibi- This e1'OSSing of t he Colorado by the "San Juan
tin. But the expedition also demonstrated that the ' missionaries" was a heroie undertaking. It i. diffi·
San Juan Vatl"y a1fo~ded opportunities for irrigation cult enough for experienced men with a pack trainl
f&l'ming and thd the Abajo and La Sal Mountains for parties that include women and children and
wilh their adjoining plateau lands were destined to loaded wagons it seems impossible. Except fol' snow
become valuable grazing districts. It appeal-ed that in winter, wafer is available only at nine places on
 rRI! KAIPAROWITS BI!OION'
12
arhievr.ment~ for which Utah is famous, and it is
the 216 miles of road, and at three of these places it
doubtful if anything but religious zeal would have
is strongly alkaline. I
made t.he undertaking possible. But, however difti-
Fram Escalante to lhe Hole in the Rock the route
(,ult this route, there is nO other place betw.... Lees
presents no extreme difficulties. The" road" i. of the
sort oommon to southern Utah-a trail along which Fe ....y and tbe Wale .. pocket Fold where n crossing for
.... agons could be established \vithout expensive and
strongly built. wagons may be dragged by 4, 6, or
~ horse teams under the guidance of experienced carefully planned engineerillg operations. A pack-
cldvers Ind where progress is made by "hardening train traverse of the rim of Glen Canyon makes com-
quicksands," removing talus blocks, CUlti~g "dug· prehensible the feeling of these missionary explorers
ways," ~ negotiating" sand dlln~, ond bumplDg along t.hat "We were led as if by inspi .. ation to find the only
o..r knobs and sharp-cut depressIOns of extensive sur· possible route where 0 "oatl conld be made."
fD"". (Jf bare rock. ERst of the C<>lorado the tOp<lg· The disadvnntages of the road by way of the Hole
l'ophy is forbidding. Short, box-headed tribularies in the Rock led to the search for a practicable Cross-
lend from the river to tile plateau aooye, and only at ing tarthel' upstream. Scouts f,r om Escalante found
the rough, slippery" Clay Hill divide» is it feasible that the Colorado could be approeched without much
to cross .the di.sected upland9. """,.0
,,-~ f the "d"d" lVI e difficulty at the mouth of Hall Creek, and in 1881 the
are the deep canyons that Iud to the San Juan, the dangerous Hole in the Rock cl'oesing was abandoned
lOugh south slopes of Elk Ridge, and the sharply Ilnd the feny boat dragged by horses to a new site-
IIIJturned rocks of Comb WasIl. the present little-used Halls Crossing. The first con-
'nle crossing itself i. formidable. .... b1'esk in the necting road f ..om Escab.nte ..as marked out aC"(Jss
,·anyon wall marks it!; west end--tL mere .lit in the Spence .. Flat, down the" sand slide" into Escalante
towo,·ing cliiTs of massive Nanjo sandstone. No Canyon, and along the canyon floor to the mouth of
clnyon leads 10 it, Ind tbere is not/ling in the sur- Sil"er l'a.n. Creek. It continued up Silver Falls
rounding tOp<lgruphy to indicate its presence. It mll.y Creek and through Muley T"'ist Canyon in the W ater-
now be found by tracing the marks of wagon wheeli pocl..t Fold, thence down Halls Creek to the Colorado.
lIel'"", 8 miles ot wind-swept rock. After entering With the settlement of the upper Fremont Valley
the slit tho "road" uescends by passing through Rnd of the lands about the Abajo Mountains, tile need
1I0tches in the tops of projucting ledges, down across developed for .. crossing of the Colorado that would
dill'·fllccd bunch." to a platform 600 feet below. The not requi ra the long journey down Halls Creek or the
slit originally WIIS R V·shaped groove, too narrow even still longer jOlll'lley by way of Green River and Moab.
{or a hoI''' if tho p<ltholes and steps were absent from By this time also placer miners were It work on the
ita bottom. At one place there is a sheer 40-foot drop Colorado, and their operations called for .. place on
into a <iepression. By blo.ting rock Bnd buHding out the .-iver to which supplies could be brought either
platform. nnd by the skillful U!I& of logs brought from I f ..om Colorado towns or from Salt Lake City. In
the Koiparo\~its Plateau, I pat.h waS made down 1880 Dondy Crossing (Hite) was located' nea .. the
which single horses and men on foot might make I mouth (Jf Trachyte Creek, at I p<lint where the cftnyon
their way to the river. WI\gOTlS ,.ere taken .part walls b.. eak down and an island midway in the current
ftnd carried down on the back. of men and horses, or i9 cxposed at low water. The crossings between Hite
I(,wered by ropes. Rusty ringbolts embedded in the and Lees Ferry are utilized occasionally by scientific
cliffs Rnd the ,."moins (Jf a roughly mad. windlass parties, prospector., and etockmen, hut Glen Canyon
t.enr witne"" to the method employed. Only Ileces- remains t.lle sOllle barrier acroes lines of travel that
sity eould induce one to toke a horse down this trail; wos encountCl·.dby the Spaniard, the trappers, and
t.o descend on foot is I strenuous bit of exercise. the sun'eyors for the Pacific railways.
The impression. gained by a t ....verse of this first
Esralnnte·Bltlff City trail is confirmed by m.ll who TOPOGRAPHIC OUTLINE
used it. Through the eourt...y of the hist~rian of the In its larger geogmphlc relations the Klciparowits
Church of the Latter·dlY Saints, the unpublished re. ,-egion fOl'ms put of the Colorado Platenu province,
1'OI1:S of the San JUOll mis.ion have been examined. which comprises l00,()()() square miles of stl-ongly
Like most occounts of men who do much nn'd sav lit- carved tabular relief emphasized by volcanic masses.
I~e 8'1(110 whom hardships are port of the daily· rou· The outstanding top<lgraphic features are terraced
tille, these I"'p<lrls to hcadqllarte,'l< ftre brief and plateaus, cliff-bound mesas, mOlloclinal rid"es and
matter of bet, bllt they kll of ho .... s lost ann died. strail(ht.-sided conyons--all impressive alike for " ,mag-
(,f grain exhausted, of accident •• of sickno"", And of nitude ond ruggedness. Land sculpture is developed
nelL.nea to st ..... Dt ion. The partie. east of t.he river on so enormons a scale that features in the landscape
••pacially .... m to hue sulfered. TIlis cros.ing at tbe 1ll11l0ticed here wonld be prominent and picturesque
Hole III th. nock slRnds high in the list of pioneering landmarks in other surronn<iin!!5.
..
 TOPOGRAPHIC OUTLnu: 13
The region as 1\ whole lies at an altitude of obout . Plnteau is a huge block of sandstone, the Waterpocket
11,000 feet, and the downward departures from this monocline is a ,·idge of folded rock intricately dis-
Jev"l or., approximately equal in amount to the up- sected and flauked by hogbacks, and the broken
..... ard departures. (See pI. 3.) "comb" in the vicinity of Paria is the edge of saud-
The crest of the Waterpocket Fold stands at 6,000 stone beds uptumed in the East Kaibab fold. The
feet, and for a. distance of mOre than W miles the Circle Cliffs are inward-facing walls of sn.ndstone that
·Ka.iparowits Plateau shows a level top at 7,000 rim an o\'al depression. These prominent f..,turei are
feet and rises to 9,000 feet at Canaan Peak. But so but large-scale examples of the mesas, butte5, and'
.deeply has the region been trenched that two-tllirds ridges that characterize the landsca pe of southem
of the P.ria River, one-half of the Escalante River, Utah. The view from any vantage point gi ..es a feel-
.and nearly all of Halls Creek flow in channels below ing of strength and solidity_ Delicacy and grace of
5,000 feet ond Glen Canyon is cut to dept.hs below the out-liue a,'e lost in the general massiveness. The huge
4,000-foot contour line. The extreme points of the mes.s ringed with high escarpments rise from hori-
Kaiparowits region ore Table Cliff, 10,500 feet, and zontfil benches, some of them miles in width, anti the
Lees Ferry, 3,120 feet. Immediately bordering the hutte. are firmly based on broad expdnsea of rock.
regioll and forming, RS it were, its western and north- En-ept on the High Plateaus talus slopes are replaced
crll wall are the High Plateaus-the Paunsaugnnt by bare ledges. Even in detail erosion forll)a follow
(9,500 feet) and the Aqua.ius (Thousand Lake Moun- 1\ common pllttern of angl"" rather than of curves and
tain) 10,000 to 12,250 feet-the highest land in south- slopes; pilasters, ponel., Rnd .lcoves lire bounded by
ern Utah. For the l'egioll as a whole changes in alti. straight lines. Canyons Ire everywhere. Maul' of
tude are abrupt; gentle ,lopes are con.picuously ab- them are t,renches cut into 8 seemingly levd surface
sent. Above the valley floors the platean benches rise lind are seen only when their rims nre "cached; others
uy steps, bcnch after bench, and into the benches the , lire so intricately intel'lac-cd as to leo"e no space for
·sh'l'OI11S Are sunk nn equal amount. tr.. ils. Neo,' Con •• n Peak the heods of 14 caU\'OlL~
)[ost of these OOnchlike platforms terminate in cliffs we"e crossed in a distance of abont 3 miles. •
hundreds or even thousands of feet in height. On the In gc.neral the "urface slopes of the regiou extend
south fRce of the Paunsaugunt Plateau the Chocolate from the High PldteallS southeastward to t.he Colo-
<:lilts, Vermilion CliiYs, White Cli!s, and Pink ClifTs, "ado; down these slopes the water is CArried in bare
separated by broad pIR.t forms, form a terraced wall rock canyons. TI,e Escalante, with its many tl'ibn-
'more than 5,000 feet high. A series of prominent raries, carries the run-off from 1,840 sqUAre miles; the
benches are. nearly continuous along the northeast and PRria drains 935 squllre miles and receives most of its
southwest slopes of the Kaiparowits Plateau, Rnd the water from its western h·iuu!aries. Hnlls Creek, 40
southeast end of the plateRu forms a. giant stairway miles long, drains about 110 squnre miles. Rain t.h at
descending 3,500 feet to the Colorado River, Rbout Ii falls on the south side of t.he Kaiparowits Plateau
Illiles distant. Few benches interrupt the precipitous goes directly to Glen Canyon. Few regions are so
slope that leads to the top of the Paria Plotenu, 3,000 thoroughly drained. Flat-floored, wide washes are
feet above the stream at i'ts bRse, or the wall that I·ises '''''e, and only on the tops and about the base of the
more than 4,000 feet in front of the Table Cliff Aquarius and Table Cliff Plateaus oro there stretches
·Plateau. of meadow, through which the tiny sll·eom., make
'rhe plateau benches are so continuous that eanyons their wa,. A shollow pond on the Kaiparowits Pla-
which ~ut their edges appeal' at a distance as insignifi- teau is the only permanent body of wIlter in the regio"
cant breaks in a horizontel sky line. Some of the east of the High Plateaus.
benches are so wide and I.,.el that canyons sunk into The streams that head in the Pounsllngunt. Table
them are inconspicuous features. E"en Olen Cnnyon Cliff, and Kai)larowits Plnteaus ha~'e permanent water
appears from a distAnce as • narrow groove in a broad ill their upper courses, and" few' of the boxlike hend.
"'''panse of flat land. of canyons in the Water pocket Fold contain running
Ex~pt for the lava Hows that partly cover the wnte,·. TIle characteristic stream of the region is an
limestones of the Paunsnugunt and Aquariu. Plateaus, intermittent. one, which usually flows in places along
all the topograph.ic features of the Kaiparowits ,·t'gion it. course but "'hich becomes throughgoing only in
nave been developed in sedimentayy rocks; the vol· response to seasonal rain. and . local showers_ In
·canic piles, the laccoliths, and the necks of bo,-de"ing exceptionally dry yean the onJy water received by
region. are abeent. The Kaiparowits Plftteau i. a Ihe Colorado between the Escalante River and the
slightly tilted aedimenta.y miss that extends as a P8l'io River is probably contained in the liquid mud
llarrow mesa from the High Plateaus to Glen Canyon, ""pplied by the San Juan. The Paria River and
'70 miles distant. 11.8 culminating point, Canaan Peak, Halls Creek are at times without water in parla of
ls an outli~r 0f the Table Cliff Plateau; the Pada their conrses, and even in the Escalante Canyon
 TJlE IlAiJ'AROWI'IS REGION
14 I telus and the UtAh-Colorado line an stations record
stretches of bare sand bave been recorded. The in~u­ :~~~ than 10 i,nches of rain except Bland~ng and Monti-
ence of the semiarid cliroata shown by. lhe behaVIor .ello on the slopes of Ahajo MountalD. The melUl
of dreams is rellected likewise in the SOlI and vege~­ :nnd.1 temperature ..t Giles is 51.1° and at Hite 69:7·.
tion. There Ire no large .. reas of dunes, but sand IS Snow may fall on the High PlateJlus at any tlIDe
piled here and there in and beyond tbe stream chan- between September 1 and June 1 and may lie for
nels There are no areas of desert in the sense of .... eeks or even months. Only in exceptional years
.. id~read stretches of Il&It and o.Ikali, but the lower are the roads to Kanab, to Cannonville, to Escalante,
:&!calante Valley and parts of the W..h'Weap ~u~tl'Y and to Boulder possahle in winter without cleanng the
are without water and sho.. sparse and .peCl~~h2ed drifts that block the" dugways." In severe wintel'$
v"ietation adjusted to sterile loil and low ramfall. these settlements have been isolated for week. at a.
Tbe cany:n walls the faces of mesas and butleo, and
expanse. of rock' many square miles in area seem time.
011 the lower lands of the Escalante, Wahweap', and
remarkably naked. These wind-swept surfaces are so W&.rm Creek Valleys snow rArely remains long enough
bare of vegetation that green tints and subdued tones
to interfere with grazing, but all parts of southeastern
resUlting from plant cove!'ing are lacking in the land-
t'tuh receive some snow neal'iy every year. At Alton.
8l:ape. 'rhe conspicuo". colors aeen are the colo,... of
Ihe mean a.nnual snowfall i. 73.6 inches, and even Lt
the rock. themselves-red, brown, yellow, and whIte,
Giles it is 10.2 inches.
intensi6ed by bandi of dark gray. . In southeastern Utah clear skies prenil. The few
For variety and interest of topographIC forms no
part of the plateau province offers more attractions. records avail. ble indicate that the amount of sun-
Dislant and near-by view. amply repay the necessary shine is compnro.ble to that in northern 'Arizona, for
which the estimate of the United States Weather
hardships of travel ..
Bureau is 210 clear days, 80 plLrtly cloudy, and 70
CUMATE OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH cloudy in a yeor. It 1& probable that few if any pillces
in southeastern Utah have less clear skies than Flag-
8E.lllUL COIIDlTlOn
staff, Ariz., .. hich receives 81 per cent of the posssi~le
Stat;stiea of rainfall and temperature within the sunshine, and for parts of Garfield and Kane Count.l~
Kaiparowits region are meager and unsatisfactory. I he figure is doubtless grelLter. During MILY, June,
Because of their position the three meteorologic sta- October, and Novembet the skies mlLy be cloudless for
tiona in this region record data of little more than 5 to 10 days in succession. In the eun the hed of sum-
local vuue. Escalante ig at the immediate base of mer is intense', but in the shade of a rock ' or tree
. cool-
the High Plateaus; Cannonville (includinjt Losee and ness prevails, and this area is unlike humid regions m
Tropic) i. near the head of a broad, deeply intrenched that the line between scorching heat and delightful
valley i Paria is in a canyon. All three station. lie temperature i. drawn at the edge of the shadow. Fol'-
approximately in a north-south line, and t.heir rec- tunately bot air is also dry air, and the humidity of
ords tell liUlc of the climatic conditions prevailing summel' ranges from so to 50 per cent. The dR.ily
east. or we.t of that line. However, the records of 1'1lD,,<T8 of temperature is more than roo and usually
these thl'el! stations, when considered in connection exceeds the ditference between the means of the WArm-
"'ith thooe of other stations in Kane and Garfield est and of the coolest months in the year; consequently
Counties and in adjoining counties, giv8 a reosonably cool Or even uncomfortably cold nights follow the
II1ltisfactol'Y picture of the climatc of southe....tern heated days.
Utah, of which tho K.ip ...owita region forms a part. In I:coerai, it may be said that southern Utah has
Utah as s whole is deficient in rainfall. Only 16 a group of local clima.tes of widely dissimilat' aspects.
Ollt of 169 stations record averages that exceed 20 The distribution of the sun's heat and the form and
inches.R year, and only 1 that exceeda 30 inches. I position of topographic features appear to outrank
Less than 10 inches of rain falls at 50 stations. The cyclonic litorms and prevailing winds as controlling
High Pilltenus are relatively well watered and have factors. The great variability in topographic expres-
severe winte ... ; most stations in this district receive sion is reflected in equally great differences in climate.
more than 10 inches of rain each year ond record mean Not only are the climates of high-lying Kress con-
annual temperatures of about 43·. At the eastern foot trasted with those of lower altitudes, but ca.nyons that
of the High Plateaus the rainfall is as heavy u the adjoin plateaus, two adjoining valleys, the opposite
ILvera&,~ On top of the plateaus, but the mean nnnual .ides of platea.us and mesas, and even opposing canyon
!

tl'mperatures ore grenter. Between the base of the .... lIs may ba.ve different climates. The summers 81'&
 CLIMATE OF SOUTHEASTERN lITA:!! 15
very hot, the winters are cold; daylight is aecom- I Re(~urd, of prcctJ)HatioR ill '(lVt1tCI'. UraA., 1'. f"clc.
plDied by heat, darkness by chilliness. The annual, ~T
.. ·T'ro:e,.·l
seasonal, montMy, and daily rainfall is subject to wide A.1to., K __ c.... l7

..riatioDs. During July aDd August rain may fall in Altlludt. T,ooo he. RGCrIrd from Jlm. .f1. 1M, &0 !.Itoy, un". IQc!IlIII,>e, from
RAnch, about tI mlIGI JOuthv.'.' or Altonl
quantities sutlkient to flood the country; in most other
month. precipitation is deficienf. During the hottest
mont.h. moisture-laden cloud. cross the sky but pro-
duce nO rain, except perhaps a .few scattering drops.
To the Navajo and Piute mind the" rain hangs down-
"'Ird "and " ~nds messR~ to the earth."
PRECll'IT.l.rIO)(

RECORDS

Some miscellaneous observations on the rainf""l of

southeastern Utah are contained in the reports of
esrlier scientific ~xplorers, and others o.re recorded in
unpublished reports in the archives of the Mormon
Churcb. AdditioMl general information has come
f.'Om long-time residents of Kane and Garfield Coun-
ties. Fortunately volunteer observers bav. made in.
strumental records at stations within and bordering MND ••
the Kaiparowits region; without these unselfish serv-
ices a discussion of the climate would be wholly spec- T....
ulative. .....
lor
lei,
1 ...04
Cannonville, including Tropic (1889-1919; 192r.- ).-
26) and Losee (189S-94), furnishes the longest ron-
tinuous record of precipitation in the Kaiparowits
Jnoemw _._.....
JuUW1 •.• ______ •
I. 61
t.~ 1..
6..
.. 7'1 ' ... _
f..f4
' Jua.... ___ .•• • _____
July. ________ .____
0.47
1.7!I
O. II
J.S2
T.
I....

region. It affords nearly complete records for M

years (1889-1923). At Alton, including Ranch (1902-
'ebruery _______ _. 2.30 . 1.a I

WiD'.. ····· !o:3tfl:',I·~

.= =
Marcb •• __ • _______ l.ll .!B 1M
..
AIIIlM _____ ._ •. • _

8IlDUZlel'. ___
St'p\rtIDbtt•• _.____
C>etober. ______ .___
101

.....
=-=-,~
1.7(1 :
1. 60
~ I~

3. .58
.48
mu
!.SO
0
1915), tho precipitation has been recorded for 26 con· A..II. __ .. ....... . .... U8 T.
Mu••. . -_. ___ . ___ ,go .2& T. November________ L-tO !
.~
.&0 ~t7

secutive years (1902--1927). At Escalante the rainfall ' Bplq_. ____ $.37 1.~ 2. M FalL..._. . '! •. " 1--;:"- &"
observations cover 27 yeus (1901-1927) but are
_ _ _ _ _", _ _ -'-_...L_-"-__A_"""_"__----- -! 20. d6 11.4.3 1-1.&6
neither consecutive nor complete. For Giles consecu-
tive and complete records are available for 12 years ".n ••, Ken. C._I,
(1895-1006). For Hite the records for 10 consecutive (AI'IIude'. 41,921 tMtJ
years (1900--1914) include 12 complete records. At
Kanab records have been made since 1899, except duro
ing 1901 and 1908--1910, but for only 15 years are
there complete records, II,nd only three groups of 4
years in regula.• suceession. Paria has l'ecOrdS for 6
years (l89&-1900), including 5 years consecutive and
complete. The ohsel'vatioDB at Widtsoe cover 16 con·
secutive years, which include 10 years of full record,
witb two groups of 4 years in regular succession.
The records for these eight stations are too fragmen-
tary for general climatic dudi .. ; they suffice, however,
to indicate tbe nature of the rainfan. They enable
those interested in wILter development &nd agriculture
to plan intelligently, for they indicate in a general
way tbe total precipitation, it. distribution with refer·
mea to the growing season for crops, and whether
ahowers of brief duration or long-continued" soaking"
rains normally occur.
 TH& KAIP.• nOWITS BEGIO)l
16
inc.~-CODld . Rret'lrd.Jf o( JWecipHali"'It #It .fllJehc,." Utall., in ~Jlchc.ot---Conld.
lI.corN of pr""'pUaU... I• ... tAcnt VItiA, hi.
Ka ...ab &.iDa Ceanl;J'-CooUnued
Canaon...-il.. , Gant.r. eo•• t7-COlltlnUed.
,.---,--
T otal T ...I TOI.I ' T~
P1.'rlod ,'" '.,'11"
lfl!iUl dr lillt wei· foritXt for
~ftt1o drl~ 'It!I·
'er
,,"l' ); (:31'
j~'" y..,
1Alt:

Dcoembet" ...... .
- -0. -
June. .... .. .. ... ..
-- -
3.1 \ 0. J& '1'.
Jlllmat~· .. ........ . JillY' .... .......... 1.38 '''' , 6.61
,ebru...)' ..... .... ·
Winler ....• ... Aurust·· .. ···· ··· I....:.!. ~2
Summer .. . ~ 3. -«i ' 1.06
=~==
.iJ
March .. __ ... . ___ •
Ap'II. • •.. .. ......
.aYl~l~
. 10, . ~ ' .70
S6Pl.eUlblr ___ .•• _ .~.'28
OetGber .. __ . ..... . .81
.10
. ~~
!.OJ
I T.
~{Ay .. . ... _. .. ... .
58 ~ ~ NOv6Ill1xr... ..... . til . 2:t ... II
SpriCIt.. _._ :: 17 j L~ 1 3.0/1 FaU __ .. .. . 2.. 76 , - l. ~
-! '&17
-
--~ ~
Annual .• •. 111.37 , 4.~' I.. ,;'

• Rceord pciOf" to 1~20 ,noJ ror 19'1'~ 1UIt\ 1fi2d !-or Tro pia. " tnllM IIOtlh Of
P.I., 1( . . . Cnat1 CIUlROll,1JJe.
WMlllo., GarlrW C.lmtT
!.\ :lIuufe, :,OoJO tc.t . POlSt olDeO furlDGdy ~alled Winder]

--p~~=- /MUD :~~

,..,.~:~~
,..... '
1 ..... tc.!-~
Pt!riod

=~~~~ :=~::.~ o.~ ~~j

F(!brl.l~. ___ ... . j~ . ..c; 1.06
I.::
C••ne ...llta. Gt,rft.l. CouA\7 1
WjnIH . • ___ __ '!._
Nj-2(;w SIlUlm~r . • .• :~=:;;==L"",,=
"
!.\IUt.Ut!II, ("COO 1Io<lt)

~- ~
M.rcb ............ ~~~ SCptember.. ..... ~ .Il -a::
••

NM. D~,.-~;; 3 .~ October. __ ...... ~ . : ~I :.

AIO',:1-.1
API'lL......... ... .83; .71
_Y l'llo~ IIUl. :Jl'b'(. Mu. I~ ,' ~11l)1~ I ~llr I s.:tJl~~ri: ~1U ~.T... U .... .. h. .6 ..Jaj T. N"o\'ombcr.. ...... .71

18611·_· .••. ..... 1.•• •• __ __ __ o. ~ o. 16 .5.2', 2.f:! o.. t 1. T. S. ' __ __ .: _

S......... _;'311
!_ 1_.ooI.lI_._.....!
OO L...._F
..:._II_
.•..:.•_._ . ~~=:..~.3".'~-:.~
••..'. .> UO

j...")'. . . . . . . . . .
lWlO •.•• J. I , ';lIO 0.':50..w . .( , 00 33111 . );) 1.r.G • 1.1j. 1.1.0
.... Annl!ai ..... j 100Qtl &.1 I.6. U
Ih'll1. . . , T; I. ~ ,U, 1.00 1. 1
I 2.. __ 1. , 1.461 1,.1) . 102.
1.1), U,G 1 . ~1D~ 3..&0\.
T. ..iO T . T.
1
1.
.00, 1..
. 1)).
11. 6.\
lU3
IIIPJ. . . . . .30 3 M' T. I . i .08 1.2o) " ~ .8G 'f. , -I!} I. 12. ...,
Eaeal.at .., G......l. OnmtJ'

l )jIH" ' _1 I ,
"j . ~ ... .
l{1tlL • . . 33 ."(1 1.<11), T .
,.., •• . .1 ••. •••.... ,
.~1). 1'.
.Q.1i T . ' 1.00 1..
2I. .. .... ••.
. ~ l.~il , 81 . (~ " T.
·80 .Ol;----- - " .' ______ _

.ro T..Iii I T.. 1. IH ~ {O IA1~~nde. &,700 !e~t)

n:,~ __ . u 1'. i .1 .t4!
,3\ .ttl 1. ::.0.. T. 1. 34 2
1t ~1 T.~ .
I~:.~.
l~O2.. ;ttr~. :~~tt:I.! 'l.~.w.J~~. :'::<:.'~21 :"lD~I';~i8.74
1110,)..._ - ". . . to .1"2 . '11, .1.5. 3.-«) . 88 . 98' . II. (h
1861.• i. 1IQo .i1o T. ' 1.'bl 1,7: .00.M1 T. . 10. 67
)ll(I3. •:J , i:l)' -111,1 'J OO! u~ u.' .~ .~ . ~7, l. U . %l. . :.I: 1. .., ." ~.~(I
JQl\'I ••• J 'r".~ ..)2 . "/0 .:1 .8 • . .» . 1. • . 00 .oo~ T . & 18
IDGt•. •• 1'. 'r. 'r'~ 'I'. l.~ .~I .n fCW: T.

'i
T. . . 1 , !.. T1
l a(kl . ... ,IX) lil 1.2' .1 1.11 T. ! .~ .10 200 T. I.~ ."1') 1I.m:
.~ ;j."~
. • I VU ;). 2O 2. 0..1IO- . n T I. o.U:, l.S 0.
uo ~ au :n.i)J: 1.~3 , s.~

i ..
l lilOD ••• • . 110 .11) -U, \. Gl ., I T. 'l 3(1.-11.31 T. 111m.... 1. 51)1 M) .M .GO 1.6 • .U LlO ,"I .00. 00
0
)(,1.,.. . ... :Ut1 . 1(1' ,l 1.:1\ 1. 311, ' ' ' '1 I
.• 'l V7. T . :\lS 110411 1"»4. . . . . 101 .as.
.
1. &.\ .~ .150 "~~l' '1. M Lei.
I .00.J ,

lS;\~'~'f~ ";:'~i::~~
.~. ,:: T~~:::~)·"-::i:~I111··::~r~wl··~·lr~~ri5
l UI" ••• ' . I~I .0• . c. 'JJI) .'l} 1. I ~I U\ I. . .01.U 7.47
181'».... , 1.'\ . .12 .tl1) T . 1'. ' ,fa ,~ 3:1 'In T. 1.70 3. !lel IMW

'~I I.~
111\0.. . .. s ~o: , 1" l.\~ . 'XI . Itl)tl l.~ 14~1 3.~1 :ua I.-lS ,Il'J H. 1!i.1
10IL .. :'l.., l .
UU2. ... ~ .10.
IVll•. •. . &!I 1..
. .1.2 .Ll'T,
J.~il l..21 'l'J .tlll.,
.J1 I.i 1.2c
.f!I! 'I . T . . IS I.
,CMl 'l. f,(i .M .•0: .1112 33
. (1) ".2~
l~ I. ~ .11 1.16' L ~ lUG
.41Z, .1(.1 H.OlO lum .... 131
l~tO •.• 2 "'." I. .32 -13.
1.63 :l.fU
.72 32112. 72 1. • 1.31
I.
' LOt
•
:t.
ItlL .. :l n I. ." . . 071 I. ' I.OS &'i~! .7'J . .I/oll T . . ~ 1".'!lI6 1011 ... ' 158 I, · 1 s:l . 00. I.:\f I.17! L 2.83 . l2 .25 . 3
I~M .... 2.;9: :1;; 't', I.,.,. I. ~M . 12 .... ~ 1.21 . .OCI .g.::: 1. 8-41 H.offl ISI1 .•••. 00 . I.SG .. ... , ... ............. 0001~ SI . .1 .... .
191f.1... ....,2 .31 .11 . 31 .I~ .00 :U_ .......... . "'''' .. -. ~d- . . ..... . IIUl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 ..... 2.1~ : . . ~ .............«i ..... .
IVI7....... . .1 1. 00 .... .. . .... ·..... ..... . ~ t .11.1 • I .00. • ~ .00 ... . _.
1917.... I Il, l. ~ 1'. 1. 00 I • 1. 1l) .82 1 153. .00, ,00 .00 J at
19I5... . 2'21 ' ~I 3 "G , ."2J.
2.30~ 2. ' ~I ~6' 12 .,')3 .to I.
!:!::::I :~~~ ~, : ~~~;~: :~~ ===~~1:::~'
, ..,.... : .,. . ,.
=: ::~~~~ :::!:::::~~t=.:: ::.:;i~ ..~:~ ..:.~: ~::~::
I] .,., .N 118 " "'j .'L ... 1. .10 ......
.11>
lOl9" .. , . ~ I. ~ . DOl .;)I
I"" "'1.. 1
l(t2l... . ' -'" ..... ..... .
~ . 116 T •. • 1 . • ~ ...... ~ ..
Ll.ll. OOI···'· .
.. ... 1.00 l
I~. . .. , . ~. ~ .(,0, '. 3:1 .501 .00. 320'
i . ..0'
LWj T ... :::
. .... .1 •...•••....••.•
. OIl.
:l10 .
...••.• ..•
.30\ t. 30. T;;
1.10,.01 .....
·1
~~::: ~~i ~::~=:::~I:~~:: ~:.:~:::~~ ::~:~·: ~~~C~:~: :~:~, ::::~~ ::.:~~, :~:::~
lazJ· .. 1· 05r · OO .30 .70 . ~ .00 2 l&) l.10 "' ..... . 1. 40 .33"
Itl::f•• _• . 20 ,00 l. W~t5tI .... ,03! I . !.(Io .o-~. . 02 __ ........-
um.... L ...• ,.. ... :.... . . .001 .~3:J~ 1. ~
'.,.. ... , ... ···· ·1 . 11 ' .00 . ····.1 . "' ~.. U O ~ ,.10 , " 'j;
. 3 ..0 .Ii .03, 1.11);' . __ __ 1~. . . . . 00 . . 0711 . .00' 1, 90, 2.. L z! .20 . ..o I. :-111
2.!.Or s...ttt So .:!:O~
M",.m ..l""l.91-:-;:~ ., 1~~WIl,;-l.i·~~i-~..;(il3; 1927.... ..0 2. 1 1. tO I . , 1.7(/ J. I 1 ,

l~ .. ~ l.tlj .11 • ~ ~ 2.1 1. 33) 1. 0IZ: J . 83 11~

 CLIMATE OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 17
Rt."('6rd$ of pl'edpit4 tif"Jn. 11& foutiICP"H. U~(th.. iii. "rchflt---CoDtd , OEOORAPUIC 01&'TRIBUTIOX
Ele•.I.nU'. Garlelll c.u.c.,..-Conri mJ~
The influence of geognlphic p()i;it.ioll on dist..-ibu-
T otal
I.. to<
Tow ~ T .. .J 'l'ovJ
lor to.- tion of rainfall is Apparent on compa"ison of t·he
Pt'rioo ~IL'ttD
drl~t
""'ct- Pt':ticd M~n
tlr telt '«d ·,." ncords of t.ho differen t "tations. In the lower parts
rCl'f
""'
...
,.'" YMC ) 'l!'II:tor

,
I>«<Jllber. . • · . ----
8uul .o'
I

... ...
0."
.Gi
u. OO
l. t..o
~
."0
2.10
l 1unt .. . ... . . ---- - 0.'.7
Ju.Jy .• •. _•• •• • ___ _ l. .fO
Au;-utU •••• ______ _ :US
- - --
1. ol3
..,
1 S1
,~
3."
of volleys tributary to the Colorado t.he rn.infall is
low; at Giles, Hite, nnd Paria, with olt.it,lldes of 4,000,
F ~bntnt)' .. - ----- - 3,500, ond 4,700 fee t, t.h(\ mean annual rainfall is 5.62,
W ~tu- -.-·.r;::7S ~ oo 8. 00 Su mm!t ____ "-', ~" 1.28, ond 8.45 inches, respectively. The only record at
, 4. '"

.
" ... I..,.'"
. J<I 1. 10 S e-I)I4!.wt;\fr • ___ __ • l.lQ
hI.reb .-- -•• ---- - J.Ol
. 1I,"'!)
Lees Ferry is 9.96 inches for the wet yenr 1916. Of
A
p:~.I - : ~~:: ::::::: ., '; 4 .DO I
.00 , Oet4')btr __ ___ _• .
. 00 N . ..mbo,..... ...
1. 02
. 00
1. j'()
. :!tl these stations ouly Giles prl)Sents records considered
'" .~pr14i~ . . .. - ,.~
I." 1. 10 II P'II""" " ~I-U;- - ;. '" typical for oreas with altitudes below 4,000 feet.. The
l l R ';1) 2l. 71I
.\nnuaL· __ l1 · K:I
,·. infall a t Hi t.e is affected by nearness to the Henry
- HI~. GuGeld <Aunt)< )Iountoins and ot l'ario b5' the presence of converg-
I.Hll\LJdo 3!.OO f'Oet) ing ,'aUeys. For Illost pl.ces along Glen Canyon the
You ~
ao. F~b. MIU", t" pr, 'M"y1lune k u l YAltl.I S&Dl Oct.! NO" ' jD«. n~ rainfall is probably less than 5 inches; vegetation is

llilOt ..• . 1 .00

)tl(L{ : ~: .f ] .~
r- ~·----"I--~--J-- -- -- ----
li::::~:~ .~:~ . t~ :~~ :~:~1; ~~
. 4:.1 To.: .tk
131 .~ 1 . ~ T.
Ji
:t
. 1:1 1.01
. 45 .~
"O:~ :j~: ::i:~(~t ::ij~
.~
I :~
•
O,?,:
.1
.00 ~i! .....
3. & T .:.. l:i . .:Ja.
ullusually' deficient. As the Colorado tributaries are
",cended t·he rainfall increa ses. Along the Pt.ria River
Cannonville, 35 miles upstream from Pario "nd 1,300
feet highet· , receiveS a third more rain, and along
11X6- •• • • 74 .~ t.-t~2 . ~~ •• ~ '1'. .4:0; I. :; I. . 11 1. 7~ . i~ tI, .l
1001 .. . . :i; .,u ..51 .~ 1... 1 .olE ~ . ~ 1.31 • ...2:: . 4 ~ . 3D 8.. 30 Kanab Creek Alton, 30 mile>; llpsu'eam and 2,000 feet
, OJ!,.
}gco.::: O"::"~
I. .. . :~ . . ~,
.060i' .
I. ~ ~:~.. :~ !,... .I~. I." •• ,.
'~ " ' ID 8.71 highe,' than K,umb, receives nenly twice ns much roin.
1. .M ..Ci" C:
. S; . 1 T.:. .I .'1
I. >"
.J 1. . 'I·...
!l.:. ' _j'.
i ].f.t j
IflIL . _ . 117 , :U .22 ..
'1" . . 6. 00
lli11l1 ... : ~i . ill . ~3 . ~~ .00, 1. 1. 12; ~~!
.M . .1 . 9. 43 It is illte~sting to compare the rainfall of two coun-
)1)11. . . 3-1 2 12 . .-n . U .(Bj 2 2.l • H .Ui Il. s:i
ties, Bevie)' and Piute, wholly wit·hin. the JIigh
l QI 3. ~~' .31 . 81 .H ~ "

I )
. 28 . 0:,l . ...... !11 .G2 .6& • .ii l 6. '"
IgLL __ 2101 .~ .1 .37 1.1 1.011\1 . • 1--.-· . .. . . . 1____ . 'h'~ ''''' _____ '
Plateaus, with that of two adjoiNing counties, Emery
".....f.. ."I .70: .", . "I ."I .., .": " ~ ~r· ., 7:2i and Wayne, d,nt lie ea.,t of the plateau rim. (See
TObl ToltLi
(Of TIliIll To~
for
fig. 2.) From the beginning of the rec-o,'d to 1920
~ku wet· ~t

0..- 1: ~II ,uo ~'t1" ':.~ i:

Pt-rlod Mt-aD l'l'r!O'J M c... n 'WI!.!.- the average rllinfilll of throe plltteau st..tions in Sevie,'

~1btM" __ . . _.. .
Jw.Ullir 1h __ .. ....
tt,'rItulVy .. __ •. h • •
. IM!
68
.30
.2t
0.76
1 !1
• ............
lul)' •. __ ..... . . _.
."'upsl. ______ ... .
-to
Q
.GJ
T.
O.-t ~
.IV
C-ounty is 11.47 inches; of Emery County, 7.36 inches.
In Sevier Coullty PlateRu stotion (altitude 1,000 feet)
r~ived 15.19 inches. In Emery County the rainfall
doc'·.lIse. regul... ly etlsh,ord from Cftstledale (5,500
.,.... ..... .."" ...
Wlut-.r. ____ !l. 03 .M 2. 28 S UIlU'T'.U. ~ .. 1- a 1. 103 .M

.., ...
:Iol:u-tb ••_••• ____ __ l.n Sepl lllUMr --- .... 1 1. ~ Ia feet), with 9.03 inches of rain, through Victor and
. OS Occ.obct .. __ . __ . 1'.
~.::':: :::::::: ~:~t* Woodside to Green River (4,080 feet), whern 0.62
Sprlne __ . ___
I~ I
N..""b" ........
I 13 3. t!1 V~ U .~ __ ....
. 78
UII ... 163
oS. ·57 inches is recorded. East of Green River, in Grond
County, the rninfa.!1 increase. with the a.!titude. The
Gllu. W.yn. COUllt,
• .\ nnnal._ .. _ 7.78 J, 12 , UII

record of Cisco (4,386 feet) is 6.33 inches, and for

I AlICtudo .. 000 rel!&l Thompson (5,150 feet) 8.17 inches.
A comparison of Piute County \Vi~h Wayne County
y,.., ''''.IF'b. iM''. Apr. 'I I, 'U"." UI) Au•. SoP'1 0:-';:--." 10 0<. :u,:", shows the ~ume relations. The average rainfall for
- ---. -=--- ----~-- -- - 3, 11
1& .. _ "il.~I O'61 T. T. O.!Q 0.12 0. 1( 0. 17 o.. ~ I.CH! o.. -t~ T. th" stntiol)S of Pillte Collnt.y is 9.98 inchea, for Wayne
I..... . . . to' .00 T . T . •.. T. , . " :~ ~ ; ,n T. r~ UII
11!I9T....! L IOt .~ O. ~ 1.57 .24 T •
1• . __ . •90'1 .20 : 'M
IM __ _ . 38 T . 1 •
. .s. I.
. ... " ~.83
.36 · . ~ T.
. 711.03
.aa . 78
'3.~
.IS
. 41
. 72
'm .H.
.
.~ ~ ~ 10.111
~ :.
-t.m
5.18
County it is 6.80 inches, and a deerelll!e is recorded a.
the Fremont River is df'Ecended. At Giles the rainfoU
10 1....1 .Il . . 00 T. : ~ T. .071 T . . 30 . .21 ' . .00 2.215
. ~ : ~ '\'1 .~ l: ~ ': ~ is 1!.62 incbes.
It6I.. . . . 111. T. • . +1 ,0:1 .M 1 • .25, T. T. 3 II
11<0. .• T, ., '''i ..., .051 ''''1 3." . In ~r~ing Garfield County from the heart of Ihe
JIIOS.. .. _ .10 .42i '
lD .•. • T. ' T.
, ..... . . . " , '.78" .~
::g
. 1 1. 1 . M·.-915 .1 1. 17·
.:m: .62- . 47) . -31 1.l8 .88
I. " q'l .05
.87: I."
.71 .:~
.34
.42 t~
•
T. 5. 113
, Wl 6. 73
.. M, It.II. ":H
U High Plateall! to the Colorado the precipitation de-
l ~ ..... 12.. • 20~ t .72 .00 . 3II .~ 1.27; I.
---
Meatl. . . lSi .32:
:--
. 38; . 55 .501 . 23 , ..51 ,N .72 • !HI . 6Il .IJ!._~ Q
creases from 11,62 inches at Panguit.ch (altitude 6,560
teet) to 1.28 inches at Hite, 115 miles e..'it (3,500 feet).
,., T . ... ,.,
Total 'I'ol.!

"''''. ..... ",'.a...o,

TolU
, ""ad driest
)

.""'
Period
1,,- IOf
)'eU
.,.,
drI.. , 'Vo·et·
)'~
YAarATrON FRO)( YZU TO TEA.

The variation in amount of roinfdl from yeor to

....as.. ..... ~"' I ~ ..

~lZ1bef .. __ •. __ --- - T.-
~ 0. 12 lune. ______ .• _____ l 0. 2a year ranges between less tllon h.1f tbe normal Gild
.~~:=:::::: ~ ---------1
.n
US
JUI1- .. ..
,0\ ugwill '" .. -- -- __ I
. 61
• 70
.14
. Ii
L,so
1.1& twice the llol'Dlal, measlIl'ed through a period of years.
"'Into!( •• __ . --:432.70 Summcr .... \~ (See fig. 3.) The records for )\.lton sho,,", that 3 years
....,. ... """....... ...... I."......
.89 , 77 1. sr
.,. ~

of excessil'e rainfall oceurred during a 2G-yeu pe-

~t::::::::::
T. St<piOOlbn-____ • __• .n . 87
__ ....... .4.2

.
T. .78 }t.,'(Jwmber ... __ ___ 107 rioo-32.52 inches in 1905, M.85 inches in 1909 (the
. 10 : 1.30
8pd ftJ . • •• • • 1.43 . to , Foll. .... ___ lS< I. SO .,. heaviest rainfall for this station), and 28.82 inches in
lell. The precipitAtion preceding and following these
! 1 .-\nnuul __ • __ H' ~ IO II. I»
 THE IUIl'ABOWITS RWION
18
~ wet" yeanl was near normal. The driest year on
record at Alton il 1m, with a preeipitauon ~f only
lUi inches, or ahout half the normal, and thIS year
.. as preceded and followed by other d~ yea.rs. At
Cannonville where the meen annual ramfall IS 11.37
• L _ '"1 'inch•• ".. recorded for 1918 and nearly
mc' ...., ~.U ~. Th
be times as much (21.78 inches) for 19"". e oor-
eriod that includes the wettest years at Alton, Oan-
~onville, Escalante, Giles, Hite, and Kanab. At..u
stations of record 1927 was a wet year. These dry
and IVet periods are not, however, mnde up of yean
that .how corresponding records for all statioll8.
Wide variations at one station are not matehed by
simil .... fluctuations at all other stations.
,
I

,\
•
-------~-!,
\("\
,

.-.-.-----
A y N E
o e9
---------
I MON1'ICELL~
L D
J U A N

ulf

----_.---
I,. --------~~~----~----~--~---~-------.~:~~
A
I~
Z
1.
'
0
lid'
A

FIoou. I,-Map or lOatheutorD Utah altowtB, IocaUoa or lMteoroloa1c l uUonl wlt' ~r.NDCe to. the ,1m. or th4t RiC"
Platu.a. U. I. ColM'Sdo Vallet

responding utremes for Hite are B.III.nd 12.M inches;
for Kanab, 7.29 and 20.70 inches; for Pari&, •. 83 and
14.9 inch8l; and for GiLeI,2.25 and 11.99 inches. Ex-
kerne variation in succeosive yeara is ahOWD by recorda
at Cannonville, 11.77 and 14.97 inches; at Hite, 4.« and
12.36 inch.. ; at Kanab, 8.61 and 18.00 inches; at Paria,
6.18 and 14.09 inch.. ; and at Giles, 8.96 and 10.18
inches. 'l1l. f~entary records show that drou&ht
Wlta general in lOutheastern Utah in 1898, 18gj), 1900-
1904, and 191t.-1918, and 1922-1924 and that abnormal
amounts of rain fell during the ye .... 190!l-1911, a .
I 9B.S01UL nIaTRmOTlO:ll
For a re,ion whose muimum precipitation is in-
lufticient for agricultu ... and in places for grazing,
without irrigation, great variationa in rainfall from
:year to year are significant. Of even greater signi6-
canee is the amount of rainfall r_ived in correspond.
Ing months from year to year. In this respect south-
eastern Utah is seriously handicapped. (See fig. 4.)
At Escalante the precipitation fOI January ranges
from () to 2.45 Inches; for July from 0 to 3.~ inches;
 CLIMATE ON SOUTHEASTE&N UTAH 19
and ."en for August, the wettest month of the yenr,
from 0.43 to 4.~0 inches. At Giles the difference fOl'
the months of dillereut years is as follows: January,
<D
trace to 1.10 inches; February, 0 to 1.2l! inches; March, (
trace to 1.10 inches; April, trnce to 1.57 inches; Mny, z
trace to 1.12 inches; June, 0 to 0.72 inch; July, trace ~
t~ 1.50 inches; August, ·0.17 to 1.56 inches; Septembel',
trace to 2 inches; October, 0 to 3.20 inches ; November,
() to 1.20 inches; December, 0 to 0.50 inch. For some
nlOntb. the uinfall of the driest year eJ:ceeds that
of tbe wetteot year . . Similnl' contrasts occur in the ...
t
records of other stations. J:
The diagrams of seasonal distribution of rainf,,11
(fig. 4) show that summer ,is the rainy season for
Cannonville, Escalante, P,aria, and Widtsoo, winter at
Alton, winter and spring at Kanab, and fall at Giles
and Bite. The recorcb for Cannonville, Escalante,
Giles, Hite, and Widtsoe indicate one dry seaoon fol-
lowed by one wet season with two, seasons of inter-
mediate grade. Alton and Kanab have a dry season,
preceded and followed by wet seasons. PlU'il haa
three d1'Y seasons. These periods, however, do not
COM'eSpond witb the ireaooDS, as that terlll is conven-
tionally used. 'rhe period July, August, and Septem-
ber is the season for maximum precipitation at Can-
nonville, Escalante, Giles, Paria, , .nd Widtsoe, durin"
... hich 36 per cent of the total rain falls; and April,
May, and June constitute the dl'iest group, with 20 .
per cent of the precipitation. Rainfall in Jallual'Y to
March is slightly greater than in October to Decem-
ber; these seasons receive, respectively, about 23 and
21 per cent of the annual precipitation. For _~ton
and Kanab, Janua,'y to March constitute the rainy
season; for Hite, October to December.
The season of leRSt rainfall, April to June, is the
growing season for most crops, and therefore the sea-
1IOnai distribution of r ..in is unfavorable for agricul-
ture Or vigorous reproduction of many grasses. Half
an inch of rain a month for the period April to June
is an unusually large precipitation for most parts of
1IOutbeastern Utah, and during dry years the com-
bined precipitation of these three months may ba less
than half an inch. Moreover, plants obtain only a
portion of this meager supply, for evaporation is most
.eil'ective during the clear, dry, hot days of early sum-
mer, and the efficiency of the rainfall k. correspond-
ingly lessened. The moisture in the ground, which is
.pplied by the rains of winter supplemented by the z
o
_ttered showers of spring, is su1licient to allow seeds ~
(
to ItOrminate and to send their shoots above ground
but is inruflieient to bring a crop to maturity. 'The
ninfaU of July therefore becomes the critical clim .. tic
factor In gruing and agriculture. The tables show
that for the period under observation less than 1 inch ' t !I
SIH:)NI Nl NOIJ.VJ.Jdl'~"d
of nin fills during July in 10 years out of 26 at .'
 THE KAIP.UOW1TS BEGION
20
dowJlpour and the prccipitntion for a month may be
Alton, IS ont of 38 at Cannonville, 8 out of in.at E;s(:a· the result 'of an hour'. rain. Such showers seem ac-
lante 11 out of 12 at Giles, 12 out of 1~ at Hlte, 9 out tually to pour grr nt quantities of water on the grounll,
(If n ' at Kanl-b, ;; out of 6 at Pl\.ria, and 4 out of HI at
ancl during their' progress the f\a~ surf.cos become
Widl s"e. tl. . lakes. drv washes arc connrted mto torrents, and
With deficient spring rairu; and grea~ uctllshons cliff face~ take the form of sheeted waterfalls. Usu-
in the July rainfall, nnturaJ agrICulture In. the KQlPo- ally t.hose sho .... ers are separated by d&ys or weeks.
rowits region is unprofitable. In exceptIonally wet M~ch of the i1Tegularity in distribution as reoorded
VeAN; some" dry farms" in the Butler, Dry, Round,
b . individual weather stations is doubtless due to thi ..
~nd Escalante Valleys have produced small crops, but
for most years the yields are ins~ffi~ient to repay t~e
v~rv local distribution of rainfall.
The usunl shower is local, shortlived, and sporadic.
cost of •..,d Dnd tillnge. On umrrlgated Jand tban·
It rovers but a few square miles, or " 'en but a few
donod homel'f •• ,l. Dre common.

c
c .. •
eE -
l!c --0
3 £..&~
" 11
,.11 n
I' ll _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _,
14 ~ -
II 1\
I:XPLANAT ION - r
----------------~

o AJ'tor. Cennonvdle E!JC3lente Giles ~na W fdtsoe H,u Kanab

FIQ\:1l1: 4.-S."oDol t1i.trlbutkm of ratDtaU III lOutbeaatern Utah

The mean monthly precipitation at stations in the \ hundred aores. It lOay thoroughly soak a small are ...
Kaiparowits region and vicinity is shown in Figure 4. 011 a canyon floor or mesa top without affecting ad-
This diagram also shows the maximum and minimum joining areas beyond a clearly defined limit. Prob-
recorded monthly rainfall and the disLribution of rain ably no single shower or series of consecutive showers
during the wettest and driest years. At some st.tiOM has oo\'ered ,,"II of Kane or Garfield County. Dur-
the rainfall for certain months in the ddest years far in)! June, 1915, no rain was encountered on a traverse
exceeds that for the ""me months of the wettest years. from Lees Ferry to Hite, but the rain gllges at Can-
At Escalante the greatest measured precipitation"for nonville, Widtsoe, and Alton recorded two or more
May ocrurred in the driest year on reoord. showers. In June, 1918, Escalante received five times
its normal amount of rain, while Cannonville, 35 miles·
CBUACTKIt OP RAIN8TOlt!dS
distant, received Ie.. than half its normal amount.
The characteristic rainstorm of the Kaiparowits On September 1, 1922, one of the heaviest downpours
region is .. violent local shower. Gentle nins that last e~r received at Connon ville did not reach Butler
more than 24 hours are very !'Ore, bllt. showe ... of Valley, about 10 miles to the southeast, and on Septem-
20 to 30 minntto' <lllration may result in a h.... ry ber 16, 1924, 8 hailstorm that destroyed fI'Ill!· trees.
 CLIMATE OF ~OUTHEA8TERN UTAH 21
uud cO"ered the ground with wllit~ ice marbles had for it seems as if each bolt was directed toward the
• radius of leSs than 5 miles. men at work in the field. In September, 19-2-2. two
Shower:; on the Kaiporowits Pl:lteau and along (h~ men were killed ill GI'OSS Yalley, south of Widt"",.
rim of I.he High Platenus are usually accompanied by
hui!, nnd during their prO;::I'eS8 and for some time
afterward the air is uncomfortnbly chilly, but at ulti. The elements of most ·significance ill the telllpera·
Itll]es below 6,000 feet the intense hed (hat pl'ecedes ture of southellstern Utllh ore given in Ihe follow in?;
the spring and summer showers is reestnblishecl within t.bles, which ore compiled from rceonls obtain.J
aI> hour Qr two after the rain hog ceased. The ground through the United Stlltes Weat.her Bureau. All the
soon loses its welness, and so quickly is clothing ond !;tations listed ore in. churge of voitUltnry observers:
camp equipment dried that it has been found unneces- and many of the r~cords are incomplete and some Itmy
sary to curry tents, even during August. The only lJe inaccurate. The infol'mMl.iolt AVailable, however,
Sfrious hindrance to field work is the lightning, which is considel'oo sufficient to indicate tlle value to be gh'"n
olmost invoFiably accomponies showers in August nnd to the tcmperat.ure element in the climate of the Kai.
September. It is disturbing to see lightning st"ike parowits region. The figures are for the period end·
neor.by trees and rock. and frighten the pack horses, ing December 31, 1023.
Huord. oJ te'''pc-atUr6 in .out/ur" Uta~ (0 "-.)

(."-]Iitude, 7,000 rMt. S:.atjOll in bilb. oorrallf \'.lkI" "cd a"'"

A''''
500 IeIll flow h.LIo offonthlib. At Ih.lICb, :1I '}.onO{ \'slley, :'\boOl6 to:WIi south"'t'l>l, prhlll" to ItII.~1
,
Ytars
~1 ··b'U'- --
1If)'

---
3:')' Macch Ararlt ,..... I , !leI:;,
!'tIlly

-' - - - - - - - - - - -
July .\tlRWl I : 1111n r
. _.
...,
Ot-Io- No-
\"OlUbo

--
nll-
rorub..
.\IIDtul

~f ea l] ••• ___ ._ . • ______ _.. • __ . _•• _. •• " __ • __. __ ___ "

~~~;t ~::\~~ =~~n: _ ::~~ _

:.::~:::: ~: :::~ ~ : :::~:
~~~ ~=~~~u:~::~:: .: : ::::~:' ::~:: :~: _ :.::::
~
11
\I

""
$1.7 1
JIi! J
100l l
&1
-20
27...
41.)
11.8
ti2
-2U
33. •
·llj.G
W.4
07
-10·
...
...,0 "'. a
,.-, , ......
".
41, t)

" . ..:u. " '"..

, ... 1'0
:lUi
75.2
il:I.l
;:1,
-loS.
~
II!.!)
... 1
.. ~ . o
D3
~·r
71. ,
:I':"... ,...
1~. 8
LZ.3

"• -,'" -
311. :I
M."
21 . 0

"
C_IIoO.....
{A),itude, 6,000 feet. StatioI11o=-~d ID !tmnll ,.1\110,.; c."'" and p!utuliland:s """tint! hundred re t in t:elgiJt.s ro ..... lnfla:s LG chI! ...."ClIt "rut. oorlh; )0,,- hili. to th. soulh nnd e~"l

.,. .....
.
..
,.-102.6
......
I
• 27. 1
~' I
".,\ ....
I , ".°I .\2. I
...,
<8.,
(M Q, ._ •• __ • • • _ . _ _• __ •••• _ ____ • II.' 1!11. t ..... \1 ~i.O :18.1

..,
til. ' -106.'
'",..,.
...
U Ulb&lt monthly mellll • •• _. ___ •. • : :~:: :: : ::: :: -::::
Lo~t I)J.Quthl), mean . __ . __ _ .. ___ ••• ____ _.. . _.•
-IoI.S
11. e ,. S!.. O 110.2 ~z. 0 7!1. Q
"'.
63.9
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H
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11. 7

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34
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-32

f!aeal ... t.

.... .... .... .

{A.ltilude. &.7D!I ,"to Su;,,- iD tmal) \Owo in .b llI, country .. illillUrue:-oor. rocky !tiU«'. ·(ID f!dp 0' alli, balTeD pllil!:!.!

, ,..' ..., .... ... ......... ...,.. ........ ....

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I
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12 G7. 7
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".1

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01.. 71. :I ", 0 77. 0
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II
-17 -II i
OJ
II "
::.>
" I • I ~I~ -It

Gil..
r."ltI\ude, 01,000 "t. lLatw. iu •• IIt,. gfsnLat! rl'itt I• .,..rally rol:.QfI: COOIIlr)')

l&&1;,••• __
FIlabell mo
LoW", ....
DirbMt tem
-~I#~i::::H·::E::~j.:j:j ""
I'
.... .... . , ..
'" 1
11.6
OJ
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70
...
./57. D
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at. e
111. 8

~:~ I
.
100
...... .... ",........... , "......U..
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91.0
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n.2:
67. 11
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00
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• •
-18 I,
" , 11 -11 -21

BII.

..."..
[A1t.itll~. a,~:)t fOe'. Stadoel ia tM I1D.fOII 0( Colorado Rt'rV, .. baM .-&lII a..... 1,500 let 2,OOr} !C';1' '-llh; IlIt.tIOll~:.J t., from rh.... !

--Iiioatbi;-D1(;.~n
mOtl'bl~'
~:~~=::~::::::::::: _:::::.:J
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104
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if. 7
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f."'IUtude, .,911 rtet. Couatrr" ,.,*,07 M\·.r aad ope tet U. :IOUlb, witb Ilta"h abrupt bilillo "'... n.or~hl

•
9
30..
+4."
,.5.1
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 1'BB XAIPAIIOWI'rS IIEGION
22
RICOf'tlI <I_JHTfII",.;ft ,gIICk.", Ulall (" F.)-Cootinued
"'w_
(Ahltutle• •
The induence· of oltitude and topographic position
on temperature is shown by a comparison of t~e tabl~s
for Alton, Giles, Rite, and Kanab. Decreasmg alti-
tudes are accompanied by increasing mean annual
temperatures. At Alton (altitude TfXJO feet) the
thermometer rarely goes above 90·, and the bighest
temperatures recorded for 18 yearll are June; 94·;
July, 03·; August, OS· i and for four or five months
0
in a yelOr the thermometer lalb below 200, and -20
has been recorded. At Rite (altitude 3,600 feet) zero
u-rupentures are rarely recol-ded. The range between
the highest and the lowest. monthly melOns is least for
Widtsoe, 5.60, followed in order by Rite, 28.~0; Alton,
W.O· i Escalante, 31·; Cannonville, 32.40 ; Kanab,
33.So; and Oiles, 84.2°. These figures of menn an-
nual temperature and the l'Gnge between the lowest
ond tho highest overage monthly means are not un-
like those prevailing in temlJerate lutitudes and there-
fore give little indic'ltion of the temperatures ellperi-
enced in this region.
'rho annual and daily re.nges of temperature Lre
of greoter significance. The maximum annual range
recorded for Alton i. 114° (940 to -20°); for Esca-
lante,116° (08 0 to -17°) i for Giles, 132° (1110 to
-21·); for Rite, 116° (115 0 to -1°); for Kanab,
120° (106 0 to -15·); and for Widt&oe, 169· (92°
to -lTO). The greatest t'ange (lSS0) is at Cannon-
ville, where D July ""d August. temperature of 1010
i~ oaset by the low February record of 82° below
tero. At nll points within the Kaiparowits region
below 7,000 feot, temperatures that exceed 100·
norma.lly occur for 10 to 20 days nch year. At such
times tile temperature in the sun is ahnost intolet·able.
In ti,e Fiftymile Desert and the Wahweap country
the surface soil reaches 140·, and bridle b\lckles nnd
camp utensils ellposed to tha Bun almoat scorch tha
lingers. Except within the deeper major valleys Dnd
to a leM elltent in other canyons, temperatures below
zero are normal in D~mber, January, and February
Illld at points on the higher plateaus zero weather fo;
five or ~ix days in su~i~n haa been ellperienced.
Reservolfs are coated With Ie&, and the soil is frozen
to depths of 2 to 6 feet. Nearly every year the Colo-
~ado River ~n Glen C.nyon freezes over in places;
10 1878 the Ice was ~ feet thick • t Lee. Ferry' nnd
dnring the winter of 1924-20 horses were taken ~cros!
on the ice .t tl,e mouth of RaUs Creek-a feat many
be_' 1,600 -.ell
times performed by the Navajo! at Ihe Crossing of
the ~athers.
Righ rangea in annual temperature a.re accompanied
by great daily range. A daily range of about 40·
is probably common to the whole area; ranges of W·
have frequently been experienced. A worker in this
region soon learns that however hot tbe day may
be an ample supply of blankets may be required at
r,ight. In June, 1918, along the south rim of the
Kaiparowits Plateau the bellt of the day interfered
with field work, but on three lDorning9 frost covered
the ground. At altitudes above 11,000 feet several
days with temperatures of 700 to 80· were followed
by nights in which ice formed in the camp buckets.
Sudden changes during the dlly are infrequent, ex-
cellt when thundershowers cool the air for a few
hours. On b:ot summer days a hailstorm may lower
the temperature within an hour to a point where
handling instruments and writing in notebooks is
painful.
Fortunately, bowevel, in the Kaiparowits region
high temperatures Ind great daily range are ac-
companied by dry air. Instrument&! measurements
have not been made, but for tbe region as a whole
the humidity is probably less than at Flsgstaft', Ariz.,
.... here the mean relative humidity is 62 per cent, be-
ing lowest (39 per cent) during June, the driest and,
during some years, the hottest month." High hu-
midity and high temperatnre oro not contempora·
neous, with tbe result thnt heat, though distressing, is
not enerva.ting and oppressive. Here, as in the Nl.v-
ajo country, U a bot-air bath, not a steam bath, is part
o! the daily routine."
The average date of the tlrst killing frost of au-
(umn ranges from September 12 at Alton and Can-
nonville to ~ovember S at Rite; and tbe average data
of tbe last killing frost of spring rallges from March
24 at Rite to June 20 at Alton. The stations under
ohserVRtion (see p. 21) have normally a growing sea-
son as follows: Alton, 84 day.; Cannonville, 98 days;
Widtsoe, 99 days; Kanab, 128 day.; Escalante, 128
days; Giles, 140 days; and Hite, 224 days. No frost
records are available for Paria. Where water hIlS
h«:en m.ade available this long growing season, coupled
With high temperature, is favorable for alfalfa, corn,
• U. ft. We.tbn BOi, B~ll W, 'rol. 1. l012.
 CLIMATE OF SOUTHEASTERN UTAH 23
Ind fruit rlising. However, when Il period of several up and down canyon walls the air seems continuously
years is considered, it appears that the normal length in motion and at times is difficult to face, but during
of the growing season may be much shortened. Thus the course of field work no widely sweepin~ sand-
the growing season may be shortened by six weeks storm WIIB encountered. The most disagreeable expe-
It Hite and reduced to 9tS days at Giles, 60 days It J-iences are Associated with the huge clouds of whiding
Kanab, 15 days at Widtsoe, 1S1 days at Escalante, and dust which roll across the ground to meet the oncom-
22 days d Cannonville; and Alton may have killing ing thundershowers. As compared, with the winds
frost any month of the year. These records are in adjacent areas, those of the K&iparo\1'its region Ire
eharted in Figure 5. neither intense nor continuous. In the minds of the
The bearing of these figures on agriculture may be Navajo who live south of the Colorado River the
seen from the fact that oorn requires, on the a "erage, Wind People were sen~ to dry up the eorth, a.nd ~ Wind
eo to 150 day. and fruit nn e"en longer time to reach and Night" (sandstorm) is & dreaded expression of
maturity. , powers for evil. To the Piu~ of southern Utah the

FJOv .. G.-RiI!'1nl!Gn or lIme of 1I:»Ua. froft to altltudit 1Jt .oothea.t«11 Utah. Baaed •• J'~ordll aC lD~teorolot'!c ,tallo ...

WDlD winds and storms over the plateou top and among the
winding canyons are Dot unfriendly; chiefly the light-
Small areas of dunes and rippled flats of eolian ning is dreadful and sublime. Mooney I. halO thus
sand, widely spread over the Ka.iparowits region, bear translated one of their folk songs:
witness to the presence of winds. In place!i rocks Ire
The Yl1nd ItirI the w1llo~T'.
being polished Bnd etched by wind-blown SAnd and
Tb. WInd 8th.. tb• • mow,.
vegetation i. successi vely buried Ind uncovered. The :.rind .tIn the wntOWI,
For the tll"O stations where records have been kept The wLo.d
atln the creMeS.
tbe prevailing direction of wind is west at Alton and The wind .tlrt tbe (I'Q8IfI.
northwest at Cannonville. As it crosses the grass- The rocks are rinc1ng,
(overed or forest·covered High Plateaus its force is The rocks are rlnglDI.
diminished and it reaches the settlements at the plateau Tho roc .... or. rlnc1n~,
base strained almost clear of dust. As the wind pro- Tbey ore rtnclog In the mountaIns,
~ds east... ard down the Escalante Valley it gathers Tbey are rln&1nct In tbe mountalrua.
The, Ire rfnc1ua In tIM! mountains.
force enough to sweep the ground clear of dust, which
it earriea to Glen Canyon and to the uninhabited An interesting phase of wind activity was observed
regions beyond. The wind along the southwest base of in canyon., wher~, with seeming disregard to regional
tbe Kaiparowits Plateau likewise has no collecting direction, winds on summer day. travel up the valley
ground for dust and is hindered in its course by rock and reach the surface above by going up the hot clift's
masses that rise from the surface and project from the at the ct.Jlyon head or dividing to follow tributaries.
plateau. It mllst start and stop, pick up, and deposit At night they return down the valley, and the explorer
lind at relatively short intervals. The absence of ex- soon lemrna to place his camp fires with this knowledge
tensive aats and the presence of innumerable cliffs, in mind. At many junctions of canyons small ridies
~, and canyons provide conditions unfavorable for of sand are alternately moved and replaced.
~lI1Jlterrupted sweeps. Whirling columns of dust are • Noo.e7. I_met. Bap. Am . .2tholOQ F.urt.eatb AnIlI. R., pSt.
In evidence, and around bases of rock buttresses lind 106f-10111i. lags.
 TilE KAIPAROWITS !lEGION
24
Inrlrely to the arid climate. Because the scant suppl~
SOIL
of water ill the ground is not suHicient to leacb out t~
III the Kaipal'owit.i region soil is rare; if defilled ."luble COIL~tituellts, the bits of plant food sparingly
n. dueply uecomposed or disintegrated rock mixed distributed in t.he rocks are accumulated in the soils
with humus and water it is alm<m--t absent. On flat- and .tol·ed for long periods. That the soil has fertil_
topped mesas and plateaus the soil, weathered directly ity is shown by the vigorou.s notural growth of pereu-
f",m the underlying rock, forms & mont Ie & few inches niols and GIUlllals whc,'(l sullicient water is l)l'l)sent and
thick, Lut e,'cn he"e the soil covel' ia not continuous. by the c"ops hanestcd at Lees Ferry, Pario, Cannon-
On the plateau c<lges (the" breaks") the arell.9 of dis- ville, and Escalante. The one substance lacking is
integroted shale and .andstone, though technically I water. The dry air and open-textured soil pe"mits the
d."><ed as soil, bnve no agricultural value. In general moisture to escope o.t the surfoce, ,tIlUS dep''essing tbe
tho conditions ore unfavorable for moking and retain- Wllte,· table to It deptb thot makes natural farming
ing i!Oil~. The scanty vegetation, the absence of sod, unprofitoble ILnd dry forming speeuJotive, but irriga-
tho .udden .howers, and the "Rpid run-olf favor re- tion farming brings satisfactory returns. Unforlu-
mov.l of the ""iI o. rapidly as it is formed . Soil does nately there is not enough woter available in the Kai-
not remain on the .steep slopes that ore characteristic parowits region to supply more than a few squa1'<l
of this region, nor ou flatter "-Teas where tbe surface is Dliles, el'cept .t prohibitive cost. The most flLvorablv
thoroughly wa.hed by tumultuous waters from cloud- situated lands are already under in-igation,ond tl~
bursts olld ~wept cleau by winds. Over hundr~-ds of lund that might be irrig..ted is more than ofl'sat by
squore miles t·be surfa::e con.ists of clean, bare rock. I the .mount destroyed by the down ~utting of alluvium
)o[""t of the soil in tbis region is 1t'lnsPOrted 8Oil. It
in the washes. (See p. 30.)
hOi! been lll'ought to its present positiofl by .t''earns and
wind. ltlllny depr ..sion. on the surface ba"e been VEGET.o!.TION
filled by deb .. is washed from their edges, and into
IlIl1ny rock trllcks 811rf~ce material from near-by llembers of the Powell and 'Vbeeler Sunev. we"
I,l.""" h •• been dumped. Some former canyons and impressed by the geneI'll scantiness of the pl&~t cover
inullmeroble tributary "ulleys have been partly filled lie southerll Utah. Powell" remarks:
with .Iream-bome debris, and a fe,. tI.t-lloored \"11- 110n1 portioDI o! tbe ele... u.ted dttitrtct are del'old ot Um-
ley. nro lIanked with soil deposited .t high ..... ter ber; • • • the forests ot these \Jl,per regioDI are met-
DOtonou~ .. tbe l'ar1et,. 01 tree Ute is 1'ery small: • • •
.lageo. Similnr soil is displayed in alluviol cones the eoulterow trees .. • • are ragged and ,narted. alld
dong volley side'S lnd in f .. agmentary terraces th.t tbe lumber they Ilftord l. not ot the ftaest q,uaItt;y.
cling to co.nyon wall.. Eoli.n soils in the form of
Powell list. (j species of pines, 6 of fir, II of juniper,
dunes are displayed hero and there It lhe bases of
3 of popl8t, 0 maple, a box elder, an oak, a birch, a
~liff., on opentlllts, .nd within CIlnyons. At one place
hackberry, and 2 species of ash-tbese last seven rare-
III the Escnlante Valley dunes ha,'e completely oblit-
as
~ .. ated the canyon wall and replaced bue rock with
soil that supports. covel' of 'fegetltian. In tbe Wah- n 1Il... rl,. complete lilt ot !Orelt trees. • • • }II-early an the
(11188e!l on the bt(blonds Dre bunch gtllU. The spRees bJ
,~eap eountry. wind-blown soil coats lArge oreRB, and
whlcb they are leparaled are bare or occupied by W'et!dI and
hlle dns~ se~llD~ fro~ the air probably forms put of Ihrubs. .. .. .. A. contlnuoul torf Is never ICon. .. .. •
" ,ost. SOIls III t~IS regIon. In foct, some of the best The regionl lOuth and east of the High Plnteans are exce",.l·
g"II~Ing "reUS ID volley. owe their VAllie to nnnn.l mgt,. desolate; naked rocks ore tound. refusing tooting eVft
Irrusscs thot find uncertain foothold in the shifting (or dwarfed C'edars and pitlon pines; the Ipriup o.re 1D..!.re-
sond>;. queDt and ),ield no bountiful IUIl(1:)'; Ita patcbes of Irlas are
wldet,. ICRttered, BDd it baa but little va~uo tor a~rlcu1tura!
Such soil as the region .lford. is de"ived from rocks purposes.
thot nre deficient in the minerol matter needed by
plont.. Tbe sandstone and sandy shale of the Puia Dutton" saw in sharp contnst the "egelation of the
Volley, Glen Canyon, Waterpocl<et Fold, and Esca- rim of the AqUl~rius Plateau ~nd of the canyon lands
lllllte Vnlleys nre p,'Ovaitillgly quartzoee and. therefore that Itretch enstward to the Colorado. He says:
poorly supplied ",ith plant foods. The ilndstone and Yealorda7 [in upper FremoDt Vane1] we were totllOJJ over I
burnlni aoil, where nothln; &l'OWS Ave the ashy-colored Mae·
shale thot con~itute. the upper h.1f of the KaIparowits the prkkl, pear. and tl. te'.. tt:'danr tbltt wrltbe Ind cuulorl
PlotenD contRIIl a hlgber propOltion of desirable min- their ~tuntM Ihnba under a scorchll1;: IUU. To-dav "'Ie !let!
e,... b, and the Iim..tone and baslltic 1"". along ti,e amQllit forests ot rare beaut, and IU1:urlnnce; the .l~ Is molll
Ia~ ,,~d top of tbe Paun,augunt., T"ble Cliff, and
AqIIlU"US Plateaus furnish 80il of good qU'Ility. But,
AJt~oulth about .90 per cellt of the svil is derived from
1'01 ~ th.t furmsb hUla or 110 lime, !lotn.h, and phos-
phorIC lInd sulphuric lcid, the soil is not infel·tile, owing
 VEGIITATION
.ud cool; tbe ,rA3~ are I l·eeu. and f'npk. and hosts of tlowt!n
dt':'d: the tur! ljke the buu of • PCI'lii.u CIl1l)tt·
Eac;lwud from the plateau rilll he saw
bun,iI,I' plu.1us. barten even o( SAge-all Ilowluc witb brilbt
("{Jior BUll 8ooded. wItb blui)lg tinoUght, .. • • It ta tbe
tluem\t or deMIIlUoD. the blankest so!itu~ , • superlative
deU'rt; • .. • tbe plaiD is burren, t reeless:. and waterless.
If Dutton had descended from the High Plateaus
to the " desolate" Escalante Basin, where " the air
boils like a pot," or had visited the Pari'" and Glen
Cau"on distl'icts, some harsh lines would be absent
fron", his picture. Traverses of these regions b"ing to
rie,.. a re,na"knbly distributed and widely varied /lora,
.bove which, along the plateau rims a.nd tops, trees
and urn.b are as abundunt as in most pR,·ta of the
l"lOlildo plateaus. It is iI'1le, however, thnt ..egeta-
tion in the Kaiparo'Tits region has an unfriendly en-
Tironment. Nowhere is it luxuriant, and at few pllUOeS
do the plants crowd one another in their search for
..ater and favor ..ble soil. As .. rule, the grass is in
bunches, tho shrubs in clumps, and the trees in smdl
groves with considerable spaces separatin: them.
}[any plants have no nenr neighbors ; they stand as
individuals in t"ncts of several acreS or are present by
twos or threes in area$ of several square miles. Ex-
cept en the Kaiparowits Platellu and about the head-
waters of the P"ria Bnd Esc.lnnte Rivers, patch6S of
green are a small part of the Ia.ndscape. Large arerua
"'8 devoid of vegetation.
The high w~l1s of hundreds of cllnyons are in gen-
e,..1 without plllnl coYer on th~i r mces and on their
top:!. It is possible to follow the rim of Glen Canyon
from the Pari. to Halls Creek and to continue the
journey dong the crest of the Wnterpocket Fold to
the Circle Cli& without stepping on grass or passing
b.!neeth trees. (See pI. 21, 0.) Similar conditions
woold be found in a traverse along the Esc.lante
Ri"er from its mouth to Sand Creek. For the region
•• a :"hole, including the plateau tops, dUfs, and clln-
yon walls, it ii estimated thd vegetation in the sense
:hat thLt term is used in the Colorndo pla.teau prov-
'lICe coveN! 20 per cent of the surface; for the lower
F.... I.nte V ..lIey, tbe southeast end of the Kaiparo-
w,ts Plateau, and the south half of the W.terpocl,et
. ·old it covers probably less than 5 per cent.
~h. distribution of plant life in the Kaiparowits
tfgJon corresponds roughly ... ith the zon&! arrange-
rnen& outlined for northe ... tern Arizona,·· but the
boundaries of the zones Ilr. more Irregular ..nd broade,',
lod overlapping of zones is commOn. In this region
Iopogrlphy, with its attendant control of rainlall,
temperoture, evaporation, insolation, and wind, deter-
~'- the character of plant life and the boundaries of
• Gtf/tOr,. H. E., The NllVeJo eountr1 - a Ceo,:;raphlc a.t b,dro·
~~ ~1I.tsslllllCe of .-rta of .\rlaoM., New )f•• leo, .ad Utah :
' . . 81l1'~T Wuttr'-Iuppl, hper 380, P. 7:!- 191 • .
1~,~
25.
ecologic p,·oyiuces. The unusually complex yertical
and horizontal
· arr&lt"'ement
.. of canyons , stream ftata ,
s Iopes, cI ,lfs, lIIesa tops, plateau tops, areas of soil, and
nr.... s of bare rock lIatur.. lly provid.. local environ-
ment with little regard to contour lines.
Cottonwoods g"ow \\'ithill the lo ..·es! canyons at
3,125 Ceet and also ill dry washes ",uoye 6,000 f;et. III
plnces yellow pine constitutes forests between 7,000
and 9,000 fect but is absent (mm lurge areas between
1,000 and 8,000 feet a.nd ilppears here and there below
~,OOO feet . Piiion and juniper rllnge ft'om about 3,500
feet to the edge of the High Plateaus at 10,000 feet.
Sagebrush, willow, and waler-loving' grasses, reeds,
and ferns seem to be distributed almost regllrdless 0 f
altitude.
Although it is difficult to establish boundaries, ot
has been found convenient in field work to recognize
three plant zones in the Kaiparowits region, as
follows:
1. Zone of cottonwood, cactus, and yucca. Thi •
zone includes the Colorado and tributary valleys to an
altitude of about .5,000 feet. Within this zone vege-
tation is overywbere scanty. In Olen Canyon yucca.
and cactus occupy the few talus slopes and cling to the
walls; willow grow. profusely on exposed sand bars,
reappearing after each flood; cottonwood.. stand on
high lerel terraces at the mouths of tributary strellms,
where serub cedar, oak, box elder, Brigham tea, rabbit
brush, hackberry, and grease wood are also found.
The vines and bushes within and adjoining Olen Can-
yon are duplicated in the Paria, Escalallte, and Halls
Vaneys and along stream ways draining south from the
Kaip8l'0witl Plateau. Cottonwoods Ire particularly
abundant in the Paria Valley. Tbe vines present in-
clude poison oak, Virginia creeper, clemntis, and grape.
Grass of several varieties nppears as detached tufts
among boulders, in rock cracks, and on quiescent sand
dunes. Moss and fems watered from seeps form ",een
spots on red sa nd"tone walls. Tamarisks and Lom-
bardy poplar that wcre planted a.i" Paria about 187~
h. ye made good growths; fruit tt'ees, corn, Ilnd sor-
ghum give satisfactory yields nt Pari .. , HILlis Ranch,
Lees Ferl'Y, ..nd Hite.
2. Zone of pinon, juniper, .. nd sage; altitude, 5,000
to 8,000 feet. The dominant vegetation for a larger .
part of the Kllip8Fowit~ region consists of continuous
forests, scattered patches, and individual trees of
pinon and juniper, together with vigorously growing
SAgebrush. (See pis. 8, B; 22, B.) This type pre-
vails on tbe top and flanks of the Kaiparowits Pla-
teau, along both sides of the Watel'pocket Fold, and
on the slopes of tbe P8unsaugunt, Table Clilf, a.nd
Aquarius Plateaus. Tbe rel ..tive amounts of ·piilon
and juniper difer widely from place to place, &ltd the
I sage grows under tbetrees, in "parks" between them,
i cr in uninterrupted fields covering hundreds of acres.
 THE KAIPAROWITS IIIIGION
26
WiLh tl,."" dominant forms ore found Ileorly all the ConiOBelinurn IelJpulorum. Erigeron macranthus.
Cinoium (near C. drummondi; PoteDtilla flU""".
pllnts represented at lower altitudes, and within this and C. eatonW. ChaenacLia dougluti,
~",e are ma.ny indi,·idull trees and some groves of Autenn8ria rmiea . ZygadeDUJ elecaD •.
yello\\" pjne .nd aspen, eharaderiatic of highe~ alti· Geranium riehardlOni i. Anemooe &loboaa.
I udes. BuUberr;.,., service berries, and mountam ma- Castilleja Jiulnoerolia. Wahlber,ell& drnmIDolKlii.
hogany are fairly common, and at Pleasant Spri~g Achillea lunwals. Arabis drummondii.
(altitude aoout 6,000 r...t) occurs .~ unusual a~,a. With regard to the utilixation of the lond the ,ego.
Lion of pinon, juniper, upen, ..")\0\0, oak, blrcJ." tation of Garfield, Kane, alld SAn Juan Counti...
• Iders, IlIxuriant wild cherries, ..nd rosebu.h~s. FrUIt Utah, has been studied by Depue Folck," of tht
trees, co.. n , wheat,and
1gro
".......
- flourish at C.nnom'ille,
. L"nited States GeologieRl Survey. He recognizes fi1"t
Tropic, Henrieville, nnd EscalAnte. Potatoes, wInch zones, which he descl"ibes os follows :
were found growing wild in the PotaLa Vall,), (Eseo.
t. The transltlon def!.ert brllAA typo occup!es the lo¥.'~r all~
Innte), produce c"""lIent cropa. Lud... or the re.1oD IDd I•• mixture ot ,·orloUI Imoll brulh
3. Zor.e of yell01l' pine, spruce, and fir; Dltitude, opeei .....bleb dUfer Ia domlaoDco Ir.d deDatt.r accordlDS to
8,000 to 11,000 foet. On the upper slopes and top of I local condit'o",," The Dlor. COUllDOD of tbe .. plJ1ntB or. spee;..
the Aqu" .. ius, Table Cliff, ond PaulIeauJ:llnt Plilteaua !
nnd rollnd .bollt Clnaan Peak yellow pine predoml-
ot saltbush ••ueb .0
.had...·.:. (A/ripl ... c<J,,(crtl(olia), .0.,.
mon •• llbU8R ( .• 'rij'/C" •••C.""".), two SIlloli suarute.",",
notes at altitudes under 9,000 fert rand is iollowed up"" : iipct'~e. (A.triplez ,mtl-aUi; nn:1 . .Urlple:w corr .. ,«ln), as well
BS Uttle rllbblt brush, bJnet brush (ColcOflYtW t"a-mo.:.a:slmG;.
ward in turn by spruce and fir. The trees U"e intcl'4 Mormon or Brigham tetl (Epht:l¥a.). grcusewood (Sarcoba/tli
.perled with beantiful grove. of aspen and IUider- " • ..".leular..,) . Yu ..... , and pricklyp.. r . Gmllla, gnUeln. 100
gl'uwn with oak, willow, JWlnz;anita., sngG, a.nrl many Indi:l~ rlce are tbe principal ,rfJ~.
p:rnS8es. In pIa!"•• the pines gl·OW singly or in widely 2. The .bndscale Iype oc<:upl •• cniy a tew of the low...
• pOC"e'! >:roup', oncl g,·.ss-floorM parks arC common. ,·.lIeys. where ahodocale (A.lrlp/ell _ferl i/o/i,,) I. tile doml·
N.nrly nil the IRnd. in zone 8 are within the Powell nu"t .hrub Dnd 1$ \l.8llullr ...oeloted ,.!tb little robblt br""l,.
Mftltbush, dnd cHher ,roma or Cftlletn CraSti.
Nation.1 FOl·ost..-th" !<Ource of lumber and of sum- 3. The Junl"""plrlOn 11pe Is tound Ih.·ouKhout iIIe .roo Ilndor
mer p:rozing for Knne, Gurfield, "'ayn., and Piute dl"""""lon betw .... altitudes of 1,000 Dod 7,000 teel. WithlD
Conntie.. The following list of plant, growing in Ibl. type os ronppcd .re moo)" omnll open [>Dlehes wbere pur.
the for ....! has been furnished by M... Wollnce M. or mixed ota"d. or .mnll brush dom'Date. At the blih.r al,l.
Riddle, forest !lupc.rvisor: tudes t~se stonds cOIl8IJ\t ulmost entirely of s.'1gcilrush; \I;
tJIO lower BrC'ft8 there :1 in mallY pl:J:CCI only. SC'rubbr gro\,. ,l:
V.Jeriana oontophyl:.. I LigUlJtieulD porteri, wild torrot of juniper 'Nith n abort bru!lb a.nd ~nss aSBOctntlon toDlfl(kC('(!
Kunzla trldentatflo, bit ter or Duystephana aflilli., mradoW' luJncillDlIy ot s.hadseale. saltb'JHh (Atrlpr~:I OtlMCac'C1'IoI). gal·
deer bru.l~. bl""bcll. kotll (rOss, Indtan riCC (Orvzopsl. AymeMW!C.), And crnml
PHUdocymoptarul ticteetrDmii, Duyslcphan. porl")·U. gI"Of.& (Bovtetov. gnJ(.;li.l) . In addlt!on mountain DUthognn."'.
.. nRelic&. Dugald". hoopcsii, .n~~· oak brush, crab applo ( CrczJoCgzu), nDd cliff rose urc abundant
.'.tm£alUIl' thompeonM, lOCI). · W""~. hruab species included with thlt; tYJ~.
Aelragalna dceumbena. nuU p.,ipJ:oro rrutlcoaa, elk brulJh. 4,. The oak t.,vve OCCUI"8 tn onll' n few l't1loth·el,. small
loco. Arnica rhizom.ta, dwarr lun· Al'ettS at the blgher altitudes, ,eu('... l1)~ adjoln-tng the Umbered
Scricolheea dumo!llL, ~arbetT)·. Hower. torest areo!.. Tbis tne as mapped "I\'CSl of l{ontleoUo repn:-
Hcdyttlll'uJU pnbulare. tJce. Arnica corditoll&.. Fcnbi: an ftlm08t pure stllnd ot oak brush (Q11<"TC11I "ra ll-
w(:cd. Mnblcnbual& t.riftda l no catem cn,f.I) Iup[llemcx;.ted by a few Icatter!es yellow pine amI in
Apocynum aeopulo:,ull'). grasa. places IImoll AUI[e pa1.cbea. Ou the slOpes ot the Henry
Koelcrin CriHtatD., carly MrOM. De,l pbiDium barbcyl, Inrklpur,
MouDtftlns the typo includes a number o[ other Bpeclu .Dd is
Cnrcx mi.~ndrrt. mountain Sympborionrpoa oreophilu.,
In rcollt, a high brum type. with aRk. the d.ominant specie$.
broadl.at. trip hrulh.
Cnrex. fcstivtl. Thc rld:;e ot this IIn~ '''' ext!'1!lD.oI, rocky ond. ".neB.
Merteos!n. .ampaonii, water 811ppvrUn,:: onl)· 8 SPSr5C gl'o,.. tb or purple- loco weed, ",bereu
.Juneu. badiulI, mcado,,' arMS. bluebell.
Hym&llOXJ'8 rlohllrdsonil. yct- the upper porti(lo ot the north $Iopes eon~t11us patches or
Amllrella. scopUlOrllI)l, bille
lo",·w(.'Cd. f:q.rucr. IIr, and Il-"pen , .lld ,.ellow pine ;:rows lower dOWD
flower.
Lithoepermum m~lli"()rum, Rnd in tbe eaoyoD.8. Some at this Urnbar' ""ould bs,oe tom-
Am.rell. Illcbeja.
),("110'" boneYluc.kle. mrrctol "A1ue 1l it were at(esatble. Sa"ebrush. buck bru~
Chanl&ener(on nna:UtltifolluID I
Erioaot\um rrOC'C:'um, amall (S1JfHpltoriC'C"·po.), an(1 rUff rO&e (C(Hca'Rfa ,'sullaMa") .~
flre ..·eed.
yellow""",,. n~:alcll with the ' oalt brullh on theie mouutalns. At Alton
Ocuro Ore;onclUlC', nancll_bill.
£rtogooum eorymhOlum, aPl,le ye1low Iline itt: n~hltpd with thc onle brWlb.
... li t".... ItCl'eti
Asclcpiodors. dccumben' l poi-
bru.ob. tOn ..'UloW'. G. The suge tYfK\ deslgDales Iren s where Enge (Ar1emitfG
EriOlonllm rt\eero09uDl. FcotuO!l ...n!&erl. fritf.c:w.ta.tll) Vrest'nls a domlnRnt oppetlnlDce to the eye. awl
ThalietruDl Ipft.uiftorum, Faatucft ,·Irldula. makes up practimlly 73 per ceDt or the IrouDd cover. Buncb
.... ater,.·~ed. Brom\l8 polyftlltbll'. I: r :Isa ( ..tumpuron ."i("Qtu".) I. the principal .econdaf'y apecles
Madroncl.la 0 d 0 r _ l i .limn, AcrOltl, hiomaliAl. Itt the b1tiher 0I1t1ludC1; but II! I'Clllaced by ,allet. cra" (Bil~
hOf'1JCmiut. Po. (aeftb ... n.n. )tURe'ii) on tbe lower mC'ttQ:l. Sl'attm'IUi; plants of btl' rabbit,
TiVJ,malul luridu•• Imartitll Aeonitum coIumbianuru.
mUk\\"eed. .. Pll!l"1io"lll COlBllI\lnlctlion ~ rUDtl&lttfl"d ,_ • l~ t~r rrom 10"" (I.
I Luplnua (.p.). Sortbr"ll. J.D. Hi. W:!G.
 INBABITAN'l'6
h,..;lh .nd linle r.bbit ll'ru~h (Chr/llJoI-MlIIU-U-J ,h!tf.bP1l.1IU.,,)
lind • Ptrlodlcal growth of slP-venl' Innunl gntSl nnd weed
t-1Jf'l....s (K.~ur tbrougbl)ut lliia UfIE'. In- ceneral, lhl'tO t,YI....
j, Jlot f ound ~tow 8n altitude 01 5.000 teet.
ANIMALS
Among the indigenous animals of the Kaiparowits
rogion field mice, cliff mice, ehipmunlu;, .g round
""uirr~l~, cottontails, on(l ~oyot.es were frequently seen,
Rnd the nocturnn.1 desert rat (" t.rade rat ") is much
ill fvidence. Porcupines, badgers, and woodchuclu;
Ii". in forested areas. Snnlles and li:tnrds appear on
the lower dryer lands, bllt reptiles ore here much lei'S
common th.n in regions south of Glen Canyon. Pra.i.
rie dogs likewise ore not abundant. Bea";; Dnd wild
roh< ...·ere seen on ''''erol occasions, .Iso tracks of the
mountain lion. Colonies of Sonoran beavers are at
,,"ark on Boulder Creek and Sand Creell, and the
name Pnunsaugunt (place of hea,'ers) for the south.
~l'Omost of the High Plateaus suggests mnch wider
distribution. n is reported that otter, deer, and moun.
tain sheep 'vere plentiful ·during pioneering days ond
lhat wild horses were occasionally &C('O. The Piutes
t.1l of once abundnnt antelo~. East o( the Kaibab
J'lote8u deer arc now rare, and the only mountain
.heep noted during tho course 01 field work "'85 a
flock of six net.r the sout.heast base of the Kaiporo-
.. its PIaLeau. Here, os in other parts of the South.
....st, centipedes anel scorpions are found, but. thou::h
Ihey are .occasionally unwelcome visitors about comp,
they are not abundant. Crickets and spiders are
plentiful, but mosqu.itoes give little trouble. Deer
IIi .. are a troublesome pest in some of the upland
marsh)' nlleyo. Grasshoppers a.re found in sufficient
.bllndanee to serve the Piutes •• an .I·tiele of food. In
ISH tltey destroyed the CI'OPS ot Kanab. An mh,I"
Ming VAriety of aquatic insects the in ~pring·fed
hgms, small dreams,and raim.ater" tn.nks." Among
those studied by Moore oud Hungereord, the Illost. com.
mon are back 6"immers (lI'olo1lecta), wawr boatmen
(A~toco'i:la), stridel'S (Cenio, Trepobak6, M;Cf'().
"';;a), and dytiseid beetles (R"anlll~, T "~rmO'Tleclf~)."
INHABITANTS
IJIIDJAJII TIlJ:.IS
The Kaiparowits region has always been ,parsely
.. ltIed. To the clitr dwellers ond the Pueblo tribes it
,..~ IU unfriendly, isolated country. The few ""loll
cldr OOll_ in Olen Canyon, in the Paria Valley, and
~Iong the rim of the Kaiplu'Owit& Plateau are in strik·
IDg tontrast \\;th the numerou.s well·designed struc-
tu~ found in 6ur~ounding .I-egions. They are poorly
bUilt and suggest temporary dwellings, pioneer out,
posts, or refuges for scllttered bands driven out from
27
better place,. Th,'y ;;erm tn hi' wny_ide ~.mp., not
perm.uent 8ett.iement,.
The Hopis say that their .nc•• tOl'S came to Tusayan
h~m regions nort.h nnd west. They nlso speak of an
edIct. of the" old people," forbidding' travel or dwell·
ing beyond the" l,lTellt water chAsm." Although in
Hopi tradition this prohibition i. gi"en a relil,';ous
bi.gnific ..ncf, it seems not unlikely that t11I'lOt·js of
pIoneer ...outo formed ih basis.
From R c.enter, probably ot Chinle, the N a"aios ex.
tondl'<! theu' .ettlemenls " .... t, ~ast, and south but
nossed the ('.olorndo onl." for huntiug oile! buter.
Likewise t.he Piutes, wI", appear to hftve been forced
by hostile tribes to occu.p y undesirable l'onds, chose the
San JuAn and Virgin Valleys and the pllltenu lands
fRrther west and eost in preference to the Paria and
EscalsnLe Valleys aud the Kaiparowits Pin tean. Ar.
rowhends fmmel hen a I\d I.here show that th. rogion
b.low t.he rim of ehe High FI.telllls was a hunting
!!'l"Ound, but the >prings Rnd conYOll Uottoms sho" 110
sign~ of long·time occupanc.!,. Thompson in 1872 met
on. bond of Pilll.s ,t the northeast bAse of the
.-t'luorius Flatc.u, and the pioneer 1I[ol'1II0n hand found
four or Ih'e Piuta families living in tho Pobto
Valley. Several times Ihe Navajos entered the Paria
Valley by the Croso.ing of the Fllther~ and raided the
l'io~ecr outposts, and (hey still "isit ti,e Kliparowits
rej:lon to sell blankets and buy buckKkin. The Piutes
Ii~_ewillQ come ocC8si~~aHy. to ""II boskets and to gllt.her
pinon nuts .nd medICInal herbs. The 1920 censlIS lists
four Indian. in Gadield County and none it) KIlle
Count.". During' the course of !ieologic field work in
1900, 1915, 1918, .1921, 19-22, l.nd 1924 the only human
being!' Sl!~n ~utslde of settlements were a family in
camp .1 P.fla, cnttIemen engaged in a round·up on
Hall. Creek, aud a few sheep herders within the
lIalioH",1 forest and on the Kaiparowits Plateau.
THE .0111(011 l'IOIlI.U
~he MOI'hlon immigrAnts to Utah lost little time it!
spying out Innd su.itnble for settlement. Within 10
yeal'S. after tlleir orrival at Solt Lake, in 1847, pioneer
cololllc~ h ..d b.en l'frtablished at I.ehi Provo Ncplil'
F'I'U more, B eaver, Parowan, and other places
' ,
along the,
foot. of the Wa.otch Mountains and ill the San Pete
Valley. The Virgin Valley alEO had been visited by
missionaries and agricultural prospectors. In IBM
scouts were sent out in an directions from Sonta Clara
a. a ceul~r. Four expeditions made their way east.
ward Across Il,e Uinkaret, Kanab, and Kaibab
PlAteaus and crossed ti,e Colorado, extending their
explorations into the "londs of the Navlljoo and
Moqui" (1858-1860). As a reElilt of these investi!rll.
tions, "many Saints were called from the north "'to
form settlements in 80uthern Ut.ah." The city of St.
Georj:(e V8S founded in 1861: fcrt.ilo spots in the Vir.
 THE KAIPAROWITS IlEGION
28
gin, Sant.a Clara, Ashc, and Muddy Valleys were oc-
cupied, and the way was opened for ""tending S6ttle-
ments eastward along the base of the High Plateaus to
the Paria River and to l-egions south of the Colorado.
For this work of colonization the adherents of the
Mormon Church were peculiarly adapted. Unlike
the Spanish explorers, intent on conqnest and conver-
sion, the scouts of the church were men interested
pl·itoarily in agriculture and stock raising. It .. as
their busineas to find lands, water, and gl·a_ to select
spots BIIitable for villages and farms. The pioneer
Mlonists were looking for homes, not for places to ex-
ploit and abandon. Out of this attitude grew their
policy of dealing with the Indian s--a watchful friend-
liness, which hos saved BOuthern Utah from the dis-
astrous experiences of most other part. of the country.
'1'0 the Mormons the Piutes, Navajos, Ind Hopi are
Lamouites, one of the lost tribes of Is.... I, who may
gradually be 1....10 imed, and they are also neighbors,
with whom friendly relations are essential.
Regarding the Pi ute. of southern Ut.ah, BI·ighom
Youug w~ote to Jacob Hamb lin" on :March 0, 18~:
1.'bc bcur ot their redempt lou draw" nigh, and the tim. hi
not tar 4!atlnt when tbey v.-lll rocel"e koowled&e aDd beeiu to
rltle nod increase In the land and become a veoPle whom the
Lord "Ill bl....
The Indlo.na . hou)d be elleOUr8~ in keeping aDd lakin&,
cat'e of stod:. 1 highly o.pprove ot Jour d~gns In dolnc yow.r
tltmlDC tbrough the nQtI.ea; 1t teacllea them to obtnln .. sub--
&lstcoce by their own lDdostty and leaves )'OU more Uberty to
.llllt otbel'9 Ilnd exteDd your ml.,lon uy labors amon, them,
A.
few mhudonorletl to :dU1W oud Instruct tbem bow to raise .took
and &TR IOII, nnd taWD Dot eat It up for tbem. 18 mOlit Judlclo"
a.
YOll should alwlI)'1 be corerul to lmpreaiJ upon thew thRt the,
HlJoutd not lnrr!nle ulJOU their rights h1 0111 particul ar, thua
culll.atl nK honor a.nd good prlnchlJea In their 1lIithtit by ex-
lI.mple u well .. precept.
In a public address in OotOOO1", 1852, Brigham
Young aaid:
Any lUall who Chl'Ut.an Illdh.n :othootd be ck'I.lt with Dlorc
sevel"ely Iha.1l tUl' ch~"thl" a wbitL! DU1U. You bretbl"ell ItlUst
1111 aside your 1ll1•..,.y t<'\lUngs to,,"'uti tbem and t.'eIllte ""\9hl\ll
tn kll1 theUL
l!'rolll the day of its founding St. George became
the commercial, odmillistl·ative, and eccIcsillStic cap-
ital of southern Utllh. With f!"iends and iuppliea
Il&ured, outlying settlements could be established with
_ome confidence. Pipe Spring s was colonized iii 1863·
Mocco.sin Springs, Kanab, and Mount Ca.rmel in 1864:
.nd Paria ill 1865. K ..ne Coullty, with 16 settlements
was organized in 1865. This hopeful progress cam~
to .. n end with the begimling of Ihe Navajo raids in
186e, and for the next five years the population of the
whole county probably averaged less thall 2;} whites.
l!'Ot· the two years preceding the first a.ttucks the
Indians had been restless. The CODling of a few
• L~ttIC. 1. A .• Iftcob B.mbUn. a oarrutlve o( hi. penoQol
expel'l.
fllCt, 14 _., Balt Lllu~ cu,..
'l>e5l'ret New., 1900.
peaceful whites to live among Ihem was not disagree.
able, but the uninvited occupation of lands by an in-
creasing uumbet· of families, wit It flocks and herds,
was alat·ming. In the mind. of the IndilLn all land
and fOI·ag<> and huntin g in southern Utah belonged
supplies
Lo the :Piules Ot· to the Navajos, alld aU food
were the common proper ty of the cI ..ns. To him poo-
session of land did not imply conI inuous occupancy.
IL was not only his privilege to ask for food! it was
hi. t"ight to demand it. Even before the coming of
the Mot·mon pioneers und the possession of firea.rms
and horses, the profitable trade in furs and skins had
made it less necessary to depend for suppo rt on the
cultivation of sma.n trnels of land, supplemented by
hunting, ..nd the possession of horse...nd firearms
made the Indian still more II. nomnd. A pat·ticular
grievance of the Piutes wa. the destruction by sheep
and cattle of the «0 k" and other grosseo, the seeds
of which were • valuable lIOurce of food. As Jacob
Hamb lin" e"presses it:
The lreut llUlll'ben ot aDimal1 broUl;bt into the couutrY .by
had
ebe settler. loon devoure d m()ljt ot the ve6;etaHou that
produee d nutritio us seeds., ou ,,-blch the Indian. had beeD.
IlccUiltomed to !U~lst. When, at tbe proper treUson of tbe
yeur, the nath'es l'e::lorted to the:;. placet to pther seeds, they
tound they bod been dellroye d by Ctlttie, WIth, perbaps , tbelr
cbJldrcn Cl'yln:t for food, onl,. the poor COll801artoD waa lett
thelll ot pth(!r!u l" Ilround l~r CD.mp tlt"e8 ond tltlkiol
o.er
tbelr grievanc :es.
Thoao who htn,oe caused lhelie noubles ba.e Dot renlized tbe
.Jttt.atlon. I bave nuwy timet: been sort:!l, ,rleved ,to aee the
I IDdlan. w!th their llttle ones £;lulnC upon a table lipread wIth
food and tl-ytIl&' to ;et our people to underst ond thefr circum.
ataneea. wltbout betn, able 11) do so_ La.nk hU8rer and oiber
InftueJ'lC'eH h.ve canted tht!:la to corumlt man,. depreda tion",
Piute and Navajo alike resented the focts tha.t deer
and elk and mountain sheep we!"e driven from theit·
~ceustomed feeding ground s · and ~hat the domestic
livestock which took their place were treated !IS pri-
vate property.
The troubles began by .. Navajo raid on Pa.ri., tbe
most distant outpost, and the theft of cattle from
Kanab, and this raid was followed by Piute attach
011 emigrollt trains thd we'·e going from Salt
Lnke to
the murde r of settlera at Short
Califo mia and by
Upper Valley , and Averet t
Creek, Pipe Spring s,
ra of Powel l's explor ing
Creek. In 1S69 three membe
party were killed while asleep. Th..~ these murde rs oi
Indian s by whites and wbltes by Indian s did not de-
nlop into .. disastrous war with its consequent devasta-
tio? of.U .. hit~settlements in southern Utah is largely
I oWlIlg to the f"llh, skill, and
daring of Jacob Hamblin,
who discouraged reprisals and took upon himself the
task of visiting hostile bands with a vie,v 10 establish-
i~~ peaceful I~lations. Late in 186lS he dtemp ted to
VISIt the Na,·slo chiefs, going by the Lees Ferry- Tuba
r. IdlHD. pp.. ,.. ....$ .

route, but upon reaching Oraibi he learned th.t the
Novajos were in a revengeful mood .nd that" it would
be usele.. and perhaps dangerous to go into their
country." Returning to St. George, he began a series
of visits to the c1.ns north of the Colo.'ado River, with
tlle hope that the Piutos woulil throw in their lot
with the Mormon pion.ers. The ptospeets were not
bright, for the white man's WRy of doing things did
not appea.) to tI, e redsldM. H9mblin "'ftS told in 185G:
We cnn not be goO'l; we must be PI\1te~ . Wt' want you to
be Idnd to us.. It mu)' be thn.t sOlOe of our ('hlIdl'cli ".11\
,ood. but WI;: \\'(Jut to follo,,,, our ollJ customtt..-
But tad:, combined with the previou, foil' Ireatl11mt
ond the heredi!nr.v feud between Pilltes and Nft¥ftjos,
finallv'ed to an nllinnce, uncI during the yenrs 1807 t.o
1871 'Piules and Mormons sympatheticAlly combined
in "'..tehing po ..-e. and wilter holes on the Arizona-
nah trnils and in wnrding (off attncks of maralldilll!
Navajo bands.
The misunderstanding between the Piules and
"hites came to nn end with that remark.ble confe"ence
of September 19, 1870, on thf. bleak summit of Shi.,-
,,·it. Plateau, when in replyin/! to Hamblin and M;jOl'
Powell the chief ot the Shiv"its snid : "
Your talk Is coo<1, and we belIeve what YOli say_ We
In ,JaeOO Ilod look upon you os 1\ father. When you 1lE' hungry.
you may hu'-e our IRme. You mfty gather our (WCf"t fnliiti.
We lIi111 Io':'il"e ,rou rood when you corne to our lund. We wlll
sbow you t'he svrings, and you bUty drink; the wnter is good.
We will be fl1endSl, And ,,,hen :you come we win be glnd. We
will tell the Illdlnr.s who U,-e on the otber 1tide ot the great
rIver tbnt wo ha.-t"e seen Ku-pn·rnt~ ~ODC (um ot!. ret'p.rrlnc: to
Major Powell). lind he's fbe Indlnn${' friend. Wp- will teU
. them be Is Jf\('ob'lII Crlpnd. W(Ii ore ,-ery poor. Laok Ilt QUI'
....omen and cllllcll"eu: the)' are noketl. 'Vt bm·.... 00 horse.;
we eHntb the rocks, and our t'~t ore ~re. We Uye nmon,;
rlX'ka, ftr.d they yield little f()()(} find mnny tbon.... Wlleu !he
toll' moons CORle Ollr ohHllren ftre huugr)', lYe hMYC not much
to Jrln; you mllst Dot thInk us IIIf>nn. Yon are wIse; tre
bay, beard you tell stNlnge things. We ore Ignorant. LaEit
year we klllE'd three white mon. Dad men laid tbey 1\'el"'e
our t"Demlel. Tbey tDld· gr~nt He!. " ~e- tllought them true.
We were mad ; It mllde u~, big Cools. We nre Yf'ry sorry, Dv
not think of them: tt hi tlo:tf': itot n~ be (riend .. , We Qre
l«DOnut-IIke Httle cblldreu In understanding compared with
10U. Wben we do wrong do not get mad and be like
mHdren, too.
When white men klH our )Wopl€' we ldll tbern. Then they
kill more of us:, It II not ~ood. \Ve b~r IhM the wblte men
Ire I creRt number. When tlwy stop knltn~ UII, there will be
no Indian If!(t to bury tht de,u't. We lo,·e our eonntry; ~
know not ot.ller Innd., We beAr thAt other lnn(ls I1re better:
we do not kn()w. Tbe pinel- sloll. (lnd "1\~e lI'e glad. Our chil-
dren ploy In tbe WArm 8nnd : we ~r 1lK'm tiling and ITe Ilad.
The leeds ripen and we hn'-e 10 .... t. and ,,'e ere glad. We do
Dot "'Int their looci tftDds: l\' C wlnt onr roeb anct tbe ,rent
m.ounta.lns wbere (lur fAthers ltr-ed. We fire \"etJ poor; we are
'tel,.. Il:I1or'ftD.t, but ""c arC Ter,. bonest, You han hOl!1e5 and
• LIttle. I . .6.... op. cit., " 41.
,-Que,ted t. PI.en. I. W., £':II1('l'nrlon or Ih. C{tINutlo hit't'r or lbe
"Nt. pp. IZO-lSO, J87Ci.
INB.lBIT.U~TS 29
m~llly thin~ . You hr(> t"('I'~. wil!lC: ~· I)\1 h,,\'t~ " lood beart. \Ve
will be frif'lld~ . Nothing nl(lre tin'·€' I to FRY.
In 1871 p.a •• \'fas concluded with the Navajos, and
Ihe long succession of thefts, parleys, murders, nnd
punishments came to nn end. ' Ill the 'fall ()f !hllt year
Hamhlin Rnd Powell profeed•.d to FOI·t Defiance, IIsing
the newly found cross; ng at I.ees Ferry, and in a
council nttende<1 by some 6,000 Navaj.os considered for
three d,,),s the hoped-for pfncoiul relntions to be es-
tabli,hed !lmonl( the Nliviljos, Piute~, nnd white5. The
'b~ ronneil was continned nt O"aibi, where lin agreement
WIIS reached thut in the settlement oI future misunder-
standings HRstele shonld represcnt the Navajos and
Han)blin the Mormons of Bonthem Utnh. The peace
talk closet! with the words oI the ~nvaio spokesmon:
"We hope we muy be able to rAt at one Uble, warm
by one fire, .moke one pip"', (HId ~Ieep under one
blanket." This nnwritte.n arbit.rntion treaty was i.ith-
full." kfpt; even U'e trencherous killing of thre.
Navajos ill 1815 by 8 resident of Grass Valley, which
roused the rel'en:.,,,,.ful feolings of the whole N avnio
tribe, did not result iLL further bloodshed.
Confidenrc in the word of t,he Nl\vnjos led the
pion .... rs to reor~upy their abandoned jields and "il-
Ingc, Rnd to search fOl' new locations in t.he region
bclle"~
f.St. of the High Plnteaus. The rnined homes .t
Pari. (winter, 1871) and ot Lees Ferry (1873) were
r .. tored. C.nnom·ille (187~), Henrieville (1878),
nnil Esclllnnte (187r.) were colonized, and permnnent
settlers eMme to the FrelilOnt Valley (1883).
But the redamotion of londs lind the building of
homes in \.he Kaiparowits region presented diffienl-
ties not experienced by the settlements farther ..est_
The climate is nnfavorable, and the Ilpproach to cities
t1mt fel"', as sources of snpply is long nnd difficult.
III corresponding latitudes the ()Ilses at the west base
of the Wnsntch are WArmer, receh-e 30 per cent more
rainfoll, nnd are traversed by strenms of greater Rnd
more ..gulal· lIow. Escalante is 80 miles from the
railroAd; Cannonville 90 miles; and Parin, by way ()f
Kanab, more than 150 miles. Escalante, Henrieville,
ond Pari a ne at t.he very ends of Iittle-tl·.veled' roads;
,-cry few people poss through them e:rcept to visit the
score of families on upper Boulder Cl'eek.
From the borders of these settlements unoccupied
land extends for 120 miles; eastern Kllne and Garfield
COlloties and two-thh'lls of San Juan County consti-
tute an area. of about 10,600 square miles within
which there are no permanent habitations. The mnch
buildings at Hite, at Halls Creek, and. in the Henry
Monntains are intermittently occupied, and prospec-
tors come and go from their cabins ill upper Glen
Canyon, but neither white men. nOr Indians 11IIYe
chosen this region for more t.han t.emporary use.
Fllrthermore, the settlemellts themselves are separated
from one another by natural barrien!.
 30
Torea~h Tr pie, C&nl)Ol> ~J1e, trod Henr~, three ;!l~ u. 1M Ute ior4 (iy.""" "f ,(he F&me:-s ) 1lJlli 1l
,.AUeml'nrs wt,<>ae horJ..... DelJrl,. o,,,,rlap. IL t1'l..~j... ,hfo Mh' f"",..ihh!- ~1'3iO<iIl::: ot l.t=er Pn.l"i1l Dar..-.:.n. th.-
y ... &!!Oll or au!..ro.-.bile fl'QHl Eicalal>te mll!!t dimb reci.on ',,!tow Pal'.u. ~- a ~np<>mry at<lJlpil;g PI""'-
rhe H'1I"1I Plllt"au drcle Thbl. Cliff, and d~ t , ' (0;;'" Pint an,l. 'Il"aj"" lUId pt'NlJ> ; Jur !:be tlil!:
I'W!p 101.... into> ,he Paria "-alley..Y", P,aria t~, j dwelJ.rs bo..!nre th~ Rlma/i, se'l"'t' tiIr",,-nsi~
t annon.·illo th~ rC>Qd i, tD. rough bM "f .. -;t.r...11U, Ie I j. pl.alll! dllfl.l\g l1is"xpllll'atj(om., "",J '['"wert 11~,1 J)
.." ioun.! during th" counoe <If fi..Jd ,,'ork ~h~l 1h& j 'M&t'Sh~1i (iSr21, 0Drl.A n . ThDrnpllOO rl~(5) CIUtl?td
poople a...Ilinl!; ill th< Puia Valley h;>,. btlJ oE the: t'.re. Jt 1;; poo>'iiJi<o liun E"""lontt' (l~) 11190 P.l<""d
:r...c..lAn~ , ' "lIe1 lILld "f th~ Wllterpocliet Fold ~ jthis .;pelt.
that the Glen CanY01! region 13 un!llIIUliar " v, _J\..z • sit., i.,r '" ;,n...l1 agricu1 'Illlll "<'<'ImmWllt:y Lb.
idell "of &<-mnle 1 "(,Jr.ilyof PoIm lIFf"'llN'.l A[t.-..<'tive to the pv..aeer..
Within ch~ IUiPU<)w1ts T 'gjan rMr~ nre ~ilO . (tit'· , pw..a ('any<lD ';" -here -cr~ by • }, !l'b"ck {Eioot
ment.l>-L.-e: F~IT)'. Car.rlOO.-ill", H",ml..... D~, Tropi' K1l1bal.l BlGIJ"cliD~), 1<.00'" whieh the 'V II.II~, fiwr
, tbe I.f.t throe included 'WltDltl 11 ""diu. of Ii wil~,) IlJrolldtlll' 11ll,} !>ek,w which fc.r a dl31ani'tl "f ./>oul
L .•la"t". n Boulder. Le F~l'l1' k the home of ~ llIil~ t.he b4llJOlI ~l.; '!I/.~n . blI"k from the !It.r.. m.
\I~ family; BouJdu lfl ,I" ..bout :t,} iamili"","In, ,~~'ng a1J \l\'ltll nllt£. in II h'Vtocato~ pr®tian fur jrnga:
Ii.;, on 'aLter ram:!> ; th~ o1.lt.r iour 6I!!.denl(!nti 'lion. Gr>l.ZUlg l.4orls IIl>fffiJ on both goes {Ii th~
re ocmull "111,,;._ Al of tlwm are ".'_;"ll"leJ ~Iraa.m, From ,__rdB k"P. b. 11. bi;;toriJ!.Il "r 1.-
iU'e!l . o ",&terM., tiUahle l ....il boN red by boIrrcn b.,J, i L ,-lnOD Ch1Jreb it 1lP~.at'~ ,th~t in 1~ Pel;6I SclIUl'U
01 WId ex'*nl.·· I ;;.-tJ.JeJ at R.IIcl<: HOlIfiI>, !! mi.~ 1:",J= t}lil hogb<tek.
LU5 nan ""1; 1.0 be drI..-m .way the fullowing yC4l' by N..".jCl>
~F~rry, .\1'11, lt$ chosen .. & reiul;e bJ John D "':,(\ l\titi..,1 pis 1""" ~ .. blJ)t£r:fur.ra.ids 00 iIbttIe·
I.!'<I in hi.> atttm}ot to c-.p" Lh.. """"",\uenec' oi par. mepu, iutber " , . In 1 71 Rock H()lllII! .....~ n.l~:
tiOl.pati.\I] in th~ , r""RtoUn Mead",,". ma.s>al'l't' (1.85';')' 1 cued Ly .,,, f"7',iljfl.S, DO J:,ou..'<e5, mrNlls. • fuN, 00
. \ tl'&C of!t fc ... hllndrtd a,'"", m, r 1>'1 m'" lh "f trw j ~ IDJj~ of J.tdl were cruu;I rue+..eO.. The n..n .=
l 'a"" is fuorably .itua~<i for ;'-'-'!!t1i,,'Il., an.il IllIlllI... ~here cre 11 famili . . lI.tldtnllpJftN' produced " pleBty
i
c<>rn, nnd fruit tTPfO; b,wo been iRlerlll't,u,ntl:; pb.nted n~ ~.'':'> !lIIrghurn, and gs.rdell t.nJc:k." In H:..-l! .LiAu .
• illet! about IbiO. In !l boat. b"iit vI lumbtr brought I nil;" lanher ckrwn!<ln!l.m, n1I:> ffilal.l.whed, ..lid it iloot
from the Kaihab Plateau Hamblin and Powell crO:lSed became a prosperous community of cattlemen and
the ColorILdo at this point, demonstrating its value as f~rmers. But Reek House and Adairville were des·
a ferry site. In 1873 a fel'l'Y boat was conet,ructed by b ned to short lives. In 1874 "trouble with the
mcn from PBria, and in 1874 it was protected by a ditches" caused the, 15 families at Rock House to relo·
stano fortification. Since that date Lces Fel"Y hiS cate above the hogback, at the present site of Pari.,
been an 088onti,,1 station on the route from Uh,h to and in' 1878 the eight families I.t Ad"irville joined in
Arizona. It is com'enien! hcadqual'tel's for Govern. the exodus, for" the water in dry yoo.rs did not reach
ment surveying and e:tploring parties. During the their forms." In 1877 there were people enough to
"gol~ boom II of 191<f-1913 Lees Ferry was the head- fOI'm a ward of the Ka.nab "stake." For several years
quarters for parties of men who were working at the new village of Paria prospered. rhe field !lnd gar.
War~ Cl'('ek a~d nlong the Paria. For some years den CI'O~S l'9tul'Dcd good yields, and the cattle in·
past It,has conststed of a dwelling house, a few acres c~-ell",:d IR numbel' and quality. Dy 1884 the poPllla.
of culttV&~d land, and a ferry boat kept in operation bon mcluded 107 resident members of the Mormon
by Coconmo County, Ariz. With the completion in Church, in addition to nonresident cat.tlemen and
1929 of the bridge &CI'OSS the Colorado at the head of about 20 Piut. men Ilnd women who worked inter·
Marble Gorge, ~ Ferry is 5 miles distant frolll the mit~ently on the basis of half rations. But pros·
F.IR.b'litaff.Kan"b hIghway. Its histol'ic ferrv boat nnd perlty came to a sudden end in 1885.
pIcturesque approaches are no longer of use: Floods. in 1883 were followed by the unusually
URn ,",vere wtnter of 1883-84 and by more floods in the
summer of 1884, which washed away farmhouses and
Pa,:ia (pah, "'Rteri re.h, deer), on the P.l'ill River, fields and converted the nllrrow &lream channel into
50 miles above its month, is lhe oldest sct&lement in • wDsh that ."tended in plRet!s from rock wal1 to rocl,
.0utheR!t Utah. Situated on the established trail lead. wlI.lI. (See pI. 27,) Excepl for a few acres PI,()'
tf'Cted downstream by rock buttresses al1 the arable,
I"~ ~or ~"0'1Pt10Nl ot the out,-Ukt .;dt~1'It~~h la th~ Plateau pnl'f'.
• ('I!t

~~:~~lat i;tlOlraph),. p. H . IIUO: Grt'COf)". n ..1=:••••The 0011.

I It'e • ,~. "Am. O~Jtnlpherw Ana.hI, Yo1. a. pp. lOT-ill 10111'
:t
~r)'. n , E., Reller, .\. G., nDd BI.hlll). A L Physical It d InnOO disappeared. In the spring of 1884 Paria bad
its maximum pOpulation. Iu September of that year
t" . r ooQ, .
"f Utah. Tbe oullll at U... foot of tb.. W.... Lcb.' · Geo,' 48 people remained, and in 1885 the Pari& ward was
a ~\lew. TOt 1. liP. 3.fo6-;JMl. 1916, . •
uisorgunized, For the I.st 40 years ,the removal of
--
Ill'llABITAliTS 31
. ";il and aIiUl,;.l hanks has continued, until the amount \I'U' l'omplet"d in 18l)'! the vill~ge ha" more thllll
of usable I:tnd probably does not exceed 60 aaes. ,\oubled it~ population.
·rhi. area supporls in part the two or three families
... ho Ii ve at Paria during the p[;\ni.ing and har ·estillg nCALAliTE
..a,ons. The ambitiolls pl:ms of the nonresident
In ISH the Escalnllle Valley wa. visited by H,lIlt·
.uilltah Land & Cattle Co. fOl' the constl'uction of a blin. In 1872 Dellenbaugh and Thompson, of Powell'~
"om and 10 miles of ditch · for carrying water from
v exploring expedition, " saw Mormon. from Ponguitch
Ihe Paria to ehe 50,000 ac"cs of land ·on its banks I'e· I t II :1. f ma ki ng .. se,'tlemen t IICI'e:tn
W 10 ·a <ec 0
. d a d'
VIScd
main in n speculative stage. Likewise Ihe exploita.
them to cdl the place EscA.Junt~." (See p. S.) The
tion by the. American Pincer Corporation of the .s· fi" st settlers came in 1875, :md a town site was selected
~lIrued gold "esollrces of the region, whieh in 29]0 iu 18rO in the Pot.to Valley, neO,. the junction of Pine
resulted in ,,,,col'ding 108 mining claims, affords no
(!rcek and the Escalante !tiNr-the present ,'i1lage of
Jl''Omise of a repopulatoo district. (See p. 148.) F..sca.J.nte. The reports of &rolll. land, of .llund.nt
CARlfOBV'LLE, HEIUIEVILLE, AND TROPIC w.ter for i"l;glltion ond power, and of inor."I. graz·
ing land. that extended fa .. in 011 dil'Cetions induced
With Cnnnonville ns " ceuter, Ii,.
settlements hove llIony families to I.a,'e the le~s congenial plotcAn topa
been esta1t>lished in the "ppe" Paria Valley-alI of te. th~ west, onn though for the lirst two yellrs some
them within a. rodins of about 6 miles. Three of of th~lll were forced 1.0 find sheltcI' under overhanging
these-CAnnonville, Henrieville, Dnd Tl'Opic-,hoYe r()(:ks, in caves dug in banks, nnd in JllI>.kes"ift
grown into "illa~",s; the other two-CliltDn, 2 miles wickinps, tent., and shl\Cks. FivIt yeu.. aiwr it. es·
...t of Tropic, and Geo"getown , 3 miles southwest of toblishment the E ·s c.hmto lI'Rl'd enrQlloo 4401 names,
Cannonville, on Yellow C"eek-we"e abandoned be· and its eonsistent growth hns mode the "illllge the
cause of the scal'city of watcl' ond the destruel.ion of Ist'!"",st compact settlement in southeastern Utah, A3
the fields by floods. The site of these villages has a typical record of pioneering in the Kaiparowits re.
~d"llntngL'i not found elsewhere in the Poria Valley. gion the following accollnt of the settlement of EsclI'
It is well watered and has good soil; firewood, coal, lente is given by permission of the historian of tho
ond lumber are near at hand; extensive tracts for Church of Latwr.doy Sainls:
gt'llzing surround it; and the climate is suitable for In ~'ebru"'1, 181~, WlIIlnm 1. )'Ial<o, bune Riddle, bo.c 1.
6eld c"ops t.nd during most yea,'') fo,' fruits. That Riddle, Chorl•• D. Wblte, 100Ioe Turl•..-, and Wllllnm Hutcb.
tbe lcttlement of tbis region was delayed 10 years 11llI'I, III of a.o"et, utob, .roued the Eocnlnnte Mouotaluo
after the establishment of Konab and Paria is due fl'Om Sweet,,·.ler au~ eXI~ored the regloo ot country lyll1~
largely to it. isolation. To reach it from the ,",' est in. 810ne tbe E""nlftllto Creek ond Itl b.-lbulo.I •• with. "Iew to
GndJng • place auItablo fO[' the loeatioD ot a lettlement. 'l' hese
.oIved building expensive ronds down the cliffs Df brethren, being f.vorebl7 Impreoaed with the countl'7, melli.
the High Plateaus, Dnd from the south the only fellsi· ared sowe of the tand where E.c.lante no\v "ands Dnd ottl.
ule apprOllch is along the bed of the POl,ria River. Tne maled tbat there were 1,000 acre. of lroble land or more
fi ... t settlers came to Cannonville in 1875, to CLifton 1\'111<'" eould be u.. d for .gr!cultural purpo.... 'I.' bey 01...
in 1875, to Hent'ieville in 1878, to Georgetown in 1880, found a ere.t pl.. t.. of Part. bed on tbe hllla Oil tbe ""uth·
wesl. Tbe:!'e brethren p:ve A good re[Klrt ot the country.
and 1.0 T~\'opic in 1891. With some fiuctnations, the whleb Icd to Ihe setllement of F."".lanto being (ounded 1be
coulbined populo tion of the tlll",e existing vill.ges has lOme yenr.
ShOWll • small, consistent increase. All the settlements A nuruUer of brethren ttom Pougultch, ""lto desired to
in the upper Paria \' alley have ,.xperienced great cbange their pi""" DC re.I(len"" 10 0 eounlry where Ihe eli·
dilliculty in oontrolling the intakes of irrig&tion mllte wa~ mot',-' moderule thon on I.bo Ullper Se\'lcr, decided to
settlo In Potato Valley 0(" on the E8CD.lante Creek, havln« been
<litches and in mointQinillg the c.. n&ls across the dIu· Impr..!Ied b:r the report or tbe •• plor.,·, nlr... d~ mentioned.
\'iol fiats. Beginning about 1890, tha Pltria River and Con_"elltly Andrew retor 8:how I"'be w•• npJ'Olnted b7
many tributary streams have cut deeply into th~ir DIBhop George W. Sevy, or PUlIl':Ullch, to toke cbargo ot lbe
fl.oor5, ...placing fertile lields with a network of can· p.opooed ""lOllY). Thom•• neap•. D1l,";d 81""OllSOll. Doc Carl""
yon. Willed with sand and Gravel. At Henrieville 8hlrt., William Ah·ey (all oC P.ngultch), Dnd h .. e Tun>'
I bow, at Pana.ccn, ~ey .• croll(ted the rIm of tbe ba,..in at wbut
C
all( annonville ..bout Q third of the ar ..ble acreage t.. colled Ihe Saddle of the ):"".III"to )[ountalns JUDe 28,
o[ 1880 hall been destroyed, &nd each year sees more 187G. ,,1th two wa.oua. The"" ....,. tb. fir>tt "8gOM . .er
f@rtilG soil c...... i.e d away as stl-eam·borne silt. At broul'ht luto Potato Volley. The bl'ethren ."""""de<! In (Ie'
Georgetown land suffici~nt for the 8"ppo,t of one ...,Ddlu( t~e O1ountnln on t.bo eut 61do "rter rou;hlocklnq
bmily remains. Tropic has forestalled future diffi. Ibo wheel. and a man rl~lng wllb web btud wheel. ~'bu.
lti b hO h h . they wade tbe d.n.:emus descent and rlrrind on the present
I

CU ea Y developing an irrigation supply 19 on t e .Ite or Eocalante lUlle 20, 18••. ' 'I.be sI. meD mentlolled bud
Polunsaugunt Plateau, where II. dam on the Sevler DO tomlttes wil.b them. The)' beld a eoullcil at the moutb
Rh'er and a ditch" miles long directs ... at«r over the r>t lbe caayon and ~eclded 10 locot•• town alt. on tbe oorth
platellu rim to lands along the Ploria. Since this ditch .1<1. of tlu! creek. op"""lte Ihe pl<lcc "'bere lbe town .. f
 THE KAIPAROWITS REGION
32
.E~ca18I1te nfl. standti. Tbey made I temporarl saney aDd.
aa.e. wbkb WII8 raised 6n the 24th, At tbIs time ther~ WIS
onl1 • Ter)" Hale watpr In the Eacnlonte Oreek-liral'Celr
(Iref.Ared to bund • )ouse, Heb . . n clalmtn. I quarter see·
sumclent tor tbe people to irrigate tbeir IJnrden RJlOtI\ to 111
tlon. In or,Ier to l!IeC'IIre fbe land tor other leWers, wHh a view
notbloc oC tJlefr rarm..-but in 8 most marvelous .,,0.1 the
til building up n town. Ou this visit these pioneer bret)reo.
water COUlmenced to focreue, thougb there ".8 con91derable
while IIvln" in tht"ir wll«OHS, fJJlent con_tdernble tlrte workiuc
no tlw rond ()\'cr the mounlnln, D'lCNSt of them returning brun. eearclty ot "".ter until 1882.
r"r Ch rifol1 maa. The &E'ttlerw IneutiolJed reprelented otiler men. The unsatisfactory feature of Escalonte'. situation
wbo also ('arne o\·er durlDjl the senlon Ano aql.ted 10 the !

work on the rll.'1. The understandtng 'IUS tbllt efH."1l mIlD

..hflllld h,.\'e 20 R(TeA (It fHrnllnJ; lano, 2lh serf'S at lucero
Iflnd, uno II cHI lot. In CII~e II oUtn h/Ht t ..... o ,,·lve. or Inort
thnn (Jne tRIOII, be ,YOY '0 hove two (lr Inflre clty loti. Onl1
for a Ilhort lime- ollrln(:, the w'nh~ l· of 1875-76 lfll1\l tlle jl!fRut
t(Nt1emcnt mUrc..fy nenled.
In Fl·llru.~' , 1S76. ,.ollle oC the hloclbt'cn ,,'11& bud \·h.1.te<l
F.J'Clllftn tf' 11110 'O"ul"k('d on the rond the p"wl()ot~ ,.fIlr returned
III Ilwh' ('ho~n Im'alion and eommenced 1Vork OD ID lrrlca-
Horl ./Jt(·b on the 1I0..'h lil<l~ (It the E~rfl'4nte Crack In
(,rd ... r tn brlnlJ water onto the tOWD Bite, bot to Aprn, 1818,
thc' br ethnon ngre«! to mll\'e tbe tOWD lite 811d bulld Hlelr'
buu.~1i on the ".. ntb side or tbc etr\'om ror farmln .. purposea.
J osiah Borkel' vr(lA the flf'lolt moo who brn\1jtht 1.'1 Ids family;
lac "rrl\'Cd in )In ft''', 1STG. And bnd .. terrlhh.! experience .In
er~.'m: the Eu,,' Fork VlI.llry III tbe UoW. About. dOleD
othC'f rflmtliC't) ftrrlY,:a )oter tn the apTln~, WlllialD Ah-!7,
the ftrat to lon:tr hili rllmlly on tile preMnt town site, found
I!Ihelter fn a tenOl .... hlC'b he bulU. In tbllt Illme eeUu all
th .. I!nt wom~n or the aettl{'ment tOllod tPTnrlornry Ihelter
AjiUlinat lftormJl, which were nat ' Infn~ue"t In the bec1uning.
'l'be ,.better thrrc WI'. touna to be br,tter than in the sbnntles
whlt'h Ih(! brethN."n haNtl1, hftd CCD8tru~d oC willows. In
thai ..arne et-U.r, 10 by 12 fPct. the arst ('holr praeUcea in tbe
..tI101»rnt werQ held. while lAeetloca were eomme.oeed m•
bowH buill of bl'1lllb and .. 1110..... In June, 1816, 0. tho 23d
ot Jut,. 1!iB, " lnmbcr shoot, na hastllr bunt In wb.lth a
publ1c atnner wnlf ..rvP.Cl On plolK'Cr dR,.., Jul)" 24. All tbe
people pIlrtletpnlt-d In tbl. tefillt, hl<'lndln~ a number ot P1ute
Indt.n., a1toltefhcr 140 8Oulll, not eountlnc: canlnet. Prnfcul
to th1ll, on fl1e tf'nCcllnlal dn)' nt the Unite(l grntes, Jul,. 4.
11(76. 11M' J)eOIlte .b()"'l·1l thetr loyalty Ali: bl'st tber could Ia
the n\JeKon~ (,f • ~tll'r nnlt t11l.', hO!l\lPd a !ltrlpeo N:lVW.jO 1
blllnkt't to tbe breelle. Tb~,. howe"", acnt for B G'eDulue I
PopllltJlirm O!tA. KaiparO'ViU re,ion,
i. ita inaccessibility, The village stands at the base of
slopes Bnd cliffs thot necessitate .. climb of 2,700 feet
to reach the" saddle" between the Aquarius and Table
Cliff PI.teaus~ Rnd t,he sharp descent beyond is only
the beginning 'of a road that st.retches 52 miles to the
railroad at Morys,-ale, Before the present expensivt,
skillfully planned )'oad wos constructed to 'WidtsDe,
mail and wagons traveled the rough, roundabout
route through Henrieville, Tropic, and Panguit.ch,
which made the distance t{) the railroad about 125
miles. When snow lay deep on the mO,unt.ins e"en
~his route WRS barl't'd. In tho winter of 1886 an outfit
wa. forced to go by way of the Wate,'pocket Fold,
Hall Creek, Fremont Valley, and Salina.-a distRnce
of more than 200 miles. Befol'e the railroad WRS con-
structed to ).{arysvale (1900) salable produce, chiefly
butter and cheese, was carted to Salt Lake City, 250
miles.
POPULATION
The distribution and growth of the population of
the Kaiparowits region is shown in the following
tobie, The figures for 1900, 1910, and 1D20 are thOE.
given by t,he Bur.ou of the Census; the other figures
represent the membership of the Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-day Slints, which is estimated by the
church historian to comprise 92 per cent .of the
populotion,
1881-19~O

r"rin~~~~:'' = ':-~I·;; /7J -'~7 ; ~. ~_ I~:? ;~~ '''s, "~6 ~~5L::~_ _ ::~_ _ :~~~ _:~~
E ....... le _________
C.nnollville _______
441 417 436 I 6lrl
187 86 128
948
242 1 130
';:
806
130
9~2
171
723
211 '
.
846 11,032 1,006 1,040 1,033 1,046 1,064 1,015
219 I 311 283 277 216 216 207 227
Henric"lUo_______ _____ __ ___ _____ 146 136 142 ~ 18~ ' 158 170 , 158 I
153 147 : 157 I' 159 20:
Goo."'low" _______
Trop,,
Bould.r_____
___ _____ ___
_____ ----l----
-----1--- - - 1----- 22 85 61
194 i,______
__ _______ __ ________________
_ uu _nu_
281
m ______
379 --;;;;- --;7-;- --;;2-- --;6--1 - --;8-0--'--;5-8-- - -;2-;- --;;7
104 ~.91 ••
177 ~175 •150 , •130 •H4 . 144. . .192
--
____ ___ _1 663 686 I------'---+---I---\--.:...j.--I--I--~
611 I, 111 I, 49311, 448_ ,1,515 1,602 1,718 2, 172 2, 170 2,086 12,006 2, 021 I, '98 2,089
• Alttll. • September.

The records for 1930 gi"e the population of

('NISUS
G~rfield ('ounty, which includes not only the settle-
menu of EsCAlante, Boulder, CannoDville, Tropic, and
Henrieville e...t of the High Plateaus but also the viI-
l.gea of Plngui!.(-h (1,061, or lbout one-third of the
popUlation of tbe county), Widtooe, Hakh, Spry,
Antimony, and the farms and ranches of the Sevier
Valley, ... 4,642, For KllIle County, "hich inCludes
Georgeto\Vn and Pari., also Kanab (1,1911, more than
one-half the population of the county), Alton, Glen-
dale, Johnson, MOllnt, Carmel, and Orderville, the
tot ..1 is 2,235,
Dllring the pel'jod 1900(11)2() the total increase in
the population of Kane County wi. 243, and :l'or that
I part of the county east of Kanab the population de-
1 creBsed to a point where only 12 pel'llOns remained,
 AGRICULTURE
During the same period the population of Garfield
Count.'· incr•• ,.,d by 1,368, of whom 802 were added
to tho setllemcnts on the High Plateaus and L6G to
those in the Kaiparowits region. The population of
Kane Coullty. 2,054 (0.5 to' the sqUllre mile), and of
Garfield Cou';ty, 4,768 (0.9 to the squore mile), ,-eem.<
very sillall for regions settled 50 yenrs ago, but it ade-
quotely represents the U carrying capacity" of south-
eastern Utah. The nnmber of uew settlers cominl!" in
i< offset by tile number moving out. The ,m"ll anllllni
increase shown-about 68 for Garfield County, 12 fo,'
K~lIe County, IInu 27 for the Kaiplu'owits regicn--is
l"rgllly the excess of births over de.ths. The families
of rUl'al V"tah &Fe lal·ge. In 1920 the population of Gar-
6eld Coullty inclnded 2,198 children (about 47 pcr c~nt)
under 14 years of age and 1,216 children (26 per cent)
londer 7 yenrs. Esc ..lnnte claims the largest proportion
of children under 5 years of age of all American com-
munities. The population is remarkably homogeneous.
Il is almost wholly Nordic-the absence of dark eyes
ond hair is very conspicuous. Of the combined popu-
lations of Garfidd and Kane Counties native-born
whites constitute 97.1 per cent and foreign-born
whites 2.8 per cent, of whom 99.6 per cent are from
northern Europe. Col<>red races, including Indians,
are represented by f<lur Chinese and one Xegro.
[n the decade from 1920 to 1930 tbe populoiion of
Garfield County decreased from 4,768 to 4,642, II.nd
tbat of Kane County inc'"eased from 2,054 to 2,233.
.AGRICULTURE
Powell recognized the fact that the Kaiparowits
region hod "but little value fot· agricultlll'e," and
Thompson's traverse ~ross the Paria and Escalante
Valleys led him to the conviction that •
lu thiA portioD ot Utah Jrrtgatll)D Is essentltll to o.grleul~ure.
It aU lbe sin;;l. acres 1t JI possible to cultivate without arllO·
crallrrltcation were I1IUregnted. I do. Dot believe the tum would
reat~b ooe--tonrth or 1 square mUe.
Th~ experience of the settlers i. quite in accord with
these conclusions.
. Without artificial i""igation the food crops of the
Kaiparowiti region would be those of the clift' dweller
and Piute-pifion nuts, cactus fruits, the seeds of the
"ok," «waiva" (wild millet), sunflower, goldenrod,
some squash, and rnl-ely corn, and when Pongonits, the
wind god, dried up the springs and withered the
gr• .".,., reliance would be placed on deer, rabbits,
hadg...., porcupines, rats, mice, and lizards. The arell.
of land th.t originally possessed the essential agricul-
t~ ... l features of suitaLIe climate, lovel sul"face, fertile
8Oil, and sufficient water for irrigation furnished at
rtasonable cost is estimated ns 8,000 acres for the
Escalante V"ll.lley, 5,000 acres for the. upper Paria Val-
ley, ."d 3,000 acres for the lower Paria Valley. In
189olO-31---1
33
pl'actice it hd" been found unprofitable to supply water
to.s much as half the otherwiiIC available ncreage, and
since tho region has been oettled milch choice lalld near
Cannonville and at Paria bas been destroyed by flood
ch.nn~[jllg. (See p. 30.)
After 40 yeur,,' experience it has Locn possible to
pI nee ulldel' ditch about 4,000 aeros of land I.hat im·
mediately "djoins the village of &;Calunw, .bollt 1,000
.cres on Boulder Creek, Sand CI'eelc, and ot·hol· tribu-
t"rie. to the Escalnnte River, and nbout a,ooo flcrea ill
the vicinity of Tropic, Cannonville, and Honrieville.
Of these ..rens, which cover about 8,100 acres, it has
beell found pr~dicable actually to irdgate .bout hllIf.
This discl"epancy is accounted fo,' in part by the varia-
tion in water supply from yeur t.o year lnd the diffi-
"ulty of maillt~ining ditches, and in part by the lack
of ne~r-by market for crops that could readily be
raised. The small increa.se iu popnllltion lias lbeen
accompnnied by a corresponding increase in the acre-
(lge cultivated.
La Rue " .ul<!,'Ilsts tho possibility of obtaining water
at Esclllullte for 1:1",00 Bcres !.lilt at a ('",,1 not jllstified
Ly prospective "alue of lands. He also thinks it
I •• prolJ ..ble that by utili,ing otouage reservoir. the
,I Paria may furnish sufficient wlltcr to reclaim "pproxi-
I mately 10,000 !lCI..,S of iLdditionalland." But attempt.
to use such waters within rari .. Canyon have resulted
only in h ....,tening the destruction of lands by periodie
000d9, and plans for conveying ",ater from the Paria
or its triLuta.ries to the smull acreage above the canyon
walls olTer little promise. After a survey and estimate
of cost, a .chcmo for reclaiming 25,000 ac'· ... along the
lower Pari a was abllndoned.
The principal crops raised on irrigated land in this
region Itre •.Ifal fa , wheat, oats, barley, and potatoes.
Garden vegetables are grown in abundance, and in
favoraLie seasons orchards produce satisfactory yields.
The annual wheat crop at Escalante is about 3,000
bushels-more than enough to supply the community
with flour. In 1917 it was 6,000 bushels. Likewise
Cannonville, Tropic, and Henrieville raise food
enough to meet most of their wants and could profit-
ably produoe mo~-e if the cost of hauling t() market
were not so great.
The pioneers of the KAip,u'owits region rejoiced to
find that the streoro flow increased soon after perm&-
lIent settlement. weTll established. Th" church
hlstorian writes:
In direet un8wer to prayer'll Qad suppllcn.t1oult on. the Jlllrt
of some of the apostle, who "tslted the lettlement in 1!:tS2, tbe-
W'llter In tbe E8catante baa lDCreued In Q most Dl4rftloU!I mall-
nero To say that there 1a at present ftve time. the amount ot
water that ItrYed the first .ettlera would hard I, do justice t(~
fbI!! tnets.
I
.. l.a nl.M, to:. C., Colorado ltl.or nnd Itt llliliution: to'. H. fJeol.
Sllrv~'J' \\'al(lr·i'lll(l(ll, l':a~r :J1).1.
l'P· 118-124, UHf;.
 '!'lIE KAJ1'ABOWITS IU!:OION
34
This phenomenon, which is widespread within the
Ollorado Plateaus, was noted by Powell:"
The Ino"'o" I. ftbundanlly pro<ed; It II 0 m.tter of onl·
,'.r.. l .. per:.nc., The OO.....llon. or the wrller thereon ba..
been wlcleh' extenrled. JJB\"ln~ examined as tar as {MlS8ible
all Ille tact. oeemlDg 10 benr on tbe .ub)..t. the theory ot the
IDereo .. ot ral.,.n "'•• reJ.ded. aDd another eIllla"atlon more
n.,OOrl., III l1Ie tllture of nb'rleutt.re aeeepled.
The Imount of watC'f flowing ID the streams 1$ but • .efY
small pnrt of that ,,'bleb falls (rom the beavens. The ,reater
port ot the rolnfon napor.,e. frOD\ ,he ourfoc" ",hleb 1m·
medIately r(!ccll'e ft. The exccetUngly dry ntmospbere quickly
reobMorbs the mol.lure orclurloDaJl,. tbrown down h)' • ('OD-
junction of to \'orln, CnntHtlOO8. An,. ebonIes 1n the rl1rtlteHo
whieh reeein the ln~lllltRtloo tBVOf"Ibie to the rlp1cJ pthpr-
In. ot Ihe rain Into rill. and hl'OOU lDd ereeII., ..'bile takln,
to the stream. but. 1IID011 amount of tItnl preclpltAled, "'Ill
jp'Oftt1ylnere... tho .oIuone of the .tream. them.. I'.... ,b.......
tb. w.'.r In Ihe .Irennuo be.r... 111\811 • proport,lon to the
alDouDt dl.charKO<! from tbe cloud.. TIle ortlnrl.1 ('hnn~e.
wrouJlbt by ana l on the MlIJ'race ot tile eat'th appnr to be
u<lequate III the production ot the observed e!lcct., The d~
st,ueU.n of torelll. which hn. heeD Imm .... In thl. eouD\l'y
tor the paot 13 y.... ; Ibe cropplns of the 'r...... aM tho
t ..... dln' of Ihe loll by ruttl.; tile de8tructlon of tbe be..er
dRm., cnua1nr I dro.llI""e of thu pond.; tho ere.Mr.g ot drJtt-.
wood from "' ..,,,'" ,haDnela; llIe drolnlDI of upland moodo,...
Rnd ",ony olber .U,ht modlOcaUo .. oil COrulJltrc ,. lnel'ense
too neeumul.llon of wnter In tbe It"'O"'., ODd nil thl. Is
odd",l to tI.e lurtlty of ,,'oter to be uBed In 1l'tlgnUon,
Studentl ot ,001011)' ond phy.lcol ,eograpb), bo.~ long been
awore ot tbe!te tact.. It.& well kDown that, under t.he mOdt-
fylng Innuen.,," of moa. the streams of ony rl'glon ,..d....... ecI
frtml tho "'l1d~r ..... Ire cblni'<l I. mlllY ImportD.at cbor...
1..-1111... In llooc1 tImE. their '-oIume9 I re ,·....."I<elr III-
eruacd l1lId tbelt po,...... " r dem-••UOD lDultlplled. lh - .
IOOS at droncht '"""" III ..""", t",,,
"1m po~iJJl bcI1>Tf' ""'"
modlll<'d Ill. ,urfa.., ot Ih• • oo.tr)' t""",me <-n.lrolr UTY ; tb.
.maller """lI'Obk- 01,,'111''1 hav~ tb..t r f'Ol""'"
n.IVI~.tlon
.honened, 80,1 llie ",,",,' rh'''' run .,. at lJJM~ .lUI !
""rlon bc<om• • mOl'< and IDOl'< dl/llrutt darlu dry ""Ooll' ;
In multlp\if'd "'II¥' til.... ,1I'«t.s .'" dlm"",,'atcd. W'blle 10
tbe main lh., l'tTIUirird cm.n,."'T'S wrnn$tbt ill" lI'JAlJ ( lD
fnee oro prud"cll,,- ot t nd l'bUlt l In humid r~"u •• the
chA"" 81'8 <hl. Or od.o".. us to ,., •• In .rld I"f\'lnus ~ b,
acrl... ltu.... b d"""ndeDl upon tt'l'l;;II" ..... ror b... I~. It
'" 10 1.._ •• Ill. ""l!I'ly 01 ,,-at"'.
UnfortunAtel), ineroa...", in sur/lee llow is aotam·
r "nj~d by deereftse in th~ .mount of ;!l't)und "'3t~r .nd
b~' 'lIdden fluctuations i n the n .lume of ",.ter in the
, tren m,,- :!I[u~h arable lAnd is dl'Stro, I, and
,,-hlch maius is mort> diJlicnlt to irri""t• . T ne ..... atE-r
hos been obtained at a rnin(lllS pri .... , The ."'Pfrim.nts
by Sampson and W~yl" in tllt ,tanti • otional F~
of ""otml t ~h show rondu i.-ely tha t attiileiwl inter·
ftr.nee ><ith n!l ln I r,m·oll is d~tJ-im.,ntal ,
STOCK B.USING
The K lIlparowils region is _tiaUy a gt'..zitl~ di ••
triet, puh.. Ih. larp'I, .- t~e r-&nge" in the "Cniled
411 P\1,..,.n. 1 . \Y. St~p(,rt OIl' t.ll~ l&zaab gt t b aC'!G: t~c.
t:'alt«l Stata. ~ r4. r-r tll-b:. 18'i1\.
~ &I~lI. A. 1\..... d WPl'1 L 1-1 .. Ita'll" P""r'f'Iilf',.. ~ 1D
ffiat1o.u to ~a tfI .t"-I toe .. t4~ na ¥fH:iq )..aDI! t. @... I:1p-pt Aar.
RnIL t'U.. lP]
State., The ,.iJlIges and adjoining farms serve as
Ileadquarlers for .heepmen and cattlemen, without
whoee interests tbe populat.Jon of Escalonte, Cannon.
ville Tropic and Henrieville probably would be nIJm.
bered' by. fe'w tens and Boulder mig,h~ not exist at ali.
DIJring the summer about one·third of the popula.
tion is absent from the \'illllges, caring for stock and
raising feed on outlyi.ng ranche&. The prosperity ?f
these communities depends upon the amount, '\-8l).~
d . I d'
"bility, and nlue of p.stur.~" an ' , AS m n Ian
communities, the outs~ftndmg cltlZ.ens are those who
have & kno""'ledge of '\'rAtel' holes, tt'ails, grass, Rnd
browse shrubs.
d d did
The amouut of Ilnapprop.-iate an unreserve an
i. enormous-in KAne County about 2,300,000 acres
and in Garfield County 2,500,000 acres, But _these
figurea have little value as a guide to prospective set.
tlen. Land is plentiful, but stock feed, though nu ..
tritious, i. scarce, Catt.le and sheep must rllJlge
widely in search of scant grasses, The stock owned
at Henrieyille, Connom'ilIe, tr.d Tl'opic roams o"er
the Paria Volley and the Wahweap country and along
.d Esc.a
Glen Canyon, and that owned by rest _nta of •
lanle and Boulder uses the broad EscalAnte Basin, the
Kaiporowits Plateau, and lands east of the Water.
pocket Fold, As Powell" long ago pointed out, for
all southern Ut...h the condition.. are such that fixed
diYision lines for pasture lands. fencing, and indio
vidual ownet',hip of watNIDg places is impra.ciicable,
P owell's osrim:ue of 4. squnre mil<:s lIS the mini lim
amount n~ry for -, p .stunga farm" to r the .....
gion that includes all
f K
ane an
(I
d Ga Ii-....
r \OW vv1l1ll1t-S
F"' _
W1l.<; ronsidi-nC h~' t.he pion1!et eettiu3 too 10"' . • "~n
.1"" for the be,;; l~tiolls_ and h s p ro" to be elltiri'J~
HI pplicah~ for. sotlth all rt of l it.. Hi~h
P lateans. For lu/,oe puts of s gion it is .,;ti.
Ita!' SllJ'.
mated th.u; ullder ~\'l'ragto climBri~ ()()nditions 1 _rt
mile is non. t.", much t o to"not ."ch
~f st.-.ef'. In
19'~ lh. number of can Ie owned by ' d~tlt~ ,,1
Eseft}anle, Boulder, T ropic., CAIlJlMlville, and Henri •.
,'me ' ....3 approl!:im&tel~' 12,000 and the Dumber (Jf
eh.eep about S~,OOO," O f these AnimaL. .000 ""ttle
lind 23,000 .;h..,p ITI'Te ."c:mllmod"t~ in th. Po....e-lJ
tha"l Nationlll Forest- the ttle for Ii ' months (.fay Iii
10 Oct-oher 31) and tm ~b""p for 3~ _ m1Xlth. (Junr l'
to September 3Cii. Wi thou! the !0t\'.5il the stool!: indus-
! try wonld Il{'~ily d';1'jndle 10 11 proportions.
The pioneer .;etl.lers, '!h small berd., /Uld OO"...k>, be-
fo re tioe nati'l'e ~egetati()n hlld bren di<furbed. WeN
.UlTOUDded by conditions 1L.<ua1 fo r stock rn.g....
- Good years" of lbe period ending in 89S ere fol.
lowed by bad )'tM1' culminating in 1896, ... ben ",ooot
ro P"t cent of tbe rang~ stock died of drought aDd
o-t tht star"..tion:' If1CJ"f11~ rainfall combined with the
"~1. J W op.. ('tc' pp:=o-n
- &h;aata 10.7 1'f.. ~ It~... ;00"*C "Pf""'"t..r, ~. • ft'ID.DIulll:ln-
l\coa iIa."foJ.J. . ::7. 1fl2S.
 lIflNIlI:G
~stcnsioll of the grazing al'ea to include the Kaiparo-
.. itlI PI"teau brought more fnorable conditions.
()-.erstoclring of the ronge in response to the increased
,..1\16 of cattle during the World War appears to have
been the tirststep toward the prese.nt unfortunate state.
In crOSsing tho Kaiparowits in 1915 grass for horses
..... abundant along Wahweap, Warm, and LASt
Chance Creeks and the meSAS and dUM-covered area.
toSt of the Puia. On top of the Kaiparowits also
,flSS was plentiful. In 1918 many Bocks of sheep
fOllnd good pasturage on the plateau, but during three
days' travill about W81'm and 'Vahw.ap Crecks the
pack hOl"1!es lived on oats, leans of cottonwood, B.nd
erps of brush, and lack of feed pl"Ohibited travel along
the rim of Glen Canyon. In ]922 there was insuffi·
cient forage fel' pock trains at all places except ~And­
<lune areas in the Escalante Valley. In September,
1924, no grass or bro .... se of any kind was found in
lInfeneed areas of the Butler Vall.y and obont Canaan
Peak. There is no doubt that 't~ Escalante and
rari. Valleys and the Kaiparowits Plateau haH de.
terior.ted as pasture lands during the last decade, and
it seems unlikoly that they can be restored to the state
existing during the period 1815-1890. Some system
of reservation seems most likely to bring improvement.
It i. interesting to note that in the Kaipo.rowits re-
gion the lack of water is not a s~.-iou. hiudraJ!lce to the
catUe industry. Though wder is ooarce, the available
sourct'S Bre so situated that only a few .mo.lI al'eas
of grazing lands are unutilized because of distance
from water holes. Many starving cattle were seen,
but nOlle thAt were seriously stlfrering from thirst.
)IJNING
Gold has been taken from g"uel bars in Glen Can-
yon, and more CIln doubtless be reoo"el'ed j but amount.
justifying large outla.ys are unlikely to be fOWld.
(See p. 148,) The" oil fi.lds" at Circle Clifs and in
Glen Canyon above the mouth of the Escalante hl",e
so far yielded no returns. The one known mineral
resource of potential value is t.he coal of the Kaipa-
rowits l'll\t~ftu. (See pp. 14~la3,)
 CRAPTER
GENERAL iITRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS
The sedimenta.ry rocks of the Kaiparowits regioll
are chielly of Mesozoic age-Triassic, Jurassic, and
Cretaceous. The highest plateaus of the region-the
Paunsa.ugunt, 'fable Clift', and Aquarius--o.re capped
by Eooon. strota, and in the upwo.rps, wheI" erosion
has planed deepest, Penni!>n limestones and sand.
stones .ppear, In their lithologic features these rocks,
particularly those o.ssigned to the TriaSilic ..nd Juras·
sic, resemble closely tho corresponding S6I'ies in other
parts of the ColorOldo Plateau province.
Except for variations in thickness, there is little dif-
feI'ence betwccn the fonnotions exposed at the Circle
Cliff. or the Poria Valley and those in the Navajo
cOUlMy, 150 mile, to the south, in the Virgin Valley,
ao miles to Iho ~outhwC8t, and along upper White Can-
yon, 100 milea to the Ol\st, The Navajo sandstone eRn
be traced almost continuously from western Colorado
to southeastern Nevada al1d from northem New Mex-
ico to central Utah, and t.hroughout this great region
TerUlIr)'. EoIlOlle.
- - - - -Unoon(ormtLy
UpJ.H.·r Crutl\.Cenus.
------~I-u"""nfOrtllitY
l.n,,','I" ('"n·tnc~ma (1).
I
•••. ~ - .• ~ •... - - - - • - - - _. - - - -- - • ••• - - - - ,-UnC",luf"rluit.v _
~ .
2. 5EDnlEKTA~Y ROCKS
the format.ioll i. char*cterized by es.sentially similar
lithology, peculiarities of wenthering, and topographic
expression. The variegated ma.rl, limestone conglom-
crate, and silicified trees of the Chinle formation dis-
tinguish this di~ision in practically Illl part! of the
plateau countI'y, and e,'en the thin Shinarump con-
glomero.te shows little change o~er thous ..nds of square
miles.
Tho strongly predominant rock type of the I"gioll is
sandstone, Hard, massive sandstone fOI'ms most of
the plateau bench.. and verticnl canyon walls; weak,
shalJ sandstone makes up a large part of the slopes
and valley flats, Limestone is rare, except in the
Kaibab Plateau, Lenses and thin beds of conglom-
crate appear at ceI'tain horizons, ClAY shale is wide-
sproOld in ports of the CI"etaceou8 and TI'iassic, bllt
wheI'e traversed it is quantitatively mnch 'less than
sandstone, The stratigraphic featul'es of the forma-
tions in the Kaiparowits region are summarized in the
accompanying table. (See also pI. 5,)
-_._----,.
tJrotJll Qbd CornLlltion Cb&tacter ThlckDHS (lMt
- _.. _ - - ---
Caicareoul sa.ndstone, ahale, And limeatonci pink:
W&lJ8tch rorUl4tion. . white, and vllrieolored, soft; uDderJiea blghe... 2,000
plateau.; OTnl>" out in oliff. and forma elope•.
Bluieh-drab' Rne to moderately COOrM! &rained
Kaipan>wit3 (I.)Mno.- o.rkoaic l18udelont and IlAndy ,hale, with &
LitHi . ,,'eak c:alcareoua cement· (orml elope!1 and 2,200
bo.dlands; a. fresh or braokish wa.ter deposit.
Yeilowiah·cny ruaeaive· sandstone v.-ith .orne
aa.ndy ahale, the upper 200 feet very maaeive
WahweapuluiatuliC. and hard; I"'rlea downward loto alternatlc. 1,100-1,300
h~r~. and soft bed!!; & prominent oliff·formiD.l
dIVUMOO.
Yellowish ,to brown Irregularly hedded medium
S"raigh~ Clitfs :lQnd· to mAI.lve aodstone; COlltlliDlil coal bed •••
stone. much a. 20 feet ill thickn~_; forlTU!J prominent. 900- t ,:lilt)
esetrpments.
Dilliah-<Jrab Ar~ill.oeoua t.o sandv ehale; ;:'~l
uniform in color and tedure' rr8.des to f . -
TNpic !'dUlle. iferou. sandstone at b..e~ shale contaioa 500-1,450
.\buudant GrlJphaea Itttirbcrr!/i and o~her fouila;
form" alopea and badland• .
Yellow to nearly 'trhite ulldatone' con.loDl-
Dakota (1) er~tio ill part; irrelut.rly bedded; contains
atone. thID beds or coal and )arle lilicified trees in 1)-100
l>i&te8.
II to li~ht blui.h..gra)" ao.ndy btlnded shale,
)fat"OOll
M,)rri..)tl (Ilrm:1thm, ~ ve:Y ma$8lve, hard conglomerate, aud coarse
~nt.ty lU:lroon, yello\\'. and gray irresularly
_i.- ~~~~~dstone: ~:~~ :acSfprne
tlts I
 <a:NEHAL STRATIGRAPHIC JlELATIONS 37

,
Group and Iornuttivtl Tllidrnl'A (rfel)
._.-_. - -
Thin-.bl'dd€'.d red·brown to grA)' (Tlnble sand-
Summerville IIf.one; IIhale-like bedF, alternatins nd and 100-500
form~t.ion. 'II'hit<", form b... ,\d€'d cliffs; ~ont"illt$ Illu('h
8ypllum.

Yellow, t.an, Ught-red, hrowil and gray fine,

Ent.radll. soud- even-8rained llfIudatonej in places one maSlive 201)-.800
8tone-. cro....bedded Itratum · oelll. poorly bedded
Jurafll~, landstone Dnd red Ihafe.

I Pink to red and bluish oandy lbAl.· ",hi~ .nd

buff 3l1..ndstone; gyp8um iu bedl and 88cementi
Carmel (ormt),- I dense ailiceoul and earthy darli;~mAroon Qna
Lion. !)(}-4&0
li,'ht. bluish-green nme!ltonej we"t.herli in bo.d-
lands AAd forme benoh on loop of Navajo Mnd-
, .
atone.
-!---- -Unconronl1it.~ -
Light crea.mY-\'~llo'\\'. whito1 pinkilb, and buff,
I Nuvl'Ljo Ulld- hi«Wy c.rcM-bedded •• nctllit.o~.; weat.hers in
sIOnt', high cliffe And innumcn,ble cones, tow<!r8, and 1.200-1,~mO

Locnl umlon·
domes; fornll eAve'!&, slcove., And nat.ural I
brid,es. _ _ __ L____
formit~· .
Maroon coarao-cn.iued c.rou-bedded landatone,
Lower JUNt~tlit· ('/), collilomerate, blue.aray hard. denlle lime-
JUl'lUlie (1}. l'odilto (7) for- stone; a.nd maroon and brown abalo; all in t.hin 12&--240
mation. irrefJuln.r bcda.
--- ------ 1---- ----------------------1-- - - - -
Reddiah-browu. very mtusive IBnd8tonc; prom!-
Wingate 8R.nd- ncoil)' jointedj crop" out oomrnouly in It linllc
"tone. vertital aliff ·tna1. reIoCmblei a paUtJOdc' oro.- 2ro-tOO
bedded but. not 110 prominently &s Nd\'ajo
und.tone.
... ---.-.------- -r------------------ "-Uncodormity- - -I - - - -- - - - - - - - -
Thick va.rj~Ia.t.ed calcIIoreoull aho..le or "marl,1l
finc-_'tmincd &al.ld~t,OIlC, cbert,y limestone, nnd
Upper Trift.olJili('. I Chioleformft.tioD. conglomeratic limestone; Inndstone most 415--800
abundant In t.he middle perL; containa large
__________ . _.•. __ • • _____________ ~___I---m-·Ii-e-iti-ed--I-~
-. -"-.-----------------------ll--
Light.-grny to yellol" couTiC-grwned to con-
Upper (1) Tri"..i•. IlolOeratio mndatoue, very irregularly bedded
Shinarump conglom- and variable ill thicknee9j INidea locally into n-12fi
Tri....aie. ernte. bluish land, aho.1ej contninl .ilicified wood;
forma prominent. bench.
---------Uncooforwt,y- - -f------- - --
Chocolate-brown to yel1o.,dsh "hale krt<! IInnd ..
stone, cOI)tn.lniJ)(( locally in upppr portion IVery
Lower Triueie. thin hard lirueltonea; .hale vcr)" .andy and
Moenkopi (ormation. Irades iuto ehaly eanddtonej tho und.tone
range. (rom thin-bedded platy Lo thick ....-
live beds; ripple marked.
----- - - - - - - - - ---J-Uncontormity -· · - - - -------
White to ,ellowieh mauivc, more or lcM dolo-
mitic limestone, in pan chert,; lower part 164
KAibab limestone. increaains)y sandy and Il'I1dCII downw&rd into
Mndstone "ithout .harp change; fouiliferoua
c"rboDiCernus. PerDlian. ia part.

Light crw.m1-,..hi~ caleaT60ul crose-bedded 0-93

Cooonino Mudstone. medium-grained SQ.J1&tcme.
 THE K.<lPABOWI'[!l BEGIOIf
38
PERMIAN FORMATIONS
UCaTIOlJ aJ'1) UT.lfT
Beds of Permian age form the surface of the Kaibab
Plaleau, which extends from north-central Arizona
northeastward ne.rly to the Paria RiYer, in Utah,
These exposures lie on the western border of the Kai·
parowits region, and as they are but prolonga.tion8 of
the Permian beds that are welI displayed on both sides
of the Grand Canyon, a discussion of them propedy
belongs with reports on that region, In this paper
they arc briefly described for comparison and L'Orre-
lation with COl'responding beds in the K.iparowits
region,
In the Circle Cliffs several canyons have cut into
Permian limestone and sandstone, C:lpOiing in some
)Jlaees more than 200 feet of strah, and a deep well
drilled near the top of the Circle Cliff. dome gives
information concerning the rocks beneath. In addi-
tion to the broad exposures on the Kaibab Plateau
• nd the outcrop. in the Circle Cliff., Paleozoic rocks
oppear at the surface in several other parla of south·
ern Utah. Permian and Pennsylvanian rocks are well
displayed on tile San Juan Ri vel' at Goodridge, on the
Colorado. Hiver in Cataract Canyon, along the lower
Green H,ivel', and in the canyons that head in Elk
IUdge, Permian rocks are exposed in the San Rafael
Swell, in White Canyon, and in Grand Gulch. Per.
mian and older rocu are cxtensively developed also
ill the Virgin River region in southw ... tern utah. It
i.l therefore very probable that npper Palecaoie 10rml.
tions underlie aU of the plateau country in lOuthern
Utah.
In the Kaiparo"'its region the exposed strata of
I'el'llliin age Ire ..signed to tile Kaibab limestone and
the Coconino sandatonl!,
Kallal LIIIEITOIfI aliI) COCOlIllfO UIII)ltOnl
lIISTORIC,\L BKE'l'OJ::(
Descriptions of Ihe beds now eilled Kaibllb linlestone
nnd Coconino salldstone appear in aU the geologic
reports that relate to th.e GI'8nd Clnyon region. The..
fOI'l1lAtions could scarcely escape obaervation, fOl' they
ue cut by inmllllcrable canyon., The limestone fOI'mw
(he lurface over wide areas and presents persistent fea·
tures of lithology and fossil content. The sandstone is
• distinctive strlltigl'Uphie unit, marked especially by
its prominent cross· bedding. They were noted by
)!arcou in 18,;6 and by Newberry in 1861 and were
luter discl\ssed and represented in sectiOllS published
by Powell, Mnrvine, Howell, Gilbert, Dutton, and
Walcott, Studies of the "clrboniferons" by geolo-
gists of the Wheeler and the Powell surveys resulted
in the weIl:known threefold division called Aubrey
limestone, Aubrey sandstone, and ~d1V ..Jl limestone,
In addition to the "Aubrey I> hmestone and tho!
"Aubrey" sandstone-spoken of also as "Upper
Aubrey" and as "cherty limestone" and ~ CI'll8!l-
bedded .andstone I>~the Aubrey group included at ita
I>8se a series of sandstones and shales which were either
classed with the "Lower Aubrey" sandstones or
treated as L minor subdivision as "Lower Aubrey"
sandstone and shale. Darton I simplified this nomen·
c1ature by the substitution of the terma Kaibab lime·
stone for "Aubrey" limestone, Coconino sandstone for
"Upper Aubrey" sandstone, and Supai formation for
"Lower Aubrey" sandstone and shale.
As a result of the extensive studies of Noble' the
generaliaed descriptions of previous writers were reo
plaeed by an analysis that i. based on detailed eumi·
nation of carefully measUl'ed sections.
Reeside and Bassler' sepal·.ted the Kaibab of the
Kanab and Virgin River Valleys into five topographic
~nd lithologie divisions .
Correlatioo of the Kaibab on the basis of lithology
and po.leontology presents little difficulty, but in spite
of the abundant fossils present the exact age of the
iormation remained long in doubt. Maroou' classed
it a. Permi.n-the equivalent of tho Magnesian lime·
stone of England, Newbeny' regarded it as "au
integ ....l part of the Carboniferous." Geologists of the
Wheeler and the PowelI surveys referred the "Au-
brey " sandstone and "Aubrey" limestone to the upper
Carboniferous and 11 few feet at the top to the" Per·
rno·Carboni ferous." Darton' and Robinson' plaeed
the Ka.ibo.b and Coconino in the Pennsylvanian.
Noble' correlated them with the M.naano group of
~ew Mexico, then considered Pennsylvanian. In dis·
cussing the geology of the Little Colorado Valley,
Gregory' states that "fuller investigation may re-
slllt in placing ,II or part of the Kaibab among
Pel'mian formations." Evidence f"om many sources
increasingly favol'3 the cOl'relation of the Kaibab and
Coconino with part of the Manzano group of New
Mexico, which i5 now classified 85 Permian.
-------
, Dar-toa, ~. H" A reconn81nllaee 01 part, ot DorthwclltcTO N""
Mnleo aDel lIortIJen. Ari:lOn&: U. II. Gell. Surve7 Ball. ,,3:5.1910.
I Noble, L. "'0 Ttae 81:l1aumo lIuadn.ne1t: U, 8. Ge-ol. Surv.. , BIILI.
3-11, lin,,; .l. -.clloa Gl til. Paleosolc tocaratloOll DC the Gr.!ld
ClfQ'oa at the: BftIIg trQIl: U. S. G"1. 8ur\"cJ prot. Paper 131, (Jp.
25-1'3. 1823. .
• a..-fcle. J. D.• jr., "I~ Bauter. H.r~ey, Blr.tI-=~ble .~II_)nll in
.. utb:weI'te-n Utab aod lIIortbweuet'. A.rI&OlIa: U. 8. Ceol. SUrYf1
.>tot. Paper 129. pp. at-T8. 1022.
I Xareo., Jute •• RbulDl •• , Se-'d DOte_: U. 8. Fac10e B. lit. Espl..
1'01. a, pt .... Po HiS. 18at.
I Kewben'7. 1. B.• Geolocical roel~rt. I•• ,·tl. 1. C., Report u.pon tltoe
Colorado Qlver of the West, pt. S. p. 11, 1861.
I Darto_, N. B .• op elt., pp. %8. aa.
~ RoItIDloll. H. H .. The !SA. Franet"cnD .elc".tc Qekj: U. 8. GII.)I.
Sur,.., Prof. Paper n. pp.. 2+-':!IIi. 1013.
• Op. cit.
·Grq9rJ', H. E .. GeolOlf7 of Ute NrlYOjo COIIDtr,.: U. ft. Geol. SllrYtf
l~rot. PUP"' 93, pp. 1S-2:!, l!.Ui.
 PEBMllN FORMATIONS
The uSUal section of the K.ib" b formation is in·
~olllplete; either the bottom is conceuled or the top
i. l'eDloved by erosion. The se urch by Gregory Bnd
~oble ,. for a place. where unquestionably all the Kal·
bab is disPlayed was r,,'warded by finding in Kuib.. b
Gulch .. COtnplete section with the Hermit shde below
and the ~roenkopi above, a section which may serve
~. the tyP<l of the K .. il,m b limestone.
The COConin~ sandstone maintains II. uniform char·
.cter throUghout th~ Grand Canyon district, although
there are tnu'ked variations in thickness. The sand·
stooe called Coconino in southe"n Utah," pArt of
..-hicll is described in this paper, occupies a strllti·
graphic position tlmt corresponds to the Coconino of
th"Orand Canyon but probubly is not precisely equiv.
.Ient to it. - lUent of Puria, the canyon walls consist of Herl
NORTHERN KAtHAD PLATEAU
f:scept for Q sm.lI Olltc,'Op of Hermit shale in Kai·
bab Gulch the eXllO.,ed Pcnnian "ocks at the north
ond of the Kaibab PI.tea" consist entirely of the
Kllibab limestone. As seen here, the Kaib ..b is a some·
,..hot magnesia II gray IIrelluceous Hmestone, which
colllmonly weathers very light dralrgray 00' bull. It
i. medium tu massively bedded, and the thickness of
individulll beds unges frolll a few incheS tQ several
feet, A~ indicuted by r""isbine. to erosion, the rock
i. h,ude,' than thOlt of the formati on.• nbove and below.
Jointing is conunon, though somewhat irregular, nnd
hal guided the weathering of cliffs and canyon walls.
Most of the KllilJnh limestone is siliceous and arena·
""ous. In places.it consists of about equal amounts of
calcite 01' doloUliu: nnd qUlUtx; elsewhere it is ...and·
&toile with lime ilnd magnesian ccment, Gradation
in the amOllne of sand grains is $Curedy noticeable in
Dlany la-yers, but in some tJ,ere is a distinct alternation
of sandstone and slightly sunJy or quite plllll lime·
stone. Besides the sand grains in the body of the
rook silie .. occurs as sm.ll nodules and as quarts
geodea. Locally chert nodules llnd lenses are abun·
dane. In parts of the formation mallY f'ossi I marine
iO\'ertebrlltcs are well preserved.
In other parts careful search re"""led onl1 frag.
DleDta'7 shells-no recognizable fossil remains. The
Kaibab is evidently of marine odgin, but the fossils
Dud the abilndance of sandy mllteriJIl that it contains
indicate that the wate,· in which it WIS deposited was
:' Gtt-l'O t l. fl. )1, Ilod Nobl@, J•. F " ~()( t.... 011 • _colopal tra,'.r,,:
.\G. lour. 8eL. Gtb .er., vol. ~, pp. 229-218, 1023.
U 1.oQw1llL C. R.o ~n.ser. H. D. , MOON, R. C., Dr,..... 1t1r1c. .lId
hlp, lkloe1. Roek (OTDlaUorut lu (be Culo."o Plalua. of ••ut_,e-
... trtU. .~ .ort.bern ArIZona: U. 8. Geol. .une, Prol. Papet 131.
f. .. 1925. )I"er, H . n., Geologie .truet.~ ot BaD. I ... c.P1O'l •••
~OI.t cooDt<l'7. U!ab: U . 8. Gool. Surve1 Bull Tat, pp. 121-122.
19:!4. GtUw1. Jomell, aDd R.eeslde. J . B.• Jr.• Se1Itmtot'l"7 neb or
liar &. btltl'l Swell and :tOme &djUl!ent' a r~;.I.. I. eostlt.'. Utah: 0. I .
~. SUf"I'e)' Frot. Pllper lolO, p. a3, 19:!8.
not deep nor in this urea probably at n great dist·u,
from lund.
Be,," use of its g"eat resistance to erOsion, as co
po red with the QVCI'lying ;\Iocnkol'i ulld Chinle f
Illations, which hal'e been stripped frolll its surf.
the Kni"alJ formution in House Rock Valley prese
a r"ther Sfnoo(hly rounded surface, which tllarks· I
accurutely the structure of the rocl<s along the e
flank of t.he Kilibab fold. In the steep slopes of 1
fold short consequent streams have ca'"Yed d~p, 11
row canyons, in the ,,-ails of which tho broken edges
the Kai"ab st.·at. are sharp and angular. The ro
strewn bottom of theSe canyons consists generally 0
sede. of short steps over the edges of succe:;sive h.
beds.
At Knibnb Gulch, about 8 miles south of the sctl
shale succeeded upward "y Kai"ab limestones •
"ll11dstones thllt are unconformably o\'erl"in by Uo
kopi so fJdstoues "nd shale. At ~he "use of tlte sect
c.len r~ous' sand-_tone immediately overlies red sha
no bL'(/s ..de,·a"le to tbe Coconino ~l\lldstone are preS!
'fhe strat.a exposed in Kaibab Gulch IIllly app
priutoly be considered the type section of the Knil
limestolle. (See pl. 4, A, B.) .\s dcsc";],ed by Nobl
the stmt .. of Knibab limeRtone in Kllib." Gulch c(
prise lh'e major divisions.
St.'l'tion II" Kaib«'" a.Tell, Utalt
(At top.) Yel'Y irl'egulnr beds of ('08 ~'!:fC' bl'ecclll-cougluDI-
el'llte, intel':jtrutiRcd .witb bor'r shale fmd cntcureou~
IO.ndstone Bud .eaPlled by mnssh'e bells or burr Ume·
atone; tbe lI me-stooe rorms II strong cUtt; the shale and
snudstone form "s sl,llle brokeu by irregular cUffs ot
hrcLocill _________________ _________ _________________ _
:\(ossl"e gray crystn.lIlne Hmesfone. cherty ol:d foam!·
eroclJ, cuotnlntng 0. bed or l"nd14one 10 U:e middle
ODd llu*iiug nt top 1.nto DHernlltin~ bed15 of chert and
butt earthy Ijmes tone i tbe ~dJt f!l £l"Oy <.Tysbtllloo
liDlC:St o.ue rOl'm !iltrong' cUlls; tbe ,Itetnntlng beds ot.
chert and buil ·Umestolle .t>o,·e the a:rq), limet;tolll.!
t'urw. 11 steep, ledgy slope ________ ______ ___________ _
Dull and l'eddlih fine·il'I.lned ID.udstoue, pOOrly consoU-
dllted ant) Irregularly bCtlded, Intl'l':'ttrutHled wIth bed~
or sundy breccia and trlolvcrtl~; fOl'm,. slopc!'- ______ _
MltSfil\"c buff sllJceou» 1IlUHtooe. ellerty :md IOlucwlult
t'OSHmrerolls, containIng· .ome ea!cureQu:i sandlj,o oe
cenf tbe middle and I . ...~ll· dcflm.'tl. fM'tl of bard dnc-
:;;rnlned hufr cNP-bedded .. DdBtofl~ nea.r tbe l)lllle; .11
bods eS:':ept th~ calcOfeoul .. n(lstoue In tbe DllddJo of
tile member t.)rt.lstroDC cUfts ___________ :.. __________ _
A,1terllll.t!.ng bed... of arenaceous linlcs:tone aud lrrecu-
Inrly bcddl!d Ooe-cmined buff .aud.stone i ooe tbln bed
or 1tme~tolle. in trU!i mld.dle! Qr th~ member. Lt "'err (os-
s lUrerou~; the member torwa u ste~p, }L"<IlifY .IOI~,
broken by ,maa cll.tr!l ... ___________________ ---- _____ _
U N"ble, L. tJ'.. ... ..etIoa. of tb. Kalbo'" IlmelitOIl. In fi.llIab 01
Utqh : tr. $ . GCNI. 8 .. rve, Pto(, Paprr 1,jO, PI', .. r-ajO· I!)"!&
 TBII KAIPAROWITS REGION
40
The detailed secliolls of Kaibab limestone at t~e
Bass trail (Grand Canyon) in the Kanab Va.lley, 10
lhe Virgin Volley, and near Lees Ferry, as !pve~ by
NoLie, show a remarkable correspondence lfl .htho-
logic detail and sequence of strata with the secl.lon at
Kai bab Gulch. Even the Kaibab of the Muddy
Mountains. Nev., 8S analyzed by Longwell," . may be
re.adily correlal ed. But the beds that are aSSIgned to
the Ka.ibab at Ihe Circle Clift's and at the San .Rafael
Swell differ much from those at Kaibab Gulch In corn-
!,osition, arrangement, and thickn~ss. Though the
{olllil. indicate u.pproximately eqUIvalent. age, they
('an not h. correlated with assurance. EVIdently the
vicinity of lhe Paria River ,?arks .the position of a
significant change in the Kn.ibab IImeslone. Imme-
diately west of the river, in Kaibab Gulch, are the
oasternmost outcrops of typical Kaibab limestone.
East of the river the formation thins, becomes more
!<Ilndy and loses some features characteristic of sec-
tion. ~'''8\ll'ed in the Grand Canyon region. East of
Glen Canyon no slrata assignable to the K.ibab bnve
l>P<ln recorded.
(;fRCLB OLlYFB
JtHYaIO.AI, IZ.TVUI
Several canyons in the central part of the Circle
Cliffs aft'ol'd excellent exposures of Permian limestone
and limy sand"tone that art! without doubt refHl'able
10 the Kaibab limestooo. (See pI. 6, B.) Beneath
the limestone lies light-colored cross-bedded sandstone
that is classed as Coconino. As on the Kaibab Pla.-
teau, the limestone occurs benellth dark-red sandy
.bale of the Moenkopi formation, and the lithologic
character IUld contained fauna of the limy beds are
.....ntially the same as those seen in typical exposures
of tho K ..ibnb throughout the Colorado Plateau prov-
ince. In fregh exposUl'es the Kaibab limestone of the
CiI'Cle Cliffs is \'~ry light gray to "lmost white and
w""thers to ~re'111y payor buft'. It is fairly evenly
bedded, and the thickness of the individual beds
I·nng•• {rpm IL few inches to U feet or more. Locally
very thin-bedded, almost shaly strata appear. Some
uf the bods are very hard, even textured, Rnd fine
gl'ained, weather with a characteristic finely pitted
$urface, and are marked by fine mosslike dendrites
of manganese dioxide on fracture plan... Other beds
are medium g1'ained and subcrystalline and contain
disseminated rounded gnins of quartz sand. Alter-
nating with the purer limestones ..re beds in which
ilia proportion of sand is SO great that the rock is
• Lnn«WC'II. l'. R.o (toolo.,. ot tbc lI11ddr Mount.ln.. N~,·.: Mn.
Jour. Set. IIlh ~r .. vall. po -IS, 1921: U. 9. Of"Ol, Surn',. Un II. iDS.
pp. 8a.-t3, I tl'l8
properly termed a limy s~ndslone, b.ut it is co~mon 10
find an almost imper«ptlble gradation from limestone
with scattering grains of sand to sandston~ with
abundant lime cement. The amollDt of sand IS con-
sider..bly grea.ter than that .in the K ..ibab of the
Kaibab Plateau or the Grand Canyon district. One
peculiar light-yellow soft, massive ledg~; which
weathers in well-rounded surfaces a{ld contaInS abun-
dant anguhr fragments of chert, was observed at ser-
eral places in the Circle Cliffs. This chert-bearing
bed i. in part a residual deposi t, and the chert is
clearly of secondary oritPn, but its posit!on w~thin the
formation beneath m&.SSlve, evenly stratIfied hmestone
shows tbat it does not represent exposure and dis-
integration of a part of the Kaibab rocks in i><>"t-
Kaibab tiroe.
As exposed in the Circle Cliff. the Kaibab formE
steep cnnyon wans that are made up of a series of
massive benches and intervening slopes. In places the
cliffs are sheer, but in general "'eak materials at lW-
tain horiwns prodllce slopes composed of a series of
minot· benches.
The Coconino sandstone, as defined in the Circle
Cliffs, includes the light creamy-white, more or less
cross-bedded so.ndstone that underlies the lowest ob-
served limestone. It dift'ers in no essential respect
from the sandstone in the lower part of the Kaibab
and is undoubtedly conformable with. the beds above:
indeed, the definition of the formations is somewhat
arbitrary. The only basis for regarding the sand·
stone as a stratigraphic unit distinct from the Kaibab
is the great thicJmess of the s..ndstone, os revealed by
boring, and its correlation with the thick, wide~pread
sandstone that in other part. of Utah has been called
Coconino. This sandstone is \'el'y ca.lcareous; as ob-
!'erved in some thin sections, the calcite filling between
tho sand grsins is approximately equo.l in qu ..ntity to
tho sand. 'rhe quartz grains are medium in size and
fairly well rounded. A few of thAl rounded grains
l'Onsist of limestone. The cross'bedding is neither
so prominent nol' 80 uniform as that in the Coconino
of the Grand Cnnyon; the individual cross-bedded
I"nses are murh thiimer; and the platy weathering of
Ihe cross laminoe is much I... striking. In general,
the rock ..pprars Ies>< resistant to weathering than the
type Coconino and forms rounded «bouldery" sur-
hCl'O brtween irrel!:ularly disposed joint planes.
The stl·.tigraphic sequence and the composition of
lbe Pel'mian beds in the Circle Clift's are shown in tbe
following measured sections. The maximum exposed
thickness is 236 f.et .
 u. ~. m:OI.OOIC ,U . ~u nn:y

A. <';ON T ."CT u ..• MOhNKe)!>1 . ·Om,.1,\TIO :"oi .\ NI> K .\Il1 :\11 J.T.\ I ESTO:-O£ AT :'\101..TH 0 .... II . r.ON T ,\ CT OF" K .\IIIAU l.I :\lI:;sTO .... F. ·\ [\' 0 fI.-:H MIT SU .\T.E I ;\' "AIHA" c.n.r.fJ
" .\l R.\ " GU LCH

C. \' IE\\ ALO~G OLI.) UT I:: TIUIL LE.\ O Ii'\C. T() nit:: C HOSSING OF" Till'; P.TIIEl\S D. '"Tn .'IL " OVER ;\' .\\' .UO SM''' OSTON£. WATEUPO<.; KI·: r t O
OL!). NK\n U.\I(I".;I\
RANCH
 Wasa lcr. (7') f or-mal lon

~
ig~ WahweOlp
$a nd£tone
1,300 fee1

Str-lIil1hlCliffs
~f:fiif,% l ,snnd$tono
950-1,000 feel

1,140! feet

460 (eel

--- --- - -- ---

Navajo
2)00 feel ~Dnd :; l onc
r,200 feet "

:.:!.::==== ==:::::- =--

Chinlo formation
850-980 f eet

~~~:2!:~~~ii!Ercl= ----- - -------

- - - -- ----- --
- -- - ---~==~ 1P§~!i!!iJic£~ITi~KJ:!'cl: - - - - -- ---- ---- --------
~
-- ----._-
Mocnlwpi formation
390-,!)40 feCl

Ksibab lime~tone
Moenk opI 517-600 feet
~~ --- ?
fcrmOlion
1,72!J - 2,035 feet

~ -- - - __ t
-- -

Kaibab
li mo:>stono
490-1,059 feel
----~

.. 1::J:=?1 Redw.::J1I
limestone-
1.500 !. feet

CORRELATION CHART SHOWING 1\EL.\T/()!\S1f' THE

 --- . -
C. flo GlIOr.oGJC'&L av.YZT
2
kliOJl (If too P.. leowic roclts
I
C .......... ".
'" tbe Gr.l.nd Canyon at
8as3 !'nil
11)0 L. ... NCIIbI., U. S. GnIl Survf)' ......
...."'-a.wo.... "'~
Prot. "~r 131, ,.t I" 1_
.... -.

Top of plDtc<.lU
,,
r-r=.,-------r "
y{)hwcOp
.s,.mdetone
1.200 - 1.200 fNt

TertiarYr)roeks Str-oi(:hlCliffs
$undstono
950-1,000 feet

1,I-'tO! feet

460 (eel
1------+ ____ _
-- -- ---
---
~{j;.'.\'I;,t j~ NUVDjO
2)00 feet SDndstonc
1,200 feet '

--?-
--} - --

,I. Chinl e format ion

050-900 feet

-----------------
- ---- --
Moenkopi formation
390 -540 fee~

Kaibab limestone
517 -600 feet
~L~~~ ___ •
J,72!:j - 2,o35 fe e t
~ ---- - __ 1

, ." ""r'-r~ Kaihab

limestono
490-1,059 feet
 Top o r pl u l ('t .l u

, 700 feel
-~---
-----

-,' 1,200 fod.

?

-~-----

..
----
--
---;----
.-
~\
=!-- - - -_____-1- ' ~

--
\
o;;;---.j \
\
\
\

:::~== ==::=:=:==-=== - ---

Chin I. fo,.motion
I.COO f~et

M«n14.opi (ormllltion
&4O-~OIO feel

,
--------
- ---?
--- ----1---- - --- - ---------

Goodl"'idSc (1) forJTltttlon

1,~82 fset

EXPLANATION

'1NG RELATIONS OF THE PALEOZOIC AND MEIOWIC ROCKS OF THE KAIPAROWITS REGION TO THOSE OF ADJACIlII'MG!OlII
 I
Ge-1IIB1iMd . . . of a.dt
Clift. w,~ r....
• n.I II.,. XIUtaill
-_O/So I
1oIW...... -..,
' I5ItdI Pkia •
""- ,-",,-~.
-_t,*,-DlbD,.
"'I&.---~
~~ ...

! -

---

- - - - t --- ----
-- --~~.'" --- ---
--- .. -
Goodrid.e(p) ror ..... Uon
1,!82 fa"
 . 100 r•• l
•

Shale. 600 reel

KirU<tnd .h.l.
632.-1.t70 faflil
I
I

---------- ,,
I

,
,,
I

,,
I
I l ewa .h,Io
I ,\600 - 2,t90 fcot
I
,I
, I
,,
I

600 feel

Moaoverde (onn..t.on
275-800 reel

Monce • • h&le

Wen c o. ,hal. 500-800 r"t

',eoo (eet.

Me [1,..0 (ormol ion

<400-700 feel

NS....jo send.toM
No (Ima ro.-mDtion ~O-I.OOO reel
400-1,000 r•• t.

Chl!" l. ah al e
1,182 - ' . . l

Cutler formaUon
O-'Z,OOO'(1!Ot De Che lly ••ndelo".
0-5111 feet

MoenkopI formalio"
300-500 r•• l

.- .. - --- ----------
-------
GoodridC. formetion
I.SOO- (~et

H.rmol. (ormation
1,.800 -2000 rut

aSE OF ADJACI!N'I' ItWIONS

 PRQ".aalONAL PAPlia 1st :PLATB a
6

-
d ..u. (I/'Cimt
""""'" F""
nl1lCoo~m

.
9
GeM-r&liud .-tiGn ol.he
Na.,..p t ountry
Br II. &. Gtotpr'J, U. $. .;.w.
au,..., Prot. h ~_
~L a. lJl6.

s t eau

70J r~rl

l.200 f~c:1.

J-,1 M liV&f"dd forma t.on

215- 600 fe.et

[ /lvllBa ~tOf>' 1.4<.1 1'1::0 :; Ghole

~ 070 (e~t 50 0 · 800 rf't!t

Me Elmo form oD l lon

4(;0 -700 f eel

HI!'IYo1jo • .,.nd6tr;u, .
-WO'l,DOO r u l

Ch,,·.r . CIoh Qlc:

r.t 82-hcl

tic et.1 11y tI . ndatonC'

O-.!IIJ~ ( 4!III'l

Moen koPI formolion

300-500 feel

----- --- ---

-'---+

Gcodridg.. ffj fc rr.>allon

1,582 feel
 1'IWt'E~ION .'L I''''PE~ 161 PLATE li
U. S . GEOLOGICAL ::.O ltVEY

A . ': \I.'R8!.E (iOI\OI':

Vi.:: .... 1(0)khij; ,1000Ilit r..ullI I:! mii ..... /fOJI). or l~... I''l'rry. l'IWWlru llh Ly K C. L.. Hue.

B . KAmAU LL\J~TONE ~t::."n JUNCTION OF SIl\' EB. fALl.S

AND MULEY TWIST R OADS, CIfiCLE CUH-S DISTRICT
 U. !i. GEOLOGICAL ~OIt",1-;Y

A . :.-IUNAIIf{ldlll"iIJ ,\I .E Mr:~"Um 010' MOENKOI'I FOI1M,\,TI01\' AIJOUT 3 Mlt ....:g SOUTHWf.:!oJ"r 01. P,\RtA

II. ~tum'~:\OI'I STnATA UN(:oNFQIU IAI1I.Y O\' ..:nT.AIN BY S IIl N\ n U~ IP CO;\;G l.o\lEllATE Ii"\" i"\"ORTIIEHN
l ' AIlT OF C IRC LE GLJrFS
 PERYIAN
Beo/.ibn oJ KGihab Um.(;IJtt'l1lC Q~ld COC(-'ni7IrJ .!and.done we~' of
T M P€IJTt.JI. Cir,ele Cl£f(~·, Qar(i.cld. Coun-lJ/. Utah.
(Mc-lkIred b1 Ra;,-mond C. :'tIoorc]
Ttlass;c (M ll(>nk opl fOl'nlation) at tof'.
Permion:
Knlblll:! Jim('Stohe-
6. Lhtle8.t one, )'(,!l\ow, dolomitic, in mn8S ~ ve.
e"en~y bedded LcdgeJol. U'mt wf~then lD Jurge
n ngular blO(·.~ pitted b~' solution; in ploces
(:ontoiDS Dumerous dendrites of mllngnnese.
d..i(Jxiuc Dlill concretions resembling wad;
('o:atnin8 fo~ s ils; forms l'esistnnt cnp of
)lromln ellt bench ________________ ____ ____
rJ. Llme.,,:o ne, I1ght yellow, soft, dolom itic, mB S-
~lv e, filled with Ilngulur fragments of
wbite cbc rt; weotbN"8 in 1'mooth slope;
~xposed__ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___ ______ __ ______ _ ______
4. Liln~ ston e •.130ft, ligbt ncnmJ yellow. tbin
fO medium ht'ddrd; weathe r'S in stope i
(fa rlly concealed ___ _ _... ..,. _________________
~ 37
~. Lim es to ne. whltI:.', vCl'y snndy i rounded sund
sraiJls scattered rather e\'cnly through
til e limestone but more Ihue thon snnd i
wenth ers in thl.rk le41l:cs _____________ ____ _
2. lStuulstone. White, medium to '-:ODl'se grained.
roun ded quartz Kralns l1) • lime mnlrlx.
morc Sollnd tbon lime ; nl:lg~lve-_______ _ _ _ __
T o tul Knlbub l1mestone_______ ___ _______
Coconino SQ[ld~tODe-
1. Sands tone, white. medium to course gulned,
rO\llH]C(] quartl irains in a llme mntrlx,
mod€'l'otely ~f[. 1!1o~~lTe: brenks Into Irreg-
ulnr lJlockll on weathering: exflOSed_______
Totul P~rw tqn_______________________ _ _
Bect.lQ" of l\(libn b I{.mC,:jtOlw 1Mlr l/1. 01 The Plmlo'If, Circle Cu.tr~ ,
Ofl,rficld. Cmmtll. Vlnh
Ilf ('v,!(u rt:d by RI\)' moud C. lJoon:)
!J"rinssll' (1tlt:t!ckopi (ormation) al top_ ___ ________ ____
P1'"rmio." :
KRibnu 11m~tol)(.'--
4, Lime stone, ligbt creamy to rieh yellow, ao10-
roltie, massive. In rotber even bcdE 2 to [)
teet Ifh lck i weathers 1:1 huge Ilngnlnt
:solu t ion-pitted blocks i lower pnrt coftr8e
..~tlioed. uPller part fine grulncd and
dense; caps bench __.______ __ _____________
3. Llmestone, lI~b t )'ellowl~h gnl)', doloDlitic.
fine grslned, very massive but rotber soft;
fA'totbe rii wblte in smooth, rounded sur-
tote. Qud slopes; coutuios obundnnt chert
u.nd hurd sJlUnterl' white fliDt 111 nodules.
Wnsc13·, nod nnculnf (ragments; In placet!-
tb~ r ock resembles n breccia composed or
BlJgulnr chert trngments beld in n matrlx
of' limestone; exposc.d __________ _~_ _ _ _ ____
FORMATIO~S 41
Pe.rminn-Continued,
Kalbob l1me$tone-Conlhlll("d. FC'C't
2, L.lDlPstope. yellowisb gt'Uy, flo tt , rhln to me-
dium beddud. poort)' (,X l~d; this zoo'"
cb~rncleristlcnJJy ?'entlle1'S R!::I a slope- ;
NtrtlS l."o\"ere<L____ ______ ___ __ ______ ____ 43
I . LUoestone, IIgbt c~nmy ~·(' l1o\\'. dol(1mltic,
~ r. t denl5-f', l1ne-grnined, very massive. nntl In.
beds 1 to 2 feet thick willl ver~· fl oe Cll"\-
lies; weathers In lilrge blol'ks and Irregu·
lor roUUlied si(lI'le'5; u[JPcr port lUore evenly
l:C'ddrd nnd weatbc l"S to sligh tly IlgMer
('olor rl1:1n low(lr PllrL ___ ___________... __ _ r:.6
87 'roUt. ~nlbflu Iimc£;t oll e _____ ___ ________ _ l3G
The uPP<'rmost portion of the K"ibnb (bod 4) nt.
t.bis locality bo.s less tban half the Ihickness of the
15 corresponding stratum (bed 7) ot The Peaks. This
clecreose appears to be due to pre-)lfoen!topi erosion.
Section. 01 . Kalbob '",''(;8 10116 ",orlhca..' fll lV4Qoubo.:c .M(~'Ja .
bclo'W Ydlm.o CC11Ie, ! mile~ u:cd of pcltt t 1chct'e Burr traU
cf'OSBU "fe N",~jO $(wds,one, Cirolc Cntr_, Ga r/f(.'l l Count!/,
Utah.
F{!(·t
Trln~sic (Mo('nkorJi f(Jnnotinn·) li t tur~ _____ _ _ _ _ ____ _ __ 2GS
19
Pe-rmiun:
108
KnlhRb IIruestonc--
G. Lirnetltone-, brown nml yellowls.h, t.4oft; con-
tnlns mu ch chert; lI'c.others In ledge Ine.g-
U1uf1y pitted ; IOCRll,. Komewho t shnly_____ 18
oj. Limestone, ran (0 gray, In port 8On!ly i con-
73 tolllS numerous enldte ('oDcretlons oDd
('hert nodOreR___ _ ___ ___ ___ ___ __.: ___ ~ ____ 32
230
3. Santlstone, whlte to butr, medium to ODe
t;roJned, eolcnreous; upper port grnci~ to
vel'y sond)' Umcstonc__ ____________ ____ __ 30
2. Limestone. dark gray nnd brown, very snndy ;
,,'co. lh ~l'S In Dng-uWI' block!:' with pitted
F .., !olurful.'£S : rOI'UlN ft prominent ledge; con-
]07 rll iDs pelec,:.'pot:ls________ __ _______ _____ ___ 5
1. Sund.;.;tone, wliJte to burt bl'OWU, fin£! to
medium gmtnc-d, mnR8h~c. cnICllrL~Us;
w(>uthcrs gl'IIY; CrOl)'I'I out III rouuded 8ur-
tne<'s; exposed ____ _____ ______ _______ ____ 42
Totol Kllibob Jimet'tone_______ __ ___ ____ ]27
The top bed of t.he Yellow Cone soction apparently
11 corresponds to the soft cherty zone ",hieh on -the north
o:nd west side. of The Peaks is overlain by very mllS-
Slve, hard, thick limestone. The pelecypods (Pkurl>-
phoru. T n. sp.) obtained in the 5·foot bed of limestone
are the snme ns those found more abundantly in the
SIlndy ?eds in the central port of the Circle Cliffs, neor
the pomt where the Muley Twist rond to Green River
joins the ro.d from Silver Falls Canyon to the Ohio
18 Oil CO.'8 well, neal' Wagonbox Mesa.
 TBiI KAIPAROWITS REGION"
42
il«li()" QI Kcibcb li,rw.ft()lfC at jlV&et~ of JittJG. '1'1O'i.Mt ad Lot .4380. About 1 ruUe southwe8t of Obio OU Co.'s wetl,
Silwr Falla '·...fmt. t'Ofldll, ,.,..,.\ of Oh-ia Oil 1C;.U, Co:, near center ot Circle 01 tis swell, Garfield County, Utah. I'rom
Ci rcle eltlf., (,'fU~rltJ ('0#,11111, 0141& limestone about 10 to 101 teet h ti;he r stratfCfal)blcllll,J' tJII.G
col teetlOD 4379.
lll~",d " . . )'.01MI C. lI"-A. ( Sed pi... e. 6 "
F ...
Trl" ...Ie. (lloenkoJlI forma tloll) .t loP________ ______ ___ 30 SpaDSO, PiCudomonotLi atl'. P. bAwn!.
-- Choncte. hiUanus?
Productuo oJr. P. popei.
PaeudomonotLs ,8p.
Myslina sa. M. 8wallo\\'L
I'dlnian :
Kalbab llD'1e.ltone- In>duCltuI lvesi. AstarteUa ..if. A. cODcent.rid.
... LlmtKtooc. IICht ~' ello"'I!'Ih ,t'.'I, nr)' <"Iterl')'; P'Ultula al1'. P. lDOotpelierenlJis. MyoeooohaT D. sp .
l.be ellert !n Irr@gUlJlr Do<hlICtl. leq~, .nd Puat.ul• .III). Pleurophoru:s alT. P. o(eide:1"
lU)'t-l'\I j Ibe IImeetouo .ott. rothll'"r tbln Compoait.a al'. 1.1.. ,
bcdtled. lad ...eat.uerln, In atol>CI that art Edmondla an. E. ovata. Pleur0l'horeUar .p.
• tre'4VlI wid, weo.Ulered tral.'1Ueutl of chert- 10--26 Nu(:ulaT .p. Euphemus? .p .
:So Jllmeatoue. ,.eIlow IDd IIgbt tlfl , lloIolllltic; Pr.raU.lodoo! sp. NQutilu8 IV.
lower pe rt Tery HIldy, ,radlUl without Aviculipecten, 2.p.
.hUl' dta.ulC froID llDderlrtna .adHoDe j
upper part fine Crallted. hOl'd. d~ . Lot 4381. JuncUou ot SJlver Flllls uDd Grcen River fOOdS.
eberty, wentberlDg In anl:\llAr p:ued about 3 inncs south ot Ohio 011 00.'8 well, GarOeld CoUDt,..
"Iocb ; the IImcstone conW.lD. IlUmel'OU-. Utah. Frou) cllicareouli saudlltone, bed 2 ot measured se<.'tlo_
aIDAn, lfeenl.h lraloll. apparently :1tl U(..'Qo a t tbls lJOjllt :
Dlte; tOSlllllerou._____________ ____ ______ 41j
Z. Sand",oue. IIlht ,roy to aln108t white. fine PleurophorU5! n .• p.
rnthtel1. ,,·er,. <'lIk'll!'eouA, mG8Iln: w\."O.thcf'»
)·I"'ltuwl.llh. in rounded Ibould~n and lo~ 1.ot 4382. .About :'J lUiItlS south at Ou "o test well and about
blocb. III part lott. In part hord ~ "ntdt.~ 1 Rille east or JUHCtiOQ 01 8Ul'er Filla and Green River l·OlIdi.
lneall)" to Tel')' 8ant.J, nmestone In whlcb teater at Clrcl~ CIUt'1i s~u. Godield Count';. Utab. FrOUl
lH:!rCl!nla.ge ot .nd aDd limo 11 2bont ~llnl; upper part ot Knibab lime. tone, bed 3 ot :U~:Jut'e\J lectlo.:
C(l1LiIliC~ruu.'I ___________________________ ._ 6S
1. J.lweMlO(&e, dad, ,rll.)", wl'Y 11800,.. hard i 8eplopora1 .p. My.lin& '1'.
~l;llOtM!d _________ • ______________ .____ ____ 1
COOnet. hillanu3'1' Myoeollchaf D. tip.
\'otnl K.tblb 11 __10"0__________ ___ ____ I.S6 ....t.'"
P .. off, P. tnOutpclieren-

PUlt.uI. sp.
Ast.ar\eUa! D. 01',
Pieuropborul afl'. P. occiden-
\alia.
r ..vw,6,J. cR .... ACTa.
Composit.& ap. Pleurophoruel .p.
Careful soarel. for fossils in 11 numoor of sections · Edmoodio .If. E. ~bboe •. Placloglypt. cann .. ?
Pernipecten' 51>. Plo.roIomarta 01'.
of the Kaibub ill the Cirelo CIi«. revealed a scarcity Uma o . • p. AeUtiino. .p.
of orgunic 1",,"~in8, Fossils were collected, hOWi!vcr,
both from the wile of limestone beneath the ,'ery Lat 4382. Oue ullie ea ~t ot Junction of Greeu RI,.er aud
ehelot)' zone and in the lower sandy beds. Though SU"'e:r }"alb c..uyon roods, 3 m.lles lIOutb ot Obla Oil Co.'.
faunal lists show il predominance of molluscan forms, well. GUl',f leld Coullt.)'. U tah. KalbQb Ihnestone, Crom bort.,.
UO tcct oolow t.llllt at lat G82:
the molllJiCoid8, including both bl'Yozouns and brachi-
"pods, arc numerically most abundant in the lime. 8pona<J URdel. , 8ebiloOdu8 D. 6p .
stones. T,,"o or t1u'ee type. of product ids ne very 8eptcpora 111'. 8chiloOdus Bp.
common, Tho limy ... ndston. contains larg" numbers P'hyUopora 511· 8ebizoduI1, 3 Ip.
of a single type of pelecypod, the I..,mnins of which, 8chbophori. n .• p. AstarteU .. afl'. A. concentriea.
though 1.'Cllel'llUy not well preserved, CO,' OI' completely Chonctet h.ilhm us1 Aatartell.. afr. A. vo.l'ica.
PUitula mont~licrel\lIiu ."Qr. Myoconcha! n. ISp.
th~ surfoce of mllly sl.b.,
Compoaita Ip. Myoconeha! n. SJl. VQ.l.
G. H. Girty'. identification~ of the fuuno, ncwm- Por.lltlodoD .Jr. P. polit •• , Pleurophonu5 aft'. P. oecideQ_
ponied by bl'ief COllllllent concel'ning the collections, ParaUelodau aft". P. ..ngH... \allo,
liN presented oolow : ID()uensia. PleuropborUi lip,
Ac&ntbopecten eoloradoeru.i •. Pleurophorue? sp.
Lot 4.319 .•"-t Ihe Yt"lIo,," Cone...... rtbea..-ct or Wllonbox lies., Pernipectell n. SI'· . Bucanopeia aft'. B. modeata.
:about 1 ~ udlN tint ot Bun Flat; eo.~ aide ot CtJ't!te CUI!'.. o.llo.,..toD d . D. occldcn- Euphemud .p.
Ga.rdt!'kl Count,. Utlh. i'rolll lIme'&toDe. bed 2. Yello'lllo' Cone talit!. P1eurotomaria iooet,. (eever.,1
-«tton: .",vieuHpccten indet. (»C\'eral '1'.) .
"".) . Or-thocerlll5!
Mar&iuifera I"Y.
btlltlntii, .
M . rrkto.'.\atartciia ~I •.
Pleurophuru.~ It . SI',
Pecudomon()tU. i?det. (se\'eral I Orlffithld
Gonla.tite.'?'
... 01'.
• p .! ).
A'1lU1hopectctl M\lrad~II"i..; . M~' alina atf', )1. s'III's.lloTt'i,
 PEB:\((.'N FORMATIONS'
Lot .j3S1-a. At we:;t slde ot. Juuctio u of GreeD Rher and
81h'et' I'oll tl Canyon roads, a bo ut 3 miles w mh .ot Oblo 0 11
Co.':! well. Garfield County, Util h. t"'l"OIU upp:or l)tln of calcarC'·
0\13 !Rl ndBtooe, bed 2 of section :
So1ellomya ? sp. Schizodug': sp.
Nucula sp. pl.curopho rus'! n. !I [>.
ParaUctodoo? sp . BcHerophon 6IJ .
M,'IlJina afl'. M. permia,na? PlellTotoma riR ~ I) .
Lot "381 . Blu1l' OD wes t tilde ot' creek. at Junction of Grel'n
R \'ef and Slh'er FaUs Canyon ft)ud:i, 3 Illites MOuch of Ohio
Oil Co.'a test ",'ell, Garfleld Count)' , Utah . FrOlll lowel' 110rt
of Kn UJ8b lhncstonc:
Spong. Indet. CLiothyridilltl'! :tp.
Fen~teUa sp. Delt-o pccten s tf. D. occiden-
Septopora1.p. talis.
Chonel •• bill&DOS1 A\'iculipecLen indet. (severs.!
Puatula at!'. P. Dlonipel!ert:3n. • p.).
sis. P~udOlUoll ot L4 ? lOP.
GirtyeU.1 n • • p. Pleurophorw? 0 . liP,
SpiriferiDa .p. Griftithides ~ sp,
Squ4mutario.l lip.
~'he fauDu represented by the collectioDs ha,·e been dCSC1'lbcd
only In small port a nd contain wnDY [leW' species HOti ~awe
now ,enen. Vutber'Dlorc, the preser\'utloD of all tWlJ um·
tel'lol t. unfavorable for ~Iose ldeutlfieatioo. Doth these ch'a
CU1WJtQllCes bove colltl'lbutcd to mtlke It necessary to lertl"e
Plany (orms with oot)' gencrlc ref~rcnce::l or with [ht! species
only approxhnntely ldeotUled. In spite ot this fact, the fouual
reltltitms ~ tolld forth with oo.u lliderabte clearness and cOl'l'Obj)a
rQt~ tbe correlations »uglelted. on the deld lnbebl, All tb ~
lots are Pcr mlan aDd llhow more or less close fa nllnl 1l00ult.1et
to tbe Ka: bnb limestone,
CLASSIFICA1.'lON AND COBR.ELATIO:S
Although the lithologic character and stratigmphic
position ally the beds beneath the )foenk9pi in the.
Circle Cliffs with the Kaibab limcst9ne and alth9ugh
the contained f9SSiis indicate clearly the Permian ag.l
9f these rocks and substantiate the c9rrelation with
tbe Kaibab, there remain several uncertainties C9n·
cerning their c1assificati9n.
In the Grand Cany9n the st.atig-I"Ilphic divi.i9ns of
the ~rmian are clearly defined ond persist, with few
changes thr9ugh9ut a very large &.rea. Noble'. secti9n
at the B ... trail, which may be It.ken to represent the
.\'erage c9nditi9os, sh9ws n62 feet 9f Kaibab lime·
<¢<lne, subdivided into three 7.011_(1) clitr·forming,
foosiliferotls and .ome,,·bat cherty gl" y crystalline
lim~st9ne, m feet thick, at the t9P; (2) an in-egu·
larly bedded bu If and reddish friable sandstone 13G
feet thick, tending to f9rm sl9pes, in the middle; and
(3) oandst9ne aod limest9lle, grading upward into
",assive ailice<>us limestone, 13~ feet thick, at tbe base.
'l'be ave~.ge tbickDes1I 9f nle Kaibab in the Grand
CanY9n distl'jct is • little less t1.ao GOO feet. An
abundant marine permian fauna i. f9und in the lime·
$I9ne; a distinctive assemblage of fossils occurs in the
so ·called "B~llero'P"01i bed." at the summit 91 the
. 43
f9rmati oll ; ulld what may be termed the Mrm.l
Kajbab fauna, repl'esented by tists given by Girty," in
19wer beds.
At the Bass tra il the CoconiD9 sandst9ne, next belm.
the Kaib.b, is 330 feet thick. It is a buff, un if9rmly
fine·g,·ained sanJst<>ne, characterized by cl'9ss·bedding
Oil • huge scnle, nnd presents tbe appearunce of ..
single bed. It f9rms the str9ngc»"I., highest cliffs in
Ihe upper P8l"t 9f the canY9n waU. The quart.z S11lld
gr. ins 9f the f9l'mati9n are round together by silice9u.
l-ement, and the rock does n9t effervesce with acid. In
the lower PQ,t 9f the Coc9nino 01... abundant tr acks 9f
small reptilcs and amphibians. '" Southeastwa"d,
toward the n19uth 9f tho Litt-Ie C91orad9 River, the
thickness 9f the Cooonin9 increases, but nOltheast·
ward, in the Morble Gorg.l, it diminishell pr<Jjl;rI!Ssively.
In the upper part 9f the Marble G9rge the Kaibab
and Coconino retain their characteristic features, but
the thickness 9f the C9C9nin9 is less than 100 feet.
(See pI. 6, A.) These formoti9M are 8n.tlyzed in the
fo1l9wing sectiM:
Sect/o,.. o( IIh! ,r,a/l Of .Ilcll'blc (}orOIJ OP1'OlfU e. tlld IIlOtl/,.. of,
B(/dger 0" 6C1.·, 7 11J mUc /.f tlcl010 Par'i" IU ve,'
l'el'wlnu :
KolbRb lImcstoue- reel
11. Limestone. gl'O..1. wcatbl!rin" IIcht buff, with
lute-rbedded sbal)' IImeslone, cber" ; 8ume
of tbe bt.~. mO!fSlve, 2 or 3 toot t hlek,
tonuln. 1Vt!nk beochel ; tbla dlvLaliUD cbDr-
oC!tt>rl~tICtlll>' fonu. broken .tOpe8_____ __ lttO
10. UlIl..:!;otone. a rOJ', " 'eIltllicr1o, l'IroWll; very
ruoMlye and bard, bed. S to '10 teet thkk,
stl'8tlllcutioo e\"eD; lonn l .b ~r clltl'8;
heW. break III ulIlIlul ar Jvfut tlll."elI __ ~___ _ :!26
9, Limestone. P'111 to ltutr; medJum to ma~­
sh'e bed, form bencbes tbut alternate wlili
thin-bedded soft libel, to Mudy bedll, and
the wbole fOrDl8. steep z.lope; this wenker
sene torDl9 _ Ilentllent break. between the
sheer clUh above and below til tbe canyon
"'-~ tl ll ___ __ __ _ ______ __ __ ________ .. _____ _ lOS
S. Llolelttone. ,roy to bu.1l. and annwtouc;
tbls dh'LdoD commonly forma. Iteep clUr
thot If; continuous wltb the underlJlllg
lGlndstone cUfI'; ronde up II,Jj toIl0\\'8 :
LlmC8tone, ~Dy to buft, thID____ a
Limestone, bult; a bard mu.. l y~
laYer" i Conna ~bee r cllfl_______ 1
LIUlutooe. burr, sorter than adJa-
cent bed ~_ ___ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ G
Sandstone, brov.-D, crOill-bcddcd,
h n rd. 11 Hhlglt! rnn8l.4ly~ ledgtt__ 5
. Snud.tQne, reddllib, lOft, willy;
DJlltu.-s reeeu In cll1r or In
places a slope______ __ ____ ____ 2
u Glr t7, O. j! .• In D~ rtoa, N. 11., A J'eCopoalltllaDCe (It Darhl or oortb.
t:rDN'C!w H~IC'U aad .-\.Tlxonu : U. ~, Geol. 8u~·ve,. Dull, Uil, 1910.
.od I!IM" Wa'l,
.. Gilmore. C" W.,
.
'0.. b
11 tootpriltls from Ih'il Gr~Jld Caayon: SPlit -
IfOnloo }II ~ Call .. loL 'i7, No, 0, 19:26.
«- THE KAlPAROWITS JlBGIOl('
PCMDhtn--ConliDUed.
Kalbob Ume2JtcHl~CoDdDDed.
8-. Llme-ltont>, ,ra1 to burr, Dnel ~IlDd·
~t oDe-CoDUDUf'd.
Sandstone. reddh.b brown. moder-
AfeJy bard: forma rounded
.lalK' or went ('lIff.a_______ __
8ondatonB, brown, ctlh~.reou~,
~tt and rather aba1y, form"
.1I~hC .101'" _____ _____________
L hnefoltone, b:uiKh gray: wpatl t~ r
buft" j bard; lorma proJI't"tl n 6r
If:'dli«t _____ _________________
soo .... tonc. rr dd l..h brown. Eo(L
. c.'8tcnreou... erumbl9 to looae
,.and _.. _.. _______________
l .... ID~jtonp. Jl ght ,el:ow to crelllJl.
.... y >IOte. Chin bedded, shnly.
hnlllJrp: cuntlllll" ~mnll spotl
um nudnlc."6 "f ma0l=nneW'
dloxlde ____________ __ ________
Limestone. b:ui¥b drab. dark.
hllrd;. breoJ;." witb ft rhlcl n ¥
HOund: "8ry fine Iruined aDd
....8rth,. In .1,peo1tl.n~ i w('aLheri
In Il n5:1e m D~lvl: lei au with
.urtace flnely pltte<l ____ .. _.. __
Total Kolbob lImelJtone ____ _______ ..f81
(:oc"Onlno IIO.ndstone-
7. Sandstone, reddish brttwn. gOI1Pfally bard but
.JouUy l ott: crumbk!s in the hand:
the lower 2 fee t a manlv!! layer,
lt1"CgUlDrl,. bedded j tbe next 3 teet evenly
lamlDllted horizootally: the opper 10 feet
~rrlllul i1rI 1 bedded, 11lther mRII.lye : welltb-
(!~ lu ronndl"••urfncea. Jlollulu ut tap__ 16
6. ndstone. )'cl1o,,,1ah brown, blnt tIItn
bedde~ (-' It c h stratum crDas-beddNJ:
wcotber. 111 plnty tr.gwenta. atalued block
on BUrtftrc ________________ ____ ~ ~________
G. Sandstone. Jtgbt red, 10ft, IIOme\vhnt Irrega·
IIlr], trtratUJed; the layers cut BerON io-
cllned IAmlnne of .ubjaceot bcd:_________
1:1
4. Snndstone, U;,bt yeUow, a .[oele berd mill-
,I.. Iei4e. .......bedded; breaks In large
block,. promloently amlned wltb desert
vn.rolMb_____________ ___ _____ ___________ 5
. S. SilodBtODe, yellowJ..h, blghly cros.·bedded:
weatber. tn &.Illba tbAt breAk oblique to
tile booJdlol; mao>I'o_________________ __ 18
2. Sandstone. nr.)' light yellow, sugary, promi·
nently c s ·betlded. the tncllued :o.,lnftu
dlpplll.g sollthwest : siliceous Cf'm~t : verl'
111ft.." .. --_____________ ______ ___________
Total Coconino AodatoDP___________ IS
He<mlt oIle.le-
1. SandBtoDe, chocoJat&-brO\\'D to reddish brown.
be-Intoed. deuce; lOme beds PlOderately
hard and form week curls: ll\oetIy rather
soCt, Inlerb~ded with sand,. shale ot alm-
liar color i the anndstones are chAracter-
Ized by concretionary 8uudure; exJ)08ed_ 296
AL places in the Marble Gorge the Coconino sand.
stone i. apparently divided into two subequal ledges.
In its stratigraphic position, its very massivo n"ncal-
" .. , Feet cBreouS character, the lorge scale of its southward:
dipping cross-bedding, and its light color, .this sand-
stone seems clearly to belong to the Coconino forma.-
tion, as repre.<ented in the Grand Canyon. Ho.vev...,
1 the line of division between the Coconino and the Kai-
. bab is not prominent, pully because distinctions in
1 Y.o color and weathering are less marked in this area than
in the Grand Canyon district. In the genera.lized sec·
2 tion at Lees Ferry reported by Bryan" the toto! thick-
ness assigned to the Raibab and Cooonino agrees ap-
proximately with the ·meRsurements in the rJarble
1
Gorgt', but: as givcn by Bryan, the thickness of tb.
Raibab .ppears too small and that of the Coconino
correspondingly too large, unless much limestone of
typical Kaibab lithology is included in the Coconino.
SlA,
. The Permian """tion at the upper e/ld of the MarbI,
Gorge di:tren little from the sections in the Grand
Canyon uct'pt in the less~r thickness of the Coconino
s.ndstone and the greater thickness of the underlying
Hermit shale, which measures 531 feet at a point 3
Ilh
mil.. below Badger Creek. Even tbe softer zone in
the middle part of the Kaibab and the sandy beds COr·
respond to features observed many miles to the south.
. The Permian beds of the Grand Canyon persist witb
surprisingly slight change for a distance northeast-
ward of at least 65 miles from the Bass trail, but in
KRibsb Gulch, about 30 miles northwest of the upper
Marble Gorge, the Coconino aa.ndstone is absent; and
there typical Kaibab, 717 feet in thickness, rests di-
rectly on Hel'mit shale. Seemingly the north wa.rd-
diminishing Coconino sandstone disa.ppears betore it
reaches the nOI1;h end of the Kaibab Plateau. Con-
e ceivably, howcver, the sa.ndy beds in the lower PIlJ1; of
the Ko.ibab at this place are equivalent to a pOI1;ion of
the sandstone called Coconino in Utah.
The top of the Kaibnb dips beneath the surface 10
miles north of Kaibnb Gulch, but \vhere it reappears
in the Circle Cliffs its lithologic features reaemble
those of the typical Kaibab in Arizona. However,
tho formation as a whole appears sandier, and the
amount of fairly pure limestone is much less. The
deep boring of the Ohio Oil Co. in tbe central part
of the Circle Cliffs begins in the Kaibab and shows
U that the vary calcareolJS sandstone, \vhich is strati-
graphically the lowest rock ~xposed, continues be-
neath the SU,·fIW0 for several hundred feet (p. 1~7).
Cuttings from the upper part of the well reveal no
essential differences from the adjacent surface rocks,
nnd there is every reason to conclude that these Imel<-
posed strata are a continuation of the CarbOniferous
capped by the Ka.ibab beds in the Circle Cliffs.
,. Bryan. Klrt, 10 Loopel), C. R" ..4 ot.en. Roell: tormAtlon. . .
tbe Colorado Plateau at Nutllt'a.tetn Utab: U. 8. Geol. Sun,,. prof..
l'a)t'r J32. pI. 1. ~('t1nD 3, 1026.
 PERM[.ur YORl[ATtONS
10 the decrease in thickn."" of the limestone in .he
Cirele Clill's due to erosion prec.eding Moenkopi depo-
giLion, which rellloved the. up!>';r part of the beds
Ollce laid down in the Circle Cliffs region 1 That
some part of the Ilorthw~rd ano:! eastward thinning in
the Circle Cliffs is due to pre-Triassic erosion is Sllg-
ge,;ted hy the absence of the so-called B~llerop't(n>
faunll, which indicates that the youngest part of the
!(aiblb preserved here is olde.r than the top of. the
formntion in the. G,'and Conyon country, At. the
San Raf....1 Swell, wbe,'. the Kaibab limestone ranges
in thickn~ss from 8,) feet down to a mere film, Gillulj
Dod Reeside 11 found a widespread erosionai uncon-
formity below the Moenkopi formation and ''eIlched
the tonelu.ion that" some of the Knibllb limestone hDs
been removed and that in some part the eastward
thinning of tho Kaib"b i& dne to pre-T"ins<ic erosion,"
Sandstone that is e"id.ntly <qlli-·nlent to Ih"t Lelow
the Kaibnb in the Circle Cliffs is found ill the Cataruct
('_nyolI, along the Sau Juan River, in the lfenry
Mountains, and elsewhere in e.. >'tem ond southern
Flah. This i. the "Aubrey" .nntlstone of enl'lier
writers, Dnd has been called Coconino sandstone in
...,.,.,nt .. eports," Does this .and.tone really corre-
spond to the type Coconino sandstone! The ~omplete
gradation between the fossilif".'on. limcstone of typi-
eal Kaibab aspect Dnd the unde,'lying sandstone, which
is likewise fossiliferous, seems to indicat. that they
Ire only _lightly dift'erent part. of a single widespread
deposit. Limestone occurs in and unde,'lies the sond-
stone, as shown by sUI'face cxpo.Ql1res and by well
",cords. The occurrence of marine shells in the sand-
stone of the Circle Cliff. and its calcareous chDracter
contrast with tile vertebrtlte footprint" and siliceous
rhamcle!' of the typicDl Co('Onino nnd, togcther with
.tntigraphic evidence, suggest that the formations aI's
not exactly equivDlent, This tonclusion is supported
by the observations of Gregory and Noble'· th.t
typic!l Coconino thins northward ·to the vanishing
point in Kanllb Canyon, is 2a feet thick at RyaD, on
the ,,'est side of tbe Klib.b Platellu, ~,.d is enti.-ely
bcking in Kaibab Gulch--<>bserutiolls which led to
the suggestioll "that sandstone assigned to thc Coeo-
nillo in the northC:l",tcl'n, eastern, alHJ liiOutheaste .. n
(lOlrt6 of t.he plateun pro,·inc'e lIl"y form part of the
Kaibeb," Differenres ill lithologic peculillrltiessupply
additional evidence.
It seemS probable that the lesse,' thickness of tbe
limestone in the Circle Cliffs and the San Rafael
Swell, .s compared with atea. to the sonthwest, ihl
alternation with limy sandstone, lind the considerable
~~GlIllily. Jo.r.a., lind Ree.lde. J. B .• Jr., 8edIJllf~DtarJ' rocllA 01 n.
fta.. btae! 81\'.11 and mm.a .djacml't ar~ . . lR ....st.erll Uta. : U. a.
Cto!.. 8or.e.' Prof. P.~r 1 M. p, cH. 1!>Z8.
l.I Len:t;wtll. C. R .. and otllen, er. cU .• ". It. :\lll4ilr. U. D., op. rit .•
'·U.
-GreIW'" R E., anil Xubll'!. L. r.o"". cU .• 111'. 2:ul-:l:::i . 11)':!3.
45
inCl'ea~u ill Lhickne~""i of the CIlklt.l'OOU8 :oiUndy l~dl5
represent a gMdu.1 but m.rked chonge in th~ litho,
' logic charade~ of Klibab ...,dimentution indicuti \'0 of
nppl'Oach toward au old land maS>!, Studies of the
C"rboniferollS and e,,'ly lie.ozoic l'(>ck. in nre•• ell.t
llnJ north of the Colo':.uo River judicllt. that there
wus pCl'sistrnt or recurrent eiel"atioll in Il region
bordering southern l]toh, Red clay und sonrl, <,om.,..
conglome,'ute, Dnd g"itty arkose (MolNs, n:el'III~Il,
und Cutler form"tions), which are """t.inly in part
of subaeri,,1 ol'igin, iodie.,to lllnd conditions, and so
do notuble unconformities that do not persist south-
. w~tw;\rd. In passing fl'OlU northern A.d~olla to
southe.'n .nd soutlleastern {~tllh the Carboniferou.
beds below the Knill.b 0hRnge so greatly i.. charllet.r
thnt equi\fal~nts of the (ormatious of the Grind Can-
yon (.. n 1I0t IJe eert.ainly identified, It i. perhaps not
possible t<> determine definitely whether the •• ndstone
termed" l'oc,,!uiuo" in SQul-heastel'll Utah i. atttllllly
eqnivul"'lt to the Coconino of the Graud Canyon or
whether, II.' i. tl'll" ill pu·t, it is " facies of Kaibah
I c1~positioll. By uelinition the nlme Kaibab i. he,·e
"pplitl(\ tn the limestone facies of th~,;e wide'I""ea..1
Permian deposits, Dnd tho name Coconioo i. employed
for the purdy subjacont Md partly intel'grading and
intertonguing, SAndstone facies thut occurs iu elLSterll
Dnd southern Utab, This usage is followed in the
designDtion of t.he Permia.n strDta of the Circle Cliff.,
However, the thinning of the type (',oconino townrd
! the north, the mOl'. or less pronounced ditTerences iu
lithologic character of the type C<lconino and the
Utah Coconino, and stratigrkphie uncertainties of
di1l'Cl"ut sorts suggest thill e>.-tcnsion of the name
Coconino to Utall is of doubtful propl'iety,
J[AIBA.,J(OEIIJ[OPI IILOIIOII lllTEILTAL
At none of tim exposures in the Circle Cliffs wher"
,.he contnet between the Kaibab limestone and the
Moenkopi formation was exomined is ths,'e any
marked discordance in bedding 0" any very notioe-
nble irregulnrity of the upper surface of i he Kaibnb,
However, .. n unconformity It the top of' tha Pel'mian
is indicuted by " mD"ked variation in thickness of ih.
h~rd yeIJowisl',-b,'own noncherty membe," that caps
tile KRibub ill t.he northel'll port of the Cil'clo Clilfs
alld the gradual disappeal'.nce ,of that member to the
east and sollth, The moximum observed thickness of
tlti. ledge-forming IIIomoer is 31 feet, as measured a
short di.tance west of The P.nkA, In the southem
and eastern ['Drt of the Circle Clift's the Moenkopi
rests directly on the \'~.'y eherty ¥one th.t underlies
the massive hard lim... ton. just mentioned, and in
plaC(l~ not. much of the cherty member remains,
Where tho "'PI"" part of the Kaibab Ilppellrs. to hav..
been ,'e.moved by .,'Osion, the lower limy sandston",
,,<'CUI' proportionally ne"I"r the top of ihe formation.
 TBE Il'AIl'AROWl'I'S !lEGION
46
Whore the uppermost KaibAb is missin&: a light-~ol ­
ored sandotone of uneven &hiclm_ commobly occurs
wt the ba.. of &he Moenkopi_
That the Moenkopi fonnation rut. unconformably
(>0 the Kaibab or i15 equivalent has been generally
reeognizod by students of the Colorado Plateau stra-
tigraphy. The extent and .ijplificance of this erosion
intel'vol has been du.cuaed by Da Ire" and more re-
tently by r.ongwell" and others." The des<:ribed ex-
I.,... ure~ indicate on extent of the pre-Moenkopi ero-
~i()n surface of mOre than 80,000 square miles. At
most plncea the relief of the eroded Kaibnb is small i
it .... a. chnnneled but not deeply incised, and Ihe lowest
Moenkopi beds maintlin the dip and strike of the
Mgh..,.t "'rata of the Kaibab. At Spring Moull!'lin,
Nov., llOwever, the elllire thickn_ of the Kaibab Ind
plitt of &he Supai was cut through, and in the Moab
nlPon the Moenkopi rest. with shArp discord'lnce on
the Cutler. For the plateau pro,-inte U 1\ whole t·he
evidence .u~ge&ts • foirly uniform emertl!ence, fol-
lowed by a general widelipread submergence .. it.h lit-
tle thange ill the attitude of the Kaib.b beds. As
(Jointe<l out by Gillul." ond Reoside," .. if it is true,
as h... been tuggested, Ihut the Coconino and Kaibah
grade l'lt.rllly one into the other, the unconformity is
not lIece.snrily of much importance 81rllchll"tllIy over
the plat.lu province .. a whole-thnt i9, it does not
iudicat. a pel'iod of orogenic activily."
TllfASSfC FORMATIONS
JlI.rOIlICAL IKnCH
Although the gt"l!d Triassic fOI'roationa of the
platel" provin<'e are boldly outlined by color and min.
ner of erooion, the precise limits and a,e of the forma-
tions are difficult to establish. Most of the mAny
un.confonniti .. are IOClll; the strata, e&peciQlly the
thlDn~r undaton.., limestones, and shales, change in
character \Yithin shan dist..ces lIang the slrike and
f_i1. Ire enl"tmely aCtIn:e. Naturally the'"l!for~ th~
published dflcriptions nnd cll9llificatio'ns of the'Tri-
o""ic sediments of southern Utah are very dissimilar.
Howell," in Ihe Icction of the )[esozoic that he
measure<! in the raria Valley, a...igncd to the Triassic
2,260 !~I of stnta.• In ~hem he included aIL or part of
the 'hll~tc and NI"alo, the Chinle, the Shinarump
ronglomerate, and the lfo('llkopi, a. th_ formations
Ire nOw defined. Duiton " alJplied t.he term ~ Shino_
rump shales" io the group of strata now recogni>ed
as Moenkopi, Shinarump, and Chinle formations (i.
plrt)_ He has milch to say regarding t.hoir cOnstant
character, their color, Rnd their erosion features and
adds:
""1tb the eS{-tplioD (If Ibe dark irolH~rily shales of the Cre-
taceous. the toues of other !orlUnUona UTe uSUDlly bri;bt.
Ul"ei)', lind orten e~ft'~lI)ell deUcote. lD the Sblnnt"ulup this
lint mOltiJ' stroo;. def'pt. and ao rich OJ to become cloy1ac.
Maroon, Ilore. chMOlale. purple, tlnd especiAlly '1' dol'l( brow.
ish red (nltl'0118 Reid color) are tho J)TcvaHtng hues. • • •
Tile lie of the ShJnlHump Is either Penuloll Ot' Lower Trln"'!''',
idcntltr with tbe l(lwcr rtd beds of o.lorodo nnd W),om1a: Ii
unquelltJon.1Jle. (aDd) .ho ! ormntlol.l tberc!ore covers an artl
prol!abl~ .xc•••Ii.DJ 250.000 squAre mno •.
, The top of Ih. Shinarump was not cletenwned by
Dutton,
, owing to tbc ,ndnn: trllNlitlon into the YMDlillou Clift 8I'rh...
ablJ'ge. • • • Wltbin rbese (Sbhl:ltU\Up) ,hltl<'s there (lCten
OC"CMrt a fJR&rulllr c(!Ill:'lomel'nte. It cODE-lats ot fl'n::mentl .f
.Welded ••cod embeodded bl' • llln trll: oJ laud nnd KI'I~.I.
Son'letimca trunll. or trees . of co.nslci.erubte Size. tborou~hl1
.melded. 01'1 roo.d.
,
In the Henry :.\[ollntain region Gilbert" pLaced tb.
.. Shinarump group" tit t.he base of the" Jura-Trias"
and aubdiyided it into
10) vlrlepted cla1 shll .. pmple nud wblt. abo"e Hn4
cbocolate belo.... and .lIIelDed WOOd. 300 reet: (b) grllJ' coo·
Ilomerate with .Ulcl&ed wood, tbe •• Shinarump conglomerate. It
SO teet; (e) eboeolate-co)ortd shnte, In fJlut sand", 400 f~t.
In these descriptions the Chinle formntion, the
Shinarump con~lomerate, and the Moenkopi forma-
. t·ion Ire ffoo,ni .. ble. All the geologists of the Pow,U
and Meeler surveys recognize.d this threefold dh·i-
sian of &he so--cnlled "Shin"rump group" andtenta-
tively Il... igned it to the Tdassic, basing d'eir con-
clusions on the Triassic age of sa.urilln hones and fos-
si~ plnnts 'l'Om the Shinarump conglomerate, deter-
mmed by Cope al)d ~cwbel"l"Y, To these workers the
Sbinarump cong-Iomtt'ate "'IS merely a marl<er in the
midllt of a g~eat thickness of shole resting on • wid...
8pl'cad platform of Carboniferous limestone. :Ko
do~bt ha. be.n rast on the Triassic age of t.he " upper
~hmarump" (Chinle), but I.he eArly .ptllvlliling opin-
Ion that the" lower Shinarump" (Moenkopi) is also
Trias.;ic was abandoned after Wlllcott hod described
Permian fOfsils from ahale underlying the Shinarump
con~IQmerate. This discoyery led to the conclusion
th.t the Shinorump conglomente marked the division
behreen the Triassic and the Permian. 1I0wever,
fuller knowled"", of the relat.ion of the )-foell-kopi to
. ·O.ttOli. C. It. aepol'1 •• the ,eolOIY ot t bo OIgh Plateaua-;
llab, Jit. H4-HT, 1:. .. Gf'(Io" a'rld O~I. Burn!! nock,. l,(ta. R~
I .•
1_.
GUberl, G, It. R.,.,.I o. tbe- gt'Olo",' or tbe Heb\"'f llo11l:itlllb., p.8,
G~. ud CIK". 8,n'''''' a(l('ky ~tD . Ue-i:loo, 1871.
t ·. Ill . .
 TRlASSIC ¥Oltr,( .. nONS 47·
~he ShillArump obm'e and the Kaibab below and <1 re- neady complete ••elions nwnsurcrl, r.sp~ctiYely, 490
""nsideration by Girty of the e"iclence de.r ived froIU Rnd ~O f~t. In t.he Circle Cliffs r~gion the Herage
fossils ~8St doubt on the accepted correlation. As. sub- tbickness of the .~fo.nkopi i. 4i5 feet, the masimum
divided by Gregory" ·t lm Triassic included the Chinle being slightly more than 5()() feet and th~ minimum
formation and the Shinarump conglomerate, and the 304 feet-n "srilltion ascribed mainly to erosional un-
Moenkopi wns classed as doubtful Pormi.n. Loter conformiti,'" _t Ihe top and bottom of the fOflllAt.ion.
studies by Girt)', flOwever, proved the equinlence of ~eyond the borders of the Kaiparowits re«ion the
. .
the Moenkopi of southern Utah and kno\,n lower wnr1ntlOn is greAter. The type seetion in t.he Little
"
Triassic beds of Idaho. ColorRdo V AlIey l11e08nre~ 389 feet, blAt ~fiS~I'" found
The l'riass,c, then, as now defined, embrttoes three 920 feet on the San ,J uun Ri"er, and AS shown by Ree-
subdi<isions--the Moenkopi formation, tbe Shinarump . side and BR ..ler ,. the t.hickness of the Moenkopi in-
rooglOIllHAte, and the Chillie formation. The beds crenses westward, reaching its 1'1lOXlmUm in the Virgin
ossigned to the Moenkopi contoin foSsils of Lower , River Valle)" ,,·h.r. two sections include 1,775 and
Triassic age; the Chinle form'Itioll and probably alsO I 2,033 f.et of strnt.. At len"t lOCAlly in the. ~Ioab
the Shinarump conglomerAte are Upper Tri .... ic. region the )(oenkopi is cut out entirely by tbe Ilneon-
forlllit, at the base of the Chinle."
MOENKOPI FORMATION
LJ'fIIOWGIC "EATCR7.S
A)(E .... L 1)J8TmJ)U'TIO~ .\:sn Tl-llCIC",f:SS
The Moenkopi formation nt ~s Fn-ry con!>i!'!! of
III thc Kaiparowits region the Moenkopi formation
bed8 that Jiffer liUle in compO-'ition, structure, ami
is exposed at Lees Ferry; at Sand WAsh, near the
arrangement from those in the Na"aio (·ountry, to the
ab.ndoned settlement of Paria' in the Hou"" Rock
south and east. '.rho predominant litllOlogic features
VaUey; and .. t the Circle Cliffs and in Adjoining areas
I UP. thin bl-own sandy gypsiferolls shale and red and
on the west flank of the Wnterpocket Fold. At Lees
' brown sandstone with white bunds neor the top. (See
Ferry, where er""ion of the folded strat. in the Echo·
p.48.) At Sand Wnsh likewise t~ddish-brown sh.le
monocline brings all the Trill..ic formation~ into vie",
and brown sandstone make lip most of the section, bllt
the Moenkopi rests on on uneven sudnce of the Knib.!.>
the lowermost 400' fed iij bonded with "On~ and indi-
limestone and is capped by Shinarump conglomerate,
"iduol beds of alternating red and 'green sh .. le .. hich
which forms 8. sharply outlined bnsal step th.t mlly be
give to the outcrops a st.rikingly beautiful appearance.
traced for mile" sOuthward along t.he Echo Cliffs ond
This nssemblag~ of beds reSEmbles the Moenkopi of
aouthwestward along the base of the Puia Platean.
the Kanab Rnd Virgin Valleys more closely than those
(See pI. 8, d.) At Sand Wash, the northern terminus
of regions south and east of tho PAri a Valley.
of the Kaibob Plaleau, the Moenkopi forms the base
In the Cirele Cliff. the Moenkopi formatiOn consist.
of the Vermilion Cliffs and is well expooed a.long the
Paria-Kanob road. Southward it extends up the dominantly of interlominated mudstone, sandy mica-
House Rock V .. Uey as . 0. much eroded and faulted ceous shale, and tbin-bedded platy or sha.ly sRndstone
thlt splits readily along lamiuoe, coyering the weath-
series of beds that coat the flanks of the elStward-
dipping Koibab monodine. (Sec p1. ., A.) West- ered slopes with flaky sandstone chips. Wit.h the
ward it may be continuously t.raced to points beyond mlldstone and tbin ",ndotone occur lenses of masshre
fine to medium·grained .... ndstone, but grit and con-
the Virgin River. In the Circle CIi ·fT. dcpression ero-
sion of the <lverlying formation! has exposed Moen- glomernte, as well as true clay shale, are lacking.
kopi beds 08 an almost continnous flOO1' in an oval As 0 whole the rocks of the Moenkopi formation are
Irea abou~ 80 miles long and 10 miles wide. From distinct.ly weak and tend to form slopes brollen by
this nrea extensions of the lIfoenkopi reach outwa.rd ..eak b~nche., some of
"'hich ore bAl'ely disce.rllibl •.
radially Klong the stream nlley. that cut. through the In some places harder and thicker sandstones that are
encircling J u ra ..ic cliffs. (See fig. 9.) massive )ocally and weather in large .Jabs or in thick
The thickness of tho Moenkopi differs widely in dif- angular blocl<S form pronollnced but generally not
ferent places. At Lees Ferq it is ..bout WO feet, and very higb clift's. Beneath the protecting cap of hard
sections meAsured at near-by localities include 390 and Shinullmp con~lomer.te the Ilpper beds of the Moen-
420 feet of strata. At Koibab Gulch and Sand Wash kopi form a cliff that rAnges from I few feet t·o more
fltan 100 feet in height. Commonly t.his rliff i. re-
• c~rr. H . E., G!!'OIOIl.Y or Ibe Na,-aJo <eOulltJ"1 .• ~.&.IA/1lIOI
., pam o( Arlr;oDa, Nrw Xexim. and Utab: U. S. GM!!.. Survey rrof. • LoD,,·~n, c. R. 1\041 other., 011. tif .• p. Jj,
'aper t3- pp. 30-.31. 1917. SP.C al!!to Sbl.cr, n. If .. l'rrmo-'I"rtatllte .. R(ofl!lde, J. B., Jr.• ud Ib!:II.IIk-r, l1n.r'·~r. op. ('I!" fl. fU,.
til north ....estf'rn Arizona: GooI.. 8«. A.. ftrk-. I\ul! ., '"01. :10, pp. • 03- .. Bl\k,.r. A, A .• lk7iJbh,C, E., :McK.IVJlt, K T., 111111 Rl:'l'tIhk-. J . It ..
... l~J'· jr,. op. clL " 11";.
 THE K,\lP.tJlOWITS REGION
,48
ec<sed, the mas.i~·e Shinarump proj ..,ting like Il great
cOl'nice, (See pI. 8, A ,) The brick-red colol' of the
)foonkopi, in contr• .t to the light greeni." gr~y of
tho Shinarump, Dnd the etching out of fairly evenly
• pa<'ed thin soft bed. in the Moenkopi cliffs contribute
to the strildng resemblance of th<>$C dill's to "ell-built
brick houses_ J-imc.tone i. not abundant, hut on the
south side of thi. area, near the vel'y top of the forma-
tion, a few thin,.beds of very hII'd, dense, fine-graille<!
llnfossilifnrou~ limestolle are int.crbedded ill the sandy
.hale, and one of the~c beds, a foot thick, which is
light blui~h gny 011 fresh frucllll'e and wc~thers a
tRlmi.h brown, eontinnes with vcry even thickness 101'
nellriy R mile, At another point neal' tl,e top of the
formation on the west side of tho Circle Clift's the
'Illlfl,!' bed. arc distinctly cllcareous. Gypsum is also
rare, No interstrlltified bed. of gypsllm and little sec-
ondary ,'ein gYP""m were ob.erved, bllt .mall frag-
ment. of f<Clenite Ind minel'Ulizod watel' indicate the
presence of mOl'll or loss di_minuted calcium sulphate.
]n exposures of the Moenkopi neRr Capitol Wa..h and
northward tow. I'd Fruita, in Wayne Coulliy, only a
.hort distance north of the Circle Cliffs, the Moenkopi
i. strongly ~\'psifel'(lIlS, In a Cew places ca.sts of sillt
crY'llals were observed in the shaly sandstone, 'file
oil-be.ring bod. of the Circle Cliffs lnd the Water-
pocket Fold belong tl) the Moenkopi formation, (See
p, 154 Rnd pI. 31.)
A ch...ctel'i.tic feature of the thin-bedded .t ... ta
i.. the abundance of ripple m.. rks, In many places
each platy layer i. marked ",ith asymmetric ripples
that measure on the averuge abollt In inch from
crest to cI'est, Ind 90me of the thicker sandstone sbows
I very fine cr()l;l!-bedding that is due to migration of
the I'ipples, Mud crneks, which genel'dly affect only
Olle or hI'o thin layers, appear in some places.
The dominant color tone of the Moenkopi in the
Circle Cliff. is a .hIUO of brownish mal'oon Or red-
ui"h chocolnte-brown, but a considerable part of the
formation is Il very light ci'eomy tan or buff, In parts
of the r",1 divisions Lhero M'e thin ash-gray xonea,
These colo,.. ON art'angerl ill definite binds and zones
thllt follow the Ledding and evidently I'epl'esent origi-
nal differences ill thc clJal'l\c'ler of the deposit, the
r.,'ric pigmen!.s being eOIll.p letely oxidized in 80me
pu'h of tlle formotion, whereas in othel'8 Lhere i. much
Ie.. iroll and this not so well oxidized, The wide dis-
~ributiOIl and e"ellness of the banding are nLh&r strik-
Ing fcntUl~ of 811Y g<!lIeral "iew of the Moenkopi
!und... pc, (8<'e pI. 7,)
STRATUJlI..!PH't
SeetiolL' Ilf the Afllfnkopi wel"e ll1easll~d at Lees
Ferry, K.ibab GuidI, S..,d Wash, and the Circle
Clitf., . Jlxe becl~ 1 to 3 teet thick: of brown triable
Seelio,. of JlOf.:ftlrop. (m·uHl-tJ,q,.. "1, 1ff)ItU.. li4e o( C"I,,,.,,,Jr) J«t...
a·I I~t!cB Ferry
ShinnruU1p con,tOlJlcrute .
l;oconformil7.
)(oenkopl loroUltiou : PM
ii. Shllle, arenaceoUlj, Nnd lfllu ftnc·~rotl!cd .sand-
stone. banded dork lefl. brown, and wh ite, lu
alternatlIlG' beds; Cdlc:nreoos and Iron
cement; IIOUle beds or shale tbln u.s cnl-dooard,
their foliation surfaces rtpplu Dlllrked, sorne
cracked (lad cooted ~... ltb G"l'alils of mica i in.
clude& tluoo tblo beds or sandy, dnk7 lime-
atone; thin ,'eiu. or gypsum crOM nearly
c\,ery squa.re Ineb or \"t~r'tlclll cliff tace; , esli.
lntlted ___________ ._____________ __ ___ ______ 2"lf)
4. Shole, uniformly chooolatc-cotored. yery ' Sllndy,
In paf>t imbricated nnd uDe'fenl)" bedded;
mun,. folia.tloD surfaces nre IUD dried and
~how rlppl~ marks :and ..UsteoID" Antes ot
muscoyIte; ICQWS ot gypaum cross the beds,
tntersectinl' at ditter-ent angles: uUl'q'1Il1 re-
sts~nee of the vtrtlttl CIlU:tel weat11erhu: to
produce 11 slope that rises by sbort·Slluced
atopo _____________ . _______________________ 160
3. COl1l'lomerate, broll'l1. CIJUlIIOSCd of wud pellets
and rra~neDt. of l'uleoreous shale and oi
••• 0stOl'0_ _ ____ ______________ _ __ ______ ____ .,.
2. Shale, yellow. ripple marked, friable; lome 107-
ers sepbrated by thin sbeeta ot ~ypsum______ 8
1. eooglomerate. but( and browIl, composed chiefly
of pebbles ODd cbll)8 ot Ihneatoue, with which
are embedded both worn !:find lU6;"ulnr chunn
of cilel:t 08 mUi:"ll a. -1 inches in lep,th; the
upper part ill plac(>8 shows ne3ts ot poorl1
rounded pebble'll ot chert, qn.rt~ Rnc) quo.rts-
tte less thou bait on Incb In diameter: len~
ot IVa,., erdls-bedded 8O.1ld!toue nnd ot yellow
shale nre Included; ,,,eatben "'ltll Yel',
rou"b snrtu(.'C _____ _________ .______________
~ Jh-8
Totnl MOt:ukopi CQl"lnlltiou_______________ aoo+
Uncootormity.
JtnJllab limestone.
The Moenkopi formation at K .. ib ..b Gulch is not
,.ell displayed for study i parts of it are covered,
other parts Rl'(l dissected into badland mounds. and
the steeply dippiug sLI'ot. are locally faulted and in
places coated with debris from "nd~lides, The incom-
plete section is here included for comparison with
sections measured to the south at J... e8 Ferry and 8
miles to the north .t Sanrly "Tosh,
$cclio. 01 J/oenkopi fOr,.uMioK ot KtJClJab aUlo1l. Uld
~}(e..u~ by Herbert E . GNlC"or1J
Shinarump conglomcl'ut'!_
Unconformity.
~(ocDkopl formntiou: ~)(
Hi. Sb31e. bTowu. lumpy. :IIal,d,.. Iln).!SiterQUll, with
~ud~ttm~ _________ ______ . __ ._________ ..1______ ~

Nof'II\orti formnlictn-Conlimk: d .
11. I:l-aII (\to;tOO£l. reci , t18k~. hntu;j(,:Ht'd; eonllllns Dlud
Ji"M1
lumps ttnd. Fnlt pM'ndomO\'rlJ~____ __ __ ___ _____
13, ~b:ll~, light nd, intel't'lrMlifiNI with burr and
whirl' tC8ialnnt bed$ tlncl I(·n;;('~ or ('ros~·tK'dd("(l
scndstoTlc: forms !CtC'e[l ~loJl("",.,.._ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ ____
12. 8hIl1(*. brown an(l droh. f.:nndr; H'n~ g):I»)ifcr-
OUB DPtlr bH.q.; \T(,Rlbrr~ to bodhmd knolls
~tr~nkefl
W"lth relURrknhl,' - n'guhlt' hilO,h; (It
hrown, gn>e:D. and ~rft,y _ ___ _ _ ____ _____ _____ 183
n. Covered, probably <'t"d ,.hl1l(>_______ __ ____ ______
10. Llml"stooe. burt. nrenn ("\·OlH1. In plu('es sbnly i
C'ontnln3 Ullth,'termlnllble !!=1l('11 fl'n~mtnIS_i_'"
'!),S1.u:lf.", cho('o!ate·brown ilnd rt'(L _______ __ ______
8. Sbale. rl'd and green: wh tlC JrJlt3l1m in r('~lnr,
e,'e-u bedz___________ _____________ __________
7_ SbRI(>, bruwn, \yi;:h Il!llc.' h gY)'}tI:um In !('nml nud
di.o.:'SE'mlnnt"M gralns__ __ ______________ _______
t_ S:J.DCsrOnl!, bl·()Wll. tn bfi(ls l('~s tban 7 f~l thlck,
And sundy l"bnlf', unenl'll!Y tll;"(ldE'.d. h _'nth:ull1r:
Nut.Jns thin b<"(I~ (It ~YI~nU1------ - - --------
fl. Shfllc. brown , tn rf'~11~1I1' lK"tl~__________ ___ _ ____
of. Shnle, brown, with -MU<1StOfJE" lellRS, I;.YI'SIlUl :'II:d
lime (.t'ment __ __________________ _____________
3~ Sambtone, dnrk brow-n , III tltl~ll<i 1 to 4 fel't t1l1ck.
olte:motinl: wllb ~nndy I!:bnl" AU bedl' bi£blr
trreJ!'ulll' and UrlCH'n: ('Y~-l'lE'dded, 11Im(lY;
Eurf:l('PS ot o\'()rlnppin, lR1J,iufte abuodentlJ'
markrd ,,' Uh mud cracka, ripple mnr"" ~'orm
trnila, nnd .finke-A at micl : forms: 'lab tDlu5____
2. Sbalpl, dRrk brown, glistenlD.a: wIttl mh:Q; bed t.
wavy; bl'enK!J into luwd, 8hnl'(l·ahnped
flnkel_________________ ____________________
J. C(lnglomernte, CQmpoaro ct Battened r,ellets ot
gray·butt' Umef!it(lftc, red ~blleo laoostone. lind
quorts. arrnuged os If'WK''1 In sbillft Rnd nl
<:f06Jl-bcdded colne ('nl~nl'C(l\18 snndsto1l8
C'fIntetl ",!tb ('b\ml:i:!t (If IlUlH1Z___ _____ __ ______
Totn. 11oenk(lpi tormAtlon______ __________
L1Jt('onformlly.
KQlhb limestone-,
At Sand WBsh the upturned beds that form tbe base
of the Moenkopi have been beveled by erosion and
plrtly buriod in debris i some o( them hR'·. been dis-
turbed by landslides. In general the expooure re-
~mbles the Moenkopi out.CI·Ops in the K~DAb Valley.
The lowest beds are brown thin .andstone and ripple-
marked and sun-dried shal~. These beds are followed
upward by 4 to 6 feet of ~·.lIow earthy limestone and
about 000 feet of .andy, very gypsiferoUB, very thinly
laminated shale sh'ikingly banded by zones of red
Ind green. A~ve this bnnded shale lies about 75
feel of reddish shale, sandy and 8lighly gypsiferous,
Ind about ro feot of reddish-brown shale interbedded
wilh massive sandstones 1 to 3 feet thick.
In the west port of the Circle Clift's, in the ~astern
Plrt Idjacent to the Waterpocket Fold, Ind in tbe
contra! part near The Peaks exposures of the Moen-
kopi include all the bed8 from the top to the ~ of
the formation. The following sections are typical of
I.he Circle Cliffs region ne a 'whole:
49
s(>('tiO/l fJ( o~"' j 'NfJ1'1f.1'''Tj
C'WII1If'tmC'f'fltc (flul uppc.t' liarl 01 .VItCtIr
Ito" forHUltifJlt 011 ""t,r ,;4(0 Of CII'c:I<: (~'tfh flc-Iw:er- H(,"~
("1'('(" d"d The Pfoaho O(lr}fC'ld ern,,,''''.
Ulall
2
00 Shinnrlllllr ('un~k:tm('1'tllt'
"""
__ _____ _________ .. ___.. ______ .... 6-60
MO(,DkOlli !(lrmnn(m:
l!). Sholto, ('no('l)lntE' ·brl)wn , \,('ry ,,"ndy. ;radin;
into Ifbul) ~tllfll'tl)np, Inon ('AiCll"-,,-ms .bon'_
o i
00 1S,. SOindston~, chorolnt('-bl"{lwlI. thlll I~M['''.
r)l,ple D\lIrk(>(lo and Cl"II~$ lawlnule-tL_ .... ____ S
2 li. 811111(>. ("liOCtllnt(,ohl'DWll, \-ery IiQl'Idy; f[rllctt>iIi
16 Into thin :'!11mly ISlmthtrOn(O, mktl("('1.lllRo___ _ ___ :;.
Hl. Snnd'toDe. chOC'olnta-browD. bnrd, @hftly to
1 plnty i forms. IIUl:tn projt"ttinr )l'Cl;::Jo _______ _ 1
1~0 8bal~. ,'lro\\"l.I. Mndy, ,n,dlllg to rhin shnl,.
as Nlmd~t(llle: w(>fItht'rJ1t AS; fi.love ____ _________ .. s
H. Snncl,tont>, ('h~lntft-t'rown. hard. lllnty:
torDU!! a ledgE' ___ __ ________ _________ _____ _ 1
40 13. Shillf'. ehocolat e- hrown. $Rndy; gmdf's; to
41 td\II 1)' tNlndst(ln~ _______ _____ _____ _. _____ ___
12. 8ftDd~loDfo,(Obocolute-hrown, th:n bc>(hh,'<l; t(l-
33 enJly "'('n1-bE'1'~
mlltsln" lind f(lrm-, • vromJ-
nent prI)J('('t1I1~ tee1er.. "!pple mnrket) nillt
laminate·tJ: c~.lltt"jn8 pblll,\' zon{"8_. ________ _
ll.- 8ha.le. chocolate-brown. Mnd,., Plh.onQ("(lulII,
...·lth thin !r('tiUlIJ nnd be-dj; ot lort IlImhlhlne:
In uJlpcr port contnln. thin b~ (\aI; (If Ihilly
2S InDd8toue ______ _________ .,, __ ___ _________ _
~
10, Snnd.t01w. light t:rt"('Ui8h g,'NY. (lInt)', nn(>
~ll1ll1ed, .lIt(·II~ ' ('onIC. with hl~e A!oI)'llllnet:rie
• ripple DlorkH i prod\l~f'8 It IClIJht benrh _____ _
9. 81101(>. f'hocnlnte--browD. I! U D d)"; ('Outllins
nlmndac.t thin bc<ls ot .huly IUlIlda1une thnl
"'n.thel"S' I'D thin d11pt;. mxl plnty stnbs;
£orln!4 gentle cOlindAd slope in "'hleh m ICIl-
1-4 t.'oous n1RleriRI itl. Mbuntlant ___________ ,__ ~_ 27
8. Sand!ltODt, brown, ",ith thin IICbt·grn)' bunda,
:;1-& pln1)', "'in, thin bed. or IIb.le bet"'ee-n
lnycrI. ,"pry mk.ceou~. ril)ple
It.rder
mnrked; .top In.YN' Tn), hard nnd Ilohby____ 21,~
io Sh.le. cbocolnteo-brown, ttllDdy, l\·lth thIn yeUow
Inll brown Ix'd~ ()f HHndstone- (bat muke
.l"ht 'bGnches____________________________ r,G
G_ Sandstone. 1Igbt 1<"How. ~lnhM!d rfii un oUI·
crO[). verr JIOB!JlItve, hord: torUl~ projecting
"'.11 .. ______ ___ _________ _________ ______ ___ _ CI(l
5. SAndtdoo(". light. yellow, mnSlllh'('; wenl"bf'N In
thin (llnte8; grfldn to "billy anntbtlone:
(orinI' bfUch___________ __ ___ __ _____________ 12
.c.Shale. ("bol'Ollte-bro,,·n. BUi,(ly. mlcacroui_____ 40
So Snndfttont, lIJ;bl ft'l1ow, locn;11 ~t.3ined ~
(In outcrop, hl.~ve; ~l11dt"S locnll,. Into
s1,oly. or thln ·bf!dd(>c! IIl1ndstvne; forms
J1r()IDme.nt biolith __________ _______________ 1&0
2, Sand_tone, yellow. \'('r1 IIIhnl1: ~rad~ 10
.Nnd, shnle _____ _________________________ 5
1, Snndltone., ,cllo,..·. (",!("nre-on&, mlclI~.a;i. mnio-
.lvE' but tllfnl)' I.rulnnte..... willi rIpple bed·
(ling. ,ra<'IK to .bll), IdDd8t(jfl("; t.r1O,..'!<! - __ ..
(Top of Kllbnb UJJK'8toue 3:5 tt'et mol'~ Of le~8
~Io,..,)
 THE KAIPAROWITS IlEGIOY
50
Practically 311 the bed. in th. foregoing secti?n
thicken or thin along the strike, and some of them diS-
appear within .... Iatilroly short e1i.bnees_ The col.or
<Iillisiolls ':lre persistent and appe:tr to follow defimte
1J<,dding planes_ The uppermost ~8.j feet IS chocolate-
brown, whereas, with the .xception of about 40 feet,
the lower 1110 fe"t i.light creamy yellow. Some of the
ma.~iv. sandstones included in the lower division sre
pi nleish red.
8cotif.ln J1ICa8vrt:tl jUdt ',-'elfl o( Jl()i?~t teller,; lturef TwUI
(Orl.'C" RI1.-er) road e,"or.
t"II.",o-ft tMOutlA. elf".-
0", ca.'
.ide v( (Jirr.lD Olitr". Garff,el' Oa.nJ.u. Utol&.
lllo.'ll.-arf!d by (t;1)'OJOnd C. lIO<)1'el
Trlns:dc:
ShInarump eona;II1III CfRte--
7, S8Ddhtooc, bIuiijh grAy, III plDl'C:i hluck trow
conta!ned bitumens. lIHl.iS."I[ye. mediullI to
C~lH'!W gl'lliIlPll .. ___ _ ______________ ____ __ _
lCocutt:opi forrllurll)u-
0, Sho tp-, 111111'0011 to chocolntc·brI)WD, vcry
lQJudy. 111'111 tbln 1)laty 8illId~tone: weutbe~
In .Io(ll' .. ___ ___ _____ _____ _.. ____ ____ ______
6. SnnlJHtone. gny, WeMhcf'lulC bl'o?"n, In beds
2 to 6 Incllefl thki. .c{Jll1'llteu \jy S to 12
hlf!lh!'8 of lOUlldy lIhuh~ ________ .. _ ~ _______ _ _
,f, Sbnlc, yellow' uud ..nq. Mndy: [flrUl~ sIOll(!;
obout :!8 fr et obO"e biL<;e • bed ol bard
shal y, ,'cr)" C.IClifCOWI fine 'I'alned 1;:1'0)'-
brown ~ud~toue UpllC'Clrl_________ ________
3, ShMlc-, IIl1ht J'GnOW, 1'E~rllJnndy; (rade'/' Into
al.eiyw4Iublt.I.1f1Q and loft liundtdonc: woo. th-
t'\"!j I.UUl'.'tlr"Cl, ClJlCClully upper 10 to 2(J teet~
whleb W('tlOIt~l"N I . ft rLm rock: (he Dud-
stollC1f nl'e 5Cltnmted wlth on Il[;d ore In
(lort staIned bllcll: _____ _______ .., __________
e. StlndMtOl'M!. J1hlk lIud' brown; Crude'A tl1 .nd¥
!<lhftle: bfldtllllC verT trre(Ulnr. due "rained •
lI:lt!1 of tbe dh'lslor. rather Dlrutilve, perts
10 ",rry thin bed .. l'DrlnhkL,__________ :..___ 118
1. EamtHtone; Ullper part brown. :'lDrd, limy;
lo,.,,,r JRlrt 8"n.!1, lOn, tmd aomewbut
~l:.nl,. ------- -- - -- ------------ __ ___ ____ _ _ _ 8
'1'ot:.11 11oenkl1pl tOl'llllltloll __ _________ __ _
Pm'whi t) ';
K"lbob nml'Slouc,
In generlll eh.ro~tel· the Moenkopi shown in this
section i. not esselJti~lly dift'e ....nt from that in ex-
posures f ..rth.. r west, except that the upper part of
the fornmtiolJ seelllS to be somewhat less resistant to
crosion and IIniforlll!y makes slopes, and that tbe
lower pArt inclucle'S massive S&Jldstoncs, some of which
01" strongly p<tmlifer0us.
Sc.:t.imt. o{ JiO(,H''t>pi /ONtUJtl.ot, mCtlS1tre4 iJl. ca~um'
Tile Pt'.""', .o'·"oIt't.t o( WlJ.{I'onboz ..Ve,1a, Circle OU""
/10114 Couly. UI.,.
Tl'illSSh: :
l-~e.et
Shi.,arullll). (.'olls1omera te ________________________ G0-1oo
UII~\ln.rfinn lI,r.
MOf"ukolll fl.)rmoti,lU_
10, Sbnl~, mllfdon . smutty: contains 1Il3UY
Ilfl.Pl!l·-tbin SUTld$tl.l~ layer~; ~rn()es tl)
~'('lI (1 w tn tWlk!r 15 t('eL___ __ ______ _____
Tr ia...slc---COnti uued.
Moenkopi COl'm;ltlon-(;Olttiuued, Peet
9. S.a.!lristone, yellow, lloll gru iue,1. soft ; w~lltl1'
er$ ratber sbrtly ______ _____________ ___ .. - 3
8. Shale, marooo, witb thin shnly sandl;tonp._.... 3g
I, Sondstone, bull, brown , and groy ; Rue
.:m ined, thin bcddOO, iu luyers to .:I Incbes
tJ,lel< ____ .____ .. ________________________ - S
6. Shale, ,.eUt)"'Jsb brown, sa ody ___________ .... 2t
5, Sand~tonc, pink to maroon, thIn bedded.
with It tew mil~I"e loyers ss Inu(!b AS 16
Inches in tJllc'ko~ ot Intervols; hIler-
bedded wIth 's bale, T"Cry sancy: upper [lQ,rt
yelJow·bl'OW IL .. ________________ ,___ _ ___ _ _ 48
-I, SalUh;touc, {;,l'g1 dnd lI.ght pb.1r., Une ~olnei1,
lund i weotheu ,b rown Rnd! U~ht KrQY', til
Feet beds 2 ioche8' tQ 1 foot tbil!k, but ill fre~h
e$J.)Osurt.~ b('(!Ij. ollpe<lr v.ery uIDSI:\h'e. u.pper
vort :,u ore I'eddhfb thnn lower; o rd lllorilJf
well exposed __ _________________________ tl
~-o:lO
3. Snndstolle, red, 'With tbln sandy shale 1::tter-
bedded. mediunt to IDo.@sil'e beddlng____ __ 31
2. Sund:=toue, light brown ODd yellow to pink,
,"cry thin bz.dded, platy. abundant l1pp1e
1.0
marks; grades locally to shu Ie; "' eu t1u~rfi
reddlsb brown; larlns slopes______ __ __ ___ •
1. Shale, pink to red, sand,.; coutnins thin
9
beds of platy sandstone; went]len in
~Iopes__________________________________ 21
'1'ot:'l1 l(ookopl tOl'matJoIL______ ______ :tool
!)O
Permian;
Kalbnb IIm..toue.
The diminished thickness of the Moenkopi in the
region of The Pe.ks appeal's to be due to a decl'ease ill
00 thickness of the upper chooolate-colored zone. This
decrease is accompanied by a corresp<>i:J.ding ,incl'ease in
the thickness of the massive ShiDlll'ump conglomerate,
t<, which the presel'vation of the outliers of the Shin.-
rump called The Peaks is partly due.
AGE ~\!\D CORRELATlO!'l
In the absence of satisfactory faunal evidence tho
uge of the J..loonkopi formation in the Kaibob region
can not b'l directly determined. Conelntion with the
type Moenkopi of the Little Coloru.do Valley, Ariz., is
bosed on lithologic character and stl'lltigl'aphi~ posi.
tion_ The formation lies between unmistakable
Kaibnb lime.tone and Shin,u'ump conglomerote, from
which it is sepal'1lwd by evident unconformities_
There is no doubt thot the ~{oonkopi 0f Lees Ferry,
/10"'" Of Kaibal! Gulch, Saud Wash, and the Circle Cliffs is
O (U" part of " widely extended formation thut lies at the
bose of the Triassic'.
In the older geologic literoture 6f the pillteau pro~­
inee Il!;eries of cllOcolate-colored shales 'Was '~gni2.d
= as the lower di,-ision 01 the "Shinarump group,"
whiclt WM assigned to the Triassic. To eq\livatent
strata in the Painted Desert 'Ward" applied the
M .. Word , L. p ,. Siotu. of the lIe.o2olc do~s a( tbf: U:llt~ St:ltf:S;
0, S. Ceo!. Sur.~·1 lflJu . .f9, pt. 1. pp. 19-19, Itl(K;.
 TRIASSIC FORMATIOn
term Moenkopi formation ILlld described ils constitu-
ent members in these genet'al te,'m": "It is '-cry prob-
able tllat the lo,ve,r , portion of the Moenkopi beds
belon!!S
o to t,he Permian_" To pel'mit comparison based ,
on measured sections the Moenkopi was redefined by
Gregory ," Rnd its featUl'es as shown in the Litlle
Colorado Valley, the San Juan V:llley, ond the Defi-
ance Plateau were descdbed in some detail. The
Moenkopi of southwestern Utuh is discu,;,<;ed by Ree-
.ide and Bassler," who found that west of the KRibab
Platea.u the Moenkopi lltt~ins n thickness llluch gt'eate,'
thun ut the type locality and is d"'isible into five per-
sistent members, togethe,' with n discontinuous ""it at
the base of the formation, ns follows: '
, n<=tllJd~ and
(From DU"le.~J
8. Upper red boos; brick-red. (It!cp red. and bNWU
abate nod sandstone: locl1l1y mo@sh'e bedli uC
yellow medluul-gL'nloed uDdstone________ _____ 473:t
6. Sbunbkalb shnle me-wOOr; grQy to white $.ml.!y
,hnle and soft saoo8toDe with some lliuk IOrei'S
nod much gypsum ___________________________ 360-030
... Middle- rcd bed~ IJlmllur to No. 2.
3. Virgin timetltone member; eo.:art hr )"('!Uot\' 1IU1~stoue
acpnrit(>d by yellow and red calcarOOM 8IHlh~ _ _
2·{~~:::t=_~~~~~_~~~~~~~_~~~~~~~~~I~~_8~~~~~~
1. ltock CnnyoQ eonstoDlp.rt1te JJl~mbl'r (Ub~ llt at
some JocnIiUes) : no Msemblag~ ot sbah!, lime·
!'toDe, 1Q'P8um, C()ngloUlcrlt e ot 't mestoue lind
cbert boulden, and tl minor amoullt ot 9O.1ld-
stoDe.
In the Virgin River Valley the Rock Cunyon con-
glomerate and the Virgin limestone ,!uembe,' are char-
acterized by a ma"ine fauna of Lowe,' Trinssic age,
A. me.snred by Lee," shale and f06Sili fHOUS lime-
stone O<juinlent to tho V:irgin member attain a thick-
ness of s~o feet near Cedar City, and Lonll'<ell .. de-
scribe<! th~ lower half of 1,200 to 1,600 feet of ~Ioen­
kopi in the Muddy Mountain • • s marine limestone,
In the Spring MOllnt.iDs of Nevada the mlldn. por-
tion of the Moenkopi is about 000 feet thick
Of the subdivisions established by Reeside Ind
Bassle,' the Rock Canyon conglomerate appears 10 be
represented by tbe assemblage of miscellaneous mate-
rills that is immediately associated with th6 Kaibab-
Moenkopi unconformity at most localities in Utah,
Arizonl, and Nevada, A basal cong,lomerate, com-
posed largely of ~hert fragments derived f,'Om the
:1IGr.r1. g. E., G~ or lM ND'·.jO ~..IIdC'1: U. ~. GHI. :lor",
Pr'Ol'. Paptr H. pp. !3-31, 11»1T.
-leesId., I. B.• ir.. .. 4 B...~. HIl"~1. Strulbcnphk II«tloos In
-.atb.f!ilt~ Utd end DOrU.watena oltlzoa.: C. S. Gool.
Prof. Paper 121, pp.. liO-t!, J~.
u 'w...
• LN. W. 'r., 7_ 'trOD Cou.t1 coOl tid•• l"t.b: t:. 8. c.ot. hn~,..
hlL IHI, p. 302, 1 to1 .
• Lot.p~Il, C ..... Geo1otJT 01 thoR lluddr )(o .... t~iD.. St!"'. : ....
1000t. Bel.. Gttt 1IC!.r., ,·ot. I, p • .a8. 1021: U. S. G~. S,*n'I!S Bull. mA.
pp. (3-(j'2, 1~28.
51
Kaibdb, lIlArk. the base of the J[()('llkopi at Lee.
Ferry, An attenuated rep,,,sentlltive of the Vi ...~in
limest.one membe,' which is included in a section meas-
ured at Sand W3sh and l\ thill uufossiliferous lime-
stone at Lees' Fel'l)' may be _qui-"slout., The Shnab-
kaib member hns been tr.<-ad f,'om the Kanllb V Illey
to the PaJ'ia Ri"e!', (See pI. 7, A,) East of the Pari a
and south of Glen Canyon detailed correlation ,,-ith
the beds ch.\"lC,teristic of the Moenkopi of the Vit'gin
Ri,'er Valle," i. difficult; members thllt Me pl'Ominent
in that ,".IIe\" are abaent a" nt leust in~'Onspicuous in
this areR_ it
is probable thftt the MO~llkopi of th~
Kaiparowits region represents only a part of that pre-
se"~ed in arcas farther west, I,ikewise detailed cor-
relotion of ."Wi visions in the Moenkopi at Le... Ferry,
Sand Wa.h, 8ml the Cit'Cle Cliff. with beds of equiVll-
lent .ge eo.t of Glen Canyon can not be ntode with
8ssuranCt\.
In sections 1lI~llsured by Longw,~lI Qn~1 Pllige a.long
the Colorado River lielo\V Caturnct Canyon the Moen-
kopi form.tion, which hRS a mninllllll thickness of
8:10 feet, indud •• till..,. distinct subdivisious. The
lower di \'ision, Ilbout 400 feet thick, con.i"r. of '''gu-
1... ly hOOded toed and maroon .. nd"tone and ... ndy
shale with u layc,' of g"ay conl(lome''1lte ~t the baS<!,
11-160
The middle divi.ioll i. a coa''S. gray cross-bOOde,l
300±
~28S oAnd,toM a fe\\' iuches to 60 (eet thick.
Tbe lIpper tli>'i.ioll, which is limited at the tol' by on
erosional uncodormity, comprises 300 to 400 feet of
chocola.te.rolo,oed, red, and gr.y sandstone, Recellt
investigations of 'Reeside" and othe" indicate tbe
probability that only this upper di vision is Moenkopi
and that the underlying red shale and sandstone belong
ill the Permian_ l'he Crescent Creek section includes
• " few bands of dense gray limestone" 100 feot f!'olll
tho top, and calcareou.s .h.la is recorded at Trachyte
Creek and Twomilc Canyon, E~st of tb. Colorudn
River the lI1assl ve ero...-bedded sandstone exposed ill
the walls of uppe" Glen Canyon oontinues as a char-
acteristic feature of the Moenkopi and gi "05 to tha
formation all appearallco qnite unlike that in the Little
Colorado, Pari .. , Kftibab, And Virgin Valleys.
The detel'lllilldion of the Virgin limestone rnember
as of Lower T,iossic age, corresponding to the .:V:ceko-
Cera8 ZOf1~ of ~utheusteru Idaho, flJ1J the cOl'l'elation
by Gilluly .nd Reeside" of the Moenkopi of the San
' Rafael Swell with the Woodside, 111 ..ynes, and All-
,, Irareh formations of the Uinta ~(ountaills-.ll recog-
nizad a. I.ower Triassic-make it reasonable to as_ume
that ~Il the bed. Jllapped in the Kaiparowits region as
Uoenkopi are of that age, The heru. that conformably
underlia thi~ fossilifet'ou8 zone appear to belong
clearly to the same time interval, and they .,·e sepa-
I rated by a well-marked 'unconformity from th~ under-
»J'~nIo)ul
(umlilftl,I''Iltlo1U.
==-01111111. 1:1~" . lII'oI. R•.!C'1tk1~. J. B .. jr., 01'. ct' .. pIli;.
 TEE K.<lPAROWrrs REGION
52
lying Permian Kaibob limesl.on~. In the. K~ip'rowits
ngion, when the ennly bedded Moenk?pl. doe~ not
conf.llin marine fossils but where wr~' smllior htho·
loj!'ic and st.ratigraphic r.l.tions art found, It seems
very probable that th ... rock;; corrcspolld In 19~ RI."I
.11O;,lrl b. referred .ecordingly to the Low.,. Tna ......
Near F,'uita, Wayne Connly, ('tall, fo .. ils \\'ere col:
I :tro from 8andy limestone beds in the MoenkopI.
;~""". fossil. wer.. identified by G, H. Gi,'ly R" follow",
Y)"Rl1na ft. 1q"I. Ill~.lllilla toll'.
["t'UltomUJlolI'll' n. 111ft. Ih.k.t'-w(~lIfll:' ~)l.
pk-ur(ltnl1l;lrtQ~ 101'.
A.. rortelln? II).
llolopel? "1'.
o,.,r r:v"Cltla! ~
I Nntic..1>{.I.':ihs? t;Jl.
The lowcr portion at least of tI,e Moenkopi exhibits
• ff'''IIIIlFitv of bedding and uniformity o( te"turc
..lint t"Istrongly sugbrcst d~position in R large ~dy of
wIlI.,r. A witllilrawal oi the sen, occ(,mpnDled by
mon or Jess crosion and the oocurreru:e of more 01'
II.... ,';Ilesp,.. ad continental oepooition, is indicllled
t,y Uw hilltn" in the Moonlwpi a~d the' characler of
th~ uPP"" beo. of the for'mahan In dIfferent part. 01
M'nth •• ,tern Utnh and the Xuvajo country. After
Moonkopi time there Wft, ,,'ide;pr .. d erosion, which
I'''rtly bcvded tho sofl Moenkopi st"aln Rnel in plnces
mrved (li9tincl e"osioll dlRnnel. in them, The sub-
>e'llIenUy deposited Shinarump can"t~'"tes .a very
widespreud thin veneer, which col'ers tlllS el'os,o~ sur-
facc and fills its depressions. It op.p ears that m the
(,'ircle ClilTs the erosion pre<.'(\din~ the Shinarump
epoch ellt deeply into the Moenkopi, rNno"ing all of
Ih~ IIpper contincntal bed. laid down he"t.
1I0J:JlIOPI.UIlI&ILUIIP EILOIIOJl IKU:aVI.I.
After tbe deposition of the Moenkopi red beds there
.. as 9n inle""al of erosion th.t affected" very lorge
pu1 of the plllt$U couutry, ns is indicated by the
widcgprtad evidence of remov.1 of pal't. of the Moen-
kopi bed8, tb. beveling of lhese beds, the corvin!: of
...a.ion channels, al\d the very marked change in the
natllre of th. Iledimentation lhat p,'C'CC<led lnd- fol·
lowed the el1,sion.
In "'\'Prlll ports of the Cirrle Cliffs the study of the
rontact bootween the Moenkopi lnd Shinorump SllOWS
that the dip of the Moenkopi rocks is slightly dift'er-
ent from that of the Shinarump. The conglomer"t~
nnd Coane grit of the Shinn rump extend mOre 01' leu
e\'enly .CI·OSS the sliglltly upturned and smootbly
boovel~ lower lit\'atn. All trosional unconformit.y is
e.sily ,Iemonsbated, In very m.ny places erosion
r1umool. ~o t.o 100 yards in width and 20 to 100 feet
in depth, carved in the Moenkopi bed., I ..e filled '"ith
t.he massive grit of the Shinarump, lind t·he abrupt
thBn~e in tho choracter of materiftl nlong '.lntven SUl-.
fac ... . is t,·cry .. here characteristic. The Shinnrump
1Il'~' be considered a "basal conglomerate" for t,he
overlying ~rif~ [If FhA~€, ' Su.nclstOl~r; and lime.too, ,
whi •.h ron.t.itul., the Ollnle format.lOn.
SBIIIARlIII' COKGI.OIIEItATE
The con~lomer.l. thot WRS originally described by
Powell" ;s
the middle. member of his" Shinarump
group" (Tri~ssic) h.8 boo.n noted by.nearly all work.
ers in the plateau province. .\ speCial study of this
uJlm;;,uRI formntlon wns made by Grcgory.3'J In New
, llexieo. Arizon,,; Vtah, ono Nevada the exposures 01
. the Sh'i nlll'ump cllllj.!;lomet'nte Arc remarkably ahlre;
the beds exhibit the sume range of thickness, te.'(tu...,
and composition. RI1<1 at n'Arly .11 plAces form !'t.
sii't. nt. bem'hes bet wcen series of fri.ble shales. Th.
wpstel'ntuost outcrop of the Shinarump isin thcSpring
'Monntllins. lI.,·...
From this area it may be trae""
ea.twur<l through the Muddy Mountains, along tilt
Vermilion Clift·s. a~..OSS the Waterpocket Fold and
Glen Com'on to e.stern Utah, wbere it forms the
platenn ,,;mmit ·o f Elk Ridg~, In ,the Kllipe.rowi~
region the Shinarump conglomerate IS represented m
sect.ians measured at L<>cs Ferry, at places n(,ar Pam ,
and .t Ihe ('ircl. Cliffs. (See pp, 49, 00.) At Le"
Ferrv the 8hinnrUlHp consists of 45 feet ot much Cl'OS~'
bedd-;.a "el'\' lenticular ~"ay conglomerate, and in·
cludes len..,~ of Bnndston: of different textures. The
pebbles of qllurtz nnd quart.1.ite, as much as 2 inches in
diameter nre in contact with one anotber and also
arranged' as chains of pebbles embedded in sandstone.
Fossil wood is abundant; three logs more th.n ~o fett
in length , one of them 2Y2 feet in diameter, Ilppear
neal' the top of the fo,'mation. At Sand Wash an,d
Kaibab Gulch. ,,·he .. e the Shinarmnp conglomerate is
30 to 80 feet ' thirk, large pebbles are rore and tb.
formation consists essentiallY of coa,'S. white cross'
bcdd~ conglome ..ate on,\ gn~r1y lenticular s.ndsto~l'"
togetbe .. with milch fo .. il wood. At the Circle Chfl -
the Shinllrllmp is present as gray, irregularly cl'06S'
beddod, mo""i"e sandstone, without prominent ~ .
glomerate len.e. or abundant petrified wood, and ,I
differs much tl'om place to pla.ce in t,hickness, te3'ture,
bedding. composition, and color. West of the South
Fork of SiIl'er F.IJ~ Creek the rock is grayish.brow~,
h·.. e~ularly bedded massive sandstone which shows Olin
cros~ lamination and contllins bluish slU\dy shale in its
middle pnlt. Near The Peak. the body of the rock i$
fine'grninpd massi"r Sllndstone that ~ontains beds ~nd
lenses of conglomerate. Most exposu.res of the Sh,n"
rump ill the Circle Clift's orea include ~ lower ~ft.
massil'e •• "dst.one bed, ~ middle group of greemoh·
- ~ Pow,"1I . J. W., i{l"port O'flo lbe If!OlO~f of' tM elUlt4!rn portioD of tbe
Dinl. l(OttQtaln~. PI" 53, &..'-611. U. S. Oeol. ud GCOI'. Muncy 'tv, ..
211 cUT., lSi'.
• Gnlory. H. E. The Sblllu'UCDP (.Onc'amecat.: Am. Jour. Sd.:
4tb IIt'r .• \'01. ~. PI). t%t ....·US, 19U: Geology of the NAvajO eoLlaU.,.·
tJ. S. Geot. '.no·,,)" Pror. PaPt"l' 93. ["P. 8T-41. 1017.
.. Grc.'J:::or}'. n . K. 111.4 No\)lf. L. F ., op. rHo
 TRlASSIO fORlfATIO"'S

gray shale~ lind on up,per nmssive cro.:iS-bedded snnd- ., identi"al with what Font.ine called Zall;;tes powdU
stone that forms Q l'eslstanf· ledgtl. ... De~rt \;'ll"oish~' from Auiquiu ,"
i. common. In addi~ioll to fossil wood some folia-
tion SUrfiet'S display impressiolls of fern.. Within CHINLE FORXUION
distnn<!CS of less than ~ mile at the he.d, of Halls Creek
IH~f'INn'lOX, .\RE.\L E:t.'l·ENT, AND THICllSESS.
aud along Capitol Reef Wash the Shinarump ronge.
in thicklless fmrll less thau 30 feet to more than lOC! As defined by O"'gory," the Chill Ie formation in-
feet alld in texture grades from medium.grained to cludes tire gmup of shales, "marIo," thin soft ."nd.
coarse sandsrone. Locally nea'r Pari .. and sOllth of , slones, fi/ld Iilllestonc conglomerates lying between tho
Fruita, in 'Vayne CoUllty, the Shinarump is wanting,
Shin.r-ump conglomerate and tire Wingate sandstone.
In general the te:lture of the Shinarump along the
W.terpocket Fold Rnd nOl,thward is finer grained thu/I This interesting Dssemblage of stru.lr. hns been !I'aced
.t localities in' nodhel'J\ Arizonll, Pebbles th.t .:leeed froll) the Dutton Plateau, N. M~x., DerOSS the Nanrio
i inch in diameter are ral·e. The •• me condition prc· conntry to Lees Ferry, and along the Vermilion
nils in exposures about the Henry :\10ulltaill'. Cliffs into southwestern Utah. I~ reappears in tire
BrcUOIl or SAi1Wrtllnp COtfgi!llll(JftJle )lOI't.fte.l~t at Wugo"boz
Muddy MOlliltnillS ,:1nd Spr'ing MOl/ntain, Ne,'., west
J/elQ J.h. Ute 9Lrt:le eli-trot. Oar(fcld CI},.nty, Ulf.l.lI 01 wlrich no "utcrops have been discQvered. The
t:\{ellaure4 b,. IhrmllotJ c. M'Jorl.!l fot'lIIation is .xposed in uppe,' Glen Canyon, at the
CMule rormntlou : S.n Rllfael Swell, and eastward to Orand Junction,
9. Brown. blue, and IMllllle sault)' lJhar~; rornlll Along the S .. n J uall Vlllley it may he tmeed wcll into
.Iope. Colorndo, Tile Benrs EDts and 'Vooden ShOt) BUI tes,
Sblno.rump conglomerate:
8. Browo m,Ufslv.e bnrd ,·ll)LJh..'-lUnrk,!,() croAA-lw.dded
the culmin.ting pOints of Elk Ridge in Sun Juan
sandstone: weathers durt lJrowu II! large I1ngu- County, Utah, 'H'e erosion remnant·. of Clunle shales
lar blockg; distnt~grlltcs gto.dnally Illo~l;- thin I and sandstones.
Irregulllr cross laminae; l"Om.tiu.'i "'yttt,1 h.... vc:;;. Throughout most of thc Kaiparowits region the
of which ft collection "",::IS obtnJoed_____ _____ __ 4~ formation is concealed by younger rocks, but defm'llla-
7. Ll;bt &r~f'l"Sh-blue PDdy shale; \\'catbent 10
slope ____.______________ .. ________________ .. ___ 15 tion of the beds along the Eeho Cliffs, the Eust K.ib.b
6. Yellovd:sh-brown platy rll)plc-markl.'d cross-bedded monocline, und the W.terpocket, Fold has perniitted
Inndstonc, In beds 3 Inebe. to:2 teet thick. witb slrenIDs to cut deeply illto the ovol'lying beds and tn
Illternatlul' :iOft sandy f;hall! and sbal, !fsud-· e"pose ill sOlllil places p,ll·t and in other places all of
stone ___ ___________________ ___ 8
the Chinle. The Chinle is ",ell displ~yed on botb
~ _____________

5, LIGht ,recl1Lsb-blue SODdy ilh:.lle; conttlin.:4 thin

sides of Ihe Color'>ldo River at Lees Fel'ry; it fOTlns
JelUi(":J Dnd ~!'J of sbaly ,sunrl~Lon~ thnt grode
10cllUy to beds of ripple-marked Cl·o6S·lJedded the borders of the bllsill in which the old village of
plat7 3ilnd9tooe I¥.! teet thick; this dlT"islou is: Poria is placed; it is '''posed in Glen C>lnyon below
crOBs-bedded ulso Oil la:'ger .scale. an.d thlll beds the mOllth of Hulls CI1lCk; and ~omplete and partial
of 1lI1Dd»tone slope ouliqul?ly dowowurd_______ l() Isectiolls nrc revl!nled in canyons cut into the western
4. Yellow soft nlos"l"e 88oostone. with hard yellow- flank of the Water'pocket Fold between the Escalante
hlb-brown c8llplng rim r.eck 1 toot thicL:, rather
eyenl., bedded ______ . . ______ __________________ 1 Rivel' olld the north .-irn of tho Circle Cliffs.
3. Light creenlsh-blue sandy IIhu.lc___________ ______ j Reeol'ds show that the Chinle is thickest in not'lh-
2. Salt m41uive, trre:ularly be<ld.ed seol1atone, light c"stern 1\.rizon. and southwestern lhalr. At its type
creamy yellow to nearly whlte, locally with .. locality, the Chinle VRlley, 1,182 feet of .trato ll~ ex-
browD llotches 011 weo.tbel'l!d surtno.· ____ .. _____ S-J i posed. In the Lees Feny region measurements of
ToLaI ShlnaruJ:,l p oollgluntel'l:lte______________ O".l
400, ;')20, 980, .nd 1,000+ feet ..ro reported, and at
~oea.kOf>l formation: Virgin City It section includes 996 feet. In south-
1. Cboeolnte·brown sandstone lind $iudy stlllll! i enstern Utah nreasnred sections give 592 feet in Pari ..
forma slope. Volley, 414 to 593 feet along the Wlltel'pocket Fold,
!he 1ge of the Shinarump conglomemte is deter- 320 .to 393 feet in upper Glen Canyon, afld 830 feet
mmed chiefly by its stratigraphic position. It lies in the San Juan Canyon. Some of the val'iation hr'
between the Lowet TI·ia.'lSic Moenkopi formation .nd measurements, especially at Lees Ferry, ,·.sult. from
tbe Upper Triassic Chinl. formation. Fossil conifer- difTerences of opinion regarding the division to he,
Ous wOO</ of species characteristic of the Chinle is .. tablislred bet"'een the Chinle Ind the Wingnte, but
Ihundont. Frogmentsof f06sil cycads from the are .. the evidence show. that the formation is thinner ill
nOl1heast of Wagonbox Mesa (bed S in section above) Ihe K.iparowits region than in .. reas to the south-
are described by Bel'l'Y" as Ottna:m,itea p()uvJili, east and .. est. How lUuch this thinning is due to

t.:I Grel((t[Y. I{. E.. G~loN'.)' d

~ IlttT1. E. W., C,cad. Iu tbe Sbto4rU1811 t!Qblj:!dQlentt.;! oi Southo!:ru ttto! NIl'·"Jo couatry: U. H. GI!UI. SUn'!.!,
It: WublllgtQft ." cad. Sci. Juor.• Nt. 11, pp. :JO:t--=Jf)1. 1~2T. pruf. I'ilp~r \1:1. II. "2. 1:)1 T.

54
~m.II(of origi".1 thickness ond ho,,- mUl'h to 1110
,ion thot Jlreceded the deposition of t-he GI.n Canyon
grouJl of !'un(b,ion~ remnins ~ to be determine-d.
TYtIC.\L SEeTIO!'"'
The ~trati/,'I"aphy of the Chinle formation in ore3>
tlll.I bord.r the Kaiparowito region is shown in sec-
l.ion. moasured by Longwell" in upper Glen Canyon,
by Gregory" in Ihe Xav8iQ country, by ~{i~_er" in
the San JUln CAnyon, and by R<!e><ide_ and Bassler"
in the Virgin River Valley, Fur Ill<' }(nil'al'o"'it< re-
_/.(ioll )foore" II." published ",-",-tion. ITll'o'III'"d .t the
head of Holl. Creek Ind in the Circle elill',. Tho fol-
lowing additionol ~ctions are typical of the Chinle
exposur•• b.t,,'ocn the Grund Canyon Ind the -Woter-
IHJ('ket Fold:
SlY'tiMl fJf lof('(''' pa,., fJ! Oldrut: fCL7'111(JlifAt QJI ,fllf'
Hi G' Lee. I'f.TYf/
l1(I'
11ft'Il"'lrf'. 'J' UeMri Fo. (;!"t·.Iu,..y J
Clllnh.- funDI thIn :
21 . 8l1ndlltoDr, HJ(bt red and butr. t'irl(' eV'f'n ,rnlu~,
(!'r~-l.IetJded 00 minute 8Cllle, tn bed:oo 10 10
.. 0 ril!'@t thick; eXlends up\\'ord .H mun)""
l'n'P.Il!5·heddttt sondstone tv the foP c., tbf' ('un·
'UD "·ull.
!.1" ghale Dod nndstoD8. U~t rOO D:nU ,rar. 11) II·
tl'nRl1o" ~(lrte. of ahule b('C1~ & Int'bl't' to C
feet thick nnd _odatODC tK>ds ] 10 G if'E"t
rbtl')(; u.ne'\eDly bedded; It!} more nr 1f"1'~
(·roa.......b(·(ltIed: ,'ontain ~bort lpn8~ or riot-
' .. ned (.'lIIY balls: C.tCftl·el'U~: ft!'W lClurhm bOIlP
il'luonC'nb: 90fDe to:I.:tlon .'Jr!lu·es rlpr,l(>
n.nrkC'd AIl(1 fi:un boke.L _______ ____ __ ______ _ 110
m . I!'I'Rll'. dirk rcu. t'(,I~' thin. 0. 1...-'1 I'(>(.U" : !'t.mE.-
rulilition acrtncea r1pple mol"ked_____________
1~ 8:fI IId1'l (I"P, light f\>U, Imhrlcntl. .l. r .. ll'lN!oUl;: :
t"(fIltoiu.. ftlkt~1 trC tnim, shinn qtUlrl1 rtebbles,
lind l'r)'tllnll1 of ;)'pt;unL ___ .. ______ .... ________
11. ~hRtp. bhf'I, I.,n.l)', f>ftlcnreou.... ________ __ . __ ____
]6. 8n1ltI~loIM', I'rcpu.whlh..." mR~'q·. cro~:Jt.bf.'t1dl~d __
Hi. Sh"ll" r{'d "utl '"'1 i .~mtl\ ftj tbln ns J'nl-l~r,
\\,1\.)'; rll.p)e lJ,lo.rkrd ______ _
H . Umear;tofk' nnd lIU1l'8toilC "'on~I:~(~~-l~~-~~~~
_feN) ; ('01t(,ft'tlOunry limrl't{lne pphblC's 1n
Plght k>nllcuJar hetls .. in('h("ol ft\ :1 rf'el thick:
("Ontain", hurtan 1.1Ilb' w«":ttbt'rt.'tl 11llCl .Ilnk
.DOI',-" lhoundJl____ _______ ____ ____ ____ _____ _
13. ~I\nd.toll(' ... Lnllded." wbll(' Iliid brown. It-n-
titular. friable
12. ttblile and ··1».~~:~~I~-;.--t~_;e~-~:;.- ~-;~-;~;I~
":nl)': t'cntllhl1 It'U~ 0( lilnO'tODc t'On,glolU'
tonU. alld 0( nllc·grtttned brown ~ndtttOll(t and
""nih) Jl('triR,,,:l \\'0011 __ _.. ________ _____ ___ __ __
TIlE KAIl'UlCWITS JlBGION
Chinle formal iN\---colJduued.
ero- ll . Ljmestooe l'Onglmoerate, brown j pebble.s size or
peGs cemented by lime nnd IrOL1 __ ____ ______ _
1
10. Shnle. nod ODd green, lentk'Ulor; wenlbcl"8 as
., DI"I'." ________ ____ __ __ ______ ___ _ __ ____ _
8
~. J..ImetStone conglomerate, brown. nodular; coo-
talns Sl\urion bonf'8 Ind some peQided Wood __ ..
S. Shale, pm'pie-green, .. ndY'. CtllCtlr{>()u8 i CODta.iQII.
J1mesto'n e pellets.. Quartz pebble~, nnd l~
7.
of loosely cemented Si nDdl!ton ~ ___ ~ ______ ____ _
Limetttoue conglomerate, brown; we-otbers Into •
concretlonnry Dodules ______ ___ _____ __ _____ ..
6, Shale and" mnrl" like No, 3~ _____ ___________ _
5, SODd~tonc., brown ~ tine gra ined; weAk~' ce-
mentcd wUb lilUe and lron ___ ~ _______ ______ _
l
4. Sbare, brightly colored, Yl"'lIow, greell, Invender,
pUl')lle, red, plDk, V">'. btue, nDd ",bit.; hl~hl1
ir~l!lo.T In belldlIlG'. composition, nnd texture;
BI Sil'rles of gnd,. calcareous sha le. calcareous
Hnud..'~ctoDe, and impure lIma~toDe; Includes
many IeIl!H of Jimestol)e conglomerate. tlort
I'i.l(' r4 Poria ttnn<bstolle, and dlY mud balls. also baIls of
qUArta ~nd. pebble. of quart", chalcedony.
jtll"~J'. Itnd iron..;tone, Rnd 'reins Dud sc;1ttered
l'I'Y8tJlt:s or ~)fp~um; lr(>trLOed wo()\l occurs 81
c-b!ptL, bt(J('ks. aB(l lop; n few boucs (Iud teetb
Fel't
flf tiAurion. ana brtl}ccn U11i<) shell.: wcnthen
Inlo rouud«'" knolls \\' Ub spongy powdery lur·
fa<..'C, 100'1illly called wl\rL __ ________________ GI
~
3. 8und!stoD~. dull grlly-bl'oWII, lrl'Cbrull1rly b"ntled
with block strenks; 1t'lIti('n!a.r; el·oss·~dded , ;
600 grHin(>d; weak\)' Cf!IDcnted wltb Llme____ 23
2. Sb'll<" pluk. purple, .blue-green, l'ed.. c"lcareo\1~;
('()Dtaim' ogC'(.'glH(:S 0'( Mnd. JUllltMI of blue-
grcf'n ('}:l~' , nUll 'bln lenses of ct:oss·bedded
lumili:ton(t: ~n)Suru pl'e6Cnt us thin !illort beds,
V(,lll&. ond dt1 trtchcd cl'ystnlsj wcathers to
.. IUllr] .. ,.._" ___ ~ ~ _ ____ ______ ____________ _ ____ 10
1. Shnll', ,r:I~'; ve-rY thiD bellded, snn~y fiod cal·
f"IU' eoUIi: lfQlDC tollatlon surfaces liard bHk~.
1 ~lIs.lf'nJn;;. ulld riI'ple marked ______________ _ s
298+
2 UnoontorDlilY.
.'
"
Shlnarnmp C"onglom("flit(' : ('{Intnlntllogs tbat 'exceed SO feet ia
It"D&;:th.
OenCTalir:c tI .('CI;ent t., (JhJ,u" fo",v,lkm ! mile. wett 01 Part.
cil/.agc
r~('ll)(ul'("d by Hl"t'bfrt F.. Gr(·"ol's1
Sundllotone. uf G l~n Callyorl group.
Chinle formatlOD:
!!2 ri, Sundltooe And Ilreoaceous .bale, 11gbt red~ «reeD·
whit(- IIn.'1 )'~1I{J'f\': str8tu 2 incbel to' a f~t
.. thklt. Yt'fY lrrt'C'111ul'l,. bedded: tine grnlDoo; all
l'ul('arooa.; C{lotnius IUllnS' lensel ()t mud ftuk.es
and Ih.nel!o1one con~OlDcrn.te, nt,o stru.,. of
lllmoll qunrtz Pt'bblC'lIJ: weRtbel'1 into mesas ond
30 boz·headed canvnn,
-t, SbBlc Ind .. mari." b;.-;b;.;-~~t~~~-;~;~a-t~d~
mh'oreouli; lueludes moo)' lenses DC concretloo.·
, 1I1'X Jlm~oDe cnrlg:olrtera te, IOLOe lenses of
.'Iro'''1) Imbrk:nted 80lLdKtOoe. and Etrlug-en of
quora graiu.; about SO feet ~low tbe top oe·
('or thIn bed~ of IY()I;Um. Dnd 00 feet from tile
bott'bm mueb J)etr1fted "'ood i 'Weathet'S into
Toundt"d monad, _________________________ --__
 TflIJlSSIC FORMATIONS
:billie (ormfl t i() lI-Conlinul.'tl.
<.: 3. Soodl'toue. white and Im« ; (:Tll~-1J€dd<:'d gen('rnlly
in ,W O seI'iel:l (It b('ds SE'I'"T1ll ed by slmle lu)'ers;
eorltainS two lenses of dark-green fihn E:l.ml·
.tone and mODy Jell$f.'i; of quurtzite pebbles__ __
2. Sbal~. variega ted. wldcl~' \'o1'lnllt in eomposldoD,
I('xtur~. lind stntUticutioll: wl'nthel'R like ~t). 4.
1. SlllldHtolte. brown, I.u bells 1 to 6 (eet tbiele. ~pn­
ra tE'd by l (t )' er~ of a-t;,.r1l1i\{'efIUS UIH1 ~I\(:y ~ ba)(·;
conlaioS ~me grPEuru ti na clln(' relioJlnr~' lilll'-!-
::>1{lII(' _____ _ __ _ ___ --------- - - -- ---- -.~----- _ _ _ _
ToWI elllol!! fOrInntlNL_____ ________ _______
Sbinarump Cl'IIg;ODlt'l'aU.'.
SrcliOlt. of ('Jai»le fcrrt'llat ·iF./li (011 e(I"t sMv ()t Cirdc. (.'fitrs. lIorlk·
CU.:JI 01 WflU0r/OO:r .1l c.~(1-
p{<."fU1urcd b)' Roymond C. )loorel
Wingate roIH.i:)tOnC':
22. Sandstone, rCtldi~b brown , tine grnill('d. l'ro~·
oc'(lt:!oo. prolOinently jolnt(>d,
Cbtl1!e fornmtioll:
21, SbiLte. light bluisb. calcoTI!(ms, weatlu:l' iug in
,lol,Je; up[Jl'r part staJned pnrlJle, cspedtllly
.. loo~ joInt I.lnoe!, prob<lbly Oil account of pre-
Wingate- \t'eothering _________________________
20, Limestone congloruerl} te, ltl"ht s;:reeu lab-bluc ruas-
tin: layer, ~1I011>08Cdl or p~bble8 of limestone,
qutrlE., jO!t.ller, uod Mild' In " lime matttx ____ 1-2
)0. ShutE', lIght blub:ib . ('IHt1n'(;'oUJii; weoth{'rs , III
alope______________________________________ __ 31
18. Limestone, bard, nodular, mnNJ:ivl', light blu1!ih
grC€:n, mottled \'\'Itll light purple: fOl'lI1S pro-
Jecting lod;;o______ ____ ______________________
17. Sbalc, ligbt b:ne, C'nlcoreous; grades lnto Ume-
storle above and below; Corms sloJ>C__ ________ 87
16. Limestone, hord, Ilodula.r, massivE'. Hgbt bl u~b
treeu, mottled with l1ght purp:e; forw$ ledg~;
llpper pa,rt conulinli irree~l:lT n04!ules ot agate·
like filot _____________ . _____________________ 6
IG. Lt.mestou.e , impure, Ugbt gretmlsb LIne, with
streoks aDd motUin, ot liGht purple: bard but
breaks readily into Irresulnr (rngmeub§; crops
out in sl(lp_e but grAdes without marked: change
into ledge-torming beds,__ • _____________ _.____
H. Li mestone, Ugbt blue, mottled with light pUl1l1e ;
upper port l:t hurd lind mnssi\'C_ ___________ _
13. Sbale, I1tbt bluish, colco reous, wenthe-rs 10
slopo___________________________ ____________ .7
]2. Shale. Ugbt yellowlslt brown. c31coreo'ut! i becomcs
Mnd), In upper port Rnd grades into thinly
laminated sort clllcareous sllnd!:ltone; upper
pOrt ('hODges locally to bard mass ive cro~!J­
bedded sandstone 10 feet In great,e st tblck-
BCSS _________________ ______________________ 26
U. Sondtitooe, I1gbt 1~Howif::h brown, medium to
coonsc graincd, " e ry hard, massh'e, Ulugcn·
Ua)ly cross-bedded i brealts down 1n Jurce ltn·
rulor blocks and 1Ji'efltheJ's In thin plRty t mg·
ments' contnlns mucb ('otlrre crystnlUoc ent·
cite be't"'een Lbe grotns; locally eon,glomeratic
and contaws Srret;ulat beds and )eUSei, a:il
mucb as 1 % (eet thIck, o,t 10ft purplish s haly
conglomernte ,,-jtb pebbles thrce--fourths iocb
or Jess In diameter, composed' ~b:efl,. ot fine
limy sund1:itone; w~tb~rs as a It'dgc whlcb
tblns locnlly to ~ te. t__ _________ ___________
.')5
~d Chinle {onollll<UI-(;(.utiuued, F't-tt
10, Shl11e, eomlry-yellow at h:lse. grud :lIg Ur1wRrd
to ligbl l'renlI\)' Inn·ndeT. light red. nod
lJrown ; 3rb,-ilJoCCQua in lower porlioD: be-
42 CODll'8 JD(Tell.!ilnbly culcareouJ:I upword: tbe
mtddle and lll'f..e.r partl coutllin trregulol' nol.l·
6;:; tll(~ lind lilyers (It impure limestone. Il\uttlco.
)J~ht grf'enish blue And la velldl'r: the \lPPCI'
3 fet't npl)Cnrs loeftlly as u mosah'c nodulor tw-
11lIf(' III1~tone-; thIs zone wenthe1'8 os n slopC_ Co,j
60 !', Slimistone, dark bl"OWh. llle<lluJn to (onrse grntncd,
~ oft. crumbly, mil."l\ceous.. calcareous, eroS$.-
(;!},.2 hCtldl!(l: wenthc,r!t hI roundt'd Irrl~gl11nr 6U1'-
fnet's or ~Iunlr)s t(J 10nse tmntL ___________ ____ 2'i
K S:nHJstonc. d:trk brown, Ulcrllnm grnlned, bud,
l'ross-bed!led, UltlliSi'fe: conto Ins tblll ~trenks
und lensC!i ot CtlDgJOlllcrute to wbleh some of
the "[l{'bblcs arc 1-% Inchew 111 tll8wetcr; wcolh·
e.nl in IQrhe IIngular bloeD, wblcb dl siutccrate
along th~ platy crosl'; beds: forJDS a pro'nJinent
F"" ledge ______________ _.:. _____ ___ _____________ 4-6
T, Sbale. Innd:r. purplJsh to b"own: w~lberll ••
.Iope_______________________________________ 24
G. SonllstollfCll tlark brown, thlnl), lo.mliluted 10 ir·
reb"Ulllr tuned lines duo to rillple marking; .
t!!.Jlludnllt mk'1l along b('(IdID~ pItt nell ; fOl'ruS
bfont.'IL __ ___ ______ .__ _______ _____ __________ :;
' ~8
G, Sbillc. sundy, pUl'ple to brown; wcutbcflJ In
ronndl-d !:41or.c ___ , __ __ _________ __ ___ _______ 29
·1, Limestone. tlark t!ol'th,. brown, Impure, demit!;
HboW's fine structnre rompolred oC wlnute rRdt~
ntLn~ crystols on wentbc.I'c(] l:iLUrfnct's; wcnthfH'8
1n Irregulat' nJld roun(led block!i ____________ 1-11,.6
3. SholE', blue- to porille. sandy: WCftlhcTIS In sloVO__ 2G
5 2. Llmestune, brown. \'ery f('rrngll1otls, hu(l: break.!!
into Irrec"Ulnr rrBgm ~ nts chat r(ll:t('mblc ruugh
slag; contains Im't'rtl'brotc fosalla and trot:-
ments ot sl11c1ficft wood _______ ______ ________ )-2
I , 8bnl£', dark bro\\·n :It base; gl'ndejl; to 011 \'(.~-gt·t?en
in mtddle nnd to blue and light blU I$h gra)'
in ll('pcr Plut, stlndy; \\'puth('rs in rOl1utit'd
~ IClpes:' ond bodlnntl"__ ______ __ ______________ s,'l
Total ChInle formntlnn __________ ____ _____ noo
Shinarump t'ODglomel'ftte,
)t) BeaHon of CMnl.e fOl'1n.allon. 1<'4 «.,., CaJItCf'No tr/.l)utarll (If SiI·'C-fl'
Farrs Creek ~Qff·t" In'lIt of Wa,uol .. lJl);l'I .Mesa
G
1}lI!IIJJu\!tJ by Hl'I'bcrt ..~. Grl!'llor)'}
Wingate sandstone.
Cblnle formation: Feet
27. Sandstone eongloUlHrIltl!, In\'Clldcr (IUd K:·~lJl:,.:h
bluc, mouled red; cOlll3lst~ 'ot ngg rcgntes of
sand, mud bolb , (>(.'llets ot limestone, and
Khort. (blCk Jensf8 ot dark-red tobulc; friable:
uPfJC'r part mucb oxldlv.ed ______ ____ ~ _______ _ 8
26. LtIlH~~tone cooglomerate. cray'grcen and gTecn-
blue: coos.ist!£ ot pchble8 alUI nggl'l'gnte8 of
lime-staDe ( 95 J1Cf l'E'Ot). a.nd quartz ond iron-
t-ltont: (5 Pf'r cent) thnl ronj:e In size from tbnt
ot pellS to pebbles ns much 88 ) Inch In dlnUl-
cte.r, cemeoted by ~Ime; Ineludes q few leDI!C8
ot firm, dcnse P-oY-gt"L'en Ih:nestone; formll
12
resistant bcDCb _____ -------~ - ---- --- -------
25, Shale and sbaly Modstone, roo ruu.i - 'Purple;
eOlludns: a few strIngers nnd lIdo ICDiI(."1; ot
limestone l'Onglomeratc; cnlcoreuus; weathers
ill ~Qrp-('llt rninlnture t'ilnyons ___ ____ ___ ___ _
22
 TaB K.<IP"r.OWITfJ RKGJOY
56
Chinle forwQtJon-ContinlWtl.
24. Slnct.tOM, Hs;bt red, bJ"llWO, uud fP'~JI.white;
Imbr(,coted; rf-ieOtlaU, • lieries of leo.iM about
1 Incll: thick tllat overlap ID &I tlilttlr Irregu·
la r 1Hooner ___________ --._ --.• - ------,..- - -. ---
Xl Llmntoae eonlll)menre (SO per cent). bhulh
.reen. pay••:ul m"ttled. Ind .~.le (40 per
Cleat). red Iud bro1\-o, Irregulorll iDterlcuved:
llme&toae oolJiji!lts ot gntenh!h flattened ....ilI8.
Dlld ,,'lUI It are lt~nG'eI ot Gl'e.~ mud:
we.then luto • rova;b kllobby .UI·tll~_____ _
22. Shale, mottled red. Inudef", Jl'1'ee1JiM bl_:
grldes jnt() 23 ______________ ____ _.. __ ___ _
~·o.
21. Llnl(... tvDe, ,;reen Rnd gnay. ul"Htn!. deu*!; lu-
tludCli 1I\-1Odeti 0( Cltlclle «)'*taI8; r"~hlnt:
fnrms b£loch .______. _____ • ___ ___ ___ • __ ._ •• ___ _
20. Sbate, red Dull ~rll.1. lootHed, (''AltIfOOU'; grades
luto 21 gad 19 ____________________ ___ _
~M.
to, UDtcatone conglOlUCrate. apaofEJed grftd. red.
la\·e. . . . "lid blue; htdadei calctU1WUIf mud
bulls natt .cg:reglttell ot enIdt\! _____ _
cr,.tol~
18. Shale, rellow-red, ('"IllcareoDlJ. I@Dtit.,lar. snll;
w8\Uhen tu rOllluJed .ur(ftc~ ___ ___ .____ _____ _
17. lJlUeJCtllllecungtollM!r.le, 'I~D-Grltl. Ter, b.ud
.ad lkmRO: lncl~ ,Jebblea or Ja~l."Ier and
j ·f llm.. OO.... ·h ____________ ______________
~"ert
10. Shllit! and "!lUlrt." brlJ(htl, colored, vredolJli-
IHIII( tOile. yelldw Mild Il~ht nMl, with ~trNk~
and patch or I1U'1J',", IP'e\1D, btu, aud INb-
,ror: 81'nlllJ;emellt. cOlor, Rnd COtn[hWlliOB ot
l>t:dlC ydlh.:ly und nbl'lIptl7 vorlant; wt>utben to
round(.od klluU, wltla. IIPUDIiY surface __ _______ _
Iii. Snlld8to.~, .n..'tll, wh1tn, red, yellow, lOll era7.
croP-beddell. cuJcnrcoU8, bl.;bly hlAticular: ID-
cillt.leit leuses or UWe9t<llle cullc:lonerate and
or Iluttcnoo mud lUlllJlli; 801.e pelrlJlcit wood
tUld SIluriau bontM; ttOt't, cruwpln readlly 1.0
Mtud __ ____________________________________ _
H. LlTup,stone couglowernte, brown, btu-green, ond
Itlyend~r; Umest,?oe peJt~tB and (OncretioDury
lorma In YJae from tbat of blrdaboc to that
ot hen's egWl Are nrrzwccd ns .trlng1 and.
lenses r~Lstli Dt to weotbcrlul' ______________ ..
13. Shale nnd 01 mlul", brightly buo<led aud moUled
dark red, light red, Yt!l1ow, blue-green, lav-
ender, and ft8h-g'l'UY; serJes of Ol'Cl'WI'ping
lel\.5eti of cotco. tcOWf .nd8tooe, arrlllaccoll8,
calcnroouH, una a.reunceom. shute, ana Hmo-
Mtone con,:101ncr1lte; Include. c"IICrt.~ioDllrf
ng,:;;rcgutt_~ of limestooe, el.,.
Iroll8toDC, and
and, alalo IIWHU ltebble. nDd UPSUUl erys-
1Ub.: 'A'cllthl!l'l5 to rouu~ kDuIl8 ___________ _
12, L.lnlC1ltOtie COnr~ODlenlte, lavender and pink,
d~ru.e, reslstnut ________________________ _____
11. Sbille :Inti mnrl, "lIIril'lAJlt~ like No. 13 ___ __
10. Llmhtouc COItllower.te, brown; consi3c8 of
boUI, dl~"t1I, lind 100000gew Je,f, tblm 1 iucb In
... labM.... (!or: we.k lillie Cflncut permltlS tb~ rock
to w~ther Into a 8U•• ot l"L~ I.tJlUt pebbte'lL_
9. Shill., ush-Gl'ft1. purple, nel, rreeu. and wblt@,
":r1 nlic:aceoQS llid ealca.reoUi. Imbrlt~Illt..>d.:
1..·11Kil bred or rrcen rcwbtnut Jandattlnt! ueur
the top; L'Ofttalm. dlaRlllloote(! IJ'ptlUlI1.. Iron-
stone concretion., 110100 Inurluu Itoue~, uud
tntllm_eo~ of petTll'h:d wootL _____________ __•
Chinle !ornulrioll-Colltinucll - FoM
8. LJme.tone coogiomernoo, purple and bf\lwu:
cootuirld' coucretiouory pellets: of chert and
lron... tone: lUauy Ume:ltolle 11ebb1es routed
blnck with maugaDe~, rcsh'tunt ___ ___ __ __ _ Z
7. Shale, blue-gray, cnlco.reous, bard i torUls sleell
.lope_______________________________________ a
8. SuDWJtone, butt. thlDly llDd {rrcgular111am1nu ted
nnd tUlbl'tcolal; Includes mud IUtlIl)S ; flo me
(OilUtiOD surfll.<.'eS rlPllle markoo ______ _______ 2
~o 3. Shlile. red. hl'OWll, Bud .rellow, (,Dlcareou~, irreg-
ulurly bct:ftled, I ncl'ell ~ fDgly Sind, towud the
12 lOp; l.'ontolul:I 'lome Umonltc! nodulel oud iron-
!It one CODCl'etJolls - ---- - - ------- ----- - -_.- -___ )J
-l. SUudt!t<lJle, brO\l"D aud ye llow, lu thin, e\'eu heds.
2 C3 lcllrwu.'i Bnd mic.:4ceous; fonus 01'10 protect.
lug beuch __________ ... _____ .... ____ ____ ____ ___ !
8 3. Sbnle, bltnllcti yellow DOll brown. with lHottHug
ot 141'endN', white, ood t'ed, arsllluceous Dca.r
bose. strollgly enlcureoWf Elooye; includes bod-
'ut~s Dod lenses of ~u.nd, ceme nted by illite nud
dllUenoo "nud lumLl ~: to.mil slove___________ J!J
2:; 2. Shale or· thin-beaded, tln",y l!!8 udstone, but!' Dod
brown, "cry uuevenly bt..~ded; sp Dle Ia.y~rl$
crosg-be<tded; shows ripple UJIlI'k;i lind con-
talns 8 few saudlln boDes Dud trogmeuts of
iO\·ert~bra.tes; weuthc1'l5 luto ycllow clay 11 IUs
Ilud bDtt~ with tilted csps____ ______ __ __ ____ +l
1. Shale.. dark brO\nl, gruy, ADd earthy block,
lrrl"(Ulorly bctlded, Dooulur; coutalns much
iron BIi staiu aDd concretIollary WQS!'Ies___ ___ 15
60 Total Ohinle tOl·matlou_____ ___ ____ _____ ___ _
SbluQ.l1lwp con,lomcntte.
OBN(o;RAL }·t!ATUhES OF STRATIGRAPHY AND Ln'HOLOOT
In essentials the Chinle of the K&iparowits region ii
16
identical with that of the Nnlljo country, where thi~
formation is thicke,- and more widesp,'ead and has
been studied in greflter detail, All types of rocks and
of fossil. are common to the two areas, and in a broad
4
sellse the arrangement of the stmta is the 5ame, Dur-
ing Upper Triassic time the conditions of sedimenta-
tion appear to have been uniform over most, if not &I~
of the plateau p.-ovince, But although as .. whole the
bed. that compose the Chinle constitute a stn.ti-
gl'lPruc nnit of unmistakable individuality a COID-
ptt,'!son of tl1e 16 sections measured in the Kai'parowits
10 reg'QIl makes apparent the wide vu-intion in tho order
of deposition, composition, textnre, color, and struc-
1 lUI" of the Chinle beds. Within Ull area of II fe«
43
square miles all sect.iOll" may show the 83me range
of color a"d include the sume kinds of ,'ock but the
c~lor:;; of individual beds are not persistent,' and one
3 kind of rock may be replaced by auother kind within
short distances along the strike, The relative amountil
of limestone, shale, and saudstone differ with eacll
section, ftS does .. Iso the position of these strata ill the
set'ie., Moreover, the gradation in composition of
the st",tlL and of their included lenses and accessory
 TRlASSIO FORMATIONS
teI'ills i. such that no two workers are likely to
:'ribc the rock a'· to subdivide the beds in exactly
be ",me mon ner. Variation is particularly noticeable
:u Ihe Circle Clift·s, where with few interruptions out-
11lp' of Chinle mny be traced for seveml miles. (See
C I. S S.), In this area the lowe" half or two-thirds
~f the S1lctions is dominantly sandy and relatively
IU
dark and the remaining upper part is VCl'y calcareous
and li"hter ~ol ored. The sandst.one and conglomernt.e
lPpea; and disappear withi" short distances and differ
...tabl), (rom place to place in thickness and litho-
logic <haacter. The calcareous beds range by in·
>t ...ible gradations from hard, compact limestone to
liray shale, which unlike typical shale brenl" into
irregular.shaped sharp.angled fragments without
IOlicenble bedding 01' jointing. In accordance with
the degree of oxidation of the iron in the rock, the
color of the limestone ranges from light bluish greeu
to light I. vender, lind some beds or portions of beds
Jr' oIl of one color, whercas others show mottling.
M the ,out.h end of the Waterpocket Fold and at the
Burr troit tire calcareous beds nre dominantly blne.
'fhe outstanding fentures of the Chinle format.ion
Ire fossil wood, the peculiar limestone conglomer'ate,
Iud tire ,eries of vuriegated shales that weather aft.er
lhe manner of marls. Fossil wood is common in the
10l\'er b.lf of the formation; nenr Sixteelllnile Spring,
",.st of Paria, and at places in the Circle Cliffs it con·
>lit utes Ii fo~sil forest. It appears as chipa, ... blocks,
Ind IS tree t.runi< s as much as 80 feet long nnd 3 fe et
in diameter. No t·rees were found in place, with roots
extending into the ground; the logs show worn sur·
floo. and ends and have been stripped of branches.
'1l<igs are starce, and no cones 01' needles were found.
Tb,limeslone conglomerate occurs as lenses that .. "nge
in length from" few feet to a mile and in thickness from
Ie.s than an inch to more than ~ feet. In places it is
."""ptionally resistnnt, forming prominent shelves on
,tilf faces; elsewhere it crumbles easily. Some ledges
consist mostly of dense limestone that coutnins a. few
poU.ts; others are made up of balls firmly or weakly
(erntntOO. 'rhe conglomerate consists essentially of
,liult and mangOllOse pebbles, most of them concretion·
ary. Chert, Ferely jasper, fragments of calcareous
.olle, and weIJ·rounded quartz g"ains are also present.
Tbe oonglomer ate grades th,'Ough loosely compacted
surdstone with disseminated cryotnls of L'llicite and
oolornite into .ondstone with Lime cement. The shale
llear the middle of the Cbinle is unusual in mode of
"etthering, in, color, and in composition. Where this
,hal. is weU exposed to weath~ring' it appears as mam·
""lIary mounds outlined by g"acefully curved slopes
leading to shallow, broadly concave valleys. The sides
of the mounds are scarred with innumcrublB runways
till throllgh ollly the disinte"roted surface material.
rs.., pI. 8.) On some mounds " are I.iny benches pro· .
1'lGl1}-;j[_::;
57
duced by res.i stant. ledges of limestone conglomerate,
but in many mound•. the hetel'Ogeneous material re-
sponds as a uni.! to weothel'ing, and the slopes are con·
tinuous down tQ their flaring bose. (See pI. 7, 0.)
Oisintegration of the clay h.s produced " coat of
fluffy material a foot or mOre thick, exceptionally light
and incoherent. Walking on the surface in these areas
is dillicult. During heavy rains this superficial mato·
l<ial is: carried to drainage challJlels as stl'ClI.nlS and
sheets of mud, and in plnces the \llounds are stripped
down to bare rock. With condit.ions so faverable for
the removal of weathered mRterinl it is surprising to
find so few "rens that lack the powdery cover. The
~"pla''"t.ion lies in the readiness with which the shale
ahsorbs wllter. A frugment of fresh rock immersed
-
in water' swell. to nearlv twice its bulk , and nfter dr)·.
ing is nothing mOre ihou ,t pile of disconnected, irreg.
ular gra.ills ; alterntlto drying ulUl wetting produces :1
, u","tance purt of which pusses through filter paper.
Unde,' tire microscope most of the mllterial appears to
be colloido!. The following chcrnical nualysis of a
>pecimeu of the gray shale was made by Prof. W. C.
Dlasdale, of the University of Cnlifornia :
AltaJ~*i. Of Mptollnca of ,,'ay Iflw.la from Lee! F't7TY, ..vi::.
8101 ___ .,.. ____ _____________ ___ ____ ___ 0'___ __ uJ. ·H:i
AI:OI ____ ". ____ ___ __ __ ______ __ _______._____ 18.00
F..a.._._._ ... _..•__ •__. ______ . __ ._. _____ 7.80
C.O __ • ______ • _____ ... ___ ._------__ ------ 1. 87
)(r()••• -.---.---- •••• ----- - . - - ---- - .• -.-- I.U6
H,O at 10-;;' C._. _____________ ___ ___ .. _____ G. 77
Ign ition loss noo\'c 105" C________ ________ 7.20
tl7, ·J6
In discussing this analysis Lawson .~ cnlls attention
to the ftld that the ratio of silica to alumin~ is far
grcMer tlran that in clay composed of kaolin and that
the 1I.1110unt of quartz prosent is insufficient to uceount
for the excess of silica. He concludes:
It seeDls probable-, thererore. tbllt .. c,)uJol.idel'!l.blc PI '~) ljOl'tiou
of the dOC'C'1l1eDt colloidal s ubHtnnre ICCn under tbe u1Jc r o ~colle
Is In reality .lUcie Ilcid IID~ that thf!' prescnce 01.' silica In this
tonu DloD.S uCt)llnt tor tho pecu1inl' bebt\vlol" or [be dar with
l1'a h~ I' .
Tile f.iabl. " marls" and .h.les of tire middle part
of the Chinle are the most richly colored beds ill the
[,lateou province. Unweathered rock shows deep tones
d yellOW, ash-gray, lavender, purple, rose-pink, rna·
roon, sienna, lilac, .nd c,'eam color alld ,arious shades
of red, blue, and b,'Own. Ou weathered surfa(,es, espe·
ci.lly when viewed 'f rom a distance, the color" are
blended into bands <)f dark red , brown, pink, green,
purple, .. hite, and black.
F rom it~ lithologic character, local "arintions, bed·
cling. alld fossil content, the Chinle formation is evi·
dentl~· a f"c,;!,-wnter deposit. No marine fossils have
" ,ta1l'SOO . •t. c .. Tile !told or the SblaaruDI[lllt Parla : Econ. GeotUg"Y.
Y(~I. 8. , . .... G. HH3.
58
boen I'eported trom it, but instead tbere i. found
abundant silicified wood and in plaees U..io and other
freih-water .bella and the bones of 1l1Od vertebrates.
The marly bcdJl appoar to have Ill'en deposited in fresh-
water lakes or ponds.
The position of the Chinle mnfomably above the
nidently stream-bomo Shinarump conglomerate Ind
the more or less gradational nllture of the bed~ near the
contAct of these form.tionA Curther indicates the con-
tinental character of the Chinle depalition.
The Chinle formation i. 8IIbstantiaUy the equivalent
of the 400 reet 01 " varieguted gypsiicrous marls eon-
taining silicified wood" measllred hy Howell" along
1ho I'aria Hi ver and of the SOO fl\<!t of • variegated
clay shale, pUl"ple ..nd white above and chocolate oe-
row, with silicified wood," lI'hicb constitutes "din-
Ilion a" of the "Shinarnmp group" of the Henry
Mountll; ns as described by Gilbert." It i. also the
equivalent of the "upper Shinarump" "days" and
...hDle~" of Powell and of Dullon and a lower part
of their Vermilion ClilT" group" or ".erics." Part.
of the Chinle find th.ir equivalents in the DoloreS for-
mntion of southwestern Colorado. Correl.tion with
tho Chinle at its type locnlity in the Kavajo country
i9 made with IISS'1I11nce.
Evidence based on f_ils •• to the age of the Chinle
of the KaipMrowits region, though meager, is quite
o6ti.ioetory. The fo."i1 wood has not been studied
hcyolld its identification as 8e"eral different species "f
coni fcrou. lree. closely ..elnlOO to thoee from the
Upp.r 'l'riussie of Arizona. Most of the mollusQ col-
lected have proved too frugmenhry fIll' specific identi-
fication, and saurinn bones are known only os repre-
sentative of specie! found in the Chinle of Arizonu
and Dolol'" of Colomdo. In the collection of bones
and SClllesdf fish •• Professor Lulll·°l"t!QOgni.es" Plloli-
iop"O'I"tU sp. (Lo"cr and Middle Triassic) Or Semi-
flOl,., ftp. (Triassic)."
Von Huene'" hOI expressed the opinion that What
h.vB been called Upper Tri ....ic nrtebrates include
also Middle Triassie typee-that is, Chinle alld Shina-
rump ~"Y include also Middle Triassic. The age ot
the Chinle seems deldy et;tablished as Triasaic Rnd i.
probably Upper Trianie.
., How-ttl. E, M•• 1:. I. o.a. aDd CWI'. S.rv.n W IDOtb if
Rf>)K ..TttL .. ,. ~n . 11111. . ~...
II ...o~~. ~K.O·!,e,ert ou the 1'fO~ of ''e HeDr, l(ouotolu.. ]I. ..
'. - - a_ ~ "no R.oeQo )111\. tqle, 1817.
La11,. R. I., ....... 1 ee_uMnttoa.
. . .:...,,:, ,.. Yo.. ~M.. de Ih. an .f the C8IIUantal 'lrla.tc beod.
'.erSc.. .... tb reGan. _ - . foeetl "_rtftntu ' 1J •
Kat. Mu. Prw.• WOI. U , art, IS. 1m. '
.. . . .
The contact of the Wingate and Chinle formatiOll5
I in southern Utah closely resembles that of similar II,
posures in Arizona. (See pI's. 7, 0; 8, B.) In mOIl
places the two formations meet as seemingly conlonn.
able beds of lmlike color, texture, lind compo$itioQ
and when traced along clifT faces show lit.tle evi~
that indicates lapse of time. In faet,. at localities
where the uppermost bed. of the Chinle a .. e red SAnd-
stone it i. difficult to detennine the lim its of the forma.
tion. Close e:umination, however, ,!Sunlly reveaa
stainiug and deoomposition, which suggest exposun to
the atmosphere, ind ·Rlso loi;.. lIy interrupted lenticular
bedding. On Silver Falla Creek a bed of red co~lom.
era~ ... nd.tone that contains l ....ge grains af quarh
and pieces of blue-green limestone and chert 2 inches
or less in diameter li.. at tbe base of the Wingate, and
~tringers extend down into greenish Chinle limestooe.
At Paria the top of the Chinle is mnl'ked by a thin
discontinuous bed of conglomerate in which .g rains of
quartz, fragment .. of limestone, calcnreous mud bal1s,
and pellets of clay an conspicuous. A t the Circle
, Cliffs lind near Fruita, Utah, the top of the Chinle is
uneven and the mossive Wingate sandstono occupies .
dep'ressions in the underlying shale. At seveJ"lll places
ripple marks and mud cracks wete noted in the banI
fe" feet of bed. assigned t.o the W ingate. These ob-
servations, added to those recorded tor Glen Canyon,
San Juan Callyon, and the Navajo country, show that
. at many places the Chinle wos ~t lenst exposed to
erosion before the Wingote was deposited. 'Fhey also
show that the unconformity. i. nowhere conspicuoUJ
and thnt the time elapEing between the end of the
Chinle epoch of dopoo;ition and the beginning of the
Wingate epoch was not great. It may well be that
deposition WftS continuous ;n. parts of the plateau
..province.
JllltASSIC FORM.o\TIO:O;S
HISTOIlICAL SXETCH
Nearly all geologic reporb! on southern and ...stera
Uteh, northern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico,
Dnd southwestern Colorado include descriptions of
beds assigned to the Jurassic. }farcou" speak. of
Jurassic rocks along the Puerco River but it is im-
passible to determine what portion of' his "GypsUIII
formation" is assigned to this age. On the evidence
~upp1ied by fossil plants Newberry n regarded a Ii-
foot bed of carbonaceous shale oel.r Oraibi al Juras-
sic, .. the sole representative of the J ura.sic series."
• Nan:au. JuJ~ R..... Ittd Grid DotH: U. 8. Paclftc B. a. JJ~
a. ,to '. lIP. no-uu 18H.
Vol.
• Newben1. l~ I .• Ceokcs.ra, report, 10 198, J . C.. Report . D ~
CoIoNd. BI ...r ot Ih ....·tIIt. pt. '. pp. 82-83, 129-181, 1881 .
 JUR!....<sIO FORMATIONS 59
11 ,.-ellassigned " 20 or 30 feet of red marl" between Cross" assigned the La Plata sandstone, 250 to 400
~Ie Rock Spring (in Steamboat Canyon 1) and feet thick, to the Lower J ura ..ic l>n the basis of its un-
pueblo Colorodo (Ganado 1) to the Jurassic and stated conformable relation tq the underlying Dolores
that "bed~ evidently belonging to this series were (~Chinle ill part), of Upper TrillSsic age, and assigned
seen near the Moenkopi. . • • • To the eastward the" McElmo formation," 400 to 1,000 feet thick in
.~ [lbe Jurassic] thins out rn.pidly, until in eastern southwestern Colorudo, to the Jurassic and correlated
~rizonB and in New Mexico it probably disappears it with t.he Monison formation.
eotirely.'" Gregory" recognized the La Plata sandstone of
The Jurassic of the Paria Valley is restricted by CroS3 as Jurassic and el>tended it southward and west-
Bowell'" t<> 600 feet of "cross-bedded sandstone, wal'd to include the Winb'llte sandst<JIlG and the White
l'1Irieualed gypsiferous sh,des, calcaroous shalo:s, and Clift sanel.tone of t.he early surveys and a.signed to
.,rl; shales and sandstones "-beds that constitute the "McElmo formation, Jurossic (')," all the beds
th. lower part of the San Rafael group, as described between the top of the La Plat.a. and the base of the
in Ibis paper. Beds in the Pari .. V,\lley that corre- Dakota, t,hus including the" fossiliferous cnlcal'eous
spond to the . Navajo sandstone and Wingate sand- shales" and the" gypsiferous shales nnd thin sand-
stone were considered by Howell and Gilbert" as the stones" of Dutton.
topmost 1,400 fo 1,700 feet of a 2,250-foot section of As described by Reeside a,nd Bassler,'· the strati-
the Triassic. For the Henry Mountain region Gil- graphic series along the lower Virgin River includes
bert" used '''Jura-Trias'' as a term descriptive of "J urassic SIlndstone" 2,100 feet thick nnd "Jurassic
,n beds between the Dakota and the series now rllCO!:- , lim",;ione ancl shule " about 460 feet thick.
nized as the Kaibab limestone. Dutton ,. likewise as- As tt'eated by Longwell, Miser, Moore, Bryan, and
signed to the ,i J ur~-Trias" the beds in the Zuni Paige," the Jurassic of southeastern Utllh includes
region, New Me-"ico, th"t lie between the Permian from thebllse upward Wingate, Tgdilto (I}; Nanjo,
and the Cretaceous and stated that, "genera.! consid- "gypsiferous shales and snndstones," t.nd "vHl'icolored
orations" howevel', strongly f. vor a .J urassic age for sandstone and sbales," nnd unconformably above them
thore beds which lie above the Wingate sandstone," lies the" McElmo fornJa.tion, Cretaceous (I) ," 12~ t<>
which he correlated with the Vermilion Cliff" series" 665 feot thid,. In their genernlized descriptions of
of southern Utnh. In discussing the ma,,"'Jlificent ex- "gypsiferous shales nnd sandstones" the lowermost
posures that border the Colorudo River on the north, beds at least of the" marine Jurn .. ic" are relldily
Dutten" me ntioned a "Jutijs.ic white sandstone," recognized, and ," varicolored .,,,,,dst.ones and shales"
which immediately iuiderlies 300 to 500 feet of cal- i;; on appropriate field nanle for the series of highly
careous gypsifel'ous nnd urenac'Cous shale that contaIns variable nnd brillia.fltly colored strata that commonly
typic.l Jurassic fossils, and concluded: underlie' the Cretnceous of the Colortldo Plateaus pl'OV-
Tbe JurllJt.ttic wblte snnd~lone ~ee.ns to be peculIar to the inee. Luptou,"' Emery,·' and Duke" set the lowel'
northerh .flU WCl:lt<'.rn IlOl'tion8 or the phitcnu province. In boundary of the Jurassic at the top of the Chinle
loul~h Colorado n.nd western Ne\\' Mexico DO stratigl'ophtc formation and recognized the top of the Navajo sand-
mMnber has yet b~n found whlcO enn be Identified with It. stone as a horizon above which are stratI! of known
'l'bet~ remafQS. however, the pDsslbllity that In tb()!',c more
Jurassic age and IIlso strata which hold t·he position
luter),. reg:ion~ the. JuraSSio 6and,;toDell IDny form the UPpel'
PArt of the sandstolle .~rte:t now reckoned o.s Triassic.
of the" McElmo" and closely resemble the i\lol'rison
and which may prove to be Cretaceous. All field
In Dutton's, view both the, Jurassic and Triassic workers agree that the only unequivocal horizon
.Ireta groduaUy chlnge in color IlDd decrease i.n thick- markers are t.he Carmel and Curtis formations, from
- in passing from the Virgin River to the Zuni which faunas of Sunda.nce age have been obtained.
Plateau. He added: Because conclusive evidence is yet lacking concern-
So fir ftl present knowled,e II concerned. y..e are ot Uberty to
~Ie (1) that tbe Jarnlllk IUDdlitone thins out .completely .. CrON, Wbttmna, u. S. GeoJ. Sur-vel Oco1. ,Ula_, Enlhu~er )Joul\talo
iD. .-.lD.ten"tll. or (2) that It becOmes the summit ot tbe pre- toUo (l\o. 111), 1910.
• Gregorf, Fl. B.o GeoioJ;1 of tbe Na\:aJo COUDtr1: U. S. 0001. SUtvC!1'
limed Triassic of New Mexico ond can not be distinguished Prot. PIll*' oa. pp., 60--88. 1017.
r...tl. toRcad:de.l. S., ,r., and Bu,.er, Barvel. StMltilirepblc .cctlon. 10.
lIOuthwCiJWn. Ula,h end n(lrthwll'ltcrD ArIzonA: U. S. Oeol. Survey
• KIl.e)" t. E,. U. S. Qeog. and 0001. 8urt'oya \Y. tOOth Mer. Rept. Prof. raper l.20, pip. 13-83, 1022.
tl Long",tll, Co D., .Dd otbell. op. dt., pp. 11-14.
~ .. ,. '27:1, lS1G.'
• Lupt .. , C. T .. (!)II .ad J(U Dear GreeD Blyer, Grud Count" Utab:
GI"'rc. G. Jr., Idem. p. 160.
U. S. GCtOI. 1Ia,r.·e)' Bull. 6"1, p. 124. 1014: GeoloQ aDd cool reecrureca
-C1lWrt. G. R .• Report OD tbe Icolo.,. of the HeDry MountnlDly
ot ellltlo ".ne1. Utllb: U . B. Geo1. 8u"e7 Dull. 628, P. 25. IDle.
'." 1tr;, • EmM'Y. W. B., T.. Greea River Deeert aectloD: Am. lour. Bet, "th
• notton, C, B.. Mount Taylor aDd tbe ZUni Plateau: U. S. Otol
~., Illlll AnD. ttept.• p. 138, 1885. llet vol H, ,. IN. 1'1',
.;.' DU~. c.. L.. BoriscJo. of the mRr1De lor..ale ot Utah: lour. G~l-
1J S~~~... C. Eo. Tertlllf1 hi_tory of the Orand Cuyoo dl.trlct:
011. ~oI. 27.9. 141, 18111,
· . ~i. SUtvel 1(011. 2, pp. 3G-38. 18~2.
 THII KAIPAROWITS AI!OION
fiO
in'" the age of th~ s&nd3ton•• between the Chinle ~nd
th: fossiliferous marine Jurassic Carlnel formatIon,
these strata which make up the Glen Canyon group,
are designated in thfs report JUI"a<9ic (I) . . hows that the general color IS the resultant of mia,
Indudin" the Navajo, Todilto (I), and WlOgate
tentatively lilSigned to it, t~ Jurassic of the plaw,au
pro.inee i. an assemblage of .s~rata remarkably .hke
in extent thickness composItIOn, and color. W,lh
most of its essential' features present it ext.n~s from
the San Juan Mountain.• , Colo., and the Zuru Moun-
tains, N. Mex., westward and northward across Utah
and Arizona fur into Nevada. From a center at Glen
Canyon it has been traced southwa~d across th~ Navnjo
Reservation and north",.rd to pomt. ~yond the San
Rnfael Swell. Throughout this great area the thIck-
ness of the Jurnssic averages about 2,000 feet. Thick-
nellSes of loss thun 1,000 feeta.ppear only ut its essteI'D
and southern bOl·de.·s; at lhe head of Hall. Creek 3,510
feet of beds lie belween the' Chinle and the" McElmo."
GE:IIEllAL LITHOLOGIC FEATURES -
The Jurassic is essentially a huge pile of consoli-
dated . and. Its massi". beds and shaly beds alike are
predominantly compoecd of quartz grains; limestone
and gypsum constitute pl'Obobly less than 1 pe.r cent,
and true argillaceous shale i. present chie~y ns sm.all
plasters included in irl'egulor beds assoc .. ted WIth
locol unconformities. l<lRllY thin bed~ and thick bods
closely reremble each othe.· i they ore alike crOES'
bedded, travCl'lled by baud. and' sb'ellks of whit. along
and aero",! the planes o"f foliation, Rnd wben unweath-
ered show ,similar I'ange ,or oolor. 'I'he striking ditter-
ences in appearonCtl are the expression of the lnfluence
of such incidental felltures os texture &nd m.nner of
weothering_ Without much ex.w,'ation some whole
,",dion. of the Jura.sic might be described .s fine-
/:rQincd cross-bedded .. ndstone, the colo.' and .tratifi-
eation of which nre reveded by woothering. With the
exception of' the inconspicuous beds of siliceous lime·
stone, the sholelike beds and mossive beds are friable
Ind crumblo readily under pressnre. Even on "i{ld·
swept surfaces the impressions of hobnails are visible,
and experience in o,limhing clift's 8000 let-ds to lacle of
faith in seeming.1,Y fi,'m projections In,l crevices. The
weakly cemented fragment. pried from cliffs by frost
soon disintegrate and ore rt'moved by rainwllsh and
wind, leaying little or no talu8.
The impres.~ion gained from a superficial view of
the mns.~ivc walls and dissectcd surfaces in the Kai-
parowits region is t·hat the Cretaceous beds are gray
:lUd dull and that the Jurnssic stratn ore brightly col-
ored in variolL~ tones of ,·ed. But e'-en at a distance
",hite patches ate "isible, and .. the eye traces a con-
tinuous fnce of 0 ploteou or flank of a monocline thc
color is seen to change from red to yellow, to white,
or to brown abruptly 0.' gradually and at i .. ~gul.r
. terv·-'.' Nearer views show thnt " red walls" r...
III ~
from mAroon to light yellow an d t h at " wh'.te w.u. n
!,snge fron'I almost flonr whi.tenes£ to delicate shadeJ
of green or brown, afid • detaIled annlysls of the strata
~olors ond that the prevailing tone arises in lIoIl\e
places frOID th~ pr~llliDenCe of some bed and' in otber
places froOl the degree of we;Lthel"lng 01' t.he st~te of
tho atmospbere. 'The color of a hand .speclmen IS Dol
that of the clil as .. whole, and speclUlens from the
stlme slt'atum vnry in tone with reference to their
position llong ~he strike, their nea.'ncss to bedding
planes, and: the.r tut"re.
PltESE:IIT KNOWLEDGE OF THE JURASSIC OJ lOutHUI
UTAH
AlthouO'h
e
the stratn assigned to the,
J urusic II',
the most conspicuous of all rocks In . the plateau
Province, definite infol'lllaiioll regarding their .DIode
of deposition nnd place in the time scnle remains to
b<. obtained. Tbe lithologic evidencc of 'equivalellt
O'!e and origin' of the broad subdivisions is strong; ll-
thouO'h the recogni7.ed member. thicken 'and thin and
fom; and re-form along the strike 35 single massive
beds or seriCli of thinner beds, they everywhere PI_ot
• group of features lOhich as a whole rendel·. them
unlike the members above or below, The WIDget<!
and NlLvajo sandstones, separllted by the Todilt<> (~)
formation or seemingly merged, constitute an unmu;-
tuknble series' the combination of features that char-
acterizes the ;veriying Sl.n Rofael group is not dupli-
cated elsewhere, and the MO'Tison maintains its indi-
vidualit)' throughout \he plateau province. But
neither the upper lim it nor the lower limit of the
Jurassic is confidently known, and subdi-l,isions within
the system have been made largely on the basis of
tel.i;ure, color, and arrangement of beds. Most of the
beds have been deposited by strenms or by the wind
and consequently include many uncoufol'mities thai.
perhaps are no less significnnt thuu the poorly defined
hiutuS8ll uSed in separating tbe JUl'Rssic (1) fl'OlO the
Triassic or the Jurassic from the Lower Cretaeeolll,
i.f the Morrison tMcEbno) is of Lower Cretaceous
age. Fossil. of unmistakable Jurassic nge have been
found only in a few bed. of the Carmel and Curtis
fOl1nntions. The organic remains in the Wingate,
Todilto (I), and Navajo formations cousiEt of fnlg-
ments of ,.ood and of bone, (lin05uUl' track., unios,
Dud, worm trails thlLt have Triassic ail well sa J urassi.
affinities. In fact , no entirely satisfllctory evidence
ex.ists for placillg tile Olen Cunyon gronp in tb.
JIU'assic system, and it is possible that future studies
may resnlt in drawiug the Jurassic-TJ'inssic boundary
within the Chinle or at any horizon between that
formation nod the top of the Xavajo. Even the ag.
of the Morrison has not been fully established. So
 JURASSIC FORMATIONS
f r detailed chronology is concerned, work among
;.ra
IS
..ic rocks issWI inhistory
"riting of an "de~unte
an exploratory stage. The
ot the plateau province
daring Mesozoic time must awaIt tuller knowledge.
KA10a DIVISIONS OF THE JURASSIC
Beeause of lithologic dissimilarity, color contrasts,
and ~<ilIences of brenks in de.posit.ion, three large sub-
divisions of th" sh'at", between the Chinle formation
~nd the Dal{ota (¥) sandstone are readily l'ecognized
in tile field:
1. The Glen C"nyon group, J urnssic ( n. In .s trati-
Crtlphic position the Glen Canyon group is ident.icnl
ITit.h the so-called La Plata" group" ot the Nanjo
rountrv JlS defined by Gr'e gory, ·who considered. i~ the
equivaient of the La Plata s"ndstone of southwestern
Colorado. Recent studies, howeYer, indic.te that
probably only purt of the so-clllled La Plata" gJ.'oup"
of the Navajo country is represented ill the LII Plata
.. ndstone as described by Cross. To avoid contusion
the lerm Glen Canyon group is introduced. The es-
,.aliol components of the Gl~.n Conyon group no two
m.",ive Cl'oss-'I;>ede!ed c1iff-ll1aking sandstones, the
N....jo sandstone above and the \Vingato sRndst,me
bok,.w,sepo.rated in 1II0st places by the Todilto( i) for-
...tion, which consists of th.in-bedd~ (aleareolls Mnd-
stone, Ih.le, and thin, dense limestone; Its mass, es-
tint, CIlloI', wei Ill:mner ot erosion make the Glen Con-
yOD group strikingly prominent.
2. The San Rahel group, Jurassic. The term San
Rafllel gl'oup has been proposed for the assemblage of
strata which occupies the horizOil ot the marine
Jurassic of the plateau prc)\:jn<;e and which lies 00-
t"fen the Navajo sandstolle and the Morrison forma-
tion. It consists of the Carmel , Entrada, Curtis, and
Summerville form ll tions_ Although with ,t he possible
txception of the Curtis tormlltion al\ subdivisions of
the San Rafael group ore represrnted. ill the KIIiparo-
wits region, where fOl'luRtion nRmes were tent.atively
applied before neighboring ll",as were studied, the
fuller de"elopll1ent of the group as a· whole ill the San
Raf.el Swell seems sufficient reason Ii, selett the group
n.me and three formation names from thAt area_ The
Stn Rahel group includes massive sandstone, .haJy
GllldStone, gypsum, ~nd IimestQne and is remarkable
for Tariation in 'f orm, extent., and color. Beds that
torn.pond to those included in tho Son Ratael have
Rtaernlly been classed as " lIIeElmo." . rock tbat rest like flatirons against the limb of the
3_ l[ol'rison formation, Ctetaceous( i). The Morri-
IlOO ~onn.tion in the Kaiparowits region occupies the
Iotrallgraphic position of 011 but the basal pOl·t of the
"MeElmo" as that IeI'm has been used by Cross and
~ Gregory. It is the equi,·.lent of I the "upper
~fcElmo " of Lupton nnd Duke and of the" McElmo »
of Elllery.
.
For the recion
e
as a whole the Morrison
(OQs1Sto of an upper series of ""riegated shale and 0
61
baSllI ""l'i •• of lent.icular massin Eandstoncs--the Salt.
Wash sandstone member-but t.he formation is excep-
Honnlly irregular in composition, color, and arrange-
ment of beds.
GLEN CANYON GROUP (JURASSIO I)
Beds assigned to the Glen Canyon group extonr!
entirely nCl'OSS southern Utah and eastware! to th~
La Plal<l Mountains of Colol·ado. In Arizona and
N'ew Me.xico they are nearlv coextensh'e with the
N,w"jo country. - In Nevlt.io they appear in the
Muddy Mountains and the Spring Valley MOllnta,ns;
trln'erses west of this district revenl no equivalent
beds." The term" Glen Canyon" seems approprint.e
for the gl-OUp of rocks t.hat form the walls of Glen
Canyon of the Colorado throughout it.s 162-!llil~
'l'OII''Se from the Henry Mountains to the Echo CUff.
nnel likew.", ti.e ",aUs of the lower ports of the c"n-
yons of the San Jt:nn, the Pa... in, the EscRII.nt~, IIlId
mnny smaller t.ribut.nries. The Waterpocket Fold i.
an almost c.ontinuous ridge .of sandst.ones ot the Glen
ClLnyon group which unite~ the ",.Us of t.he Colorndo
Ri"er with th~ nlonoclinal eoste,'n sIopes of the San
RM.el Swell, SO· miles t.o the north, and the lower
ESCAlallte Valley is a floor of sandstone .of this group,
20 miles wide, which extends eastward across the Colo-
rado River nnd south and west to join the Parin
Plateau in the I.ees Feny region. Over most of
southeastern Utah tbe Glen Canyon group might be
considered the bedrock. It lies, beneath the High
Platen us, and on it rests the Kaiparowits PIMe.u and
tbe highlands about the Henry Mountains. Thr.ough-
out this vast nrea the Glen Canyon group, is nowhere
less than 600 feet thick, and in many places it e:tceeds
2,000 feet . It is an unusually prominent. group ot
beds, and thel'e are few points of .observation in south-
enstern Ulah from which it is not yisible. (See pIs.
19, A; 21, 0; 26, OJ 27, 0, D.)
In boldness of sculpture the sandstones of t,he Glen
Canyon group stand first among the formations of
the plateau province. Where t.he beds are horizontal,
precipitous cliffs extend for miles, and on the cI'ests
of gentle folds great blocks of sandstone· with ver-
!.ieal sides Rnd sharp c.omers stlUld high above the
bordering canyons. Whel'e the beds 81'1) steeply up-
turned, erosion has cut the sandstones into un!lCtlable
pinnacles, which project above high, bar& masses Ot
fold. Likewise in yariety of Architectural features the
Glen Canyon s..ndstolles take high rank; they are sur-
passed, if at all, only by tbe FM'ene limestone and tbe .
remarkable assemblage of IMllta included in the San
Rafael group. Deuutifu'lly molded -domes and rounded
" GreiODry, H. F: .• IIDd Nobl., L. F., Note. on II. gto10lliC trao;r(,l'se ltom
lluhI1H!. Cnllf.. to thf: mouth o( finD Juna Rh'er, Utalb: Am. loor.
SM ., urb tie !'·. \'01. ~. p. 231, 1923.
 THE K.\lP.\ROWlTS REGION
62
ridges mark the surface of the sandstones, and many
cliJl' faces consist of a series of amphitheaters and
pilasters, which utend from the top to ~e. bottom and
are CIlrved without sharp edges. Wlthm the rock
itself hi ve been carved innumerable recesses, many of
them mere pockets ' and niches but some that have
brood 1I00l'S and arched roofs, forming rock shelteN
suffid.ntly large to aceommod,.to the l,ouses .of the
ancient cliff dweller.. Here and there appear windows
:lnd the gracefully fOl'med arches of natural \)ridges.
In general view the Glen Conyon group i. readily
distinguished from the beds that lie below it. Its njas·
.iven....., color·, and mOllner of erosion are quite C
un:like
. .,
those of th~ underlying variegated shales of the hUue
form.tion. Where the ove"lying Carmel formation i.
well ,·.presented, its di.tinctiN dull colOl' nnd thin
Btrnlil'ication are in st,·ong controst to tbe light color
and t.h e massiveness of the Glen Canyon.
In many places the overlying thin beds are stripped
for back and expose the top of the Glen Cunyon group
as a sondstone-f1oorcd plat,form-un esplanllde tbat
wind. in and out of valleys and around the beautifully
bonded SolD ~afnel Cliffs. (See pI. 21, 0 .)
WIl'IGATESANDSTOl'lE
The definition and description of th Wingate s>lnd-
gtolll' of the' Navajo country presented by G"egor)'''
holds good for tIle Kaipm'o\\:its region, The composi-
tion, dctailcd structure, and ol'l'&ngernent of pIU-tS of
the Wingate are essentially alike in the two regions,
and the I'Ilnge of v~l'iation in color, texture, and strati-
. ficotion lies between the same limits. (See pis. 8, B ,.
9, A,. 19, B; 22, C,. 23, n .) Characteristically the
Winguie 01 ,t he Kaipltorowits region is 11 very ffia.ssivc,
flne-grained sandstone, .bout 300 feet. thick, underlllin
at most locnlities by a few feet of lent.icular snndstone
nnd shnle, in part conglomeratic. It commonly ap-
pears nli a singlo ve!1icol pnlisnded wall that dacs
obo\'l\ slopes o·f Chirll. bed.. Ct'o;ls-bedding ranges
froUl inconspicuous markings to larger-scate truucated
laminae, but tho grcut n-eeping curves thlit cha'ft\cter-
ize the, Navlljo snnd.touo nre generally lacking. At
ploces n.long the Wlltorpoeket Fold cross-bedding i8 too
little developed to· be re\'~aled by weathering; the only
IORrkings on the smooth, rounded surf'aces of sand-
stooe ore small, sluIllow pit. that h!\~e the appearance
of "boneycomb. (See pI. 9, B.) Strong verticol
jointing thllt cuts the sandstone iuto huge blocks is Il
common feature. 'l'he high, nearly verti.nl Wingate
cliff. pl'~ent an impassabl. barrier ~xcept whem
streams have carved narrow pathways across the out-
crop.
• Gregot'f. H. R.o Oeolo,;, 0( II~ NOVIl$o country: U, S. Geol. Sur'.C'y
Prot, h~1' O~, (Jp. 03~M. 1D17,
Miser .... described the Wingate on the lower s..
Juan as ma.sive cross-bedded snndstone, 270 feet thick
at Piute Farms, 330 feet thick near Spencer Camp, ~
feet thick at Copper Canyon, and 275 feet thick li
miles above the mouth of the San Juan. In sections
measured in upper Glen Canyon Longwell ,. describes
the Win nate as a sheel' wall of massive snndstone about
300 feet "high at the mouth of Crescent Wasb; Dschie!!y
an unbroken cliff 366 feet high at Twomile CanyoD;
nnd as a massive member 300 feet thick, underlain by
3 to 30 feet of coarse-grained thin·bedded lenticular,
extremely cross-bedded "nndstone at Goodhope Bend_
At Capitol Reef Wush the Wingat" is a massive rlil.
making bed 420 fcet thick. Within the Kaipllrowit..
region t.he Wingate consists of a single ledge of fine-
grained cross-bedded, very massive sandstone 250 feel
thick nt the Circle Cliffs, 260 feet thick at the BI11'r
trail and Muley Twist, in the Wuterpocket Fold, MO
feet thick at the Bitter Creek d ivide, and 2S0 feet near
the mouth of the Escalante. Along the Paria River
the Wingate is represented by a series of cross-bedded
massive strata 10 to 30 feet thick, which form the low-
ermost 160 to 200 feet of the canyon wall. Corre·
sponding structure and thickness wore notc<a in Il cliO:
() miles northwest of Paria. At r~es Ferry Moore as-
signed to the Wingate the lowermost 400 feet of finl!-
gmined medium-bedded to massive orange.ted sand-
stone in the cliffs along the ri'-er. The average of zr
measurements of the Wingate within the plateau pror-
illce is about 285 feet. The formation is thickest ·along
a line that extends from the Chllska Mountain., on
the Navajo Reservation, northward along th~ Watllr-
pocket Fold to the Sun Rafael Swell. It is thinnest or
most modified in the Echo Cliffs and is possibly ruJt
represented at all in regions west of the Poria River.
Typically the Wingate sandstone is orange· red, not
Ilncommonly mther brilliant in tone, ond it retaiDl
that color thl'Oughout most of Arizon.\ and UtAh, but
iu places all or parts of the formation are I'ed·brown ,
lind in the northwest wall of the Circle Cliff. and
south of Fruitn, ill Wayne County, it5 color grades
from orange-red into light ·creamy yellow or nearly
white. III the Kaiparowits region the overlying
Todilto( 1) is t),pically mnroon, much darker tban the
Wingote, and the Navajo sandstone runges from
white, cream-color, 01' tan to red Or red-bl';'·wn, aDd
in parts of tlte E sc-II1ante Valley it is pink, with ca-eam-
colored bands. Although the color of each Qf the
three formatio~ differs from place to pla<l4!, at no
Oll~ place studied in Arizona or Utah is the color. of
the Wingate, (he Todilto, .nd the Navajo the same.
fllilaer. Fl. D .• In Lonl{~...II. C,. R' I and othCnI, op, cit., p'. IT.
• tAagW'e-lI, C. R., and: others-, op. dt ~ pp . IS. W.
 ,TURASSIC FORMATIONS
63
TODILTO (1) FORMATION
dong the W mterpocket Fold to the Snn Rafnel Swell
Early students of the geology of southern Utuh and into the &n Juan CILnyon, Similar beds hav~
recognized two d ivisions in the beds thut lie between -boon mapped in the Kaiparowits region. It is cleRr
.he Chinle (" Shinnrump group," in part, of Powell that & distinct, widely traeenhle stratigrophic division
and Dutton) and the os;emblage of beds variously OCCurs between the 'Vingate and Navajo •• ndstones in
c&11ed "marine J Ul"ossic ," " Grny Cliff," " Flaming most of the Navajo country and in Utl>h. There is
Oorce," and " MeElmo," Powell used the terms doubt, however, whether this middle division of the
White Cliff U group " and Vermilion Cliff " group" j Gl en Canyon g.roup cOI'responds to Grc"ory's type
Oilbelt used the terms" Gmy Cliff group" and Ver- 1'0dilto; henc~ this name Lq applicable o~ly with a
milion Cliff " g roup" j Dutton called the rocks Vel'- query to the region herc dtl€cribed. The Todilto (1)
lIilion OWl " series" and " Gray Cliff sandstone," In of the Kaiparowits region ~onsist s typically of maroon
• section measured in the Paria Valley Howell "' and reddish-brown calcnreous sandstone with leS3er
records 800 teet of " buff massive cross-bedded snnd- lind YIlrying "mo~mts of shale und limestone, The
ItOne," underlain by 600 feet at' " pale-vermilion mos- sandstone bOOs range in thickness h 'om Il fruction of
sive cross -I.>~dded . ondstone" o,'edying 400 feet of an inch to more than 10 feet, but th ick beds are much
".ariegated gy psif erolls marls conlaiuing silicified less common than thin beds, The beds commonly
wood " (Chinle formation). The beds thllt occupy thicken and thin, ov.l'lap, tail out, 01' are replaced by
the goneral posit ion of these t.wo Ilnmistaknble sand- shale " 'ithin short distllnces .Iong the strike. (See
stones "ere suhdiv iderl by Gregory'· into the W ingot.e, pis, 9, A; 20, 0 ,) The quurtz gruins t hut compose
Todilto, and Navajo formations, the Wingate rOIl!(hly . the snndBtone nrc well rounded, well sorted, und COllrSe
oorresponding with thc upper purt of t he Vermilion nnd I re n1'l'anged in cross-bedded l.minue thnt meet
Cli8' nnd the Navajo wit.h the White Clitl'. The name at rel.t.ively sharp ongles, The sholy beds nrc essen -
Todilto wns introduceu for the limestOlle, calcareolls tinily vcry thill finc-gl'aincd qllUt'tz salldstones that
ahale, aud thin c:deareous saudstone that appear in contain here and th",'e bllUs and lozenges of consoli-
the midst of the g l'eat slIndstone cliffs that tower above dated mud, Like the sandstones the shale beds are
(he Chinle formntion , lenticular und present few even foliation surfaces; in
In and Ileal' its type locality, Todilto Park, N, Mex" degree of consolidation they differ gren.tly, The lime -
the Todilto is predominllutly limestone and c.leal'eous stOlle appears as compact gra.y layers, as fragments
shale, commonly less than 10 feet thick, Northwul'd embedded in sandstone and shu Ie, und as lenses of
and northwestward across the Navlljo Rese.'vat.ioll limesto. n e cOHglomcrate. Lime is nlso present 11S ce-
1I000sured sections include increasin"h- less limestone ment , Small lenses of conglomerate composed of
"' -
lnd become thicket'. 'At the mouth of Piute Canyon quartz chel'l and sandstone fragments cemented by
tbe po!'ition of the Todilt,; is occupied by 100 feet of lime "lid sand arc pre£ent at most places within the
thin ond irregUlarly bedded red sandstone and" sub- lu",er half of the formation. The characteristic color
Grdinate amount of calcareous shale, limestone, and of the Todilto ( 1) is maroon , which revenls the formn.-
bmestonc conglomerate arranged in overlapping tiort as 11. dark-red b.nd in cliffs of Willgate and
lenses. At Navaj o Mountain the formation is even Navajo, but in some beds in the measured sections
thicker and contains but inconspicuous lenses of lime- maroon is replaced by gray, purple, orange color, or
atone and linle conglomerate. This observed depar- pink, and on the northwest side of the Circle ClifTs the
ture from type of the Todilto of the northwestern ~ntire To<lilto (1) is light creamy yellow, In the walls
Navajo Reservation led to the comment:
of the cunyons that lead westward from the Water- .
pocket Fold the Todilto (f) appears as dark-red shllle,
1be po,tHOD ot these beds between two D.18SSive sandstone thin-bedded calcareous sandstono, and lenticnlal' COD-
llrata, WiD.ate nnd XQ\'lIjo. is the basis tor their 1118umed
glomel'atio limestone. One bed of pUl'ple limestone in-
equlTaleDee .. I[It tb e 1'odilto formnUou . Tbls expresslo.D,
oo.ner, 1,10 diilerent from that in the type locality that this cludes'small angular c\mnks of white chert. At the
eornlatloo must be considered only as • worklDC field Bole in the Rocli: tho Todilto ( 1) consists of red shilly
~1PO'beola. ~andstone and thin discontinuous limestone. On the
~inoe· the publication of Gregory's conclusions .. surface of one of the limestone leflEes watel' emerges
sene:- of thin incgular calca reous sandstone beds, in- as a seep.
<iudtng some limestone, which occupies a horizon be- The Todilto (1) is readily distinguished in the field
tween the Wingate and Navajo sandstones, has been by thinness and irre:""1llarity of stratification of bed.
t~ by Paige, Longwell, Moore, ..nd Miser from Nn- and by features thllt clearly indicate deposition in run-
~o Mountain up the Colorn.do to the Henry Mountains, ning wiltor, thu. cont1'lISting shllrply with the under-
lying Wingate n.nd tho o\'et'lying Navajo, Coutacts
~ weI I. 1:. It... v. S. ~og , and ~ol. Survt,. W. lOotb Vcr. Rcpt.,
...t"lie with tho beds al)ove and below indicato a ehunge in
" ... ,. tn, lUG. conditions of deposition , In some plnces the tmnsi-
~. B. Z'O00. cit. , pp. :52-e;O.

64
tion appears to be gradual; elsewbere unconfol'mities
'!It. In places lenses of eonglomenta mark the bast
:~ the Todilto (I), and" at many 1000Jit~e2 along th~
Colorado a distinct erOllional unconfom:uty separate.
the two formations, Wingate aDd Todllto (I), len-
ticular Ouviatile be(h filling valleys on the surface of
the Wingate."" An unconformity at tho top o~ the
Todilto (I) ii shown at plares where tbe fine-gramed,
cross-bedded Navajo sandstone ...ta on an .uDev~n 9ur-
face of shale or slablike 03ndstonc that IS sprmkled
,.ith broken chunk. of shale, fragments of limestone,
and pellet.. of clay. At some localities the topmost bed
of thG To<liIt.o (1) is Elm baked, and .t a few pla.ces
ripplo mark;; w ~.re obflCrved. Ncar Warm Spnng
Cnnyon, Longwell noted in brown and pU'1>le shale
numerous sun crllck., 3 inct,es wide at the top, filled
with buff SAndstone pxtending downward from the
main mass of 1iav.jo sandstone. Similar .and-filled
81\n crock. "'ere obaen'ed at the top of the Todilto (I)
in Milley Twist Canyon, But notWithstanding. t~is
• vidence of unron'ormiti.,. the upper And lower limIts
of the Todilto (I) could not be delinitely IixM in
many mea,m'ed ""c:tions, and tlte unconformities may
hAY. only loco! significance.
The 'rodilto (I) in sontl'lern Utoh is I'eprescnted by
outcrops at mony pla(!es enst of the Pari. Volley nnd
tne High PI.teaus. South and east of Glen Cltnyon
it appears wherever rock. at this hodzon are e"posed.
The Todilto (!) is thinnest n.~ well QS most calcareous
n•• r the Arizona-New Mexico boundnr,. but shows no
regulnr gradation in thickness Or in compoeit.ion where
tmeed northwestwnrd. In the great sandstone elift,
th.t extend (I'QI!!. the PU'ia Valley westwsrd .croso
UtlLh and into Nevnd,,·the formation ha~ not been def!-
llitoly recognized Ind may be absent.
In selected me.' Ul'ed sections the following" thick ·
nesses arc recorded In New Mexico: Dutton Plateau,
2 feet; Todillo Park, 10 feet. In Arizono: Segihat.
00"-\ Conyon, 28 f~>('t., In Utah: Piute CRnyon, 100
feet.; mouth of Copper Canyon, 1~ feet; Twomile
CIInyon, 249 feet; Crescent Creek, 159 teet; \Yarm
Springs Conyon, 220 feet; along the Waterpocket
Fold, 160, 160, 214, anr! 220 feet; Circl!> Cliffs, 175
feet; San Rafael Swell, 40-1tlO feet.
In generd the Todilto 0) tops a bench of Wingate
sandgtone, and from it the Novaj() is stripped back for
some distanc,", th". formitjg a shelf along "hieh a
feo.ibl~ route extends .round the buttress of Navajo
BOndstone and dmfn the slopes on the limbs of mono-
e1ines. At the south end of the W.terpocket Fold
ft~S to the Colorado Riv.r is obtained down the dip
slope of the Todilto (t) beds, and ,t the Hole in the
Rock 1\ bench of'1'odilto (1) for DIS a atep in t.he canyon
wall, thus making the crossing at this place possible,
'n un,,'lPf'l1, C. I " • .cI o(bcn. (lp. ell. p.
'1'1111 lUIPAIIOWrr8 ItIIGIOlf
Where the beds are steeply upturned, us at the Burr
trail, the Todilto (') f()rms a ... lIey.
11.& Y.lID 5.AlI'DITDltl
DlsmIBUTlOS AND GEl\'"'ERAL APPEAR.<\NCJ:
The Navajo undstone is remarkably well displaytd
in southern Utah. It appeal's in the San Rafael Swell,
surrounds the Henl'Y Mountains, nnd extends eut of
the Colorado River into San Jnan and Grand COIIl1.
ties. It forms the surface Of t.he Waterpoeket Fold
I\nd the Escalante Valley ~nd the walls of Paria,
Johnston, snd Ka nab Canyon., and as the towerin:
White Cliffs it utends to points beyond the Virsin
River, Throl.lghoutjtslength Glen Canyon is limrned
with the Navajo sandstone, and complete sections
al'e revealed in Pori. Canyon, Escalante Canyon,
Muley Twist Canyon, and the canyons of score. of
tl'i butal'ies ·t hnt lead to the Colomd() from 1M
Kaiparowits PI.teau, -
Tho Navaj,o sandstone is everywhere a cliff maker.
Unsealable walls of eommandil)g height sre commoe,
but unlike the Kaibab,. the Dukotn (1), the Straight
Cliffs, and the Eocene st.• ota, whicb form e:<tensife,
almost borizontal terraces, plateaus, and mesa tops,
the Navajo sandstone shows vel'y uneven audRm
The frio.ble nature of the rock and the absence of rt-
.istant covering beds results if! the production of
rounded IIIIlSSCS. The floor of the lower Esralanu
Basin is a lIIazo of overlapping mOllnds, and erosioa
of tIl e White Clifts hss produced conical towers ..d
"nipples." The broad cl'est of tbe Waterpocket Fold
is a be\Vildering mn."S of low, f1n.t domes separated by
intel'vening brand, shallow pits, An a,·eo. of dissected
K "vljo sandstone is "ery difficult to trnvel'se. Tht
mounds thnt. form the surface are smooth, Slid their
rims end suddenly at the brink of deep, OIIrrow enJI-
yonS whGEe presence is little expected, "Hand holds"
and" toe holds" Ire rare nnd inconveniently placod,
Where tlley o.rc Cllt in Nani() sandstone big CRD)'oM
nnd little canyoD8 alike have box heods Rnd sheer
","ll., and many are inaccessible without special equ!p'
mont. The e"plorer soon learns that the way by whl~.
h. entered a CAnyon may be the only mode of eXIt.
(See pis. 10, (J; 19, A; 20, B; 25, A ,)
STRATIGRAPHIC nATURES
Sections measul'ed .t foul' localities and detailed ex·
ominat.ion at many othera show that the Navajo sand-
stone OGrth of the Colorado River diffe\'s in U() eSSl'~­
ti~l from tho.t south and east of th~ river, as pr.m-
cus!y described. It is essentiaUy one bed of rema~'
ably unifonn texture o.nd without features that permIt
the establishment of subdivisions. It consists of line·
grained massive sandstone, elaoorately eross-bedd~1
tao Rnd includes smnll amollnts of limestone and of thln-
 .Jl)]U6SIO I'OlUofAT[()S'S 65
bedded shaly 5AndstonQ that are distributed horizon- they extend for tens of feet; som~ are measured in
cellv and vertically with no systematic arrangement. inches and appear a8 delicate engravings of curvilinear
Lo~gwell" deser.lbes t~e ~avajQ at Warm Spri?gs pattern. In general, the laminae are etched in relief
c.Dyon as .. vertical chff of tan sandstone appeanng by the removal of the weakly cemented quartz grains
u a singl" massive bed 600 feet thick; at Twomile that mark division plRnes, Here and thel'e the oU\·face
CaDroo a8 "massive tan sandstone 2[>0 feet thick" i, further roughened hy projecting seSIllS of quartz
capping a rounded bi 11 "; ,at a point below tlte mouth and by tiny faults that break the continuity of the
of Crescent Wash 1\8 "tan and buff sandstone, cross- ribbed surfac'e. Here a.nd there also groups of laminae
bedded all lurger scale, 300 feet." For the Navaj~ ue cl·u.hed Or *Iuo!ezed into close-set loops, and some
along the San J uon Miser" records the following par- appear to have been kneaded, Indistinct bedding
tial thicknesses, measured upward from the b"".: planes lire present, bllt they are very il'regula. and are
200"*" feet of cream-colored mlissive cross-bedded sond- traceable for no great distance. They are obscured by
.ron. at Spencer Camp; 200 + feet of "massive, ex- the dominant cross-bedding to a degl'OO that gins most
...edingly cross-bedded fine-grained buff sandstone exposures of Ihe Navajo the oppeamnce \If a single
with a few bedding planes" at Copper Canyon; 140 massi va layer.
feel of "bull" cr~s-bedded massive sandstone" oyer- J..enses of dolomitic limestone are nearly universnl
lain by , feet of compact gray'limestone at a point 12 constituents of the Navlljo formation but are not
ntil.... bo,.e the mouth of th~ .tream; and 810 feet of .. bundant 01' couspicuous. 'fhei. ou!.cl·ops al'1! rarely
"buff massive cross-bedded sandstone" ClIpped by t%' n,Ol'e than 1 foot thick •.nd a few hundred feet long.
feet of gray thin-bedded limestone at the mouth of the ],fast of them extend for less !lum 100 feet, a.nd some
stream. At none of these places is the full thickneSs """ mere plasters 10 to ilO feet in (liameter_ Some of
pre!ent. Measured sections of the Navaj\l within the I the lenses are nearly pure dolomite, so hard and so
Kaiparowits region show' its typied features; at the resi.t"nt to weathering that they serve as protecting
Bur, trail it consists ot light-yellow to "hite medium- "'Ups of small mounds developed ill Ihe sandstone and
"ained, Tery massive, highly cross-bedded sandstone form shelves on otherwise smooth surfaces. OtIlel'S
1,260 feet thick; at Bitter Creek divide, white to very ...... mixtures of dolomite und quartz sand Ind at their
light cream·colored sandstone, vel~y massive, highly ends merge with the surrounding rock. They lie at
(I'oss-bedded on a large scole, 1,400 feet thick; along no one hOI'izon, but nearly all the dolomitic lenses seen
Eatalante Canyon, 430 to 680 feet of sandstone, every- are within the topmost 100 feet of the N naja, and fol'
"here Cl'OEs-bedded and in most places mllSlSive, but tile formation as a whole they appe"r to increase in
along the Escalante monocline and at a point near the number upward,
BiOlith of Sand Creek the upper 20 feet is somewhat The Navajo is cut by joints displayed in an in-
unevenly bedded; at the mouth of Warm Creek, 800 I teresting manner. The dominant joints nre vertiCllI,
reet of buff sandstone, one massive, highly cross- wide spaced, and al'Fangcd in two systems ~h.. t trend
bedded s!>'atum; at Meskin Bar, 000 feet of nearly north,."est and nor,th. In aome places they are all
white fine-grained sandstone, cross-bedded on a huge , much as liOO feet apart; elsewhere as many os 100
scale, all in one mllEsi ve bed, except for a. lens of roughly pU'allel joints may be crossed in a distance
(ompoct limestone 1 foot thick and about 800 foet of 100 to 800 foet, and zones of joints SO closely packed
loag. that they resemble "sh.tter belts" Qre n~ uncom-
mon, On the surface of the rock joints filled with'
S1"kUOTU.RE, TEXTUR1!:, ~ND CO)(P06ITIOK
calcite, dololllite, iron, or manganese may appear only
Cross-bedding ill the Navajo is remarkably devel- IS markings on a continuously smooth surface, but
oped. Horizolltal surfaces, slopes, and vertical walls the position of many joints is shown by cnslll'Lels, and
alikt! are crossed and recrossed by singularly atlract.i"e severo I gulches and narrow cha,nnels owe their posi-
designs. Series of pan,lIel curves merge with other tion to joint zones. On unyon walls the joints and
sen.,.; of curves or are truncated by curves with the ioint zones outline blocks and sheetl of rock prepara-
..me or with different radii. The planes of wme ~\'Oss­ tory to their removal by frost and assist the cross-
bedding laminoe appear as groups of straight lines or bedding structure in determining the shape and posi-
tion of recesses, buttresses, and the open cracks ,that
ll'OUPa of curves at high "ngles. The prevailing de-
sign, however, is compoSed of CUf\'e$ tangent to eurv.. ; extend downward from the canyon rim,
starling with al'cs of small radii the laminae gradually The Navajo snndstono is essentially an aggregate of
rieerease in curvature until they mel'ge with adjoining "hite, cl'ystal-eleor quart~ Ip... ins, loosely held to-
curves as nearly horizontai planes. )Olany eur,..s ha ..e gether by lime cement. Some hand specimen.!! reyeol
uninterrupted sweeps that exceed 200 feet; commonly no other minerals to the unaided eye, but most of
them show specks of black ond gray. In all thin
~ Loecwen. C. R.• aDd alb_rl, op. cit.. p. 19. sections that Ivere examined ,gl-.ius of cloudy ortho-
':t We.. p. 17; .. n.nWlcrlpt Dote..

18G40-31-.f1
 THE KAiPAROWITS REGION
cIase, rarely plagioclase, appear in· amounts ranging
from 1 to 6 per cent, and I. few fr~~nts of m.gn~t­
ite garnet zircon tollrmaline, 11l0t.lte, or muscoVIte
.. r: also p~esent. 'In 0. few petrographic 5li~es III
these lCce;sory minerals are present, .nd ~ thin sec-
tion of rock from Pari .. O..nyon includeil little bl~ck
knob of biotite and magnetite. Three sizes of gr ..~
make up each croSl-bedded laminl. surface: Gr ..~ns
scattered about or arranged as sheets contmg loha-
t:on surfaces, averaging .bout 0.70 millimeter in dia.m-
eter', constitute S to 5 per cent of the rock, grams
rilonging from 0.10 to 0.25 millimeter mal<e up .about
70 per cent; nnd the remaining 2.5 per cent cons'sts of
bits of dust.
In gene,...1 the smlUef>t grains and those of inter-
mediute size n.re thoroughly intermingled and form . a
bose over which the largest grains arc strewn, but .n
som" plnee~ portions of lhe rock exhibit almost per-
fed sOI'Ling ond pel'mit the recognilio~ of four ~ live
short, Ihin Illye ... that aro characterized by SIze of
grain. Here nnd there are small pebbles of qUllrt.,
frogment. of .hole, of 81Inds:one, or of limestone, a~d
nodules and ('Oncret.ions of iron oxides Lhat exceed to
<liometer t.Ile common Ob'.C8, but they conslilute much
Ic~s thnn 1 pel' cent of tho rock. As a whole, the tex-
IIlte of tile Nnvajo is remarkably uniform. Most of
the gl'l.ins Are impedcctly rounded , but neAl'ly all
thin sections .show round grains, "'Id ill some thin see-
lions sphel'icnl g.'nina predominnte. Etch~d groins
nl'e not uncommon, und in one specimen from Parin
ennyou lleOl'ly nil the lorger grains show pit. tlnd
liuy fOeets.
1'110 cement of t.ho Nnvajo snndstone ('(Insists of lime
lind dolomite wil.h "n.rying umounts of iron oxides.
Tho iron is mo,' abundant in the fiuest-gnined lilyerS!
from some beds it is nearly nbsent, nnd ill plores even
Ih. mldte cement has diSllppe.ared, lellving only s
pil. of seplll'Qto grains of pure qunrtz. In generlll tho
("mollt is wenk. Even . where iron oxide forms tbo
boud it is not eRSY to obtltin • weU-trimmoo hand
spccim~n, IIl1d much of t.he rock exposed at the SUI'-
{lice is !IO f "inble thnt it cl'ushes under lhe foot, and
:; single blow of the hnmmer moy reduce 0 block of
"and8toll~ to I moss of dust. DllISting tI.i. rock ",ith
powder pl'l'SCnts special difficult.ies.
The vlll')'ing omounts Rnd kinds of cement Ore re-
flected ill the color. III general, Ihe white parts of
Ihe Nnvajo ....ndstone have only calcite cement; the
yellow, buff, tan, and red tones indicate the amount
lind chemic. 1 state of the irou, It is ftSSlllned that
tlle sandstone "'HI ol'iginRlly white and ...mented with
white calcite and th.t lime wus progl'essively 'but
irregularly replnced hy iron.
To Ittugelltiol cross-bedding, joint.. , weak cement,
"lid uniformity of groin are l".rgely due the erosion
f('alures tll:lt are ~hnr.ctol'ist io of t.he Nofftj.o. The
rock has a tendency to split parallel to cross·beddillc
larninae and in less degree parallel to joint surfil<el.
The usolll erosion fragmel)t is a slab with curved fa~
Thin slices whose length Rnd breadth are measured in
t~.n. of feet peel off from the cliffs and canyO'n wau.
like bark from a tree. Along the clwyons ore, COOl.
monly formed Illcoves, amphitheaters, and o)'erhallf-
ing e1iffs. . Gashes with c.rescent or semlclrcul ... out.
line-some of them mere "toe holes," othe.'S lar~
enou~h to .ccommodate the buildings of cliff dwelltiS-
appe~r in most walls, and few surfaces are f"ee from
pits, U "ells:" "water pockets," nnd short-curved :han.o
nels. M.ny bridp:" nrches Ilnd a few complete bfld~
add to the inter.,,;t of No.vnjo topogrllphy, (See p.
144..) Mnch of the rock merely disintegrates in pl_
01' is crushed to sand os it drops to the base of a eli!.
Continuously smooth surfaces are common, an~ lahlll
([eposits at the bRse of Na~ajo wolls are conspieuolIsl~
small.
COl.OR
I The pre\'"iling colors of t.he Nnmjo of sout.ht.rn
Utah are cream, tan, ond buff. In general, the n-
posures west of Glen Conyon and the WnterporJ..'1!t
Fold sbow li",hter ton<:>s than those about • t.lle Henry
o
Mountains nnd southeast of the Oolorndo R.ver. Some
outerops west of the Parin nro appropriately call~d tb,
White OlifTs, bllt light-red nnd yellow-red tints are
.Iso in evidence. No one color can 00 called c.hor~cter­
istic. White streab are common, ond two (jr mOn!
colors .ppe.. in every extensive expOsure. Over In
nrea of about 3 .quanl miles near Horris "'nsh , in
the Escalante Valley, the color of the sandstone is dis-
tributed ill fr"yed patches of light red, dRrlc red,
yello"", and white, a few hundred feet long and some
t~n8 of feet wide, At the wuth end of tbe Woter-
pocket Fold the nearly whit~ Navajo is traversed by
ba.nds and potches of red that are distributed olooe
nnd acros~ the lom;nae. (See pI. 4, D.) At tbe Burr
t"nil the Navajo is· gray-white; on Sand Wash and
Cottonwood Canyons, tributary to the Parin, 'he rock
h1light yellow, with durk. red streake and bl'o tches neAl'
the top.
An interesting color chn.nge w.n. observed in Payia
Canyon. Near ·t he mou!.h of Sheep Orook the vertical
wall. of tbe canyon U. cl'ealll-white ahove nnd dark
red below, Ind the sharply drown division line runs
horizontslly without regard to t ..'<ture, sU'atificat.ion,
or cro..-oodding, as if ~ rrd ba.,l border .bollt 20 feet
hi!!h had been painted with ~brush on R white ....11.
Thi. line marks the top of the allUVium, which at one
t.;D1e covered the ranyol' floor. Within the rock that
was deeply buriM by t.he fill t.he conditions for .ccu-
muluting and retaining tile iron pigment were more
ftI~orabre than within the rock th.t was eotpo!ed to
the atmosphere.
 JUlUSSIO FOIUIUI01l'8
A. stud1 of the N n vajo OTer wide area s in Arizona
nd Utah shows that its color has no stratigraphic
~ifielnce. Neither vertic.,lly nor horizont.lly is I.he
diatribuuo n of color causally relnted to texture, struc-
ture or age. For reconnai"".nce reports such ex-
~ons as White Cl iffs and Vel'milion Cliffs ore use-
rul but such terms os " Kanab , .ndstone " and '~ Colob
...dstone," bosed on color and i ndi catin~ time reln-
lioos, have liltle in tb r ir fnTOI'." Color is nn enter-
tRinin&r guide in a superficial study of Jurassic strata
b.t unreliable in determining chronology. Its chief
uluelies in the e"idence that it affurds uf conditions
of depa;ition nnd Inter physiogrnpbic history.
In iO for ns colors are significant they call fOI' more
precise definition than prrs~nt usage provides. In
most fiI'Ct.ions of the Nlvajo Ihe col or of the rocl, "s
I ... hole differs from Ihe color of ""me highly tinted
porta, and wenthered Pdl'ts differ from unwenthered
parts. The rock tha t is wet frQlll rains or that is
.ie...ed under overcast ski~s cliffeI'. in tone from dry
1'OCk thlt is seen in bright sunlight. Furthermore, the
~r Issigned to the some exposure c1iffers wit.h each
.bse.ver. It is interesting 10 ~ roDlpare th4! terms used
uy different field workel'~ to fXPl'l'SS the color of I.he
Nanjo. In describing 8.ctions nlong the Son JUI1Il
Rhoer )[ib-er spen.ks of the Nanjo IlS "cream-colored
10 yellow," "grny," and" bul," in place of Gregory's
upressions, " light, yellow," and" m,.rly white." For
the Henry Mountain region Longwell described the
Kanja IS" tan" and " I ~ n Rnd buff" in rocks that ere
If(orded by Gregory as " light red" And" yellow-red."
for u... W.t. rpocket Fold oncl the Escalante region
the lel'Dls U500 by Moore closely pRrallel tllOse used by
Gregory, ~xcept Ihat :Moor~ ~ee' different shades of
,.n0lt in certain rocks which GI'cgory describes as
lig\t red.
It nUly be significant Ihat in all the descripuons
lliser, Longwell, Moor~, Bryan, and Gregory use a
d,trerellt expression for Ihe rolor of the Wingate and
of tho Nanjo where Ih ose formations occUr io the
ume.oettion, lind that the Todilto (I) is everywhere
dllCrlbed IS of a color different. from either the Win-
plo or the Navajo.
~ CUTOW OROOP OF PAIUA VALLEY AI'ID WESTWAIID
West of Lees Ferry ond the Paria. Valley the Glen
C.IDYOII group in whole ond in part i, prominently
?U.played. Along a line 200 miles long the charleter·
ISIie features of the Navajo ano perhaps of the Win-
. . are "ell represented, but the Todilto (f) has not
- . l'e<:ognized and in pla.ces is probobl,. absent. The
~-nddisb lIne-gr.ined sand~tones i.n th, '~el'mili~n
_ 8 appear to correspond in hthologle, stratigraphic,
"~~1aIIo'" Ellsworth. and Goldthwatt. J . W., TIle BurrlC!aDe r..11
"L ....,...nnJe dlfltrld, Utab : llar"l'Ird Col1. MUll, Compo ZoeJon'
I .. 12, ~ 203, lOO~ .
67
and topographic character to the Wingate, but the
sl.ro~ are mOre thinly bedded thAn typiclll Wingate.
In_ZIOn .C.anyon the lo"er parl of tho Glen Caoyon
IImt exhibits peeulial'ities of jointing and 9eathering
that are characteristic of thll( Wingate but i8 not clearly
sepRrak!d from superjacent sandstone thut very closely
resembles Ihe Navajo. This condition has led to the
practice of describing the maS$ive Jurassic sandstones
west of Ihe Puis as La Plate or 01 undifferentiated
Xavljo and Wingnte. DryuD" CIAS5<'a " 1,100 to 1,200
feet of manive tao,."tlntially cl'oss-bedded red to buff
sand's tone" at Lees Ferry as Navajo· and Wingate.
Reeo.ide and nassIer" apeal\: of the JUl'lISIIic rock that
constitutes Steamboat Mountain as
nl ftESh'e cfOu -bcdded Sflnd»tone tlIDt 19 locnlly aU red but iu
moat plll ~ rod In lower pl\rt und white obove • • •
(h Rdng) A total tblckness of 2.100 teoct . DlosUl' lu sheer \VOn.
1.' b~l·e nVpetl f8 hfre to be nO break of UJll' kind In the .1l00stor.6
wnll; llot (,,'cn n Bingle sort lnyer i8 obsernlble.
In the SImla CiaI'll Valley "the cI'oss-bedding of
I.he upper white pa.rt is g striking feature and resem-
bles that of th~ Na.nia &nndstone forther cllst."
'The Wingote and N .."uj.o sandston ... have distinc-
t.h'e featu .... , but they also have Dlnny features in
common. As compared with the Wingate, ·t he N IIvAjO
j~ more generolly crosS-bedded, its constituent grnins
are less uniform ill size lind somewhat Ie... th'mly
cemented, it is mOl,\) colcareolls, it includes lenses of
limestone, and it is lighter colored. But in on th_
respects variations within the Wingate and within
the Navajo are considerable; ench feature of the Win-
gote probably is duplicated 8t some plnce in Ihe
NS".jo; and hand specimens of the two sa.lIdstone.
Illight be selected in ~ such It manner 'IS to make im-
possible the determination of their source. Further
difliculdes Ire, first, the prcsance at the top of the
Chinle of bedded sandstones sinoila.r to the W ingate
in lexture lnd composilion-a condition which has
I~d to different interpretations regarding the upper
and lower limits of the Wingate ; second, the expression
of the Wingate in places ns n ~I'i"s of Rlrat... insteau
of one massive bed; third, t.he p'cat v.riotion in
Totlillo (1) f!'Om limestone and calcareous shale t<>
shale Rnu thin sandstone, not ullcolllmonly CI'OSS- '
be..lded; fourth, the app0l'ent.Iy uninterrupted deposi-
tioll in places of III strata from the top of the Chi nle
10 the base of tile Carmel· formation .
On the buis of present field knowledge the division
plane between the Wingate and the Navajo eRn not
be dra .... n with aSljurance where the Todilto (1), or
I an unconformity representing it, is absent.
The difficulty of distinguishing the Wingate fl'om
the Navajo is illustrated by .the srt'angement and
"Bry", K Irk , 18 LonIitW~lI. C. B .. arid otbll'tl, 01). cit,. p. 18.
ft~. J. 8 ., Jr.. uG )1a.IIler, H.r\'er. 8trou"".phle aecflotUI la
MlUt".,estena Uuh ••d Dor1h~tt"rn Arllon": 0 , 8, Ot()I. BUrTf!1
(,,,,f , l'a~r l~. p, N. 19~2.
 TBII ItAll'.ROWITS R&GIO~
68
I
composition of tlte IItrata in the Paria Canron, .... here streRm the .walls of Glen Canyon are built ~sentilll,.
sandBtones that occupy the 8tratigraphic p06ition of of tangent'~lIy cross-bedded sn.ndstone, wIthout the
Wingate, 'l'odilto ('), and Navajo form the canyon VlS1ble partmg that on eroded ?hffs usually marks the
waU between the mouths of Deer Creek and Kitchen l'odilto (I). The upper half IS, however, much more
Creek tributaries to tho Paria. Throughout th.is 10· calcareous and includes at intervals many lenses of
mile ~tret~h of canyon tlu-... roughly defined sub· denee gtllY limest?ne, 1 inch to ~ feet thick, each trace_
oJivisionH are present: able along the chI" bees for dist8~~. of ~ few feet
1. Upon typical Ohinle shales lies a series of red to more than GOO feet . . Along Vermlhon Chff between
undstono strata very irregular in thickness and ex- the mouth of the Puna and Jacobs Pools the upper
tent and the thickest and most continuous sandstone IlIIlf of the Glen Canyon group, abo"e scatt.ered lenses
bern: immediately ovnJie the Chinle. In places the of timestone, is distinctly lighter red than the lower
•• ,·il!lJ consist of one massive bed thnt forms '" sheer half.
wall 100 to 200 leet high; more commonly the sand- At Lees Ferry tbe Cbinle is unconformably over·
.tono bed. are 10 to 30 feet thick and are separated lain by aoout 80 feet of orange-red to buff minutely
by discontinuous very dark ted shalelike lenses, th~ cross-bedded sandstone in beds 5 to 30 feet thick; one
surfaces of which are conspicuously marked by 8t1n of these beds, 2G feet thick, which is remarkably per.
crack., WOrm trails, and ripples. The length of the sistent and massive, elltends up the Colorado into tbe
longest lens noted is about 200 feet. Some of them Paria Platenu and .Ioog the Echo Cliffs and retei ...
arc little mOre than short, thick piles of fragments of throughout the texture and structure char8cter~ic
shale; others are mere films of slIn-dried mud. The of the Wingate. Above these heavy-bedded sand·
lelll'eft occupy no detinite hOl·izon; tbeir vel~ical and stones lies a series of sandy shalelike beds 6 inches 10
horizontal distribution appears bapha1.lrd. 6 feet thick. Within the layers of shale are co.ltareolll
2. Above the ,·udely bedded !lIIndstone is a Zone 20 . lenses of flattened clay pellets and limo shale and fine.
to 40 feet thick, witJ,in which the .andstone beds are gnlined cong:lomerute tha.t contains din08aur bones.
lI. nally thin and, AS In No.1, are· separated Or re- The upper two-thirds of the canyon wall is eompoo;ed
placed Iliong tile . trike by lellSCs of V."Y dark red of light-red c,·oss·bedded sandston.e, which begiu,
slindy ~hllle and conglomerntic mlls.-es I inch to 5 feet with bed. 10 to 40 feet thick and conlinues upward as
thh:k al,d 5 to 100 feet loug composed of lumps of "b~d 8(lO feet thick, massive eKcept for the presence
sand~tono Dud shale. The cement is hi.g hly calCllteolls, oC thin leuses of blue.gl·'.y limestone. When this Re-
and nmny of the shalelike (rllgmentR are essentially tion was measLU·ed in 1916 Gregory hesihted to asign
impure limrstone. This zor.e, with little yu';ation in any part of it to the TodiIto, in view of the facta that
poeition and char.cter, was noted at f·o ur localities within shOlt distances along the strike the alternating
sep.ratcd by several miles. shale and thin sandstone become thick beds, tbe eal-
3. 'I'he top sc,·c''Il1 hundred feet of the canyon wnll cBreous lenses lie ot no partiCUlar hOI·izon. and locol
is C>llIlnti.lly one mnssi"e bed of white or bulT-wnite uoconformitiea are many. This doubt st.ill remailLl,
sandstone intricately cross~bcdded throughout. This for BI·yan Tl has published .. seetion thilt sl~0"8 1,100
is tho" Or ..,. Clilf .andstone" of Dutt.on so promi. to 1,200 feet of !>IIndstone with no visible po.rtinrrs and
nent.ly displayed between the Paria River 'and Knnab with th" comment that" Ihe Todilto( t) formation is
Creek. apparently absent." Furthermore, Dryan includes in
In this series suWi.i.ion No. 1 differs 1(0111 ,mOdi. the upper pRrt of the Chinle nn unrecorded amount of
..i,ioB No. a in that its color i. red, its grains are finer . " heavy-bedded sandstono ond red shole," thua giving
its eroos-bedding i. mnch less developed , ita joint !ys~ the Chinle· a thickness much greatel' than any known
telns IrQ more complex, and ita stratification is entirely eJsewhcI'<l ill this I..,gioll. Recent stud,. of this ooction
ditrel'Cnt. by Moore lends to the conclusion tnilt sandstone beds
In th~ fie~d notebooks No.1 w•• designated Wingate, at Lees Feny and . westward .lon" t.he Vermilion
No.3 NaVAJO, and No.2 the equivalent of the Todilto Clia. have Wingote affinily and havo"'been inappropri-
with l'Ct-ognition of tbe fact thal as a whole it dill'e~ ateIy included in the Chinle hy severol authors. A
little fro~ lellSClt .in No. 1 and that if Todilio is pres- short distance west of Johnson Canyon he noted an
ent.ot all It may !~c1Jlde part. of J:lo, lor p_ibly.1I . uneonfo,·nlit,. at tho ~ of the red sandstone.
of ,t except tI.,e Ihlck cross-bedded strata immediately Brief examinations of many outcrops of lIesotoic
.boyo the Chmle. It wns also recogni<cd that No. 1 formations in no,·thweslerll Arizona, sout.hern Utah,
and No.2 combined lUay be a modified forlU of the nnd Nevada, combined with detoiled study of some of
Wingate.· them, lea,'es no doubt that thc lIlajor put of the
Near the month of tho Paria the threefold division ellOrmOl1~ white and red Jurassic (') cliffs, whid,
of the ~Iell CIIJI!On grollp (Na,·ajo, Todilto (f), Win- ."tend with few interruptions froD! the Paria to SnntA
[.,'Ilte) I. not eVIdent. Here 811d fOJ· n few nules up-
TT Lotl,w~n. c. R.• lIod ,otber.. op. cIt., p. 10.
pi

JURASSIO roRMATIOlf6 69
Clara and rea~pea,' i~ the ~uddy hlollnt.Hins Il~d stand high on the cliffs, U IUDSS of color bands that art!
Spring MountaIns of Nevada, IS composed of N.va)o broken by scores of canyons .
.andstone. To what extent t.he Todilto (i) and Win- In the E~alallte Valley the San Rafael group forms
Ita are represented remains to be determined. Cer- an uneven 6001' from 'Willow Crcek to Pine Creek,
~inlv these formations, where they are preserved west where erosion of the upper bed. of the group, which
of the Pari .. , lack the clear expression familiar to are involved in the Escalante monocline, has produced
workers in regions farther east, bllt there i. evidence the colored mounds, bench ..., and' ridges that give the
Co ,how that the Wingate in less massive form is trll<'e- village of Escalante its ottract;',. setting. '1'he
Ible from Lees Ferry at least to Kanab, and tlll~t the Straight. Cliffs, the northeast front of the KMparowits
ch.DgG in conditions of sedimentation represented by Plateau, show San Rafael beds at their base. Bellin-
Todilto (I) may be demonstrated at several places. ning at Alvey Wash with a few fcet of the upper
In Johnson Canyon, Utah, heds that al"e tentlllively , strRtn, the thickness gradually increases until at Fifty-
,";"ned to the Wingate include thin bed.. in additiofl mile Point the whole group is exposed in a terrace
to ~ne red, massive, intricately cross-bedded, fine- I that is capped by Mon'ison and Dakota (I) and under-
grained bed more than 200 feet thick, and the Todilto lain by Navajo snndstone. From Escalante the group
(t) may be represented by 120 feet of thin calcareous Call be tr_oed along the base of the Aquarius Plateau
sand6tone, including thin sheets of resistant limestone, but gradually thin$ ulltil north of the Circle Cliff. it i5
for the most part slabby and irregula}'_ Erosion has Cllt out by the Cretaceous-Tertiary erosion iUl·face.
stripped back the Navajo sandstone from the top of (See p. 116.) On tho east side of the Water pocket
these beds and left a terrllal more than a mi Ie wide, Fold the full thiokness of the San Rafael group iii ex-
abo\'. which rise the impressive White Cliffs. In the posed at the Bittel' Creek divide. South of this point,
Kannb Vlllley the Chinle cliffs are capped by regulnrly "'here its upturned strata form the bed of HilI! C,..,.k, .
bedded thin sandstone th8t leads up to heavy beds of the San Rafael is partly concealed, except on the
Illassive .andstone. About 240 feet above the Chinle mesas that stand back 'l'Om tho Wilterpocket Fold.
the sandstone is interrupted by , zone of sandy lime- (See pI. 19, A.)
st01le and chert, which 111i1Y represent the Todilto (t). In all Ihese al'eas the usual topographic expression
It seems not improbable that 'b y taking ca"eflll note consists of brightly colol'ed cliffs that a.re handed on
of the features that distinguish the Wingate and the n huge scale. A sloping base ,t hat. i. formed by the
Na •• jo, Bnd keeping in mind the wide ,'oriotiol) in Carmel, which rests on the N sVllio sandstone, is suc-
aspect of the Todilto (I), the Wingate may be tmced ceeded upward by the ma .. sive, thick cross-bedded
from the Paria to localities beyond the Virgin River Ent.rado undstone and by steep slop"" of co'lor-banded
and ehe Todilto (1) to the Kanab Valley. rocks (Smnmeryille) leading to green-white Morri-
SAlI' llAFAEL GllOUl' (JURA9SIC)
son, which i8 overlain by a resistant Dakota (1) cop.
As Q unit in the succefsion of great terracell that ex-
DLI:)TRTBUTION .... ND TOP'()O'U.PH~C J::XPRESSION I,I..,.S the Mesozoic rocks of the Kaiparowih region,
The Stln Rafael group is well displayed in the Kai- I the San Rafael beds are not an outstanding fea,t u ..e.
parowits region. On the Paria Riv.r A few mile. The great cliffs of which they form a part owe theil'
below old Paria village and north of the White Clift. persistence to the 1),,1<otl\ (!) snnrlstone, which pro-
it is very widely exposed. At Cannonville it fonns tects the friable bods beneath
the beautiftIUy banded walls which give that village The thickness of the San Rafael group dilfers re-
its picturesque setting. The Dry, Round, and Butler gionally nnd locally to a considerable degree. In the
Valleys are rimmed about with San Ro.1ael sandstones, Poria Valley thicknesses of 640, 700, 880, .10, and
and the mounds, mesas, and "chimneys It that rise 6l~ feet were measured i along Glen Canyon, 420,
from their ftOOI'S are remnants of widely spread friable 860, 800, and 12~ feet; in the Escalante Valley, 336,
sandstone, gypsum, and shale. (See pIs. 11, D; 22, D.) '170, 164, 600, and 380 feet; east of the Waterpocket
Along lower Glen Can von the San Rafael is trenched Fold, 910, 1,260, and 1,610 feet. These differences in
by Wahweap, 'Warm,- Kalle Springs, Last Chance, , thickness are explained in part by the . unequal de-
and Rock Creeks, which outline the brilliantly colored : velopment of the fOl'mations of the San Rafael group,
~1rer waU of the Kaiparowits Plateau as u crenulated in part by the d.lferent amounl8 removed by pre-
line of elill. whose carved edges meet abruptly the Morrison eromon, and also in part by the difficulty
wavy red surface at their base. On both sides of the in some loclliues of determining the base of the
Colorado River the /Desas a nd towers of San Rafael Morrison.
beds, capped by MOl'rison and Dakota ('), ri&& high Striking small-scale erosion for/IUI are characteristic
above th. wide platform of wind-swept Navajo sand- of the San Rafael. The g,·eat irregularity of bed-
aWne. (&! pIs. 10, A, 0; 22, A.) .4.t the southeast ding, the different amounts and kinds of cement, and
end of th. Kaiparowits Plateau the San Rafael bed. the rapririons disl ribution of color favor the produc-
 TIJE K.I!PAROWITS REGION'
70
tion of moullds, tables, balls, and mushrooms, t.ilted
• t various angles and dceorated with color stripes of
various widths and tones. Especially in the thin-
bedded sand~tones erosion has left lpoolo, tpindles,
and U stone babies" of {antlStic.shapes, some of which
ha"e smooth surfoces and others ribs and bo"like
.heh-es. With changing light g they assume the ILP-
pellrance of birds and ILnimals and the legendary be-
ings of Piute mythology. Although these figure. are
commonly but. few in"hes Or at most a f~w feet high,
the absence of .,,!:rounding debris make.' them con-
spiellou, .nd givtl6 the effect of g"otesquely cll"ved
surfaces hundreds of squ ..re feet in .rea.
O&~EBt\L Bl"IIATlGR.-\l' IIlC '\1'D LITHOLOGIC }'EATURES
When traced along the strike, the beds thot consti-
tute the San Rofael group re"•• 1 many changes in
thick,n""", texture, ano:l aggreglltc composition. Note-
book sketches of th~S<l bed. sho\\' cliffs Ind .Iopes
diffe,·.nUy related to each other Md at differeut alti-
tude. obove the Navajo. In the section at Cannonville
thick IDllssive clilT-mRking beds occur in the middle
and neRl' the bottom. In the corresponding section cn
Cottonwood C''Celc the lil'st clift' maker is nea,. the top.
In some plRCes very soft sandstone Rnd sholelike beds
wnstitut. o. much ns 75 per cellt of B section, but else-
whore the hOJ'izon above the Carmel formation i. oc-
c\!pied in a lorge part by thick fairly ha rd massive
bcd.. Singlo beds or ...ndston. split. up along the
strike, and their tol' or bottom or middle is replaced
by .hnlc i also tbe continuity of a series of beds of
.h.le O1"y be inte.Tupted by huge lellses of sandstone.
Withill • distonce of 40 feet /l bed measured ncar
Cannonville breaks "l' into six beds seporated by
lumpy shale. III a brood sense the Sun Rafael i. com-
1>06e(\ essentially of sandstone in mn~sive beds .nd
shaleIike bed. and contains slIbo"diute amounts of
gypsum and limestone, but in detail two exposures
that Ii. less thou 10 mil"" npo.-t m.y be sufficiently
unlike to justify dilTe.loent .ubdi,·isions and descrip-
tioll'" Gyp.llIll1 o..'Curs at several horizons. It ranges
in amount from di. seminuted grains to beds that ex-
ceed 50 feet in thickness and are continnous for sev-
eral miles. Limestone i. inconspicuous at the expo-
Sllre' ~udied in the Kaiparowits region, but calcareous
lilyers constitute perhaps aile-sixth of the beds.
Cross-bedding is characteristic of all the oaudstones
of tIle San Rafael gl'0up. III the thicker beds it is
display"" 16 a beau~iful tracery af curves, rllised in
reliof by weathering, and dOsely resembles that of the
Navajo sandstone. In the thinner bed~ i~ appears a.
curves Bnd as truncated series of thOl't parallel lines
ab~pt~y te.rminated by othe,' iinel at different degrees
of mdmftt,on . Ccmmonly ~he cross-bedding laminae
Moe separated by a film of scattered groins of la"gel'
size thnn those in the body of the ,rock.
The dominant colo.' of the San Rafael gI'OU,p' and of
Its parts differs from place to place. In the Glen Cia .
yon district prom ;lIent bands of dark r ed are Inter_
strlltified with white, and in the upper valley of the
Paria the prevailing tone of the sandstones \9 bright
yello,v-red. In a few places t,he group loses its attrac-
tiYe featUl'es and becomes in general du'll gray. The
color of the San Rafael ""ndstones-massive bccla and
"huly beds Illike-nl'ies directly with the amount and
character of the cementing material. Rocks frOOl
which cement is prllctically absent are white, as a",
IIlso the crlUllbling surfaces und the dunes that have
immediately resulted from the "emo"al of uncon..,li_
dllted matel·ial. The groins that compose ti,e white
J'ocks, the dunes, Bnd also the hand specimens after
the cement bas been eliminated are composed of clear
quartz, n£sociated with some white ield spol', very small
dmOtlrit. of biotite, and rare mugnetite. Where pres-
ent, the cement of the white and green-white rocks is
~"lcite, or cllcite und ferrolls iroll, or calcite Rnd gyp-
SUJll , Qr o&ld te, fel'rous iron, and gypsum; the grains
of rocks thnt .how dominant yellow tonea ore held to-
gether by calcite and limonite, and the distinctly red
<ock. have for cemellt calcite and fe"rie iron. The
deeply colored red rocks .,·e those thut hBVe the fiues!;
grains. In some of them the iron between and around
the quartz graillS equals in amount 'the grllillS them-
selves.
The patches and streaks and large continuous areas
of color are distributed without r eference to any
known controlling facioI'. In general, it appea~rs that
I!niformly yel!O\v 01' light-red tones chamctedze Iftrgll
rock masses of uniform texture, and that discontinuous
Itrens of dark red, g"een, und white characterize masses
of vorying texture. Also in geneI'm, white bands lIS-
socillted with yellow and light red are most common It
01' near foliation surfaces and ulong cross-beddin,
laminae. But there a"e many exceptions. Disk, of
white stand out conspicuously on un otherwise red
wall, and frayed ribbons and streamers of whit~ eros
.nd recross dill fIlces, seemingly regardl.."a of ~trllC­
ture or texture, .s if ..hit., paint had been capriciously
applied by human h. nds.
Observntion seem. to wal'l .. nt tIle snggestion that the
.... hite qUR.tz SInd of the San Rafael sandstones ,..85
converted into rock by the infilt.ration of calcite and
thnt the calcite cemeut was progressively replaced by
irou. On this assumption part of the wldte rock ,..-
moins as originally formed lind part doubtless owes it.
whiteness to the blMl'hing of all or part of the cement·
ir.g material. That the cement from the interior of the
rock is in proeess of removal to the surface is indicated
by " casehal·dening." The surfoce of mQny outcropa,
~peci.lly of m.s.i~e beds, cOMisf.li of a shell of tightly
cemented material , bacle of which the rock is merely aD
aggregation of loose SIInd groins. Waters from tile
 JITRASSIO FORM,.'TIOIf8 71
t." small sprinlP that i.sue frolll the red and yellow on the well-defined lithologic w,its established by
rooks aDd Ihe ro.inwnsb o\'er their surfaces hl\' e very Cross," who chose the term "McElmo formation"
little calcium sulphate but hold greater amounts of for beds that" correspond closely to the Morrison and
... \ciuro earbonate and iror' oxides than the waters Como beds and thQ Flaming Gorge group of Powell "
trom the white rocks or even f,'om th& brown rocks of olld concluded that" it is probable that the marine
toe overlying Cretaceous. The efflorescence about some Juraosic horizon belonga between the La Plota and
suips III,., a reddish tone, the McEhno formations." Lnpton" followed Cross in
An unconformity appears to exist locally at the base trenting th. strata between the IA Plata sandstone
of the SIlD Rafael, and there is 8 widespread erosional and the Dakota aa a single form ..tion, the "McElmo,"
break at its top i in some places nn unconformity mny but outlined" members" that have widely divergent
b<! demonstl'llted in beds thot imlllediately overlie the I f ...tures and history and made the significant remark:
loweB! thick cross-bedded sandstone (Entrada), But "It is possible that th. bad contohung thi. [marine
iu mnny places those relations &1'0 by no meaDS clear, Jurasoie] fauna is oldor thin th. basal beda of the
.Dd conel..tions between meAsured section. al'8 mnde typiCIII McElmo." Doke" subdivided the" McElmo
IIlOre difficult by the presence of mftny local uncon- formation" into" upper McElmo, Snit Wnsh member,
tormities tbat perhaps have regional significance. ond lower McElmo" (fos3iliferoua zone with Sun-
Certainly some IJf them hoyc only loe"l manninA', for dance founa). The terminology of Cross was adopW
it i. unreasonable to Q8SUme thAt sHch unlike beds as by Grogory;n mapping the ~onjo counlFy, but satis-
alike up the San Rafael hlll'e resulted from uriform facto,'Y correlation of the beds that ol'erlie the Navajo
conditions of deposition. with the" MeElmo" at its type locality incrM""d iu
difticulty lIS the series w.... traced northwestward, On
AGE "'~-D (".()DULATION
t·he Moenkopi Plateau th. presence of limestone ond
The series of beds tbat overlies the Navajo sand- much CalClU'COUS shale between typical ," McElmo "
stone and is terminll.ted up,,"or.;! by the Ddkota( I) sandstone and Navajo sandstone and the uofanulia<
iIUIdstone presents problems in correlotion and in ' 6xpretioion of the Navojo itself mode it seem desirable
det~"nillation of the conditions of deposition that so ' to describe the beds occupying the general horizon of
fir hQ\'e not been solved, In the plateau country these the marine Jurassic as " undifferentinted Navajo ",nd
bed$ extend from the Zuni Mountains of Nelv Mexico McElmo."
norlhward OCrOSS the Navajo Reservation into western A study of the equivolent strota north of Glen Con-
Colorado and eastel'll Utah and north westwllFd thl'Ougb yon showed that although beds that resemble the
lOuthern Arizona and Utah to points beyong the Vir- " ?fcElmo » sandstone ond shale of McElmo Creek are
gin River. Throughout this ,'ost ",rea the sel'ies has preg()nt, beds quito diffel'ent in composition Ilnd origin
SOllie feutures in common, but these features are not IlJld probably in age occupy the strntigl'opbic position
lontinuously displayed and do not all occupy th. same of the" McElmo" lind led to the belief that a contin-
.. ratigrnphic positions_ The ..ttempts to correlute u.tion of the previous correllLtion is likely to serve 110
tllene diverse beds chiefly on the bltsi. of lithologic uscful purpose, A ne'" claesification was therefore
stuJies "t widely sepal....ted localities, on the border of adopted for tbe $Odes of !Jedg in southern Utah be-
.n u'ea exceeding lOO;()O(} square mil"", has na.turally , t ....een the top of the Navajo land.tone ond the lower-
led 10 unsatisfactory results, In the Henry Moun- most stratum assigned to the Dakota (t) sandstone,
lains Gilbert" assigned to thQ "Flaming Gorge In this tentative classification three fonnntions with
group" 111 bed. between the White Cli. (Navajo) local nlmes went assigned to a lowe,' group, deter-
sandstone and the Cr~taceous, and in the Paria Valley mined as of Upper Jurassic age, and the remaining
Rowen" included equivalent beds in a measured lee- rtrata were recognized as the equivalent of the
lion that is difficult to inte''Pret. Of the beds in the KMcElmo" or Morrison, of Jurassic or Lower Creta-
Escalante Basin Dutton" remarks: ceoUI age, While the present report was being pre-
A1'I>1Iud tbe IK't\\'Ork or ClDyona lIihutal'J to tho JCaoaIlDte. pa,-ed, studies by Gilluly and Ree.ide sbowed that
the Tn •• and lur. "'ere IItterl, IJlIIccet8lble, 'Dd Ibe Joeatl.D JurL""ic formations corrt!llponding in general with
ot'be leForO'iD" borl •••• ,,'nl InCerred rrom 'he color or lbe those In the KaiJlClrowito region are '1!presented in the
bod. aU<! 'b. orronK"",eut oC Ibe r"""" led,.. viewed' !ram. Son Rafael Swell. To ovoid duplication of forma·
cn.tllK'e. tion nameo stratigraphiC term. applicable to bolh re-
Moat geologists working in Colorado, Arizona, and !!ions were selected, Beginning .t tbe top of the
Dllh have found it advantageous to base correlations Kavajo th_ fonndions Ille the Carmer, Entrada, Cur-
• CroiUl, WbILasu, ned bed. of .,ut,b1\'ett.ern Colorado .04 tlMlr
eorreJaUoD: QeoL 8oe. America BUill •• 1'01. lB, p. 408. lOOn:.
• Lapooll. C. T .. GeolofQ' &.nil coal retOUfcn oC c..tle 'faller. Utab:
U. S. Cool. Surn:~7 Boll 628. pp. 23-20. HUa.
• Dob, C. L.. Horlaon ot tbe lIl.rlpe Jurll.. lc oC Uta": JOIl', Oeol-
0D. vol. 21, p. &U. 191..
 THE IUIl'AIIOWlT6 JlEQIOl<'
72
tis and Summerville fonnalions, whicb constitute the
Sa~ Rafae! group. Abo.. them lies the Morrison
formation, wbich is tentl&ively considered Lower Cre-
taceous. The Curtis formation i. _ntially restricte"
to the count"y north of tbe Fremont River. These re-
I.tion. are .hown in Plate 5.
C AJillEL FOJI ....T10N
Powell" noted the presence of -limestone contain-
ing Jurassic foesil." as Q capping of tbe gray clilTs
next Above tho Vermilion Cliffs, and Gilbert" snys:
Upon both torks o( fbe Virgin River ond upon I[nnob Cref'k
I found lurUfile forms (lnducllnl C.'npton.ec/~ kllf,trwt ...
nnd Peu'ocrffl .. ' .. lui'eM.' In I· cNnm-eolol'e<1 8rt'nneeoWJ
l~lDellfo"e. Ind tbEl)' nppart'd (0 be rHlrleted to n brk'( "Tt'r.
tk'!al muse.
8b.l.. with <...1.
O)1*lferous IiholH:
Roolli.y """1.______________________ ______ 100
Mit. _"'l . hAle ... lth bo ..1a of np.um______
Crelu.~lnrcd RC«lle ({lNIII!upol. n!enreotnl aD(}
1r('Oaceo•• bc<1$ :
Bf"tIde1J llmestoDPI (CQ.,ptoncott,. IRooaa·
....J------------------------------------
CltlenJ'eoDJ ab.. 1e 'ft'Jtb lome lonIl __ . ______ __
Cnlf'lrem1l1 lf'Ct:le 1III00~totle; lIondstone .ba!y
tUWDl'd too 1.I.~ (PbIJla)__________ _______
Solt red "bnle ____ ___ _________ ____ __ ____ ___ ____ ______
MnMlve tro..·hctkled .nDcI~ton~.
Howell's "section from Last Bluff [Table Cliff]
south-southwest 86 mil .... "" lists WO feet of bfds ftS
Jura~sic:
r,.".,
& -diolt
Pnle·red DlRRVC!'
To" .. Cliff aCH" ' -lJO;I'l-M:f,lwun.. Via"
cru.~h.dtlr.d snud. t<llle_______________
Varlecntl'd cn>JJtermw (tIPI~ wHh rreen IlDd .ta.te
roJoh ut Ibp tOI'_________ _____ ____ _________________
I'ulr.·ydluw (~roll~·bcdded rflkllreoo. IGnd.!ltone________
Red, rcllow, purple. 8D(1 ,I'll)' 'lItarls 1t..1" DDd foud-
tIotonH ----. ___ - ________ __ _______ ___._ ___ ___ ____ __ __
H.owen .. recognized equivalent st.rata on Dirty
DeVil (Fremont) Rh'er, 780 feet thick; "011 the .ollt.h-
weAt aide of EilCAlnnte River," 980 to 11S0 feet thick,
at. Pine ].fountain, 1,200 feet. ' ,
EOltwl.r(l it thin. out rftpldb·. until in eAstern ArizoDIl And
!n Now l[nl<o It pr~bl1 dlaapp.. ro o"th..,\f. Bods e.ldonUy
tlPlonlrlna to thitt Rri<"f. were aetoe Dt>ar the Moenkopi, but DO
d@ftnlte III... nt Ih.lr Ihl.tn... eould b. obt~llI.d.
".-.w@ll. J, W., ......a.nt. . ., t~ Cel.,... IllfeJ' of tM "'tift
It. trt.lW;hl.rIH, , . 1. ., lii&.
"GmwrL, 0. K.. U. 8, Get'll, .~ Geol. SOnr" " . leotll lIer.
Itep .. col. I, p.. 11", 1S'i4.
• •dr., ... liD.
-l:Iow,ll, 10:. R. • .,. 'CIt., ,. HI.
-Ilk-lID, pp. :1:81. 24ii.
Dutton" speaks of the Juraso;ic as
• ~des of brtgbt·red: fossiUferou9 shales - • - beds ........
vary mucb I. quaHty. lOme being calenreouli, BOme gypelfer.
I OU' ••d albers thJnly bedded Mudstone i • - - tbe CI1a.r.-
OU5 Jayers abound 'a typical Jurass,lc fossil •.
In tbe Kanab Valley tbey comprise 500 feet 'of
"calcareous shales, limeston(l$, and gypsiferous shale.."
Walcott" records 960 feet of beds between Whit.
Clift' &andstone and demonstrably Cretaceous beds. In
"cream-colored mBgllesian limestone and snndy mala,"
110 feet above the base, MyaUn<t- ~p. ', (JamptOMcI.,
~61I;"tria/.w, O. emtenualt>Rf, C. stygfu8, Peat,.. n. Ip.,
ltIyophqria m..b-i1ineata, A8ta:rtef sp. l, Trig()'ff,ia.l.p.',
Ostrcca ItrigileCtila, and Solu:J-iulTIl.f sp. were collected.
N@ar Glendale, Utab, Stanton" found 1 to 8 feet
of red sbale, 292 feet of fossiliferous limestone and
shale, 135 feet of soft red sandy shale~, and 16 to M
feet of gypsum in turn above the Navajo.
In sections measured on the Colob Plateau Let"
includes 4() feet of (ed shale and gypSlIlO Dnd 250 foe!
of brown earthy limestone o\'erlying massh'e Junssie
13ndstone, and Richardson" records 800 feet of vari-
roO colored shale, sandstone, gypsum, and marine lime.
100 b10ne bela\\' beds refened by him to the Color.do
group.
Foosiliferous and gypsifcrous marine beds on the
30 east Allnk of the SaR Rafael Swell were noted by 0;1.
GO
bert," who placed tbem .t the base of his "Flamilll
00 Gorge group"; by Lupton," who classed them as baSllI
lW "McElmo "; and by Emery," who considered tbl!m
00
equivalent to the Todilto of the Navajo country. Near
Loa, in the Fremont Valley, Dake'" measured 859 fe«.
, of shale, saudstone, limestone, nnd gypsum 8bo\'~
white cross-bedded Navajo sandstone. From equin-
lent beds a few miles distsnt Pent=rinu81JJhitn Clarl,
Oa:tnptontctt8 plat6Mi!omWl White, and Trigoni.
.....
126
lJuadrtmgulari8 wel'e collected. From limestone 22
feet above lbe Navajo sandston!) in Capitol Reef Wast.
fossils collected by Gregory in 1918 were identilled by
liG Stanton o. Ostrea Itrigfl«tJ1a Wbite, Ca:rtUnitJ D. sp.,
'1G OamptO'llecte8 .tygiul Whit.e, and TrapezWm.1 sp_
12G • DuHo•• C. It , Rc-I'ort OD tbe geolo" of the IIi,b Pl atnUil o.f UUItt
0. Hit , U. S, Ceol. and Get.l. Surv('), Rock)' ~ltn. ne.loo.
J8M:
'l'ht liT' bt.wry of Ibe Grand CalJ:J'o:t dhrtrkt: U. S . Q('OI. Iarft)'
'lI01I . 2. p. :lG, lR82.
- W.k'Mt, C. D., 8ec1loD IQC!Qlu"ed In Kon.b VaneT •• U7t, II
CJ'ou. '\\'bUaM.O, .nd. Hllwe, ErD"t, Rf!d bedll of ilOUtb~·f!'ot.rn eo..,"'"
anll their correlation : Oeo1. Soe. Atnerlco. Bull .•
48.i, 1·90:..
1'0}. lIS. ,p. 484-
~ StJ\'bton·, T. W., unptlblhrhcd Dote •.
III'Lee. W. T ., Tbc lroll COUDI)' COI).l field, ut:a.b: U. I, 0801. lurver
lIull. 318, P. 302, 1007.
• Rld... l"tlMo. O. B .. The B nJ'IOODY. Celob and Raa" eoal I ' "
~tl\rr'1l (ltak: O. 8;. OtoL 6.. "el ~!), sf), Po 181. looL
111 Gill·... rt. Q . K., Re(lOrt 00 tbe IP!OIOU .r tbe Heol'J' 3IICM1Dtalal.
~ : . U. a. Geo...... 0<.>01. 9un., Roc:\3' lite. bet:doe. 1880.
. JD
d
Lupton, C. 7., GeologJ altd <:0,,1 rea.ourc:n 0" C. .Ue
OIrlloa, 5:me".. end Sc"lf'c CQUDtlES, Utah: U. S. Gear. Buy,," . .
"aUt, ,.
1
.r.
I"", .. ~'•• 9.8.
.. E_.", lV, .. , Ttle GrK-A River Destrl aedion: A.m. 1M!'. lei.•
.t~ Tot. 48. pp. 631-G31, 1918.
nake. c. L., The bor.SOII ot tbe marine Suraq le of utall: loar.
000100'. 1'oL 2i. p. 638 . 1919.
•

r. ::; . (a; O;:'OG I C,'-L SU R" !:: Y

pnOF[S8 10:-: .... L r" N.: n IG-t r LA'n: 8

:1 , VIEW l.oOKING Non"l1 AC HQSo\ COLO RAOO R! \' I·: n "' ..:AU LJ.:I~'S ....:Rlly
T ille.t tw ndl i:s "'{ld.: 10 )' nl lI",iY'1j Shilin rufIlp ("I)nq:loanr, tllo', llzmrlr..1 'I oaolopi ,Lr,II :. UIIOOflrc.malil., \1'11"'11 .. It", ~!\i"'ln"lI ll.
CMo!a rormnl iou iu hu"."n.'<II' I)d. •

H. IIt.:Tn; OJ" (: 111 1'\ 1.1-: 3 1-1.\1.1:-: C:HPl.;o UY JOI NTEIJ \\J NC; ATF. 5,\:'11 0 , s'rON'F'.. I~
. •SOliTIlW ESTt'UN
. , I',\ltT
.
OF f: II\C LI': c:1.1t··..~
·. 1 l I .jIUJ Iho fl rll in rQ,..~~rmH.ui by .t"l
j'\'vle ~ rr~: t ..,f joint-. 1)11 \\ 1: ... lI, r. rinj{ IJf l h" :.I, Od"h\'... . Thl; . lotI" Ii Cotttl!lt I L,. (., , lItu·:,. ra fl,
::3hilKlrulllP co~IOfD('flll I U.
 PROFESSIOSAL PAPER 161 PLATE 9
U . 8. OEOLOOICAL SURVEY

A. W"I.I. ew C:OI.OII ... DO nI"F." 0 MIJ.E3 ABOVE MOUTH or TI-It: r.;SC,\LAl'iE

n. 1I0NI:::\'(:0:-'1I} WK\TIIERI NG IN DLOCK OF WING.-\TI~ ::\AN DSTON E, slI..n:n

....-\f'1..S C,-\ NYOi\'
 o. s, . GEOLQGlCAL SUR\':~\" PlIon:S ~ IO~ .\L I',\I'I-;U Jfi.4 PL:\TE 10

A . {jl..t:N CANYON Wt:ST OF KANt:: CRF:r~K

GUJl"i;;hl Huu(\, shO'l'o'1l in lim VMtw. ill L.'U III]'IQIiCd 1.,( 11M' Summ'!f,·m6 (~). Mad Enlmda
MOmlil:lfl, ro rrll ,'li"ll~ on n wKjn
b~ nc.h of l.he~Cllrm el farmatlon. which "\(,llIl" to t.hoo rocqrounJ.

n, W..-.U. UOlWE:n1NG I\ANE Cnr::EK

Conl:\ct (It J:: f1 l.r ~ J:\ . odSl(I f)(\ .. flo!! Curmd f onn:l. •.ion.

C C I FN Ca..NY O~ Nt·:AR MOUTH 0'" WAlnl Sf'lUN GS Cfn;EK .

" • ..• ". , ' , 1'/111 Todilt'l (~) fOr{nul.:on j,. O:> 1pu....'J ' W'<r tlu: "n'r ](0 •. 0'1 .
The n.·arly ~'rr l i.~;u dilT ill forrm... 1 of NIlVlljO ",-
."" ,ld!i(lW\'e.ph I . " I " Ln Bu.'
l -n QIi)fl"J''' ')..... . "
 pnOI'Es...<;Im'AL PAI'en I~ PT• .\'l'r: I I
n. s. (;1::0f, OGICM, s un.' EY

A. !lANDED 111·:n AN I) wllrn: ,"-',,,' ',,,' O".,, 'l '(J'',' r.A I r. ""IU::OUS SfH,LI:: OF r:A IlM E r. F OHMATlON NEAll
'u", ,.....
" , "I)
Tltl;: C I"\C"S~ING OF Till:: l",\TIIl!:ns

s,A"" ' I>~TONI!i OYimUtN flV (lANDED SUM MEIWILI.l-: 81'\\ .\T.\ AND
II. r.I.IFF 0 ).' :\!.\AAI\'.; }O;-:\'TIUO.\
C:\l'rEO U\' tU:M:\A-"HI Of ~lORlllOO:'" S.","OSTO='it-:, I{AU's cnf..p.K ' ·ALI .EY SEAlI n .\KEH ""N CH
 I' ROJo'E SjlO~ .\I. 1'.\1'EIt 1(,1 I'LA 'J' t:! ~

A. S( ~\n rHo' HlPl)L E ·~1A1H\lm SIIALY SAi'ODSTOi'OE l i\' C:\IHlt:L

FUH:\(A T lON. ·to io'!':I=;T A1l0 \' E TOI ~ O}o' NA V.\J O 11\ DRY CA!\'·
YO1\'. 8 0Ul'HW~1' Or' C:ANNON " lI~L c.;

c. cnos.s-Jlf.OOEn r::-.lTJtAD,\ S,\NOSTONE NF.AR CANNON\,fI.U~

 rHoYY.SSION.-\T, PAl'EH 1(,; Pf .....:n; 13
U. S. GEOLO GI CAl. S["rtn: y

A. . D .\ND~D ~JJ.\I.Y S U ~UH: II\' ILU~ OJ S,\NnSToNE I :'IIIL1=: SClLJ'JI\\' ~'I" OF GAN~'Oj'l/ \'rLLE

IJ. MOl\R180N P} SANDSTUNE 0:'1: LOWER WAHW.I::AP CRt:.I::K

 ,rlJR.ASS1O POIUf.TIONB
The 45 to 450 f eet of beds along upper Glen Canyon
nd the Waterpocket Fold that lie between the Navajo
•",ndstone and a " very mllSSlve . so f
t 'lIght creamy-
white, tan, orange.red cross-bedded sandstone" were
grouped by Longwell a nrl Moore" as "gypsiferous
sbales and sandstones" and placet! at the" horizon of
marine Juntssic "-" Todilto (1) formation of Em-
,ry," "included ill McELmo formation by Lupton."
In the Diamond VlIlley, 15 lIules north of St.
George, Utah, and oVeI-lying undifferentiated Wingnte
ind Nal"Ujo, Reeside and Bossler" ,found about 460
feet of" grecnish-grny, crcllm-colored, and brown fos-
siliferous marine limestone, underlain by brick-red
snndstone, shale, and gypsum." Included fossils" fix
Ibe age as undoubtedly that of the marine Jurassic of
the region,"
Thc ob"ions utility of fossiliferous beds as a horizon
marker in the midst of thousands of feet of unfossil-
iferolls strata led Gregory and Noble' to stndy the
'marine Jnrassic" in the Pnrnnuweap and Kanab
Valleys at loculitics "nere fossiliferous limestones had
been noted by Powell lind Dutton and to trace these
beds or their equivalentg westward to the Diamond
Valley and eastward to Roel, Creek.
In tbe Long Valley (upper Virgin YaUey), begin-
ning at the hend of PlI.runuwenp Canyon, fossiliferous
marine Jurnssic is exposed on the down-thrown side of
the fault that murks the wcst base of the Pnllllsaugunt
Plat.eau- the Sovier fault of Dutton, Near the village
of UOllDt. Cal'lIIel beds that lie betwe.en the NIL,'ajo
"ndstone nnd struta. assigned to t.he Cretaceous form
low cliffs, mesas, ridges, and rounded knobs that are
distributed as foothills lending upward to the in-
h'ie,tely dissected Colob Plateall. lIIeDsul'ed sections
include at. their base n series of limestone, shale,
gypsum, and friable sandstone, for which the lIame
Carmel formotion hilS beeu proposed.
STRATIGIlAPRIC SECTIONS
A composite section made "l' of fin partiul sec-
tions at the type locality of the Carmel formution-
all the beds not exposed at anyone place-consists
of the following beds:
S{J(1{Q)l. 01 Cal'mel !annatton. between. "'irgin ,R.iur brl4gc §n'
a p(liJlt about P nJ.-ile.s 1Oe..~t of Mount Oarmel -.lllogc. Cltall
[~('flIurC'tl by Herbert E. Grf,orrl
Cfetllceons: Feet
23-30, SaDdstone. buD'. brown, coarse, aDd _hale,
with oou1-- _______ _______ ___________ ____ 200+
Cr"uccous (7):
Morrison (?) !onno.lioD-
22. Sandstone, white, with greenlsb .~.le ~ dbl--
integrates readily i thlcknelS ecUmated__ ®
-LonJ:'lJell, C, n., and othel"8. op. dt.. p. 4.
~Rft:lldc-, J. B .. Jr., Bnd BaslIlcr, HDney, .~. dt .• JIP. ,",', eot.
eratory, B . E .• and NObl~, L. F., ~olel' '" • po...,;tc ..l l.ra\"en:e
~l'(Idl lriIIobo.\·e. Calif.. 10 the mouth or SaD JUAll' Jlf\'u, Ut..tI: Am.
OUt. Set.. 6t1l a('r., \'01. ri. p. 231. 1023.
73
Jnraeslc:
SumOltnille: (1) for.nut'ion~
Ft·C't
21. Sandslone. bnn(jKj .. lternatel" lltle red uhd
",bite, thin 'b edded, weakly consoUdated;
is essentially i ('01«:1,1'1(1". Iud C'l"Pllff>tl.lus
sUL_____ _____ ____ ____ __ __ ____ ___ ___ __ _ 130
COI'D'lel tormatlion-
20. Liructltl)ne, gru1, land.)!. o()lLUc in (>art. u 14:"ns
30~ feet IouI': tral'ments' of TriOonla. ond
0811'(."(1.__ __ • ________________ .• ______ __ ___ 1,.J
19. SlIndstone, houded pole rl!;J ond wblte , Hr.e
grained, tdnble __ .. _____________________ 13
IS. Gypsum, wbite. lumpy; ubse-nt 120 feet d is-
tunt nlollr titdke _____ .. __ ... ______________ 3
17. Sandstoue, red and gr("eD. wblte bunded;
in composition l1ke No_ 19______ ________ 12
IG. G)'p:rum" wbltl.....gret"8, Imeoded lufo muses
like I:rlsde In bo(.-on... _____________ ..,.. __ _ 16
]G. Shulc. wblte, gJ'pJllferolJtI and arel~"t:eOOp__ ~
H. GypliUID, wblte aad p'eeo, '•.-ltb pink teD~e:J
:neat lot): evonl" be(]ded, brea.k., into
sbeet~ obout 1 Inch thick_______________ ·1
]3. uneonrorJuitJ"; pocl(i.-ts [n eroded surtllce
nre ftJled wIth ~rnt'et thnt ~()n8btl ot peb-
bit'S ond fr:lgmGJl t~ of quortz, treeD lIIud
sbnlc, ulld red sho.Ie.
12. Sanchitoue ~b, .. In('bu to e, reet tMe).;.;
lo~-er 30 t~t alternate))" bond(.-d wbite
Illld pnkt red, '1'Uh 501I1~ bJ'lgbt"red aDd
gr~n I\treRt..~~ uplJer l)(lrt hns )'ellow C4atj
mnny beds nry unew·'n nud jDtlud.~ thlu,
short lC1l1C.'i or contorted 1uIJIPJ calcareous
mud. greeD Ilme !!llltlll, nnd buil pluty
Ume6l'onc i beds crl~t5cro:s:sC(l with streaks
of whl~e; In eOBl])otdtion iJke No. 19____ OS
11. Lll.Oeston., lI~ht grO)1 'tl,} CfeuJU-colon-d,
£lenSl"; brittle, hn ro; lower part in oell:"
3 to 5 feet thick; upper part split1'l hHQ
slubs 1 to 3 incttf'S tblck; topmo...,t bed
wade porons by remo\'al DC ('IIlY IlQU-
utes; :."ol1nUon Hur(I\Ce'9 PJ'OfUs,l!Iy l'iI>pJ~
Jllflrke<1; contains 7'rI,()II{a (JluJ4ratl"1I1a~'j8
UnU and Wblt.flehl, Do.dnia. 1/lranica.
Whittle-Id, and uD<letcrmloL"d gO,J(r0{lOds :
forms cops or mesns ______ -:- _____________ ~S
IV. Sflole, gray 10 bull', In 1>Il11Cr-lbln O\'er-
Io.pping bellB, calcareous; foliation sur-
.fnces .1Dootb and 'tfstenlng____ ___ _____ 10
V. Limestone. crellm-cnlored. de~ • • hnrdl, IUi-
Ct...~Oi., wittl thJn leu_'ICa aod sellm.. of
<"Ilel't; bl'eolt... "'~tb NDC!holdul (rli;lllre__ 1%
8. 5hftlc, Iikel No. 0; forms slope on all DleSllS
In ttLll vlelnU"________ _____________ ____ SU
7. Lhll~8tone, buff, eerLhy. one JDossllO'e bed;
top ('t)Dsllt!f lafi!ely ot broken lihells.____ 2
O. Sbille, ealcareou, and lreollcoous, Dod tbin
flIrt,by Iimcstont, Ira7 to cream-colorcd,
lIuky. friable. in dlscontlJmoun beds; fQs-
slls ahundnnt. including OaN-ca IJtrigl-
leCfi14 Wbite ~nd Lima QCcWen.tall~ Hull
nn4 ~h!tftcld ____________ .______________ 22
5. SsuditODt. erl)" to butf', Terr ('.lcar~u.8;
(OP (ewlnches coated wU" beaigtltu11.)' pre-
sen'ed Item Joints o~ Petdcgi,..,. cwterll-
en \feell and. Hlyden,_______ .... _________ 4.
 THE KAIPAROWITS REGION
74
ii. Shule; mJk e~ a ~lope--Conlinued.
Jurasslc--Continued.
Cannel formllli on-Con rjoued. Clo)' shnle, buf!' tl) s m oke-gray; coutalGf
4. LimeHtone R,od cnlcnrevus ~balc in beds. loco I beds ot platy buif cnlcat'eous shale;
ieslt tblUI 1 ineb thlck... _________ _____ _ 18 n fl'W beds, 1 t o 2 feet tblck, are reddlsb
or ;lurplish _____ ________ __ ___ __________ 23
iJ. Llme8t()ne , c:ream"CoJored, earthy at bot ·
toID, tew teet pink, I1ml ve ry HtUu.ly In
c Ut! sect ior.s. npparentl y In beds " :0 8 4. Sbule nnd Ilmc:ttou(!: make 0 \venk cll1l, Ol" :l
fre t lhlck but weathers into t hin steep lC<l;.'Y s lOpe:
____________ _____________ ______ __
~la b ~

20 I.imestoue, burr: iu mnssive bed tb nt cou'

2. SlIa le, hri ck' r(!d, ht'cak.!:l into thin hanl talus many i t":lgment s ot small shells;
cb llr.-', CIl1cl1rl'OllS at the top __________ _ make!:l clHt _______ ___________'__________ l~

1. SalJ(bitolle. ,L;rcen-whlte, In places C'O u' S blJh.~, ~Ql ltJy, hUrr: ruok~s :,IOlle__ ________ _ 10
gl omera te with reu quurtz ora1o:-s, I.lm~st o ne, suudy, bull, f:lv arinclY i0S3Wfer-
:; r(!cn mud pellet:.4 ond shale tral;weu ts : OU8; moke9 SID(l1l cUCf_______________ ___ 3
aloog strlkc I hl s bed thll'keus, tllln~, Sbule, buil, sandy ; mukes slope___________ ;)
or dls.'lppeu rg __ _____ ___ _______ ___ . __ ____6_ 8 an6~to ne . calcareoufi, pluty, cou toi l.l in(;
seYem l io~~1liferous beds, made up
'r u t ~ l CUI'ntetl'Ol'mlltlo u _______ ______ 269+ largely ot' frug,rllcuts ot shells: tile pre-
Uucorl t'ol'iu Ity . vailln;; color of tbe sa nu:;toue Is bull, but
,lul'lu,-sle(?) : some beds arc slightly purplis h ; the t'os-
NflVllju suud~tollc. siHferous beds uv e Ta~e less tbun 4 jnches
The complete list of fossi ls collected from the lowcl'- In lbick ~.l c~s; Ule SJ:11 ~ d i) tolle makes 0
"'cak c;iU' ______ __ ___ ________________ __ .:i
nw,t 150 fed of the Cnrmcl forma tion 0 11 the Virgin 2t1i
RiHr embraces the following for ms : 3, SbJ.Jle, salluy, huff: nt:lke$ !:I1'Jl're : mos t at the
sbut e bl. 1:.1 {Jllile r -thi n laminae ; cOlltu lns locu l
Pcntftcrinu... a.stcriltClHl Mee k Cnmp toncctcs :;l.\'gi ul; White? beus c f huft ptll! y cakllreou:; shale, m o~t of
lIDd Hayden. M odicl u· .sub ilnbricatn l';{cck. ~... hll'h arc h..-'S.'i" than 2 l!lcbc~ thic!t __________ _ ~J
Rhynehoncll" lilli, undct.. Modioln pcrt('lI u i ~ ~J ec k ::md 2 . Llmest oJ.lc; mnl{cs ellils:
1!:u ru.icroUIt (~Ilrtll ( Hull). IJa.yde n. Ltmcstol}(>, s nndy, mude up a lm ost eu tlreJy
OsLren Itrigi1~c"lu Whi t~. Modioltl ~p. undet. lIf sm:!!l irub"llieuts of ~llells; e .... e ry-
C.'1 rt'inia.! J).. "D· Astnrtc rmcknrdi White . where a very CODSplcu,)usly toss!lH'erou s
'frigotti;, qUl).drl\nglllnrit4 Hull D O::'1ni~ j ..ml.ssica. W hiUieid. boo ____________ __ __________ ___ _____ __ ~:~

nrtd Wh itti r,ld. Ammonite frognl(,.l1t?

TrigtllllA amcrlc.all:\ ( i\tl!C~) .
Cllmpto ncctes plntc:.'siform is
Whil<>.
Scotton, (If Carmol lorI/ta tUm at til e head of Par4nuwcap
aa'l lIm~, Utah.
li. J.iUl('titouc; mal,(>s t wo cHlt i; with a ICll ~y l'iIOt~
bet. w~n them :
Llm('slonc, very UltlSRlvl', hlllh'h graf, ~ ry".
lullhm, In bl.>(ls t11Ut rQllge from 2 Incll~
to 3 !et!t 11_ thickness : forms n strou!;
cli1t: t'OtittlHt'c rou.-;. but the toss Us 0 re
poorly Drescrvcd__________________ ___ __
1.lrnestOl1l\ bUll. cr}' stulline, and ~bu l(!,
lilutr, cn1t..:n r OOUl:i, In olt~rnating beds;
mok~ slope; the limestone bed~ UVerl\~U
,1 1n~be:; In Ul lckllC'£'~, the shul<- boo!!! ' 1
t'oot__ ______ ____ _______ _______ _____ ____
Lhllt..'3tOUt', plnty. buil, sOlllewhnt !:'un dy. in
bed!l nlllging (rool one- Courth Inch to 4
inches lu thleknl':-;s : (orms n cliIT; COil.
taios SNl lUs or Cll lcitc; ::'omb ueu~ nrc
crystllutne: tO llIllO!:'t bed , 6 in~hes thick,
1s vcrs fo:-L'dllfe1'OUlL___ __ ___________ __ _ 1;:;
G. Sllllle; nHlkes n 8101>\.' :
S.h:lle, tbill b«:'ddcd, burr, cnlC!lr~OM ; upJl('r
bntt' ultuost u IImeSlOl1l'
Sh:1Il", bu£r. sondy; u few h~~-;~.~- ;;d~ ~=~ IJ
LlruestOtJ~1. bnrd . hufl, ptnts, in llnpcr-t h ill.
wuvy l:l Uli11 ne... ___ ________ • ____ _____ ___ _
Limes tone, che l·t.)' ( lIk ~ No, 4). in beds
that llVCnl ge (; iucllc8 I h lck, alrernating
w~th beds or buil orenat'(.'ous plat.y June-
s t e ne (like No.3 ) Utat Ilvel":1,g"e 4 t'wt
thick; mokc:t It set ot clitts broken I.>y
ledge!:l_____________ _____ ___ _______ ___ __ 11
l.l:ncs tollc, to~s llifm·o u ~. pl a ty. buil'. mottleli
witb mallY l'IllnU m:·' tsses ot. '''' bite cha1-
c(!(lou.y or c he rt; weothered s u r t'l1 ces aTO
r abbl.\"; tut! bedding js wa \'.1. and t he
lou!ill!ll! a,'crago onc-fou rth incb tbiel,;
'()8~ 11..s very floorly 1l1'c:::ervecL_______ ___ 1
L loles tolle, dl;:Jlsc, hurt, somewhat 31'e lla-
(~ e(lCS, crys tfllliuc: ( O I'ruS .'itrong cHITs; the
rocl~ appears mas,sh 'o In many outcrops.,
8 breaks with a concboid al fractur e, and
seemingl y fOr~ ~oli d beUJ:i tllllt Tan~e
(r01u G to 10 feet In tl.>le kness. but
Wfratllercd e>:tposu res show thnt it i s adu -
ully tblu beullcd ouu pla ty, beiDg mode
12 up cl' lamiuae thut runge fl'om oue-tom' WI
to one-bu lf IDe b 10 t ldc k ue5S ; some luml-
l1:t e aN as tbin at' cQrdboard; the I; tt ~a l
G ft'Ct ot' the time~tt)lte i~ pur pl isb alld
Is mndl more M UU$' than overlying POT-
liolll:l ____.______ _______ _ ____ _______ __ ___ 17
sort. sond)', and
1. 81.>n11..'. reddish or llU111lis ll ,
tblllly hlmlnaLed; tbe upper }\Uro; Is enlcnre-
out\; t'orms u slope ________ __________ ___ ___ _ J2
:j:: '.fotul Ca l'mel t'oroonUoll _______ ______ __ __ _
The base of No.1 is a le"el line that t"llneales tit,
.3 indilled wedges of t.he underlying Navajo s:ludst{Jlle.
 JURASSIC FORMATIONS

i.l wbite, fine-gt'ained s l.lndstone thut is ' eroi.'i-beddcd J ui'Pl SSl c-{'omi IIUL'l.
Carll .." fOI'Ulatlon---Continu~d,
oD a. huge scale.
]1). ~J; ul ( •. c.rt"'e ui s h nnd bUll', ~:Uldy , cll kal"l~ '
In sec'tions of the Carmel formation in the Virgin IIII S; mUll)" ued.") 11::; thin 11:'1 cHrdboard,
Valley and nlso in the Kanab Valley the beds that ~wm~ ns mnr h os ::In im'h thick; the
include limestone pass upward into banded sa ndst.one thicke,' beds ure raIC:lr~lUS, the tU :UllCl'
Oll l'~ ~Illu cly ____ __ _ _ _ ____ _ ____ _ ___ __ _ _ _
without clear evidence of change in conditions of 9. CI:IY .-;llule. l)1'ownisl:, In lami nae ( hot
deposition. The upper limit of the Cnrmd is some· in thicknL' l:I8 1'1'n UI tbH of [mper
)':\111:;"('
what nbitral'iJy d""wn to include only fo~.iliferou s t\J that of card bon I'd : SOme outcrops
~! a! u('ri bluc li: ____ ____ ___ ___ ___ ____ __ __ ·1
liDicstoUe nnd associated arenaceous shale . Within the
S. Cln>' "hule , .~reeni~h, iu 11Ilpcr-thiu Ituu luae_ 1
Kaiparowits I'egion, with the possible exception of I. ('; Iuy ;,;hule. I'(~ I, sondr. not so thinly buni-

heds exposed a.t CannonYille, no such uncertainty ex· Hal ed Il!\ No . HL ______ _______ ________ _
4
G. 81Illh ~ , .~reeoiJ;b. sltndy _ __ __ _____ ______ __
i,ts; shale >.Ind limestone assigned to the Cunuel >.Ire 1
;:;, Sh ah'. hllll::;h, soft. ci'l l'l're(J u~; exhi1Jlttl
sharply bound.ed by the Navajo ueueatll and the lIlU " lIl:lrkt.:l1 ('ollcrcliUllftry tltl'uclurt.'; 1:.1 rge ly
,il'e c..o>s-bedded Entrada sandstone abo\-e. (Sec !'1. ,"011 ('('0 l('cI ___ __ __ _ __ ___ ___ __ __ _____ _ _
~

22, A.) -I. Shalf', Illlll ~h-g"l' a y, (' l1 ktl l"eOll~;

In pitH't'.':;
P:l~""'!i hd'o IIm~ :;.rone;
OPIICllr!J; to form a
The arrangement of beds in the Pari" Valley, along ...; ing le tnns~l\'e beel. bllt wenth ered 1:1 111'-
Glen Canyon, in the Esca.lante Valley, ""d in the i a('t.'S ~ho\l"" "cry thin lamination: ill
Hull Valley is shown in the following sections: places th e lnmlu:te nr(l as thin as rOpel';
lHall~' of (h<'m I\l'e sli gh tl;v WU\'y, o\\'ill~

8ccthm ~t~ Dru Cl.myon (Ror:k Spriugll Gf41ch, Cel/.(1I" lVa .~ h), pl'oh:lb l ~' to r !p rl h~ mnrklng; a few o..'tl-;
1100111 ~ mile,. abo ve Iunotio). ·wi.'I&. P'"'!U Rit;cr II.' ]' d{'n~l" "~l'y nn cly try:.;t.ll.ll iJll' UUle,
~ l O H (' uud cO'ltnin HIlY mns.....~ s oi
('I I alt'('dony ____ _ ... ________________ ____ _
IM\.!fumrctl by L. F . ~o"l el

Jurassic: ". S:II:II~tone g"[()(·llis h. SHft; hc:cull1es in-

Elltrada sULHi'.i tone-
23, Sandstone, yeliow-\Vhitc, m:.l ss iYe, eros:;-
beddctJ _______ ____ ____________ __ ____ __
22. S hale. n.-d, su ndy, "ery ullc"cnly t>cdded__
l :;t.'utterN.l g-ruiD~ o f Q,UJtrtl, most
Carlliel (orwatioo-
21. Limestone, g ray, weathcrill;; bua, massi"e,
fine grained, cryswlltlle. prouably
s uudy; contains obsc ure (osslls _______ _
20, Shale. red __________ _____ __ ____ _______ _
10. Ltmc:--;tone. like No. 12__ _____ _____ ____ _ _
18, Slla Ie, red _____ _____________________ ___ _
17. Lbu€'s.tolle, llke No, J2 _________________ _
16, Shu Ie. bufl' to ,v biti!:lh, cn lcureous; forms
11 "'cak eUIl' _________________________ _
Hi, Bed of porous travertinelike calcareous
llJlIt€l'iut; a horizon ot w!.lich l:ipring~
Issue; forms Ull alco\'e _________ ______ _
H , Cloy ~ hflle. hull' to hrown; <:tl ntaiD~
8 forms a slope (beds 10-5); sh"le that forms a weak
layer of bloi~h c~Jeart·ou!'J l:'bnle ncar the
top ______ __ ___ __• ___________________ _
13, CklY shale-, relit with cref'nl's b t,loJchCii:
includes a few greenl;Jb boo. at Irregu-
llll' intPl" 'ais __ ________ ... _____________ _
12. Shal ~, red, sondy _____ _______ __ __ _____ _ _
11. Shoh~. gre-eui::lh, sll udy, c3lcureous. In
wQ.\""y . luin lftD1ir~fie; mn nr lamilla e liS
th!n as purer; [oHatton 5urfnce-s ripple
marked; worm troils and [llRL'klugs
comnlon; some bcds3e''"eru.l Inches thick
are prac ticallY Ji.mcstOI:lC' ; they appear-
JDos~Jvc in nlan)' expO~llres. hut
weat.he r-cd l.)utcro1l8 sbaw tbln Lahl1na-
tl,)n ___ _______ ___ _____ ________ _-- __ ---
l:l" c ll s in .~..dr ('(lIl'QI'~'l lI~ lIllWtlt'd nnrJ 111l $SI;'~
Fed
nt the top info p:uty CltlCtlrt.'ou.'i 8uud -
:stOllf! _ _ _________ _ _ ________ _ _ _ ,__ _ _ __ _ _
II!)
:!, Limc,,,,"oJ.lc, lu'o wn, fel'ru A"loout>; contnlut'
2
or
wh ich lire less tilall G mllllu)ct('r'l:! In
lIlnlll('tL"' __ ________ ___ _____________ __ _
1. Slllidstu.ll c. J!:r('~nisll ond ,\'",I1owlsll. tine ·
grllilleti; ill l'e l')' thin WlI'-Y luminal" h u t
1 wClllberio;;- us n Ulos ~ h'e bcd _________ _
n T()tui Cn rmel formntloll____ _________ 89
1 .J ul'Ilssic ( ?).
n NIHOJO :-Illndstone, whltl'; its IncJJned we dgel:i are t r uncated
3 h y Xo , 1.
Noble dividL~ tltis sediOIl, ol!gillning at it~ top, into
s limestone that forms " c1ilf (beds 21-17); shale thut
f0l'l11S a slope (beds 16--12) ; ripple-marked calclll"eous
1 shale that forms a weuk cliff (bed 11); shnle that
cliff (bed J) ; ,wd sand stone that fonus a slope (heds
.\ :,-1) .
Ded 11 is a prominent feature of the lowermost 40
leet or the Ca rmel formation in the Poria Valley. At
13
10
all the outcrops studied the ripple mn.rks ure pel.,;ist-
(' nt~ and the resistance of the rock to weathering JavoI'S
the accumulation o r rippie-nlarl<ed slabs on talus slopes
und canyon floors. (See pI. 12, Lt.) Curerul seal'eh
for fossils in c.!careons beds of the Curmel resu lted in
finding indeterrnilluble fragments and irnperfeel casts
that. strollgly ~ lIggest identity with the mUl'ine Jurassic
faunn of t.he Virgin River. \-Vorm trails ~md boring...
8 al'e common.

76
S,;clicm fit Ourmd formation about 2 miles u;c~t of JIc/)'kh~ Oar,
Colorado Blur, Utah
~Me:l.ur-ed by Jh F. :Soble)
('flrmel turmotion:
fl . 811otlstone, :reddlsb, lluE.... gralned; forlO~ ft diU.
Ln.l'cr:,~ mu~slTe hut Irre~lD.rly beddro ; bn:<tll 2
feet h"rd nlld ealr.areolls_____________________
.1. Shule, reu: forms a Sif1J)C-
Shale, v~l'y soft, red, snndy; In paper-tbin
In m in Ile_____ ~ ________ • _. __ . ___ _ _ _ ___ ___ _
Shale, fro, ·floe-g,rnlned, SlIudy; UppCl' 1 fO(Jt
Jrllls,"i\'c'. but frlnble. __ _ .. __ __ ______ ______
:l. r.:IJh:/JI·l'Oll~ 6HUtlStOtte. tomlln: a dHt-
Sandstolil', nla~in~. pink, mlc81'(,ous; in
pJaces pradieul ly It IIm~fJlonc _________ __ _
8lloihrtoDe. I.hlt. pl~ty. CA.lenr('ous : In pJllces
vradlcally a Ih.n~ tQ nc; h llUII1I1(': os thin
ae c.rdbo3rd ________________ __________
ft;hn'~, rl'11pl'e' mnrk(:d,
C'Ofag,(licDOus;ly
greeDwb wblle, calcll1'eou.s; pr:1 tllcn II)' n
tltln-Iwdue(] lilm~tou(~ : Il1mlllu ~ n~ thin n~
cardl)(lruti; tills bed nwl the two ovc l'lyh, ~
lJcd!l (,1 nnd G) form Ic(h~eg just obo\'e t.be
top (d the clifT formed by i..lcd 2____ ______ _
~nndstonl', redtlisb, compact, ('1l1careou~ ill
two runs81ve he.lIs, (oeh 2% fe et tulck,
scparntcd b;r 1 fOfJt of red slll1d~' shnlc:
mucb cnlclte pl'escnt along crnt:ks ________ _
~. ~"nrMonQ. rc<ldl,b, soft; form s 1\ sIOf,Q-
Snmllitone, red, shall'; II cOl lsolidnt ed
mUll ________________________ ___________ ~
~ lUI1\"
Snlldstone, mllssive, coruptlct , red; pJobabl)·
e~llcllrcnmL____________ ____ _ _ _ __ __ ___
Snu(l$tonc, red, shuly; like No. :i__ __________
Sand.!1t(]llC, In mlt~~l\"c
;;narll' bed, brecci~ t~
red .______________ __ ____ ________ ________
~allds.t"n(>, red, shaly; like Nn, 0___________
1, 8undstollc, pinkish or reddish, Ycrr bnrd. ('OUl-
1)1Jt't, .fiJle-~'l"nined,
qurH'tzltlc; prrr ctica lly n
qunrt7.lte; torm1l n very rlersltHeut tlr.~- cliff
nt tIll' sUUlmlt 01" the Nnv<l jo saJ\ltston~; the
roek 1s ripple Dlnrkcd In llla~, fllIc\ its 8ur-
fncl"S ar~ cgn.t.ed with black desert rnrni~b'
tlH~ tblc:,"~3 t uuges fI'l11U 4 inche-s to 2 feel:
It re~mhlc~ beds III the Cambrlun Tarj(,lll~
~ndslnDe or the Gl"3nd canyon_~~ __ __:_ ~ - -- _ __
Totu} Carmel (ormnthin
No\"njo ~"IlIJ~tolle,
white, crOSS-hl.-d~~l-~I~-~-l~~~~-;;~c~-
Neal' the Crossing of the Fnthers the sandstone .nn
shille thnt. n~lIkc up the lowel'Jno,t ;]5 fect of the Cnr-
mel formatIOn nre calcal'''ous and include a bd f
blll'd pink lime~to~o 3 inches thick "ud seye;. 11:nt~s
of hmestone wlthm ripple-marked shaly sandstone,
(Sec pis. 10, B, 11, A.) At the mouth of Rock Creek
the only~ hmest()ne noted within' 0 30 feet f re d Iumpy,
THE KAIPAROWITS REGION
irregularly bedded calenreous shale is a bed 2 inch
tllick made up of paper-thin laminae almost as har:
and as brittle ~s porcelain.
Fed
Section 01 Ctlnnc1 !M1IWti<l'tt. <.bout Z milc.'l ea .d of EICal."jt
1~Ill(J..DC
U [:\j('il:-;ur('u by IJ'!rUcl·t F.. Grt',i;"ory]
=
Eutrada snnastone, yt'J1Qw-red, ma8slv('; in texture re-
~embles Navajo.
Carmel formntioll:
2:{
10. Gy[ISlllll nntl i;~,-psi(eI"OllS sbale, wIth subordlnat<!
0 ~haly sundstolle: ~l":J.y, red, purple, and nsl.!-
co!on?-dI; forms II pln lD n{~ roos uptu r.ad .strllta;
21i lar.gel), concealed j t.l)lckD~ e&.jm.t~d ... _-~ __ _
9, Snnd::!.tone. thi::t·bedded, or snDdy $hale.. ~ras;
bi~hly calcareous, ltnbrlcftted; gHstenJcI 10-
Iiution surfaccs covel'(>cI with l'ipple marl,s nnd
I patehes of hardened !$norJ; n:,l'y irret;"ulm" in
Ihickn(;ss, COJnIJosition, and extent of IJeds ___ _
S. Shale, C'aicnr(,{)lJs, ftlld t.hin :mndy liDicstOl~ e ___ _
~_
1 "i. Gyps um , white, lUn ss lvc. wiUI fe,,," lel!ses nDd
llrnt~' ,
stringers or wl'lite sandv shule· forms gulch·
PR itly l:()nCeH ItJrJ _______ ~ ______ ~ ____________ ~
G. Sundstone, rcd-yellow, massive, cl'oss-bedded ___ _ ;
ri. Shale, red, saudy, t:nc\'enly bedc1ed ___________ _
4. Sandstol1l', buft, [eguIO)'I), bedded; Que betl 4 fe-e.t
thlek: other beds tbifl ___ .. ___ _______________ _
3. Sh::llc, sandy, or shal,)" standstolle, pink, with iI'-
regulal')". plneed patches of red, eftlcareolls;
tbln lenoos (rt limestone;' !ollatIon. .Burfnccs sun
G driEd, ritJI)le marked, and dotted ~ith mutl
lumps ______________________ :_-- ____________ _
8
,) Z. Lillll"Stcme, p:nk. brittle, o:Jd paper-thIn ~nnd}'
shale, Iml>ricate<1. r ipp le mllrked ____________ _ 2
1. Sandst one, red, ebnly, calcnreous, witb patcl]es
2
of conrs('> snod O"rnllls ______________________ _ s
'.rotal Cnrwei fOl'II:atlon __________________ _
___ _ 1 Navajo ~8ntlstor::e, ~·c l1ow-white.
!!
SC'c.tiG1t 01 CUI1I1C/ formatlo1/., i,1- Balbi Valley ncal" Burr- ,,,!lit
2
IMCfll:'urC'd by Hcrb ~ rt E. Gr('gory]
:i
F<!+:1
Entradn sandstone, ,,,,hile to yello,,"-l'c(l, mnssivc______ G'.)) 3:
12
Cannel forrnntioll:
7. Shale, J;ypsifer o n ~, light red, brown, greenish
while; includes beds of gypsum 3 to 8 feet
thick, thin white ~lInd3tones, sandy reel
.s.balCl!!, and pnrtly concca led____________ 230
G. Limestone. brown, sandy. ond lenses of IU;~;
s:hale; very irregularly bedded, mUDy Intern1
unconformiti es ; sOlUe foliation surf:lc(.'>S rIpple
lnarke-d _______ ____________________________ Co
2
G. ShlIle. white, calcareous, Cv<!n beddoo_____ 12
4_ Ltmestone, billY, em·th~· __---- ----------- ---
tiJ 3. Shale. briS'ht reO, culcurt."Ou5 :md orenoc;;~;,
\'ery uneve-nly bedded; resembles compacted'
slIt; nnd gray no(]ulnr 1100estOJle, lellticuIQr__ ~O
2. Sand.stone. grny, nnd red sbule__ ______________ 5
1. Snm1stone, brown, lumpy, imbrlC'Oted, leutlcn-
lar; lDdudes lenses ::md pockets of ql:lQrtz
pebbles; rests on uneven surface ot under-
lying saudstone; al'er:lS'e thlckness ______ .. ___
Totnl Cnrmel fOI·J1lfltioD _____________ _
Navajo sandstone.
- 29S
4
 JUitASSIC FORlfATIONS
Near the mouth of Halls Ci'eck the limestone that
is co~only associated with the Carmel formation is
inconspicuous, but from the B u .... trail north\vard to
Ihe east flank of the San Rafael Swell an increa sino-
3U1o~t?f brilt.ie siliceous limestone, earthy limeston;
and hlgnly cale'Heous shale appear in measr.red sec-
tIOn:; find the fo::sil fnuna likewise increa ses in abun-
donei! and va I'iety,
EN'l'RADA S.-\~OS'l'ONE
The Bntrudlt sandstone is conspicuous alike for
color, ,lIlassivenc£s, und boldness of sculpture. On
[,olh sides of Glen Canyon between 'Vahweap and
Rock Cre<)ks the sandstone rises abo I'e an intricately
d,,!<)cted badland tloor of Carllld s trata as high, un-
sulobk walls of projecting spurs all d <If detached
mef<lS, whic h stund in front of promontori es th.Jt ex-
tend outward from the Kaiparowils Plateall. (See
[II. 10, I I, B.) Eas t of Rock Creek thcse walls COll-
tiuue :u'ollnd the cnd of the I(nipafow ib Plateau and
thence northwestwnl'd for 30 miles alono- the SLruin-ht
Cliffs and reappear near the village of Escalilllte. "In
tho upper Paria Valley they are prol:tinently dis-
l·lnyed and along (ho east side of Hall. Cl'eck COll-
nitute an outsl.l1ndillg topographic form. (See pI. 11,
II.) The sandsLone is trnced northward onto the coun-
t,y .bouL the San Rafael Swell , from n poillt in which
indeed, the name is derived.' The tlliclmess nll:ge~
from 20 feet to more thnn 600 feet.
The Ent.rada sandstone is included in sections of
")IeElmo" measured by Lupton and is readily reeo«-
. d 0
r.lze 3S t he lower part of the Jurassic " "arieolored
s:lndslOllcs llnd slmles" of Longwell , :\1i",l', Moore,
BrYln , and Paige. EJncry 3 ltlld Lee i correlated the
Enlrada with the Navajo,
The Entrada is essentially 11 nile, even -grained sand-
~tone that L'Outains sllboruinatc amounts of shule.
Some exposures consist of a sint:Ilc mfl8'si \"c !:mudstone
ledge thnt has inconspicllol1s il'loeglllal' bedding plnnes;
olhm'S show a series of heavy-bedded slIud,tones 01'
sandstones with interbedded shales. The Entl'ada in-
cludes cor.glomel'utic mflsses of shale [l,W] sandstone
?03gmellts and lenses of grecn-gray sandstone, which
1U some pl:lees stan,l out like shell'''s on slopes thaL
uthel'wise weather ns shale. CI'OS3-bcdding is COUl-
lI1on; in some sect ions cross-bedded and horizontally
Ltdd •.d st1'A.tu alternate, but neadv ulllhe rock of some
great cliffs is cross-bedded, with tangenti"1 sweeps
Ih.t simulate the NIlvajo, Within the beds nre local
unconformities; broken ftugmen!s lie ii, pockets ; nnd
fOllltll!, JtHlI~lI. And Rei·.liidc. J. D., Jr .• ~cd !mli!ll tarr rock~ Q( the
SolD Rd""l .6~ell and lom e adjoc~llt t1~:\~ In e.1Jjtel'1l Utab :
G.,'Ol S'Jr'Vt'y Prot . Ptlper 100, liP. Til-iS, ioo2S.
~£lD~1. W. D., 01'. cit .. pp. 1I'1'1J....51.2.
'~. W. T., Early )feiO;tok pb)'!lIC)gt':lllb,. of the MutlH!I'n Ilo('kr
UO'll'lla1[1!1: SIIIlt1.lsooltlQ IOld . lil lie, ColI.. vol. 6"J, p. ~7, 1')I9.
7'1
short, fat It"",;es
. .
of ol'edIlppino- 0
shale and tiny conel'e-
lIons are dtstt'lhuted unevenly over eroded su f
I K ' " races.
In tie alp"rowlts . reO-IOn 0
t.he l>rel'lIilinn'
~
col ors 0 f'
the Enl.rllda al'e tan, I",ht o red , •and l)rO WII . S orne out-
c:ops .lU'e gray or. even blllc-gl'ny, and in the Dry
"ail e), the tone IS yellow-white t.o lemon-yellow.
Patches and ribbons of white of irreglllllr thickness
and lenglh apP,ear on t.be cliff f:.H..'es in n seemin,yly
haphazard fnsI11011. ~ ~
Jlicro$copic study o f selected specimens shows thIlt
the ,andstone COI",sts of clOlu' ~"rains of qual'I',~ (b n au t
0;, pCI' :Cllt.) un(1 fragm ents of clouded orthoclase
(about 0 I'(' r, .""nl.). Some biotit.e is present ill all
SPCCHlICll S. ZjIX per cent of the. O'l'nms nvera«
~
0.~
1e
., " 0
mIlIIlueter I U dlan",ter , 90 per c.cnt wei"'"'' ~ 008 tnt'11i -
~ 0.....
Illeter, :md + per cent mako "l' " powdor-like silt that
i~ldll des Oakes of, biotite arl'nngcd ill Inyers. There i.
li.nIe ent.il.!llce 01 sort-illg. ~lost of the grain8, cspc-
I l'l ally tll(; slllllllcr OJh:lS, Ilrc ulIgu)n.l'. The cement con-
si, t.s of "uleite and ferri c iron, The whito blotches llnd
bonds in the ro"k ure identical with the red in COI11-
position exc~[lt t.hat' the discontinuous cemcnt is
wbolly calcite. A specimen of white rock from equiv-
,·.Ient beds on the crest <>f the E cho CliU's Ileal' Tuba
AI'iz.} consists likewi se of qlllll'tz und ort.hoclase, bu;'
96 pel' cellI. of tl," gruins nrc "bout 0.10 millimeter in
diameter ulld relllarimbly \I'ell rounded, nnd ubout 2;,
pel' cent of them urc wind etch.,d. All cement hus
disappearcd. _'\ s compared wit.h the Navajo, the En-
trada. sund~tolle has filler, mOl'e uniIorm, less sor ted
gl'a.ills .and mo re silt, uud appea rs to be laclrinO' in
•
magnetlte, garllet, Zircon, and toul'maline.
0
Becnuse of the wctlk cem~nt the ma!!si ve. Elltl'l1du
sandstone is friable and weathers into dome-shaped
m a~ and round-edged cliffs generlllly grooved alon~
t edu tng pia nes.
SU}DIERYILLE FOR:\lATION
In southeastern Utah many meusured scctions in-
clude a I'Ul'iable thickness of thin-bedded or rarely
thick-bedded sandstone, interstratified with slIndy
.Mhu le Hud conta.ining some conglomerate und u small
amount of gypsum nnd limestone- a hig hly vnrinble
:l ssemblage of strata. resting ullconformably on the
EnlI'adu a.nel terminated upward by 1L surface of ero-
s,on at the base oi the Morrison. The sediments that
OCCUpy this interval at the SUlI Rafnel Swell huve been
divided into the Curtis forrnllLion, which consists of
gl'cenish-gray conglomcrate, shalc, Llnd gray heavy-
bedded sandstone, 76 to 253 f eet thick , and the S~m­
merville iormation, which consists of thin -bedded
chocolate-colored sandstone, earthy red-brown sand-
n. S.
btonc, aud shale, with some gypslIm and a little lime-
stone in surne sections, 12:; to 331 feet thic!" From
the Curtis formation, which immediateh' ovedies the
 Hi IUU'UOWIU &BOlON
78
. eel t.hus
Entrada f06sils of Sundance age ...ere obi am,
moking ;he relation between the Entrada and the Cur-
tis similar 10 that between the Nu.jo and the Carme.1.
, In the Kaiparowits re,;ion beds tbot occupy the post-
tion of the Summerville are generally present, but
,.Rry widely in thickness ond lithologic feat~1'C8, ..nd
flO fO>.1lili ferous beds comparable to t,he CurtIS forma-
tion hove been recorded. Correlation therefore can
flot bo made with assurance, especially at ~lacu w~ere
tho IIsLlully thick, mRAAive Entrada los •• It. Id~ntlty,
where . he Summerville-Morrison ul\~onfot;lII.ty IS
poorly marked, or ,.here the }rorri~ It:elf IS meon-
KpiCU01l8 or absent. Gilluly and Reeslde have fou?d
thaI Ihe Curtis formation thins soutbward from II!
type loc.litY in ti,e s.on Rofael Swell ond disoppean
before reach in" 1I1uley Twist Creek, on the Woter-
pock.t F old. "It seems I'ensonabl.c to ~ssign to the
Sunllnerville formation bed. at thIS bOrlzon on Halls
Crook_ in Ihe E.caIon:. and Poria ValleY8, and nlong
(;Iell C.n\,on. A. tbus interpreted, th" Summerville
fOl'lllRtion" averages about 100 ioot thick along HuU
Crook, 100 fcct in the &""I.nt.. Villey, 250 feet in the
Pari" Vulley, an,! 150 feet sout.h of the Kaiparowits
I'llIt~MU, . mou. roll of the Waterpocket flexure, and the UPP'l'
A. /I topogrlphic feuture t,hl' Summ"'\'iIIe of the
KAiparowits region appears 8S strikin;ly colored rocks
that slop•. steeply outward from th., bnse of "erticil
~aud"tonc cliff.. Horizontal color bands of alternat-
ill~ red nnd white, .0 lIal'l'OW IS 10 appcor like lines,
are chnl'Uctel'istie. They mal,e the Summerville one
of the most nttl'Rcthe formations in the plateau
llro"illte. Where not protected by cops of Morrison
or Dakota (1), Ihe ,trnta crumbl., re.<Ii1y, formillg
lniniolure rid~8, me."., buttes, And canyon ",oUs, lin-
."rnly painted with tonl.,. of whit •. red, bl'own, yellow,
Ulld gl'fty~~I~n,
'I'h",'o are muny lent.icular heds and beds th. t in-
tlude I.n""" of h ...dened mud lumps and of shale frag-
ment.. Unconformities ... ithiu t,h~ format ion are com-
mon. Substnntiolly th .. formalion ronsists of poorly
<'elJlcnted sllnd4<>ne, arranged in thin beds. Gypsum
form. pnrt of most sections, but bed. of limertone Are
rOI·f . The few bcd, of clay 8bale noted ha\'e rippled
foliation surfaces that Irt' coated with groins of sand.
MicrOS<'Opic enminntion of "b.nded .bale" at Can-
nonvill. revealed the p...,..nce of clear quart., 90 prr
rent: clouded orthoclase and Ilbite, 10 per cent.
About 20 per eent of the ~ins ha\'e average diameters
of 0.2 to 0,8 millimet.er; 80 pel' cent range from grains
0.2 mil~il1leter in diRmeter to du..<t. About 15 per cent
of grams t.hot "xreed 0,2 millimeter in diameter ftre
w~11 rounded nnd wind etched; the ,mailer grains are
• OUltlJ.r. J4w.u. .I~d R.~!dde, J, D.. Jr., RedlmfDtarr f'OC-kI ot flHo
Ian Jtatlw.1 ."'t'lt lind soz• •~.t Il'e.". I. talt«n Uta~' 0 I
(:,..1. SIII""f')' rn.1. J"aper Hm. p. 7~. 192!.
.ngul~r. The cement bf the r~d shlLles .is ferric_
and calcite, ond.that of th.e whIte parts IS calcite OIJl,
or in a few spccunens calcIte and gypsum.
Ulf RAfABL GllOUP ARD JlOllRISOlf J'o • • arlo.
(CIt!TAC!OUSI) lTlfDIJ'l'I!Jt!lfTIATED
In most of the Kaiparowits region strata of the
San Rafnel group and the Morrison formation COli-
bine to ma.ke a topographic and color unit, in 1I'hieD
brightly J·orieg.ted slopes ~nd ,cliffs rise.abo"e a MIl.
defined floor of lIniionnly colored N 8.l'ajo •• ndstollt
Dnd are protecte,d from el'",,;on on top by 0 1'e5;alllt
platform of dull-colored D,.kota (1) .. ndstone. In
measuring sect.ions and studying stl'lltig,rophic IIld
lithologic features it WaS found cOllv"nient to tmttbt
Snn Rafael and ){orrison together and to d...ribt
t.heir combinoo features as they are represented i.
four arens-the Halls Creek Va.lley, the EscaIan!6
Basin, the PMi" Valley, and the Glen Con~'on 1'''1/;''.
HALLS CREEK VALLEY
Along H.lls Creek (Hoxie Creek) the San Rafael
ond Mo....,isoR no ,veil displa.yed bel ween tb. Navajo
S&l\dstonc, which forms for long distances the enor-
Crataeeolls beds. ",hicn are built as a gillnt &l:air"'1
thot lends lip t~ the base of the Henry MountaillS.
Halls Creek at its mouth is sunk in the Nanjo _d-
.(one, and as tbe winding conrse of the stream is fol-
lowed nort,hwestwlrd progressi"ely higber beds ap-
pear. At I,he head of the creek the San Rafael IDd
:Mol'rison ocenpy the middle portion of a series of
Dlagnificent cliffs and slopes, including, as meuund
by "{oore,' .11 fomlstiolls from the base of the Moo·
kopi to Ihe top of the Ma8nk sandstone-7,460 feet
of stfsta Rrranged in huge bands of color.
At, lhe norlh end of the Wate-rpocket Fold, bet"eoa
Notom alld Bown'8 n.nch, the land surfaa is deW·
oped in tile limestone and powdery .hale beds of •
formotion tlla t contai ns morinG Jurassic foaill.
Abo\'e it rise cliffs that include 00 feet of maasive aad
shaly, earthy gypsnm !Lnd 160 feet of banded Ligbt·reG
and dill'k-brown sbale and gypsiferoUs "marl," ~
Assigned 10 the Carmel formation_ The Enh.. da u
bere represented by about 200 feet of fine and eWII
grained light-roo andstorie, the lower one-third m..
sive. The GOO feet of arenaceous shlLle in thin alter-
: lIoting beds of light-red and ~een-gray, the 1~ "'etof
impure gypsum, and the 36 feet of cre.m~o~
dark-red, and greenish nodular limestone, intenDJll"
gled wilh red sandy shllle, which overue the ~trada,
are Probably equivalent to tbe combined Curbl pd
Summerville formotions .
• • ,
• t.apell. C It .. aud otberA. Rock forINt too. . . tb. c.l-:!
Pl.ttcl. of Hut'b toaltf'll 't,llab ODd oOl,tbel'. ~rlao•• : U. S.
Sune,. Prot, PnJ'l~ U:l, pp, 21-22, U)!?3.
 JURASSIO rOIlK.lT IOlll8 79
1Ieaz the mouth of HaIls Creek the base of the Sail ston. whirh l"$ts in hollows and on rounded surfaces
Jafad groUp consists of 3 to 12 feet. of hard, gritty of the Navajo, here Inore tlull 1,200 feet. thick. Above
ilDdatone that has clean-w:l, hed, white subangullLr this sandstone lie 75 to 100 fcet of strata which include
,aartl lr""ins nnd of sondstone intermingled with red six beds of limestone, the thickest me:.sllrina 5 feet
lfIIIaceouS, ealCal"eOllS shale, which rest on an uneven· interbedded with thin gray sandstone and bright-red
..rfare of N a vnio sandstone that forms the ,nils of snndy imbricated CIIloareolls shale. Some of the lime-
!he Colorado Canyon. Above this bed lies about 130 stone beds 01''' composed of' white pllper-thin layers
Ifet of lumpy arenaceous and CRlcareoas sho.le that is that bave smooth glistening surfaces; others ore brown,
JQterbedded with red, gray, and white fine-gr"ined sandy, and nodul", pre intel'mingled capriciously with
sandstone in irregular bcds of different thiclmesses. It:mps of shale and accumulntions of clean sand, and
Gypaum is disseminated throughout and forms t.hin, show mnny Intoral unl'Onformiti.es and arens of ripple
silod lenses in the uppermost 20 feet- The space be- ma.rks. The uppermost limestone bed is overlain by
'ween tbese gypsiferous beds .nd the thin stratum of about, 100 foot of impure gypsum and gypsiferous
red lrenlCCOUS shale that immediately underlies t·h e shale, abo¥. which comes a massi \'e cross-bedded yel-
IJIkota (t) sandstone is occupied by towering clift's of low-red to white .... ndstolle aUout 500 feet thick, and
red massive cI'oss-bedded Entnd. sandstone, some- thi.;11 turn is followed by about an equal thickness of
..lid like the Navajo in composition, structure, and hedded friabl0 sandstone (Entrada formation). The
color, an~ in having n di\'i, ion plane th.t is mllde tllP of ea ,·h section consists of .bout 300 feet of inter-
hl'thin-bedded sandst.one "bOllt 22~ feet fl'Om the bose bedded yellow-red alld green-white sandstone and red
of the 1,OOO'- foot wnll. (Sce pIs. 11, B, and 19, .d..) sundy shale. One of these sandstone beds 120 feet
At the naker ranch, 7 miles from the mouth of Halls below the 01]> rock of Dnkot.. (!) s&ndi;tone is very
Creek, the broad subdi";sions of t.he Sun Rafael and coarse gl'~ined and strongly N~s-bedded' and· includes
tlIe Morl'ison, beginning ot the bU5e, are (1) sandstone small pebbles of chert, agate, jasper, and quartzite
arit, red, gl'Oly, and white sandstone, and red ."n .. - from which water emerges as seeps. Two miles south
teOIIS, cnlclreous shale, with gypsum (Carme.l form!l- of the Burr tmil this bed is 25 feet tbick and consists
lion); (2) red massive cross-bedded SIIDdstone that of a scl-jes of lenses of CUICU'OOllS sandstone, calcareous
h~.~hers int.o smooth, rounded knobs, on the sides of shale, lnd limestone conglomerate, 'within which is a
...hi<b nrc mlUlY pits and miniature caverns, and forms s!!'atum thnt contains masses ris Illrge os 2 by III teet
• prominent heavy-bedded, unevenly bedded terrace of IUrlcti¥ely colored red, yellow, "ml pink chert thot
(Entrada sandstone); (3) red thin-bedded slUldstone, resembles jasper.
together with sOllle arenaceoUs shale, sparingly gypsif- In all the sections studied south !lnd east of the
~IOU. (Summer ville format.ion); (4) red and lil:ht linker ranch no continuous bed of gypsum more than
p ..n-gray massi \'e cross-bedded fri"Me sundstone, ill f foot ill thicknef;s was ~een, but the 'prevalence of
plateS ~oal'se gl'Rined and lenticular, which is irregu- slumping suggest.. the pl'esence of sucb a bed. Six
lorly streaked wiLh wbite and includes willte beds miles to the nOl't.h 15 feet of mnssh'e gypsllm lies 60
(Morrison formation); .snd {5) arenaceous shllle, feet .!xlve the Nanjo sandstone, and from Muley
banded lighe red .. nd green-whitA> (Morriwn formll- Twist, Creek to the Bitter C"eek divide gypsum ap-
lion). In places tbe lower roo,si"e sAncIstone (No. 2) )lellrs IS one or mOl'e bed. within the lowermost 100
i. " 'en redder th.n the typic:\l Nal'ajo, but within It. f.et of the San Rafael grollp. Farther north., at Tan-
l.... ·miles· its color becomes light yellow-red, brown, or Iolus Creek and along the e.st flank of the San Rafael
red streaked horizontally nnd di.gonnlly with broad Swell, gypsum is persistent. in the lowermost 200 feet
bt"d. of white. The upper sandstone· (No.4) like- ~nd appears dEo at horizons .00"0 ,t he I;Ilnssive cr068-
..ille uries in color and .. long t.he strike breaks up bedded Entrada sandstone. J~ikewise the limestone
into thin friable beds, which are eroded into badlanll thot i., commonly present at or neilr the base of the
Ilesa. Ind buttes that are c.'()ssed and capped by lenses ' t'armel formation i. inconspicuous along tower Hills
.1 conglonlel'atic sondst.one. In plnces beds 4 and ~ I Creek, and no limestone beds were ~Ioted in " section
lII1ite to form one JDass of banded snnd.tone; elsewhere measured on lower Hanson Creek (Pille Alcove Creek).
bed 5 is absent or becomes massive and the upper J!'rom the BUIT trail northward brittle siliceous lime-
beveled .Ul'f"ce of tllick-bedde<l green-white or' light- slone and highly calcareous male appear in all sec-
...d sandstone ~om.s into contact with the Dakota (1) tions. No determinable fossils wert) found along the
..ndstone. Water pocket 8exure, but from TanbJus Cl'eek north-
InleTeral sections that were measured in the vicinitl ",ard fossiliferous Jurassic limestone th.t contains
of tbe Burr tl' .. il, where a large part of the Mesozoic gypsum and red' .h..le forms the base of tbe San Rafael
is exposed in beds that dip 5°-50P E., tbe base of group. A heavy bed o! re~ sandstone. (~ntrada)
Ille San Rafnel is marked by 4 to 11 feet of brown. above and another one (N ovalo) below thIS hmeel.one
,",y nodul .. r, lenticular, \'ery irregular col\l'5e !SI1nd- give .. series of bed's similar in color and arrangemont
fl' I ':'
I':
'f11B a:AIPAIIOWft8 REGION
80
and to a less degree in structure and composition to
C. Bef:f.iI;ft til BIU'T frail, 1 "tile, 111)01:6 ,uouth. 01
Cr6'!k, Utal,
Al.,., f'
IIiII
the Olen Canyon group. This remarkable similarity
appears to have Jed Emery' to correlate the foosilifer. (Y~.9Su l'ed by RIl),mond C. Moore)
ous limestone and gyp,mm beds .... ith the Todilto of the CretaceoUS( 1) :
Yavajo country. Morrlsoll fOl'mntlon-
The variation Dnd arrangement of beds eomprising J. Shal. , soft, sandy, lJght blulsb, .. itb thla r.,.
band. ot red __ • • __.______________________ ZlO
the San Rafael and Morrison in • distance of about 35
4. Sandstone and snndy slltda 1n fh-e
miles along Halls Creek is sho,!n in the following oec·
bedo-
tions: • Saodstone, yel10wlsh brown, COn-
glomeratic ____ ______________ •• 1>-1
11.. SOC'IOM ./>ou, 8 ..ul<l ~_ .""',. of 11011. c•••le, Ut•• Shale, bluish drub and red, saody _ 20
UI-t:lJJUte1l bt •• )'1MD' C. },fOOte ]
Sandstone, redtliHb brown to light
gl'Ceoisb, coa rse gl-ained lnd
Cre ta"""us' 1) : ID8.3SI\'e______________________ ,
~tomsoa. tornl8.tJOH- Feet Shale, yellowish brown, sa.ndy ____ 11
G. 8allds"..one. reddlaJb broWD and U.ht lTeen-
W1 ,ra" mlSJd"o. hard. IrreaularlJ'
bedded : conglomeratic, fonM prominent
Conglomerote acd coarse grit, re(1·
dish and light , r""nlsh gra)',
m8~1f'~ . hnrd, ,.ery lrre,ulArly
etCllrpment; tble-ll nea reduced by era-
81,," ___ __________ __ a __ • ____ _ _ _ a ._______ 76+ bedded; form. promilleot bog"
back__________ ________________ 80 Dl
JU f lhlllc:
Jurusic:
Summenille turmaUOD-
Summef\"llI~ formation ond Entrada. snndstODe-
4. Sandoton., thin beddc<l, r.d ••••••••• ____ 123
3. 8;!ndston ... roo , t.hln bedded, 80ft, IUlrtlJ eon•
•~lrad. IIIlndstooe--
3. Sandstone. tan and brown, 1U11l~l1re. :wn. eelled ; aud sond"tone, PlRSfih'e, 10ft, ere.·
croaa-beddcd____ _______________________ sao bedded. l\'l,1te; (lades downward to tin'
Cume) forml tLon- brown: wentbel" rcnd.il,J: portl,. eonC!eBttd_ .....
2. Shllle, light red Ru(l G'l'P.ftnttllb, 1000)'; COO- carmel fornlJltlon-
t.1M'... _________________________
bedl of whHo . randlitone lad c)'p- ~. 8hal., light I"ed nnd grcanlsh, llY{>SiferolU:
om ... _______ 80.
('olltalDl some beds of bard wbIte 8.'lncbitone
anti IYP8UO} ___ __ ____ ______ _ ____ __ .______ 111
1. Shale, mlroon ; and hurd dDlf-«t'slne4
qURl'tzltle Nloostone; forlll .. HeQrpmenL 00 1. Shah!. II.l.roon ond ll£"bt g reenish, 1&1141 i
CDI)pcd by hard. dc o8e slUeeou!;: lDlssl\'e to
l,t89+ 1Ia£1Y Ihnestone • ________ • ___ __ • ____ ___ •• •
Jurll :4 tc: ( ~; : XlvaJo lOadstone at base.

B. Sr.atioll 3 ",ik. belou; .1O .. t~ o( Jltllffll ']t1L;,t Creek, Uta" .Juruaic{ 1) : Na9"QJo sOlldlltone at bnsc.

[)(eluured br •• ,-mood C. )(.oI"ot)

D. S.c/"'B .1 lJilt., C.eck divide, /v:all 0' H~II. Cred. V,..
Cretaeeous(1) :
)lorrlf:lon fonnation- [ lCe4ltured b7 naytllood C_ )[GOt'e]
:So Shale, greeotlfb red ond PUl'I.-le, ~aod, __ __ _
Cretaoeous ( 1) :
oJ. Conglomemte, red and , 1"11, mnSlI"ve. lrl'el"~
alarly l.Ie4lded : wearhen bro'C\' n; ;radetl
Morrison lormatlou- ,.
to COIlTs('! gritt.y sandstono _______ ______ _ S. Sh3le, grayi sh blue, mal'oon, nnd purple
Jurnsalc : banded, soft, sandy; weat.bers In ~.Il.ya
and badland. ______ ___ • _________ ._._._.__ ill
Summenlile {ofmatloD-
1. COO~lomer.te Illld .andstone, grayish whIte
, 3. Rc<IIIb.I•••• thln·bedded l aadit ... ___._. 13
to Htrb! blul.h greo.: contains pebbl.s 13
£ntt'ftda BIlndstono Ilwl Corutel t0l'lb8t10D-
II mI.X:h u 2 inches Ln ill.mete,,; cousIJfs
2. Sindstoueo. 1I1••~l\'e, aott, ~f09!l.bedded.,
In palrt ot tblck bed. ond' len ... ot ""....
" 'bit e' : p-ndCli downward to tan·browD'
contllOlllerate a.nd In P.G·rt of CORrie Il'ttty
1\'otbet'1l iu e.. ooth rouoded .Ioptl: dta:
Inte,l'atCli ~r1 readll, oDd: In (lftrt Is eo ...
""Y IlTerulorl, booded ... ndswne_. __ • __ • 110
.,..01 : IIYpsU.ruus lI,ht·rc<l oand, ahole Jurass!c:
at b..... mOlll, <o ..... led __ • __ ••• _._ •• __ 1,:!20 Sum.menUIe formntlou-
1. Shnle, dark·red to mal'OOD, .. nd1; Clpped I\. Shale, roo ond grol banded, anod)": ,udea to
b)' bord qult'tzttlc sand.tone____________ 40 soft tWo·bedded snnd.tone__ • ____ •• _. ___ •• ..
Entrada Nlndstone-
1,1~3 5. Sandstone, t:l:u·brown, m088i-;e, lott, erCII·
bedded i weo.tbers 1.11 smooth rounded sur-
1...._____ • ____ • ______ • ____ • __ •• ___ •• _.. all
1 £_1'1. W. n" 'l"Iw G~e. Rh'tr Diliert aecll .
4t! ~" 1'01. "6. P1). MI~1, 1918. OQ . A • . J.ur. let, f . SnndstOD', reddlsb brown ond bluish grI1.
L.. I ...· ~Il. C. R,. aud oth.,yl, ... dt Of ..- p . ."'." - ._ ~
, RC"OIlI ••..,. 80tt, shaly; w.athen readUy, formlne
." " " OJ ,
..
.atley: partly oo<e1"oo. __ • ________ _• __ ••• fit
 JUBASsIO POIUd&TIONS
JlfIlIl'lc--OVndnue(l.
Entrada I8Ddstonl'--(;()utlnIINl.
5. SandBtone, tan-brown. mn 58l'le, soft. cross-
bedded, Jlne pamed; wentbers. 1n smootb
rounded surfnces ----____________________
carmel ( 1) (orma!:ion-
2. Shale' Ind sandstone, light red and bluI8h
gray; gray to white snndstone In atteruut-
iug beds; contnins seY('rAl b('d~ of blub,:h
to wbite gypsum ns much 0.8 3 feet thick;
tbe g)'1lsom occurs also tn numerous tbln
~etn8 _________________________ 7----------
1. Shale, dark to Ught rcd, nn<ly; contains two
beds of very bard reddish a1.ld light-green
mottled dense sJliC'£ons lllnssi'-e nnd fI:1GGY
Umetitone thnt form e~n rpmenfs_________
2,178
In,w!C(!) :
NanJo sBD(lstone at bose.
ESCAL.'t.NTE '-.'\LLEY
Tho :&calante Valley is essentially a great amphi-
I~u!er that has been developed by the remov!!1 of Up-
ptr lura.sic, Cretaceous,. and Tert.inry rocks. Its floor
of Navajo €andstonc is continuously exposed for many
mil.. back f'-OIn the Colorudo River and along both
lide. of the Escalnnte River and is w.rped UpwIN!
to fonn the Escalanto monoclino_ Elsewhere th..i. floor
is wholly Or partly concealed by beds of the ovedying
Son Rafael group, which are displayed as areas of flat.
lying or tilted rocks 0 nd os me...lS, buttes, and detached
IlOUnds_ The southwest wall of the amphitheater is
the steep, straight escarpment of the Kaiparowits
Plateau, at the base of which the Sal] Rllf",,1 and Mot-
rison strata appear for a. dishnc. of more than 40
mil.., .tanding as a terrace in front of the Upper
Cretaccous ditrs_ From the flank of the Waterpocket
Fold, which bounds the Escalante VIJley on the north-
east, tbe Upper Jurassic beds have been stripped, but
!.bey reappear along streams that issue from the
Aquarius Plateau_ At the head of the ampl\itheater
lround the village of Escalante lie erosion remnants
tllat have been CIl.rved from folded beds of green, red,
and I"Y sandstone, shale, and gypo;UJD, which uldude
III the Itrota assigned to the San Rafael and the
MOlTi80n_ . Collett Canyon and below Ponthe,r Seeps, and
. A mile west ot Escalante the topmost Morrison bed
IS 18 feet thick and is oornpored of white and green-
white fine-grained friable sandstone_ Below this bed
in ~lan lie 28 foot of shaly, lumpy .. ndstone in thin
"nokled and curved bed. lhi't alternate dark red And
duH white and about 50 feet of white massive sand·
slone with cross-bedding displayed in sweeping curves.
At Teomile Point, beneath an extensive flat devel-
oped on Dakota (1) sandstone, lie in .tuf)l 80 feet of
ltd c~mbly, irregularly bedded sandy ~bal(); 60 feet
of whIte f,.jabre ~lI.ndstone, in port massi,-.; 15 feet of
81
. dark·red uuevenly bedded sandy .hale,: and 120 feet
}reel
'? f white ~d gre~n-white sandstone, in' part ma!!8ive,
1ft pa.t thin bedded.
SolO At the mouth of Collett Canyon the Morrison 15
compooed of green-white ~oft, intl-;cntely cross-bedded
nn~ I'e ntieulsr snndstone that inc.\ud.s " conspicuous
serIes of lenses in horizontal and dillgond positions
of green poorly compocted mud, wbich taper to lringle
layers of conCl-etionory btllls and angular lumps_ In
400
fonn and composition this material is identicnl with
lumps and sheets <>f mud strewn along the bed of a
near-b,. wasb by a rec<'nt shower_
00 As expo..ced at Fiftymile Point., t.he Moi'rison and
t.he uppe'- p"rt of the Sail Rafael group contain more
.hnlelike beds and fewer massive sondstone beds than
at most other exposures in the Escalante Volley_ They
closely resemble the beds thot o'-e charneteristic of the
"McElmo formntiol> " at its type locality in Colorado_
Near Bouldel-, whel"C the )!orrison is absent nnd
mO£t. exposures of the Snn Ullfael are less than 150
feet thick, It meosured section of the beds that overlie
the Nnnjo shows gritt,y buff sandstone Rnd yello,,.
sondy shale, 10 feet; limestone Rnd roo colcareou.
sh&le, 25 feet; yellow-white cross-bedded mnssive sand-
stone, 1~ feet ired cftlcnrcous and gypsiferous shnle, 8
feet i gYPSUni, 20 feet_
Throughout the BEenlant. Valley gypsum is abun-
dnnt !leor the base of the San Rafael gronp. In sev-
eral measured section. it constitutes as much as 20 per
I cent of t.he lowermost' 100 feet of st}"Qto and is dis-
played as Q single bed with green-reel shal" pa,-t.ings
or as two to five beds that· nre separated by shale_
Near Egcalante a gypsum bed thut "Ye'-llges 45 feet
in thicknces with Ofsociatcd gypo;iferous shale has bee I>
effective in guiding erosion. It hus produced much
of the rough country immediately north of Escnlante
and on both sides of the E.colonte monocline_ Lower
Pine Creek has estnblished its course in gypsum, nnd
at Tenmile Spring the banks of Huris Wash
include ne.rly 100 feet of gypsulll nnd gypsiferons
sh,lo intel-bedded with l"ed limCl'tone nnd sandstone_
Gypsum and gypsiferous shale are involved in the
intricately dissected surfQce .bout the mout,h of
. for .bout 10 miles west of Willow Creek gypsum
, beds ha,'e been eroded to form, trough in which runs
I the old trail to the Hole in the Rock crossing of ~hp.
Colorado. Along the northenst fnce of the KnipR-
11l",its Platesu the gypsiferous .trata of the C8rDl~1
formation stand at or below the 6.oor of th~ Esc,,-
Illnte Valley from its h~"d to the vicinity of Collelt
Canyon, concealing the Nanjo benellth_ Southeast
of Collett Canyon these beds are exposed increosingly
nenr the plateau front, and at Fiftymile Point and at
the heads of the short steep conyons that enter the
 THE KAIPAROWITS REGION
82
Colorado opposite the mouth of ahe. San ~ uan the
gypsum forma pan of the Kaiparowlta CIt/Fa, from.
which extends the profoundly lrenched ftoor of
Navajo s a n d s t o n e . .
Along the baee of the Aquariua Plateau the gypslf-
.rous lower beds of the SilO Rafael group are cut by
the western branches of Pine Creek and by Deadman,
Sand and Mamie· Creeks. On upper Boulder Creek
these \ed. ace th~ only p.'r t ef the group present;
they consist of thin lenticulnr, irregular beds between
Tertiary sandy limestone and lavn above and strongly
developed N. va.jo sandstone below. (See p. 116.)
Sill' JW,.(ael I/T()UP an' Jlol1'iBt)n. (1) forn&t:ltiotJ .8
mite' ca.d of E.caku&.tB, Ulfl·h
(lfen.ared by Herbert Il. Gt'Ql;Ory J
CretLl('CflUS :
Dnkota (1) .$Ilndstooo at tOll.
Crataceoll~ (?) :
i\'1orrltWD (1) formntlon - Feet
H. Snndstonc, gray a nd fE!d. nnd reel areuilceouS
"hale, il'I'cgll.lori), de[losited ; po r lly oon-
ceuled________________ __ ________ ________ 48
JUI'SHSJ C:
Eu t ru(Ja 8Jl1,d~tone-
13. Sandstone, ]reJlow, In l,laooil l'Ybi te or green-
white and red, fiue grained, w'ltb ' coarse
grams on lamination surtoces: eontslJHI
SOll1C Iron concretloD8 j triable, crumbling
renlllly to dust: UIJPCl' part Illlulsh;e, in-
tricately Ct085-bedded i lower 40 feet
evenly bedded i shows smooth foliation
pln.nc~ : forrus cU!r: thlcknOlUl e8tiruat~_
12, Snollr!tone, red, fioe grained. tbin bedded,
130
nud 8flndy red shnle: crossed by bands and
Jllltchea at greeb-white: friable: calcare.-
OU8 and gyps\!crous; very irregular In
bedding And structure___________________
II , Sall<1stont~, ,.ellow-red , wllsal"e, cross..lJcdded,
60
Doe trD lncd; resembles NI.I'Vajo sod-
stolle - _________ ________________________ 22
Toto} Entrada sandstone______________ 212
Curmel (?) fonnn tiou-
= be sePftl'oteit into four bed, but ex.posure
11>, Gypsum One! IYJlsfterous shale. with subordi-
nnte ~hnly sunds.toue j rray. red, pnrple,
and 19h-colorcd; torlUs a pla.lD aeron up-
tUI"lIed atrntn: hU'gely cODecaled: thlck-
Ill'8S ei!iUms ted ___ ________________ ______ _
9, Sandstone, thin bedded, or sRndy s.hale, gray.
highly cnlenreoos. Imbrlcnted: glistening
tolhttiOll surfaces covered witb rlipple
umrks and patcbcs ot hardened sand:
vcry irregular Ju thlck.ness. composition,
ond extent of 1Jed2t_____________________ _
8, Shnlc, caleareous,. Rud thlD SODdy IIroestoo8.
24.
12
7. GnlSUUI, ",·hlte. DlMsh·c, with tew ICllses
And stringers ot white MOdy shale' forml
sweh: partly concenled.______ • __ ~ ___ ~ __
45
6. Sandstone, red·yellow,
bcddcd _______ wuslve. cross-_
: ________________________
1
5. Shnte. red, sandy, unevenls bedded._. ____ ... {
JUrasslc-CoDUnued. .
Carmel (7) formation-Contiuued,
4. Sandstone, buff', regularly bedded i Oot Hd
4 feet tbick, other beds thin __________ _
3, Shale, sandy, or shaly sandstone, '1)luk with
u
irregularly placed patches of ~d!, flilta.
reous; tbin lenses 01' lImestone; CoUatloa
surfnces sun dried, ripple mar'ked, aDd
dotted with mud lumps ______________ _
2. Limestone, pink, brittle, and Pftper.t.h1a
sandy sbule, -imbricated, ripple mnrQcL
I, Saudstone, roo, shaly. cnlC"JreouR, with
[)D.tches of coarse sund I;l'aIO'<I _________ _
-•
Total C::t rmel(?) formntioD _________ .... a
~
Totnl Morrison formation Rnd San
Rafnel gl"OUp_________ _ _ _ __________ _
Jur ...Ic( 1) :
Navlljo f;oodstollCy yellow·white.
Scolio~ of San Rafact uroup a"d Morri.son lormatioa., .......
eQ8t bUJC of Ka;pa,yo-toits Platea·u, abaut 16 7t~ile, ao.!l...
of liJ_caJa.ntc, Utah
(lfcllSlIr<!d by Hc['b~rl E. Grc;:orl1
Cretaceous :
Dakota (1) ..ndstone-
Uncontormlty I hown ht eros-tall s urEaee covered
with ('Or-glomerate composed eblen,. of etay pel-
lett, chunkl of shole :lnd white ! llnd:stolMt, and
pebblel of red', !:YRY, and black quarts nnd ellert.
CrelJleeous (7) ;
lforrlson fotmatJ01.1-
8. Sandstone. ;yellow-white, witb. lenses ot. )'ft-
Il)w, ,reeu, ,a nd dr-ob mul.! :ahale __________ _
7. Saud'dtorr.e, tbin-bedded, arenaceous shale,
•
ond hl,"hl,r en!i.'l1i'eous ami !Sandy eartbJr
limestone; alternating band'. or dark red
aud eral, ,-orl nne,'enly bedded; lentle.-
lar ________ ________ _
T
____________ _ ______ _
6. S,mdstone, yeIlOW·gl·U1, pa rt er~s-bcdded,
•
part f'cJlutill'I)" lJL'ddetl;. incluoes leD.iQII
strlnp, and isoln.ted fra~lDell(1 or ,fellow,
grecn·white, aud Ilate-colol'cd~ daJ Ium.p.;
two Jeuse!J of' con~lo.mel.. te wIth pebbles
of sbnle, ~andJ:l:tone. and quurtlillte ; IDa,
0llpettI. . . . . Bing-le hed wIth remftrioble
vorlutlon. In texture and. In detailed st.rve-
ture j Ifmllar mot"erials in the bank of •
wasb i poorl,. consoUdRted, crumbHnl read-
Ily to sand'______ _______________________ _ 111
Total Monlsoa tormotlon _____________ _
Jurassic :
Summervllle( 1) tormatlon-
6. Sandstone, rello\Y-Wblle, In re,ulur bed., I
to 10 inchetl thick; ,'er'1 nne c-ralned _____ _
4. ShnlCy dark red, very calcareous ,; 80me tblA
•
liruestofies; thIn imbricated larers, wltb
!!tubby lenses Q r red anil Kr." cnIco_
8RDdaton·e___.________________________ .. _...
3. Sandstone, banded. Y~Llow. gl'een, ond red.
•
-
thin bedded; w •• the.. to powder, d"- T
Total SumUle .... llle( 7) !ormatloD ______ _ G
 JURASSIC FOllMATIONS
,......,....contJllu.d.
IDtrada &Il-UdStoDe- Feet
2. Sandstone, crenm-colored and yeJlow-Sl'een,
in plnces bright gTeen, rna~sive, cross-
beaded, uniformly ftne grained except tor
slightly coarser grains on lamination sur-
ro~: Wel1.tbel"S In sruooth rounded knobs:
. cl'umbles under tIle feet; for~ n terrace;
thickness estlmated __ ____________________
Carmel (1) t'onnat!on-
1. SbnlIJ, red, gypslfcl'ous, thin gTay silleeoa"
limestone, und thill red amI bl'ay calcnreous
Kandltonc; only top exposed_____ _______
Totul Morrison formation find San Ra-
rael group________________ ______ _____
An unusual feature of this section is the amount of del'doped in the lower beds of the San Raful group,
lime in beds 4 Ind 7 ond the mingling of colors and and the sLeep-faced meso. that fOMn a cl'euulated wall
tertures in bed 6. The olmost abrupt. v.,·intion in
terture and arrangement of beds characteristic of the
San Rafael group and Morrison formation is indicoted
in. section measured by Moore' at a near-by locality,
"here calcareous beds firo absent and the bedding is
mtlCh more regulor. .
I8CHn'" of Entrada. and CO,'llw! (",.,,,,altoIiS _ea.I' O!vl 00-1)6
on Rarr;" Welsh, about 20 mi.re. Ct-'lJt of Eswtante
lMcRIiUr(!d by Unymond C. )l'ooNI
Iall"8do. sandstone:
3. Sandstone, tan·hrowll, massive, s.ott: weathers
ren dlly to IJUDd that tOl'IDS aunes; thlcknes:s
..,Imltea ____ ________________________ _______ 300+
Ctrmel formation: = determined. West and north of Cottonwood CI'eek
2. Shule. plnkisb red ond blull!h croy, sandy; con-
talus beib ot gypsum -4 teet 01' less in tblcknc;\8 :
outcrops ore 1'erylrregutar O.Q aecouot or Slump-
1n,; )enLicular (;-rur sand8tou~ beds 3 feet or
Ic:@s In tbickneils ____________________________ 120
L Saudstone and shale. dork moroon, m~diul1l
c:natned; tbe shale yet'S sandy and grading to
shol)· s:ondstonc_-;___________________________ 60
ToWl Carmel CorllloUoD _____________ ______ 180
'r.!ioo< .f 8a" Rafael anll Morriso,. (1) be/!4 at F!ItIl'Ni/e
Po:",d, c4UI. e"d of KaipaJ'ofclt8 Pfa.tetJ.It, UIGII
[Meollurec1 by Herbert E. GL"CjOrrJ
Dakota (1. IIndstone.
1l00000on. (7) formAtion and Son Rafael p'oup:
13. Sandstone, rcd-yellow, massive, cl"Oss-bedded,
full o'f Cft\"CS and pits i weathers into rounded
knob. j very .8oft i single ledge i thlckne3s
ntimlted ______________ ______________ ___ ___ to beds thal show the chAracteristic features of the Mor-
1.2. Shalt, arenBceOus. or tllio sDndstone, o. sh~
creeD, l'u\'ender, (lod sbades: of red; Irregu-
larly bed'l.'L ________ ____________ _____·_____
11. 8DDdltoo(!. wWtc, 90ft, mottled________________
10. Shale or thiD I8ndstooe, red. imbricated. Dodular,
talcareou8, ond gypslferoos_________________
8. SlDtlstooe, greeD-white or white mottled, lumpy,
Irlablc _________ ____ _____________ - ---------
8. Ibal. or Mudstoue, like No. 10________________
't..", ..u, C. R.• and otber'S. op. eSt.. p. 21.
83
Morrison (1) torwnUQu aud SAn RIlfQ~1 group-Culi.
7. Sandawue, white, !rlable_____________________ _
6. Sbale. Uk. No. 10____________ ________ : ______ _
15, Sandstone, wbite, calcareous, ripple JDlll'ked ___ _
4. Grosum, dark red, white spotted, lumpy, and
('81coreous sand,. sbale____________________ _ 10
3. Saod:rtone, It'regularly beddccL ___ ____________ _ 8
!!. SbRh~, red, sand" colcttreous________________ _ 1G
240 1. Llm~tol1e. red Iud groy,
tlnel
"er,
8ond" lumpy,
bedded ______________________ _
une~enly
4
Navajo iuudstone.
3M
8 P.-\RIA VAI..:L.&T
The flnt 1,1IIe! thQt immediately sun'ounds Cannoll-
41~ ville, ~nd extends .down tho Patin for about 6 mile& is
for t.ho irJ'igutcd lands about Henrieville are composed
of Summerville .,lId :Uorrison (!> strat.a thl~t aro PI"'-
vented hom crumbling by' A resistant cap of DakotA
(~) sandslone. The Dry ~nd Butler Valleys like-
wise have been formed by the removBl of friable San
Hnfael beds. (Sec pl. 22, B.l· The exceptional
roughness of the country .t llat extends fl'om the head
of Cottonwood Creek westward Dcross Hackb.rl·Y
Creek to and beyond the Pal'ifi is the expression of
the extent to which streams have succeeded in st.rip-
ping the Navajo sandstooe of the overlying beds,
Foot
which aro highly voriable in composit.ion, texture, and
arrangement. The relations of the Upper Jllrassic
100'mations in this aret!. buye not been satisfactorily
no complete section is eXpoSed, ond the incomplete sec-
tions which a.re IiIlparated by several miles, reqnire
more study before correlation in detail can be made
with confidence. If the 120 feet of yellow crOss-
bedded sandstone t.hat forms a ~inglc mal<8ive stl'atum
at Dry Ganyon is nssigned to the Entnda formation,
the Carmel formation, with i,t. charactel'istic lime-
stone and ripple-mll'ked shale, is unusually thin at
this locality and contains no gypsum. If tbe yellow-
red sandstone cliff. at CannonviUe, which lie between
thin, banded .andstone above and gypsum bel(}w, are
correlated with the Entrada, the Cumel in tho upper
Pari .. Valley Utcludes prominent members that are
Feet not oboerved elsewhere in this formation. The assign-
ment of bed. to different formations is mode more
difticult by the absence of 1I[0l'l'isoll strato.-at least of
rison. (See p. 91.) The present tentative inter·
pretiltion restricts the )forrison (t) to 4~ feet of white
SO sa.ndstone at the top of the banded Cannon"ille clitIs
8 and treats all beds between U'lat horizon mnd the yellow
sandstone on Dry Creek as one fOf'mation about 800
sa feet thick, which occupies the position of the Summer-
ville. (See pt. IS, A.) In fll.vor of this vic" is tile
,
2!1 observation th ..t the red strata in t.he banded ,,-bite
.a nd red slopes beneath the 88sumed M01'l'ison gradually
 rHI: Jl:AIl'AaOWm PGIO/<
84
il1crease in num!ll!r downward alld thicken until the I pearanee of a white cliff unevenly banded with I!d.
nllo,,-red .. andstone constitutes Ihe ~alley walls. In the lOwest 20 feet the banding i9 regular and the
l'h.se massive red !lI!d$ are lithologit1l11y much like the contrast between dark red Bnd white is unusually
" !lI!ds abo"e and are mlrkedly dissimilor to the shale strong. 'rhe middle division, which is correlated with
t.he EntrAda sandstone, is substantially a bed of IIlII-
and gyJl5um undernealb.
.o\s shown in the section !lI!lo'll', these maSl'ive sand.
sive white to blue-gray friable sondstone that is eJab.
orately cross-be,lc\ed ancl has a thickne.«s of about 110
stones include dark-red .h.le IS lenticlllar pal-tin:;s.
In the Dry Valley abo\'6 the 119 foot of shale Rnd feet.. The low~st division, about 250 feet th.ick, cea.
gyp.um thn resu. on sandstone Rssigued to the En- sists of thin, ulleYellly bedded friable sandstone thlt
tradn f()l"llll.tion (S<.'C section, p, 85) lies obout 400 Faries in textu re from fiJli! mud to co"'''e sandstooe
feet of intrictlOOly eroded beds that form the much a.nd includes fl.t lensr. and oblong mosses of 1DJa1l
broken floor of the \"olley. They appear IS rounded angular pebbles. Its geneml color tone is marOOll,
knobs of b"nderl and "sriegated .. marl," flat· topped but bands of w!t:te of different thicknesses, lengths
me~o~, on<l buttes that rise obove a surface deeply "nd positions trn,'erse the surface in a seem.illg!!
blll·ie<1 in Illuvium. (See pI. 22, B.) . The !lI!ds pres- haph.u,rd fashion, and thin beds of light-guy snd.
ont include yellow, red, dark-red, Ind white b.nded &lonc form shehes on slopes that otherwise weather
f.·jable snndstone, c!llcnreous and gypsiferous sh.le, like shale. Beds of gypsum, if present, are concealed
ond at lellst six thin bed. of gypsum, one of them cut by swfnce debris, but gypsum forms port of tI:.
hy bnnd. of pinl< chaleedon)·. ~e.rly all the beds ~hat c~menting material. Towa.rd the base of this IfOU)
are expo.oo on the floor are I1ne.enly bedded Ind hme cement is increasingly eommon, and tbin lime.
chnnge their eharacter within short distances. At one stones inOOrlaycred with deep-red thin sandstolle OR
place R bed of yellow.red sandstone, lJIllSSi<e ncept pla£OOred O\'er the uneven surfllce of the NOVijo.
fOI' inconspicuous lenses of red shale, nppea .. na I huge Near the abandoned sit~ of Adairville, on the Pan.
moss obout half n mile long and 180 feet thick, shod- RiTer, the beds above t.he Carrnel formation consis
ing in llao midst of thin red .'!8ndstone Ind variegated of two thick massive sandstones sepa.I'ROOd by .boat
shu Ie, (See pI. 12, B, C,) nle north wall of the Dry 70 feet of thin, alterndely bedded red and white
Valley consi..u of about 200 f(let of San Roflel And snndstones thAt weather like shale. The lower, a
Morrison (1) beds thnt underlie Cretaceous sediments, white sudstone bed, is pel'sistent for several miles;
At R distonce these lowel' clilfs resemble one great bed the upper, n yeUow-white bed, changes along the staib
of white sRndstone th.t i. crossed byse\'ernl dark-red to a .eri~8 of thin-bedded, banded sandstone.
bands. On clOS('r view, the lowest 200 feet is seen to
Scoti.on €If Jlorrj.stm, (') f orm(tt ion and upper ".,., of 8n
be composed of a "e";ee of thin, uneven beds of wbiOO Ba.rltcl g"oup at CaN1Itnwil1e, Utah.
consolida.tedsnndy mud wieh two dark-red bnnda near
()I£'olOurro hy f(('rbcrt E. Gregory. See pl. 13, ")
Ihe top like thc border 011 WILli popel'. Above these
Dakota (?) &nnd~tone.
beds comes a heel of white cI'oss-bedded gritty 9.nd-
Unconformity ShOWD by ercsion.
stone, 4 fe"t thick, which is I'esistont enough to form Morrison (1) formntlon and San Rofael group: fHt
" project.ing bench, Still higher lies !)() feet of white 42. Sandstone. white, stalued with yellow; fel')"
~>1ndy shnle and sandstone cl"Obsed by severR! red bands une\"enly bedd(>(]; top 1 foot composed ot lD-
~n '.he l?wer holf and succeede.d upward by 60 feet of tel'ln('ed bands ot dnrk-brown DDd Yellow
mconsPlcuously bedded white sand. All the motoriol I!nnd; 1111 crmnNes readily to 1'oriegate4
snnd_ _______ _______ _ ___ ___ __ ___ _ ___ ________ 4.i
in t,he volley woll i. poorly cOllsolidnOOd And crl1mble '
41_ SnlJdstone. red: highest red bed Jo tlle Co.l1~
"'pl'' d l'
Y to ,'cry fmo snnd. Where it is protccted b • "We r~lorL__ _________________ __ _____ I
the Dakota (!) so.ndstone it otnnds along cliff fnco~ 40, SRndstolle lik e No_ 42 ______________ ____ ==:=~ 18
",n~ ont f\"Om Ihe wulls.s needles And to"'er~, of which 30, SDudstone. yellow, concretionAl'Y, ns if 'tfhfte
I.Jhlmnc~. Rock (pI. 28, A) ;. a conspicuous eumple, ~Rnd8t oDe were Impl'egnoled with Iron •
38. SandstoD(" friable. 1 toot white, 1 toot -~~-.
At t.he h?gbnck th.1. i. trenched by the P"'ia River ff{·t white, 3 feet red ______ ___________ .______ ,
brIo,. POI'," seUlement the upturned strata of the , 37. Snndstone. white. gylJslfel·ous ___ ? _ _ _ _ __ _ ~ _____ D
San Rufn:el group olld the Morrison (I') fonnut.ion are 86.. Snlldstone, Orm; th ree honds ot red sepllro.ttd
re" ealed ln the bed and immedi.te banks of Cotton. b~' ""blle i forms Hlep all slopes ond CtllllJ of
w.oo,d Cr~e~ .. They here constitute essentially three Dear-by bl1tte~________ __ ___ __ ______________ JS
3:;. S:JJIt:b:tone. whife, trll1bl ~, lenticular, witb 22
clistmct d.vll;aons. The uppermost division, which lies
tftlcontiDuous bands of l'ed In lower ha.lt; ,.
nneonfoMllubly below t·he Dakota(t) .. ndstone, in- red JIl8t.f"rlol OCCllr leu~ nnd ECottered Ira,..
c1~ld .. more thall . 600 feet of medium·grained vel'Y lI')eDt.@of greeo-whlte Cllly ___ ___________ ~____ 146
frIable sandstone lD massh'e ,,'hit-' bed• th • t ne aep· Sol. Sandstone. wblte, cross-bedded, very Ana
ar~ted by beds of dnrk-red and green· white 83ndstollc ,rained. le.nti<:ulnr, relt\th~ely . reJ:ltst8Dt; forJBI
1Ien(:b 011 F.lope Dnd cops ot ncat-by towerS
3 lOehes to 1 foct thick, ",hi,'" thus produce tile op- nnd Dlesns ______ ___ _________ ____ ______ , ____ • S
 JURASS IC JOBN& TIOlfS
.(1) forDHttioD nod Srtn Rtlfu el , grotlp-C outo.
- : S8odsto n c, light red, in pluL'es du}'¥ H'(t. \'Cry
ir~utorly beddetl, poorly t'ousolld llled
_____
32. S<lIl<1.to e like No. 3; _______ ___ ___•_____ _____ __
n %
1 like No. 3.'1 ____ __ _________________ _
SaDtI8tOQ~
;,: SaI)d8tone. buff·yel low: bu~ a (·.)II~idet'llble
rtlo;;e in Ullckuc ~s _____ __ ____ ______________ _
:!9. Snndsto ne Uke No. 33. __ ___ ____ ______ _____ __ _
?JI. Send"too e like No. 34 ____ ___ __________ ______ _
2i. Snndstone l~e x,o. ~::L- ___ - - ------- -- - -------
~ sundstone like ~o. 34 __ ____ ___ __ _..... _________ _
25. Sandsto ne like No. :t3 ___ ________ ___________ ..,..
M. Sandstone, white; three ueds rtiylded rcd b,
sandsto ne; nocJulor . cODcrN loUlr,y; !o.)rmg
beDcb ______________ __ _________ _____._______ _
~ San~toD C lIke 33. __ ___ _______ __________ _
~o.
22. Saodlltone like No. 3-1 ________________________ _
21. Sondsto ne, burtt sbulrt thi ll beth1ed, ,·cry HO-
o,enly be<lded__ ___ ___ _____ _________________ 12
20. Sandsto ne, {lnrk rcd, ~ h :l 'Y , i'Tinblc________ ____
10, Snodstone, li~ht reel, thin bedtled. cross-bcdde<L
18. Sandsto ne, ligbt rell, thin hooded. and dark-ree l
~bnte, remurka bly irregutu r in tt.'xture. struc-
ture t aud eontinu 1ty uud arrange ment ot
bcrls: the sha l e l li S:Uldy lUud lu beds as mnch
08 1 toot thick nnd 10 to 100 teet long :lnd In
oblong mud ch unks cmlJcdded lu -s.lnfJ or
weather ed to form" toe hole" cavities ; sund-
atone strata t n nl:;cntll\ l ly crossebeddcd; wbite
Itrcn.ks nppe:u' at
joiut~ , on Coliation llinnes,
and o.ton,; cro~s-bcth1ln:; laminae And olttHne
IOnlO Dlud ell unks; fontlS uneven top of me&a..- 45
11.
Sbol~, dUl';t rei!. hTegula rly .tatued wbtt~ ___
__ 4
16. 8o.r.-dltone, ligllt red, mnti$l.vc, cross-bedded... ___ 13
lG. Sandsto nc Dnd sll1'lle like 1'\0. 18___ ___________ IS
14. Snndsto oe, TI.;!ht red, trregula rly l~edded; ~ome
atreoks of whUe ___ __ __ ______ ___ _________ __ _
18. S.... ndRtoue, Iigl1 t red, wnD)' "hlte rl)unll blotches
at basc; very il'l'egul ar; Indudcs oue per-
.lttent Ulln bed or white SSlfldstooe _________ _
12. Shale, 411rk red, a series ot' ofel'la.p plllg sandy
Inod nakes; re sts in nu') st plncc1 on white
Orm Sftndf'to ue shelf ubout 1 tnell thlck _____ _
11. Sandstone, lI~ht red. cro .... bed<led ___ • ________
10. Shale, Ilark red _____________________________ __
O. Sandstone, Jig-ht rect, uneveo, hlIDVY, cross-
, bedded; eontnln s smnll Qunrtz-H ued geode8_ __ 12
.. Sandsto ne, ~'elto\V- red nnd butY, it) beds 1 to S
teet thiel:, discont lnuoul, cross-bedded: crotnl
ot transluc ent (IUartz toa;-ether wlth .ome red
Ind hlack ;"l'oins; con tains Quutz-l Ioed geodes
II lel1.lCS and tiS SCltttet ed indivldll Ul .. ; Cftrrles
I dlnRonn lly plnccd bed: ot white aandsto ne
bordere d by dart-re d I!mlc thllt rao:;ea v.ith-
In 100 teet {ro... 10 to n feet In
thlckneo l _______ _______I""h..
_ __ _____ ___ __ _______ 16
7. ShAle, daJit red; snlHIJ" uncvelll y be:!det1; cnr-
rlea JengeS ot yeltow-I'ed sandsto ne: wetlthel 's
as I groove or strina- of rectang ular Ctl. \'I.ties
on clltr roce__ ______________________________ 10
t Sandsto ne, light rellow·'I'ed runBSlve j breakS liP
ltoo" .trlke Into c_foss·bedd in£"; laminae 1l1~r.
notely l-ed and white; thickne ss ranges WIth·
In 200 teet from 36 to S fcet___________ _____ 28
!I. San<ll!tone. light red. CI" .... l>cddcd: wbite
streAks along lllntlnne ______ _ _:-____________ 20
to Shale. dark red; luwpy; forms l:rOOvO ______
85
llorrlsu n 0) fOnlltttlo ll and San Rafael group-C oUld, Feet
3. Slllldst()u~, ,,·bite: very dna grained : bed ditrers
{
much 10 thicknes s from ptnce to place__ _____ 1~
2. Sandstone. )'CIlOW·l-ed, streake d o.nd dotted with
s
whlte; nlils.!tlY8 bods, 6 teet thick, flepornt ed
by very uueven)J' bedded ahate i weath,e n as
knobs onrJ hoodoos ; at 0. pluce 2 runes di,t:lllt
thc~e Ix."tls rOt'ltl a cHit about ";0 feet h lgh__ __
_ 2G
6 1. CytHSUU\ oDd sbRle. white, yellOW. dark red,
{
rarely greenish i Cypsum io ftve or more beds
1 t () 5 teet tldek. lnrgely couccolC<l___________ -I;:;
~H
neds totalin g 180 feet ill thickne ss below No. 1
1 appeal' on the east bank of the Pal'in_, but the base
8
of the SaIl Rafael group is Dot exposed.
14
Section. Of par t of nUJ San. Rafael qroN'p ,,, D"1I Va-Hey (Rock
Spring Gulch. Ccdrz.r Walla), Utah, abQI.t 2 ""He3 atuwe
~ ftJl
IUllction. toW&. Pm'to Creet
5
pCeBiure d by Horbert It Oregorll
·t-!l.ltro.dR SR Ild8tOUC and Suwmcl",·tllo (?) romHl.Uon : l-~t't
9. G~·~t1I n, 1Uossl\·e bed: cops l.Ilgbelit hill In tbis
ylcinifY _~ . _____ _______ _______ __ __ _____ ___ _
~
8. Shale. (llnkJs b, stludy, In l'el'Y irregula r bed::c__ ___ ij..'3
7. GYPSUID, mussIve bcd_____________________ _____ 1
6. Shote, pinkish, snndr. with lunny thin titrlnger s
of gypsum ; tollutlou RurfaeclJ ripple Illfu'ked ;
together with No. G CorUlS l ow rounded hills_ __ 32
5. Shale, al'ecnlsb And red, sAnd),: UlallY tb!.n
strlnG'crs of Vpsum_ _ ________________________ 11
4. GypgUDI, whIte, mS:$81\'e bed : summit ot: bed forms
a tcrrace_ ____________________ __ ____ _________ 13
3.. Old Y l:iilnte, sott, ,·cry thlo1, laminat ed; soute
gl't"eclsh laminae : nodulnr . concr£> tlonnry:
T (orlUs nn nloo.e_____ ___ __ ___ ____ _____ __ ____ _
;j
2. SDJld,tone, pole yellowl8 h ",'bile to le-mon M
yello\'f.
On~,-gralned, 1l10SBl\'c but loft nnd very poorly
9 cemente d: got'ains trnuspo l·ent ond uniform ly
smnll; outcrop s of the rock resembl e tbo.t4e ot
the Nava jo IRlld:Jtone; most ot It Is cross·
1 bsdlle:d 01' obacul'ely bedded: tOl'ma u cll rr.-._~ __
Ill!
S 1. Sbule, red. sondy~ __ ____ __ _____________ __ _____
2
'" Curmel fOl'lnntlon,
Sectioll Df J[o,'f";.so,. (f) !ornloHoa a.nd San.
2~0
Rafacll1"o~p ncur
Ilead of Collort.u:004 Creek. Ka.-n.o COUll/ll, Utalt
n(~Ml\"e4 by S erb,,-" E. Grcaory1
Dakota ('1) aandstollo witb lenael of course collgloUl·
erate and of coal.
Uneonformlty.
It(orriso n (~) tOl'IDlltlo n uud San Rafael group :
Fed
28. Sandsto ne, reUow 8ml burt, Dln:mlfe. fine, ~YCU
grained ; torms cUtt-__ _ ___ _______________ _
GO
21. SODd~oue, tn alternot Jol' bed. ot ycllow wblte
ond dark red, fine, nan ;ralned : thlckllesS
..,tlnale<! _______________________ -- - ------- -
1UO
26. Sandsto ne, light rCd to yellow. l'cry trlot.le,
moasl\-e, strongly cr083-beddoo; tortna verU-
cal ell~___ ________________ ___ _____________ _
120
25 SaodaLOue, aboJ)" pink and green·w blte i unl-
, formly vcry .6.ne grolned except for pock.ets:
that cauteln (ra,men ts of. relative ly reslqt·
unt greell shnle; forint' enp tor No. 24 ______ _ 30
2
 86
1tlorrllKlD (1) formatioD aDd San Rafael grfJup-Contd.
24. G.TDBum. wbU(!. JtpeCked w1th &TeeD; includel
THB K~IPABOWITS REGION
some gyp!'{iicroos sbale __ __________________
~
23. S$ndJJtooe, wblte ____________________________ _
" 22, GYllsnm. like No. 24 __________________ ____ _· __
21. Sa.ndstoll@o, white. booded w"lth red i "ery fiDe
v;ralned ____________ _- - --- - - -- - -- - ----------
20. Gypsum, Va'h1t~ and plnk __ ___________________ _
11). SandHtonC', pink, green-wbite, and light red, In
discontinuou!J beds: 1 to .. teet tbIck: appcfl.rs
us variogated cll1r.______________________ _
1& Shnl{", drub, hlgllly cnlcnrooufI, 1D beds less than
1 Inch thick; weathers to • rounded knoIL___
11. Sandstone, white, ftft~y_- ____ - -- - - - - ---------
]6. Sandstone. red: In nve IrreJUlar b2d!f, folltHlon
5urtf1 ~B wavy, f1rm; tortnttl 11l'oJectlnj; Jedgc__
1iJ, Shale. reel. ~ndy. lumpy. tD Irr~ula, bt'ds; In-
clades ICIlS('S m:tde of porou. ftlu:rccatetl or
chunks or white ood red clay witb MllDe smnll
fX,!uble. and frftgmt"nht ot phmt. ____ __p______
H, Sandl'lfooe. grny, burrt. made of pehbles of sbale.
qunrt.. and quurtzlte 8"feragl'n g about one-
r-Ightb Incb lu diometer, set In coarse send___
, 13, S:m<l.stooe, In (bin bed1\. and very thin ahale,
dftl'k-red, specked with wbLte Ind yellow;
uDe'fen1r bedded, crou-bedded ; Inc1udel IeMCA
composed ot red nD(1 I:'l1l1 ftottened mud
lump.; r~lIt8 ODI winy surtllce of No. 12__ ...... ":'"...
J2. S,,!ul!1tone, yellow-whIle ,; ..cpllratt'd by ooscure
1
follntlon Into beds tbRt Ave.t'ap about ~ reet
In t.hlcknc89; Dlllltslve, sott, weakl,. cementc..>d
by lime uno Iron: grains ver)' SIDIlU, mOlit of
tlit"m trnnspnreut quartz; cross-bedded thr<lUl'h-
out; Dellr the top 18 Q hord dnrk·browD caflrRe
cross-betided JUYCI"; forms promlmmt cIID'_ _
11. Slinle or tllln ~o.ll{btone, red__________________
10, Snndatone, white, flnc-gl1llIlt.'(l, cross-bedded;
('rumbles road1Jy to SROfL __ ... _ ... _____ ...... _______
9, Shnle. 8undy, red nnd butr, UJle\"eJlly betlded____
S, Sondstone, (Chair, green-groy, In bed.. less tban
1 lneb tblck; nil blghly cnfcoreou.!', SODle l>cds.
siliceous l.hncstone; OD roBnUon surfnces 0:
romarknble dl,ijplny of ripple mot'klJ. and worOI
t.rHlIs; reststnnt to wettthetlnc ...... _... ______ .........
7, Shnle, red, sundy, ('olcUl'('Ous_ ... ___ ... ___________ ...
U. Llllleatone, grny, thin bedded, siliceous, smooth,
gll:~tenJDg folliltion sul'facC'S ______ ... __ _... ___ ... __
:l. Simle, red, allndy; Includes' two tll ~ n bcds of
~TOY limc8tone like N:o. 6___________________
4, Shole, red, very unevenly bedded, blghly cnl-
coreou!:! ____________________________________
3, Sbnh~, drnb or lilulsh; foUation plones iucoDspic-
\lOllSbut went hera Into tbiD hord chillS; In-
ciud('8 Inycn of: !hi.tIe (!alcareous ~mndstone
nud of dene:e IImt'frtonc. in whicb nrc em-
~dlkd fropienlary f08.111._...... ______ ________ 1~
2, S:lUdstonc. gfll." i Interbedded Willi rcddltlb and
green-tinted shale In tbl.D W'a\'y and crumpled
lamInae; weaUle'rs at one latd... __ ... ___________ 10
1. Snnlli>.tonc, grny-greeG, coo.rse, dl.continuoutl; In
plnet's represt'nted onl}' by scattered lund
grainS', In other places by • Inyep of SIlD<I an
Inch or less thIck, or by nec·ulftulftllons of
~[ld In hoUo,,'! or joint <!:nlas In tbt andet·-
lying rock - ... ________________ _______________ 1 play f~liation surfaces co ....red with sun cr~ &od
Uucont'ormHy_
Navajo snndstona, yellow-white top, base stnln('o(} dark brown.
.. ,
6
Secl"", 1 mile '01/.th of 1M n.cuth. of OoUon1<OotI
C~1tt.Y, Uta,'"
Crt.1r, ....
ll:tell.llured by n(lywond C_ Mao~l
s Cretaceous:
Dakotn ('!) snndstone.
Jurassic:
San Rafnel group-- J'tft
4 Sandstone, Ugbt b l u!~b gray, massive, uDtrorm In
color and texture, in part rutber bard. Illd.
projecting fl.S a ledge but mostly verr '10ft
&S aDd ea.slly erod~d_ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __________________ 1M
Snndstone. :mll'oon, \'cry sort, bUDded with UIlIl
45 beds of ligbt blUish grny _______________.-___ 111
4 Sandstone, light bluish gray, very soft; cont.ina
a few thin bnuds of maroon sundstooo_____ 11)
4 Sandstone, mnroon, '-c ry soft, with some baads
of ligbt-gTuy hard !!:1ndstonc as much a. 2 feet
in thiclme:o:s; soft sr.'., s sandstone increase.
upwn rd____ ___ ____ ____ ____ _________________ 2tO
4G
J ura5Slc ( 1) :
~8\'ajO sandston~
1 Sondstone, IIgb~ gmy to nearly white, massin, c:r_
bedded; forms prominent hogback to west
OLEN CANYON" REGION
28 The southwest front of the Kaiparowits Plateau
consists essentially of two enormous escllrpment& 'fie
lower one, which rises above the Navajo snndstOtle
nnd hus been stripped back from the walls of Glell
Canyon, is built of San Rllfacl and Morrison stnta;
110
the upper one is formed of Cretaccous sh,,:le ILnd sand.
4 stone, The Tropic shaLe, which separates the tlro
escarpments, has been rcmo,·ed to such all extent that
]G tbe ~IolTison, capped by the Dal<ota ('), fonDS a
7 bench many m:!es wide, which is separated into mes85
by the deeply trenched sh'e.ms tha t flow south to
join the Colorado. The traiL from Wllhweap Cree~ to
Roel< Creek winds about the ends of these mesa. Iftd
12 into the vulleys between, like the course of a ship
2
that is making its way along the bays and pronJOl)-
% torios of an intricately broken coast line. (&8 pl.
10, A.)
2% From the Parin River the old Indian trail tbet
lends from the Kanab and Virgin Valleys to the Cr05l-
8
ing of the FRthers runs almost continuously bet~
walls or around buttresses of Upper .Jurassic sand·
stone. Little White Rock GuLch, a western tributary
to Wahweap Creek, is cut in Morrison strata .~
150 feet thick and almost as white as flour. AlooI
Coyote Creek the next Lower beds appear-a banded
series of cross·bodded white or buff sandstone u4
dark·red or brown shale that is correlated with the
Summerville formation. Some of thesQ s&ndl!toa'
beds are marl{ed by parallel sets of straight cross-
beddina laminae; others are evenly bedded and dis-
patches of mud. They consist of very fine grains 01
white quartz and some blllCk, green, and~d grtIini
and contain also flnkes of green-white consolidated
 JURASSIO J'OIl)lA TION S
Jllud. The red shale consists of irregular wavy im·
bricated beds, 3 to 8 inches thick, the lowest heds
Jllarked ilt places by patches and nodular lenses of
manganese. For 6 miles abQye Lone Rock the im·
..witte banks of Wahweap Creek are mude up of
..bite and light"'ed sandstolle (Entrada) that forms
cliffs 200 feet a'· more high. Southeastward the Cur·
DI61 beds appear, and beyond 'Yarm Creek, on the trail
through Gunsight Po,s, the entire Mon'ison forma·
tioe and San R'lfael group are exposed. (See pI.
4,0.)
Although they differ widely in color, style of bed.
ding, Dnd thickness from place to place, the beds above
the ~8vlljO 011 both sides of Glen Canyon eastward
hl the mouth of the San Juan present !l similar ap·
~elINinoo; a variega ted baslil slope leads to a red wall
of m...ive cross·bedded sandstone thut is cop.tinued
upwlrd by 8 ser:es of banded red and white so.ndstone
lid green. wh ite sandstone. The lower red sandstone,
the dominating fenlure, forms II wnll of ntt.ractively
~olored Rnd IJea,,(ifully decorated rock, in some ways
remarkably like the Nanjo sandstone but marked by
F~rsirtent slllall differences that are easily recognized
in,h. field.
Along Glen Canyon the Canuel formation is ex·
posed to \!iew Over lnrge are.as, and innumerable shal-
109 canyons make it possible to study its ,·ariable
{",[ures in detail. (See pI. 10, B.) In most pluces
the Entrada, Summerville, and Morri"on combine to
moire unseala.!::I. cliffs, but :n canyons tributary to the
Colorado the edges of ull beds nre successively ex·
posed. Ou a branch of Kane Springs Creek the Mor·
risoo consists of approximately 100 feet of banded red
ODd green.white thin sandstone that overlies 200 feet
of gray and brown sanastone whose bas" l-ests 00 the
.....d.d surface of lumpy purple slrlll.. In pl.ces
.long Last Chance Crcel, the top of the Morrison is
·irre::ularly bedded, cross· bedded, and promjnently
&nd closely jointed and includes lellses and stringers
of conglomemte that carries pebbles more than 2
in.hes in diamet~r. The horizon between tbese beds
and the Ent,·ada is represented by only 20 to 50 feet
"t baoded maroon nnd light·gray sandy shale, which
grades nlong the strike into soft SAndstone, nnd in
outIying buttes west of Rock Creek. the EntNlda and
Uorrison make a continuous escarpment, the usual
intervening shale and sandstone thnt represent the
SlUIUnerv:Ue being absent. . from. tbe top Ife Lbree bands, e!leh nbout
Near the mouth of Rock Creek the lower beds of
lb, San Rafael group are well displayed. Immedi·
ltely above the N<lvujo lies 35 feet of red crumbly
fer, unevenly bedded cnlcareous sandy shale lhat
illcludes patches of lumpy sandstone. Thf$ beds are
lliecteded upward by 94 feet of red sandstone, mottled
1Iilh white, alternating wiih unevenly bedded !landy
ttd shale that presents mimy smood, and rippled
87
foliation surfaces. Toward the top these beds become
illcrensingly irregular in thickness snd extent, and
tb~ highest beds are merely short overhlpping lenses
that -are slightly channeled and together form an
uneven surfuce on which rests the massive Entrada
sandstone. This evidence of unconformaMe eont.ct
with tile enrmel to,·mation is st.rengthened by the fact
that both the shole and the massh'e Sandstone thicken
and ,thin oIong tbe strike to '" eonsidernble. degree.
Sec/iolt o( J/orr-ilOft. (OJ"PCIJHoo. «'M Sa,.. R,o,{ael IIro-IiP near
1IW,~/Jt, or W • .,.".. Creek. uttrh
Dakota (:) I8nd!:ltol1(,: cnp,a buttea Ind meAAI.
UnconCormlty sOOwa by eroslou cbnnnels.
Morrison and Summ@rTllIc(7) t orWtltlonl: (it. in.
Sbille. .rennceous, or Fbal,. t;I\UdMtone, 'w ll ·b
Ientleu}u bouds ot gypsum, dark red;
t.hlns" tblckells, ctlnng€s to red~wb~te mas-
li\"e or bedded 6IlndHtone, 01'. dI8Upve!l1~
aloJIA" IItrike___________ _________________ 2S
21, Sandrtone, ",-hlte nud treen-white, very
frinble, even wltE're uDweot.bel-ed; beds 3
to 8 teet thick. mork~d by planes roughly
h(JI'(z:(Jutul; JncoDsplcuous tungcuthll croBS-
bcddluIj,j very fine grOins, (.~U\eutl.>d "Witb
rlJ>StllIl.t lime, and CerrO\Lt(1Iron; few abort
red .h:lly balU:b Ln dilJ'erent posltloDS;
'C\·ltblu A. tlhdance of 2 milewl Ibis bed Is'
nbout 130 teet thick aDd t'trongly ~rORH-
b</Ided_ ••• _. _•• __•••• _• • _. __ ._ .. _...... 42
2G, sandstone or s.'1ndl' shale, \"~ry fine grained,
In alteruating b~ds 6 illclaes to 2 t~e t tbick,
dark red nnd turntl)' s-ret!D-whlte; wavy,
cruruph..l(l. SUD-bilked, lenticula.r all a
minufe scale; wcatb~l"9 Into ,sI)Ools, "rock
babies," and hoodoos. rlutllsllc lu color
ond sllnpe i within 11 mlle 111'o ng tbe strike
thts bed is represented b)' at/out ]0 feet" of
red ond whitc bODd~ nnd "bout 60 fcct: or
massive 6Qlldstoue______________________ 40
Total MorrIson lind Snmmcn'iIle ( 7)
torm:.lt1ous_______________________ 110
Entrnda B3l1dstone:
25, S:md1lt(Jut!t wWte and e'1'een-wbttc. mnssi\'e,
Intrteately cross-bedded witb collsplcuous
Ion,• .fIl1t CUn'e& and smaUer IO(J(ls of tnu-
lentlal '1nmlnal; vcry fine grained, most of
it I.n graiIl8 too swull to be seen wlth the
unaided eye; ,ypsum and lime cement i
contaJns Home unS'ul1u· chuuks nnd fin t
ch1ps or gr~n mud shale; about GO feet
4: feet wide, composed of deep-r~d sbaly
Eandstooe, and n few tbln, Bhort bonds of
the same materlnl 8rG Irregularly placed;
thIckne.. estlmnted ••._._. _..• ____ ._. ____ {OO
==
Carmel formation:
24_ Shale, landy. red, lD tbln, vC!ry uneven bed~
lrNgularly ImbrlcQted: Imall patches ot
BOnd ,row and' ot mUd-shale lumps____ 80
 I

TBE DIPABOWm · REGION

88
t :urmel tOl"Ul.tioD---CODlhlu~J.
23. Sand,toue. red. Ind 1ense. of red sblile j at
top h' a relatively reallltllDl bed of '.I.-bite
, Mndstone 8 tncbes thtck________________ 12
2"l. Shu I•• like :So. 20________________________ 6
21. S.nd~tQnc. gr0.7. lrreguhlr, lumpl i In place.
mIlJI~i'9'e. c ross-bedded j elsewhere breaks
loto thin
Ularks slubs corcred
____ ______ with tlny ripple_
_______________________
20. Shale. durk ~(1 and bed!J 0' thin elll1 saud-
stone tlIot b~~me white at the contftet9:
stratlOcotioo ve ty irregulor, lumpy. wovy:
8Qndstooe 1H eU&;btly croM·bedded aad coo-
lallls frag:ncnt$ ot Hbale; calcareous and
ferruginous g)'pautn a8 cement and dis-
semlnatcfl grains; lios appearance of
udobe and luU'dcDCd playa rouds________
13. Sandstone, In eight bedH, lowest six beds
\vhltc, 6 to 10 Jnches thick. lelUlrated
by paper·tbfo, Imbricated mud shole.
cl'u~bcd aud folded, suo·bnkc(l; tOP[Host
two bt.'<l8 sondstooe, bonded red aDd block.
wltb tWIl, short lenses at dark-red mud
shale nnd stl'eaks of w!llte; mucb gypsum
lind somo Crngment8 ot tibole Irregularly
dhrtributed: gl'oins are white nnd block
(J'UH· tl', nogular Qlld pool'ly ns."Io1'ted; 00'
mont Is cooopOfi(!d ot I1'0n, lime, ond iJYP-
sum; blnck g.·nIlls nre buncbed In sop at
\\'11\'y ~ddhlll s urfnces __________________
18. dark rcd, SQDdy, Imbl'lca ted, wuvy
Sbo1t~,
loUotlon, [hlu Q:i cnrdboard_____________
17. Snnd~tolle, light red, lDn ~lve 01' uneveo.ly
bedded, .slightly cro6s-b edG L'<I i becomes
whHe r~'\)Dl bhmcWog HeRl' tho top: much
a:ypsum In cl'ystD.ls, grolu8, And small
lenses; some or nodules lime and erystuls
ot snlt_________________________________
16. Shule or shnly sun<ll'itone nnd soudstoDe Uke
No. 11, In tLltll17lathll: beds thn~ l)rodllt.'e
11th-activo decornU\"e bllndlng 00 wind-
swept &lopes i the sllale Js lowpy Ilnd 1m·
brlcutcd.1a mottled Wltl1 round, white dOD,
Rnd aVtlMnJ like adobe j $.'\udstoue fits Into
IlOCket. blud'e by wuv,. tolllltion ~nntace8
I)f the shale: both shule aud saudstone
carry ruuch gypsum und llme j In seven
b.<1>1-
Ft. tu.
Slid Ie ____ ______ ______ ___ ,
~
rL 10. Carmel f0l'oUttion-{:ontluued,
14_ Sandstone, light red, friable, In il'regular
beds 1 to 2 fect thick that hav~ lump,..
\V~vy foUntion ~urfuccs Dud nrc separated
by thin lliscontilluous beds of dork.-red
imbricated !Hlndy sbale________________ _
13. Lhnestor:.e, white, resistant j brcnkl!l with
CODcboldil1 fracture ____________________ _
1 8 12. Sandutoce, like No. 1-L _________________ _
11, Sbn!e, durk red, imbricated, lumpy; ~n
beds as thin noS cllrdbonrd; culcareous
and _______________________ _
gn~.t.tCl·Ou::L
2
10. LlmestQDe, Ilke No. 1L __________________ _
9. Sbale. Ilk. NO. 1L _______________________ _ I
8. SaUdJJtone, light red, massive, cross-bedded;
caniea scattered groins of chert and
16 , quartz the sl7.e of bird shot; n l.xal
ground-water hol'izou __________________ _ 3
7. Sbll!e.. Uk, No, 11 ________________________ _
8. LhllestouC. like No. 13 ___________________ _
G. Shale. at. No. ll ________________________ _
4_ Snndstone, dark I'eel , in'egularly bedded:
conte Ins lenses and strlugcl's at red and at
white fO.bale; ull bighly calcareous;
Weo.thel'S In rounded knobs _________ ...... ___ _
3. Shah!,. red. lumps. Imbrica ted, In paper-thin
beds'i bl-eoks tuto irregular chips; b1gbly
cOlenreous _________________________ ___ _ ~
2
2. Sandstone. 'r ed. llI:tssi vt!, lenticula r, croU-
20 bedded, {rlahle. calco;eou8 __ ~ ____ ... ------ 1
1_ Conclomerate or coarse sandstone; white to
6 reddish i lenticular; cow[losed ot eICQD~
wasbed irre;;ulal'Jy sba[led pebbles of
wb!te quartz, sandstone, nud r81'C IIwe-
stone "9 lill',e <l!j bucl~bot; along the
strike ronges ill t hickness from layer ot
1,'TaU:,. to aceun:ulations 8 inches tblck;
3 coutains a gt'ouud-water !Jol·i7'Oll ________ _
Totnl Cannel t:orInotiou _______________ 128+
Totel section ____ _____________________ 638+
Uneoo!onnlty, Indlcuted by eroded, W8\'y, sUghtly
(:bnnnelcd surrnce ot underlying su[)dstonc. by dif-
ferent thicknesses or Ko_ 1, and by abnllit chonce
In Utbology.
Navajo saudstone, 800 feet; forms wall ot Oleo
Canyon.
8sctw-r. ilt cliff 1I6a·" mo·u th o( La~t Ol!4~6 Greek, Vt ••

'Sllndiltone __________________ .- 2
Sh.l. ________________________
S:m,d stone _________ • __________ 2
Shale' ________________________
&lluJ:;tonc___ ________ ""_____ ___ 5
S ••I. ________________________
1,'). Strule, 'f'e(y IIlIht rod, In reglllRr bcds as
thtn· tU Cllf'dbonrd i beds folded a.ud
erushed lb plIlC~' j Iypllum, lime, and iron
cewent: Ilk\,) hardened brIttle pl:l)~Q mud i
Ilt th~ bue !itS white sandlshale, mottled
dark red, 2 luchcJ thick, which coutains
doudl'ltes nud ulnuy seolUs ot 11:lIe and
K?'D$Um -.----' .. ,--- ...--... --.. --______ _____
G
(MClUl1rCDlo!ots by aUdadc by Raymond C. Moo.-e]
6
Dakota (1) saudslGuo. ,id
G Morrison r~)rr.l:'tro;'l (und Summerville? fOI'matloll) :
3, Sll.[!.d~to:le, ·greenis1l. g,rq,.; COUtillnS some p'lJrpHsb
8 n.ad brown Iloyer:s dod :It..aintng; very mssahe,
dL-;t.lnctli but mllss-jve~1 bedded, verticil I Joints
11 1 ratheE: 1)rominent, cr1tty______________________ 381
Entrada sandstone:
2. Sand.st.one, light yeHowisb gra)' or creum-culored
wltll irregular brOwtlish Plltches and layers.
very IUllssive, fl prominent cUrt maker; weathers
III smooth, subl'oudded sDrfaces wJth "ery rQre
j()lnt.i: rather unIfol'1Il 1..u. textul'e, hIghly crass-
bedded, but stratification 1$ Dot strikingly evl.
S U dent, U~ In the Xl\\':ljO ___ ~ _ ______ ___ _________ I1tJ1
 ORETAOEOt:8 J'OR)U.TIO~S
ClnoeI forwa tiOD :
1. Sabdstoue, mostly in 8bode., of brick-red to
Iloroon but b:1s some thin grayish-blue layers i
tbln bo<.Idcd'. In part ~baly; contains min beds
of G'JJ)8lJm ; Q weak (OrlUutIoll ,thot runke!i !SlopeS
.lld a.a t benebes _____________ ... ________ .. ______
limo aa.odstoue.
1,2fi3
Bcd 3 of t.his section is 490 feet thick at a point 5
l1il.. above the mouth of Last Chllnce Creek and is
lacking on. Wahweflp Creek above Wire Grass Spring.
JIed 2 is 611 feet thick at a point l>et.ween W~rm Creele
and Wahweap Creek, and bed 3 is 166 feet thick at the
.Duth 01 Rock Creek.
CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS
l'REVIOUS WORK
In his " Last Bluff" section Howell'· records 2,560
to 2,650 feet of Cretaceous sedimentary rocks in the
upplr Pari!!. Valley. These strata include 1,000' feet
of "erM·m sandstones and shale...," 500 feet of "dark
..gillnceous sllal\!" (Tropic shale), n "coal series"
lhO feet thick, "light-gray sandstone or fine conglom-
erate" 250 feet. thick (Dal<otal), nnd 251 feet of
teds believed to be the eqillwalent ·o f the Morrison
ond Summerville 100·mations as these terms are used
in the present. repQrt. Gilbert 11 briefly Iish Creta·
ceous rocks in sections measured 011 the North Fork
of the Vil·gin Riyer and th" West Fork of the Paria
RinT. Both these eady observers express doubt reo
garding the division plane between the Cretaceous
llId Jurassic-a difficulty experienced n1so by more
recent workers.
For arese that lie within or border the High Pla-
teaus Dutton" recognizes the Cretaceous as a widely
"'rilble series of sandstone and nrgillaceous shale that
cllIItllins coo.l Lnd, has conglomel"ltte of undetermined
o"ae at the base. He eny~ that" tho upper and lowe,'
divisions can be correlated with. high degree of prob.
ability with the Larnm ie and Dakot& groups of Colo-
l'Ido, respectively," From distant views he reached
the .onelusion that
the Kaiparowits Pla teuu Is n. bl'oahI belt of Cretaceou8 strata
reccl'lln' cut soutbwardly from the Aquarius Plateau Dnd
r_ 'lnble ella <no outlier ot the Aqunrins). At a dis·
tDace ot 60 mlles trorn tbe- hitter the Colorndo River cots
r1cbt .erl)Q the Knlparowits. tormlng the JrNRt ,"orl:e or the
Gis Canyon. South of the, rive.r tlie rJatform reauwes ttl
et.,mcter. lind the Creta<''eOul Ipreada out tnto :reat mesal
deepI, dfs:6ected by t-">flD.10ns tributary to tte S.n Juau. These
CretaeeOo8 Dle$ns COVE'f n Imost tho entire northeastern quarter
(If Arl,ems am) reneh ItldeRnitelY p{lstward."
IIL1I'1lD. E. E .• U. S. Oeog. aDd Geol. Sune)'1 W. lOOtb ~fe.r.
It,t.. fOI. 3, p. 271. , 1 81:!'.
GUIJt.t. G. K.. Id ew , liP. 1~0-1 60.
to
uDattou. C. E .• Re port 00 the ~ tov or tbe BI:::b Plat4!'aWi or
trail. 1'1" lu{-138, U. 8. Goo;:;. and Gt!.ol. Sur~ey Rock, z.rtD. Re;;loD,
ISIlt.
• n-tton. C. E .• Tertlnry bltlt()J'Y of the Gnu'" Canyon district:
O. S. C)('OI. Surve y Mon. 2. p . 33, 1882.
IS04~1--7
89
~·I.>ct I,iko }{owa,'d and Gilbert, Dutton expresses unce,··
tainty regarding the Cretaceous-Jurassic boundary,
For the Henry )follnlnins Gilbert H subdivided the
Cretaceolls into sevm formations, ,vhich he named, in
200
descending order, M.suk sandstone, lIfasuk shale, Blue
Gate sandstone, Blue Gate shale, Tununk sandstone,
TUDunk shnle, and Henrys Fork group, of which the
last consists of yellow fossiliferous sandstone, nn·
derlain in hll-n by arenaceous shale and coarse sand-
stone and conglomernte with silicified trunks of trees.
He remarks:
The three upper Sflud.stOllCS. the Mnsuk. the Blu~
Gnte, norl
char-
tbe I].'ullunk, are 80 nenrly 1dentical lu tbeir lithologie
acters that I wns tlnnblo to discriminate them In rfgions
where their sequence wns unknown - - - there Is nImost
equal cumculty In dlscl'lnllllnting the lUi\8Uk, Blue Gate, ond
Tnnunk shnle8~
Cross" met tbis situation by introducing the term
Mancos for the sholes above tho Dakot:. and adopting
Hohnes's term Mesaverde for lhe series of sandstone.
Two divisions thus became th& substnntill.l equivalent
of the six divisions described bv Gilbert. Beds as·
signed to the :Mnncos nnd M~s.o.verde have been
mapped at many places in New Mexico, Arizonn, and
Utah. H(n.ever, 09 the distance from their type 10-
I c"lity increa ..s thei,. dillerences increllse me~wi. se. In
recognition of this variation it seems desirnblo to estab·
lisl\. for the Kaiparowits region the field ,terms Tropic
shale, of lower Colorado ..ge, rotlghly tho equivalent
of the Mancos, and St.raight Cliffs and W.!l\fCap for-
ruations, which together resemble lithologically the
Mesaverde. A SHies of sh.t~ und soft gritty sand·
stones above the sandstone 9f 'the lVahweap formalion
is here termed the Kaiparowits formation.
The age and correlation of the Morrison formation,
now tentatively c1a~ified as Cretnceous (1), htls lJeen
widely discussed by Berry,'" Lee," I.ull," Mook,1O
Osborn," Stnnton," Simpson," nnd others.
14 Gilbert, G. K., Report on tllO iOO1oQ or tbe Hl":nry MouuttL1D.1J,
PI> 4..-6, U. S. Geog. Dnd Geo1. SUrYrf Rocky Mtn. R.<!lJlon. 1871 .
.. CtOU, Wlillmnn, U. S. OeaL Sorn), Ceol. Atlas. TeIJurlde 10Do
(No. Ill), 1890; La I'lot. foUo (No. 60), 1890 (1001).
Wl2err7. E. W.o hlt'obatuble e\'ldcmce of the IIge ot 'tho Morrh(OD
formatloD : ~I. Soc. Amcriea Bull., Y01. 22, IJP. 33~MZ. 1911i.
lTlA>.e, W. T., RCUllrona tor N'i::ardlnlt tbe MorrlMD Oil an Introduc·
tor, Cr<!tncooU8 for ma tion: GooI. SoC. AmerlCIl null., Yol. 28. liP.
303-314.., 19115.
)II Lun, n . S., Sauropoda and ~IO,.ntlrlll or the MortlsoD or Nortb
A..-,crlta comp..'l.rtd ""ltb (hOle ot Europe. ond cftstern A1'rl.c a: <kol.
Soc. A.~rtCl, Boll, vol. 211. pp. 823-33-1, 1913.
• Mool, C. C .• Orlglo aDd distribution ot tbe Morrtso. tormo.f\oD:
Geo!. Soc. Amertf:Q Bul~ •• ~ol. 26. (tp. 31il-3Z2. 1010; A .(\Kly o( tbo
~o.rr1iM)n, tormaUOD: ~ew Yor" AOld. Sci. AnuAIIl. voL 21. pp. :JO.-JOI.
1918.
.. O"oorn, H. F., CJo!C ot JurassIc .ad ollcolng "t Cr.tnccoull time
ID Yorth. America: Ocol. Soc. 4,rucrtca Dull., ';'01. 26. PP'. 2~02,
191ft.
·8unton, T. W., M4M'I*ln rormatlon notl It_ l'elutioDI wtll the
COlDa.nehc IIIc rJea Ilnd the D4koto lormlltjoD: Jour. GeoloQ', vol. 13,
pp. 6G7-C~a, l.U0!> ; ID"'~rt.. brtltc! rlluna or tbe MonitIOn forllHlllon:
Geal. 80c. A.lD~rlC" Dull., ~ol. 20, pp. 343-:MS, 19115.
;II Slm"'n. O. 0 •••4.1Je ot tbe MOM'I!'On tOI'watloo: AJu. lou.r. ~I. •
5tb aer., "oL 12. I)P. 198-216. 1926.
 /
THE KAIPAROWITS REGION
90
Beea use of it. economic significance the Upper Cre-
taceous of arcas adjacent to Ihe Kaip.rowit~ region
has received much study. F 'or the Book Chft's, the
r San Rafael region, and lhe eastern Wasll-teh Plateuu
sc"eral papers have been published." For south-
central Utah Richardson's study" includes brief de-
S<'riptions of the coul-bearing Cretaceous of the Kanab
jOcgion.
A1EAL DIBTRUIUTlOIf
Approximately half of tbe Kaiparowits region is
""cupied by Cretaceous rocks. (Sce pI. 2.) Unlike
the outcrops of lbe older form:>tions, that of UIC
Cretilceous is fairly compo"t. Except the compara-
tively nnr.row wc.tll'ard extcnsicln around the head of
the Pnrill V.lley, the Cretaceous are. forms a roughly
equilateral triangle I li!!Ie, over rIJ miles on each side.
'rho bll.-uc, IowaI'd tho Colol·...:Io l.hwl', is very irregu-
I~r, for thel'e are' northwftFd-ruching indentations
along each of the streams and southward extensions
olong each of lhe divides. The northea~t bound""y
of ,t he triungle is ,'el'y regular, as it is marked by the
appropriately named Straight Cliffs. The west Bide
of the tdangle is also "emarknbly .knigbt from the
southwest corner to the point where the Cretaceous
bods swing westward into the PIIri. V..lley. This
lin.. is defined by the northward-trending East Kaibab
n1onocline. Except the morginn.l lower benches, tbs
an'" just descl'ibed is an upland and is commonly
designated the Kaipllrowits Plateau.
Southwest of CtHll)lln Peak Bnd the Table Cliff Pla-
teau IInd soutow,,",1 on the west .id. of tho Paria
Ni "er, ulong the enst edge of the P.unsaugunt Platenu,
exten,l. a, somewhat narrow, irregular bond of Cre·
t.ceous exposures' from 2 to 10 miles in width. With
some changes in character, particularly of the lower
members, tbis outcrop continues westward, around the
south end of' 'tlte PannsangulIt and ~r..rkagunt Pla-
,teRIIS, into sallthll'estern Utqh.
ObservIltiolls on the Paunsllugunt Plntenu show that,
contr••·y to previolls mu'pping, tho Tertiary cover is
not continuous thcre. ]'or severoI miles along the
EAst, Fork of the Sevier :Hi"Cl' neat the pillce where
it erooscs Ih. Kane-Garfield rounty boundary erosioq
hns reQchcd I,he boise of the Tel'ti~ry .nd ~ in SOIlle
plnC('s hilS expC<'.cd' !I10l'e than 100 feci of the upper
pAri, of the Cretaceoos. This condition prevails also
o.loll.Q !'!I"N'",I of the trilm!"ri .. of t,he East Fork.
• Rh:hnrd:ktn. O. n .• 1t~C<ltl Dn tu.a Il C"l' ot the Dook Cillt/f eOlll flclds'
V. e. Geot SUI'W1 Bull. 371. p. U , 1000, CJllI'k, F. n., The Funbnn:
Rlltldloe, Car-boll Coltoll. Utr:ab : U. S. Gool. SUt Y ('1 Bull. ill, )Jp.
1-IS, 19Z0. LUVtOD, C. T ., Geo tOogJ" (!I Dd eoe l l"titoorce. or Cut!t V,,).
I"y In ?rbOo. Eru,,~y, ,,"d Se."!1f'1' C llu n \ ~(! •• n_",h : C. S. Ceol. Surv(>)'
DulL 0.. 8, UU6: Oil Dod glls ncar G1"I!etl Rlv(!J', Grnot! Count,. Ulll.h '
u. S, GI!01. SUt\·cy Bull. /lioU, pP. 1l tJ-134, lOB. Spl~ker. Ii:. M.. aDd
R~'3I.d('!, J. B., Jr. , C~I "crolUI aDd TtrUftry flll'lllnUODI of the Wa-
SAtch rlf:Llt'au, Utnh: G~L Soc:. Arne.rlea BUll, vol 86" . . . . .
1.921:5, ' • ,t·P: ..~u ... ,
:iRkbnr..'lslln, G. n.. The EIn'rnwn,., Colob. "tid Kllnnb e.,.t fttldv.
lIoulbcru Ulull: U. S. Oeol. Sa rY!!)' BlIl!. 3-11. Pl'). Si9-ol00, 1909.
Cretaceous rocks lie between the "'atel'pocket Fold
and the Henry Mountains and e"tend northward,
considerable distunce toward Castle Valley, forming
a conneclIng link with the CrehLceous of t.he Wasatdi
Plutenu and Book Cliffs.
TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION
Differences in hurdncss of the Cretaceous I'ocka, ~
those in the ot.her rod, formation s of the pIateu
country, arc strongly expressed in the topography.
Hard ma •• i". sandstone is the dominant l'OCk tn.
, .~,
and accordlngly, throughout most of tho CretaceoQl
orelL, th~re arc broad plateau surfaces ,bounded b.
sleep, high cliffs. Valleys c'''''ed in the s"nostone l;t
I1urrow, steep-walled canyons. 'Vhere the sandstOilt
beds are upturned in the East l~aibab monocline there
.Are long, sharp.Cl'csted serrate hogbacks.
'I'he tbick shale in the lower part of the Cretaceous
seclion commonly forms more or less intricately d~
sected slopes beneath the overlying sandstone, and ia
places, RS around the head of the Pal'ia Yolley, it;'
eroded to form broad "alleys, The R{)und and Horse
. Valleys ore ra ther striking basins that. have been
! excavated in tbis shale. To the weakness and rom-
p.mti,'o thickness of this shaly pOl·tion of the Cr&.
tJlCOOu.s, is, doubtless due mIlch of the recession of the
Cretaceous cliffs.
The presence of thin beds 0'1 sandy shllle and sbaly
snndstone in the middle portion of the Cretaceol:S
, sandstone accounts for the cl ear-cut topographic divi·
' sion into nn upper and lower plateou bench. The
upper sandstone is ovel'lain by poorly consolidated
grH .nd sandy shale, which in the vicinity of CRIlIlft
Pellk have been 10cILlly carvcd iulo badlands.
~LASSIFICATIO:l'
As treated in this report the Lowe,' Cl'etaceolDi is
doubtfully represented in the Kaiparowits region by
the Morrison fOl'mation, and the Upper Cretaceou.
comprises aU strata hetween the Morrison and ihe
:Eocene (Wasatch formation) .
I,ithologically und topographically the Upper Cre-
taceous can be dividcd readily into five main pSl'\E.
,\'t the bnse of ,t he series, resting unconformahly OIl tht
sllbjocent rockS, lies a relatively thin formation tItlt
eonsists of I"regular conglomerate, hard and sofllen'
ticulo,' fnndstone, sandy, more 01' less corbonoce<l1lS
, shale, and thin beds of dirty coal. This bedding, com'
, pOSition, and texture and the prcsence in places of COD-
~ 8iderabl~ petrified ,,"ood are features suggesth'e of tilt
, Dn~ot8, sandstone. In the Paria Valley, hOWever, 11.
.bund.n~ marine fossils in sandstone and, thin .bale
between or below some of t.\1e conI bods and the appar·
ent conformi!.,. with t1:e o"C!'lying shale 'su,ggest that
this bosol grit is intimately related to t.hese sllcceedin,
deposits. The conI-bearing baml beds ilre hel'Q termed.

CIlETAOEOUS FORMATIONS
))Ikot. (I) snndstone, with recognition of t.he prob-
obitity thnt they are m erely homotaxially eqlli""leut to
~ Dtkota of other areas.
Abo~ the Dakot" (1) lies a persistent dark shale
fonnlUOIl that ,·auges in t.hickness from 350 to 1,400
IeeL ~e lower part of t.his sl,ale cont"ins a· typical
loci f.,rly abu"dant basal ~Iallcos hUIla.. The snme
,.una .nd lithologic cha....,cter are found in t.he lowest
~lIceous shale divi sion of Ihe Helll], l\Iountains
("Tullunk shale" of Gilbert), and there clIn ue no
reason.ble doubt I.hat the lower part of the "hule in
die K.ip .... owits arel!, corresponds to thllt division.
'I1Ie upper purt, which conliLills few fossils, probaul)"
corresponds 10 t.he 'l'l.Inunk sandstone of Gilbert "ud
1110 Carlile horiwn of the lower port of Ihe Muncos
slsale. In the light of present know ledge it seems best
10 apply n local name to the division j list above the
!Jakota (Y), nnd the name Tropic shale has ;,cen
erlteted on account of the typical exposures illld greate ..
tbiclmesa of the s hale in t.he vicinity of Tropic·, ill the
northe..n part of the Paria Valley.
The Io\fer of the two main sandstones ,t hat overlie
lhe Tropic shale is partly marill~ and pa .. tly cont.i-
.utal. The collections 01 fossils thnt have been mnde
indicate thBt it is of uppernlOst Colorado age. FlllInal
eMtDCe indicutes thnt this sandstone corresponds
.pproximately to the lower pu ..t of the" Bille Gate
shale» of Gilbe .. t in the Henry Mountsins. The nUllIe
Stl1ligM Cliff. sandstone is he,·e applied toO it becnuse
of ita typical de,-clopment in the prominent cliffs south
of Esnlllnte.
The upper main sandstone division of the Upper
C:-eiaceoull of the K a iparowit.. Platenu has yielded
:olmost no fossil evidence, but it probn"l,. c<l .......ponds
00 the upper put of the" Blne· Gate sh.le" and to
the Blue Ga,t e snnds tone of Gilbert in the Henry
llountftins. Tl:e name '''ahwe"p sandstone is he,·e
.pplied to Ihis formation on account of typical ex·
POSIfe8 on uppe'· 'Yah weap Creek.
Above the '\Yahwe.p sandstone are coarse but weak
grits and sandy mnds thnt conta.in fresh and br.,ckish
WI/u fossils . These beds, which a,·e very readily
diotinguishable from the underlying formation, are
~ere D~med the Kaiparowits formation, os they are
tXoellently exposed on the highest part of the plateau
of this n~.II1e.
llOlllUSON FORMATION (CIIETACEOUSI>
CQUREL.\TION
Unconformably beneath the lowermost sandstone
~ds assigned to tile Dakota. (Y) are the light-colored
tongloJJ1erate, sandstone, and variegated shale which
ia Utah, south "esoorn Colorado, and northern Arizona
PAeraUy have been mapped as "McElmo formation."
,
91
CO ....elation of these beds with Ih01;e describ~.<I !IS
"McElmo" by Cross, no.r ton, Gregory, Lupton, Miser,
Moore, and other students of tho geolo"'y of t.he
platean province is mode with confidellce. "'Yith few
slight breaks they II1'Y be traced fro 111 the type
locality, lIIcElmo Creek, Colo., northwestWlII·d to SUIl
Rtlfoel, UtaJ" southwestward to Hopi J3uttes, A .. iz.,
and. westword to the Paria Vnlley. It hns long been
recognized thot the" McEhno " includes both mod"e
and terrestrial sediments alld thnt nn important
(Jurassie-Cretnceous) time b ..euk ma)' lie within its
v"ri.ble beds.
The dcterlr.inntioll by Grego ..y ""d Noble " that the
fossiliferous Uppe'· JII,·"ssic limestones of the Virgin
River Valley occupy the position ot the basal port of
the" MeElmo" of the lhvajo conllt,·y, und tbe dis-
covery by Gilluly lind Reesidc " of a"oLI\.,· .fossilif-
erous formotion in the n.iddle sOlliruents he retofor~
ch,ssed as «l\fcElmo," have led to " ,·eclllssificat.ion
of t.hese bed. as the San Raillel gmllp, comprising th"
Carmel, EntradA, Curtis, !lnd Summerville format ions,
of known J ur.ssic ngo, auti the ./1[0 .... i80n fo,·mation,
which is tentatively conside ..ed Lower C,-etnceous.
There i. no doubt t.hllt the lJods here ,,"sigl:ed to t.he
:Morrison find equivIlI.nt" ill the llPper purt of most
" McElm(l " &celions Ilnd thllt pn rts of the SIlII Ra facl
. group are also represented. Tho J\for,·ison forlDation
, of this ru"ea consists or thG saID" kind of sandstoue,
conglomerate. and variegllted shale that ch.moterize
this form.tion in nort.hern and ell~terll Colorado. It
includes undetermined alllounts of the npper port
of the" McElmo formlLtion," us that formation hIlS
been defined in papers Ihnt deal with the geology of
southwesterr, Utah, northeust.ern Arizona, north-
western New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado.
ARUL E.\:'TElIo''l' aND TfUCILNESS
In the Kaiparowits region the ~lo,·,i son f ormation
is well represented along Glen Can)'ou, the Escalante
Valley, and Holls Valley. It Oppel"·. also inpor\.
of the Poria Valley. 'rhe Little White Rock Valley,
u western tributary of the 'Vo.h we.p, derives its name
from the white Morrison ...ndstoneS H,nt fQnn its
WAils, .. nd combined ,,-ith the DakotR (I) and the
Summenillo the :Morlison stllnds in cliffs t:hot extend
frolll • point near Wahweap Valley to the south-
eastern extremity of the Kaiparowits Platenu. (See
pI. 10, A.) Along the Strni"ht Cliffs, tho south west-
. '"
~rn ,,' all of the ElICOlnnte VaUey, tho formation is
cont.inuous for nearly .0 miles. (&e pI. 21, A.) On
Hall. Creek it formo nearly vertical westward-fudng
cliffs from the Bitter Creek di,-ide Dea rly to the Colo-
rndo River.
nGre~()rr, B. X., and Noble, L. r-.. Of!. cit ., p. 237.
.GIII1I1,. J.~ and Hf'(·l&lde. J, D" Jr.• op. cit ., 1'1), '~10.
 'HIS JUIPABOWO'!I KEGION
92
In tllickness the Morrison shows .. great fl.nge.,
From a maximum of about 500 feet on Halls Creek
and Rock Creek it decreases generally westward and
seems to disappear in the upper Poria, Valley. It
also thickens and tbins within short dlstances. In
m08t places inaccessihle cliffs and extreme irregul.ar-
ity of bedding make it ditlicult to trace tbe formatlOn
bound.ries, hut the general lithologic character and
topography are so different from those of beds above
and below that instrumental me.suremento are prac-
ticable. Thus a section that was carefully measured
with alidade at the mouth of Last Chance Creek shows
393 feet of beds above mllS.i ve En trada sandstone
(see p. 88), which is here 600 feet thick. About 3
miles above the mouth of Last Chance Creek a meas-
urement on the cast side of the Co.nyoll abows 830
feet of Monison. At a point near the mouth of tho
Croton Bl'lnclt of'Last Chane.., Creelt, where the top
of the Entradn sandstone is only .. short distance
above the bottom of the canyon, the 1rlorrison beds
(with pO&1IiLIG Summerville) are 490 feet thick. Oil
Rock Cl'eck, where the general charoeter and thick-
ness of the Morrison beds 01'11 very similar to those on
Last Chance Crej)k, a mea.surement gave 450 feet ill
this division. . Olen Canyon thll massi"e thick white bed that is so
Westwud the thickness of the Morrison grwuaUy
decrellSl'8, ns is re.wily ascertained by inspection of
the sandstone cliffs between Wllhweap and Warm
Creeks. Ncar the Crossing of the Fathef1l, wltich i.
8 ntilea east of Warm Creek, tm.. fo,mation is about
280 feet thick. Nenr Costle Butte, between Warm
and Wllhwellp Creeks, it is 140 feet thick. On Wllh-
weLp Creek, just eost of Lone Rock, the Entrwo
sondstono is co,'ered by a thin conglomerate that ap-
parently belongs to the Dakota (I) rather than tbe
MOfl'ison, and farther Mrth on Wahweap Cl...ek tbe
DRlcot. (') so,ndstone rests directly on an eroded sur.
fnce that is carved in the Entrada sandstone. (See
pI. 13, e.) Likewise at ploces in the upper Paria Val-
ley lind fllrther west the Dakota (') a"pears to rest
unconfol'mably on t.he SUDlmel'ViIle. If the MOfl'isOll
ever existed in Lhis purt of the plote"u pl'O\'ince it
wes wholly or Ilt least lal'gely removed before the
D.koto (t) .and.tone wnll deposited. In the Esea-
lRnte Vulley thc Morrison formation nn!!:es in tbick-
ness from less than 20 feet to more than 300 feet.
Ll'rHQLOGIC ASD STRo\.TIGlV.PHIC J'E.A'l'UnEI!I
In mnpping the 'beds between the Navajo sandstone
Mnd Dakota ( ') sandstone field oubdivisions were made
that do not co]'fe!;poud wholly with those adopted
for the preseut report. Equh'alents of the Carmel
forml1.f.ion and the Entrada .andstone were every,,-here
recognized, alld also the massive SIl-ndstone phase of
the Morrison where it was present. But the pl'l!Senee
of many unconformities within t.he stuta above the
Entrada made it difficult to set, the upper limit 01
the series of "lifiegated hllnded sandstone J1Id alat.
that OCCUpy the geneml position of the SumllleniD.
formation in the San Rafael Swell. Some ol the fol.
lowing descriptions of the Morrison therefore dOOh\.
less inclUde beds tha t further study would pl!1C9 in the
Summerville.
In mlny places the Morrison appellrs as one DJassi"
bed, gray, -wbite, g,reen-white, yellowish brown, or
reddish brown. In weatbering, the formation elllll.
, monly pl'esents a single massive unit that forlll8 III
, essentially vert!cal cliff. Instead of the smoothly
I rounded, slightly sloping surfaces that 6nracterize tilt
Entrada ~andstone, numerous angular projecting joint
planes and fra.cLure faces, combined with s:ight oYer-
banging narrow shelves or depressions along bedding
pllnes give the cliff sllrfa.ce a markedly uneven texture.
'l'l'acing the beds along t.he stril,. mile by mile, ho".
ever, reveals an irl'egularity of stratification not sug.
gested by the general views, In tile Escalante Valley
the mBssive .andstone that corresponds to the Morri-
son becomes in places It series of shalelike beds of tilt
same composition; at Fiflymile Point only shale repre-
sents this bed. Al the Burr trail and at places along
conspicuous along parts of Halls Creelt and at the Sa.
Rafael Swell is broken up into beds S to 10 feet thick.
Elsewhere the bed1! are 80 to 40 feet thick.
In places shale that is REsigned to the Morrison hOI
belo~' mo"sive conglomeratic sandstone; at othel' places
similol' sbn.la lies above the sandstone and is terminated
upward by the Dakota (I). In different places and at
severa! horizons lie thin beds and lenBeR of red shale
2 to 3 feet ill tl:ickness. 'fhi. shale is commonly
suncracked, the crevices being filled with bluish-gray
Mod t.hnt .hows very plainly on the edges of the bed
01' on sandstone surfaoes above the bed!. In t.he portioo
of the Warm Creek Canyon that is carved in the Mor-
rison some of these interbedded I'lld mnds show veI'J
clearly tbe form of broad sa,ncer pans. The sun-
cracked red -mud is only a, few inches thick and has a
11IIiform thickness for a horizontal distance of 10 til
50 yards; the edges of the mud bed! thin obruptly aDd
tllrn slightly upward. Cl'oss-bedded sandstones in·
close these mud POIl1l D'bove and below.
Along the Straight Cliffs, southeast ()f Escalante,
the conglomeratic Dakota (f) sandstone is underlaiD
tll1con!ornlably by variegated maroon and gray sondy
shale, cross-bedded sendstone, and conglomerate. Mas'
sive, hard, cliff-forming grits, such as those t.ltat occur
nlong the Colorado River, are not prominent in lbe
vicinity of Escalante but _are present on the northeas!
side of tbo Kaiparowits Plateau, farther sontheast.
Along tbe Watet'pocket Fold the general chlracler
of these beds seems closely to ,..,semble the beds aloug
the CoIOl·odo ,",uth of the Kaiparowits Plateau.
 CRETA(lEOllS FOBMATIONS 93
In pl~ces the Morrison is p"ominently cross-bedded SeoUolt. of Dakota (') . 'Id ,llom8OM formation, ncAr ,o,d~ liN
IfI!l consists in large pa rt of coarsc grit and conglom- .f __ 4. 7 . ., !!.• /l. , 11., ." __ , .'d<: 0' LUll. 1«-4 Valle/l,
JrQ.1l 6 Cou ..t~, UtaA.
fI1lle that contain pebbles 4 inches or le"s in diameter.
The .:ollglomerate a ppears in verv massive beds thut (Mt4lJUred b1 R"flOOud C. Moore1
&fide into coarse grit 01' cross-bedded sand Rnd in Dakot a ( 1) sandtltooc: Ft. In.
Ienots Ind st reaks. The 10l\'er part of the formati on is
(ClllllllOnly somewhat finer g"uined, though in plnces
40.
3\).
38.
Shale, brown. c nl"-b (Jm\ceou~t Btln (}, (at t op),
ConL __ ______ ______________ ___ ________ _
Bone ______ __ __ _______________ ____ _
~
., .",
theJe .re prominent ueds of conglomerate in lhe upp"r 3
37. COOI __ __ _________ __ ___ __ ____ ___ __ ___ __
1 7
part. 36. Sbale, lIlack, C81'bOlln('COUS nod bouc __ ____ 1 6
In Rock Creek Valley an unweathered surface of 3J. SandBtODf!, cul'bonnceous __ ___________ __ __ __ 1
JlIIS>-i... sandstone f rom which an enormous slab had 34. S'bille, rcd _____ ___ _________ __..___ ______ 2
rtffilUy been broken by fros t action was examined in sa. Conglomerate. CO t'I~.
gray to nendy white,
IIIIllC detail. 'I'he 40 feet of "ock consists of (our lenses
locully brown, ferruginous; upper purt
conto Ion s abundant !ragmen tli of pctrUled
01 conglomerate, one horizontal, the others inclined at wood 8od.loga us mueh as -1 teet lu dlom-
MIles of 6 ° , 13° and 28°, aml th.roo neady t_o rizont~1 eter, more or less cross-bedded wit h wh ite
Ieaoes of san dstone. It is rusty browD throughout and Mod 1l1nkbb s:wdstooc. ___ _______ __ ____ ... 20
contains iron nodules ~nd iron coating on some 32. CO[)G"lomc rate, coa1'SC pebblu a JncilCti or
leiS In diamet er: contains sOlue )aye['1 of
pel>b~. The pebbles in the conglomerate, DInned in
cros&-bedded coarse snndatone _____ ____ __ 00
order of abuDdance, lire yellow-buff shale, red, green-
Var, and white sandstone, chert, quart'l..ite, and quartz. Tutul Ddm tu (1) S'lm dslolle____ _______ S8 6~

All grt:ns and pebbles orc pool'ly rounded, and thin,

lit chips of sh aJe nLlnin lengths of more than 10 Unco nformit7.
me;. With varying degrees of weuthe"ing the chips Morl'hlou formation:
31. Shale, green. 6'0.00)" ______ _ ______ ___ _· 3
IIld irregular pebbles of friable sandsLone nnd clay 80. SondstoDc, recl. shaly ____ ______________ ___ 4
"Ie are 6rm or crumbling masses or entirely absent, 20. Sba~e, red, with green bonds ______ _____ ___ _ a
'llhere the rock has a porous appearance. In talus 28. Sandstone. white, liOft. coo rse-gralued, wa9-
sl "'e __ _______ ____ ___ -_______ _______ ___ <Ii;
blocks some of the spnccs left by the removal of tbese
Iw resistant fragments are liS much 8S 2 feet long ~. Soodjtoue, gray, Bott ; eoo ina bunda ot
croon Hhale-______ - ________ - - - ----- - ___ 3
an4 t inches in diam.,ter. 26. SondldOlle, cootse'Sfalned, whtte _ ____ __ 11
A Ducroscopic analysis of massive wbite Morrison ~. Sandstone, ]Icbt·bt-own. 8 art i coutoms
.adstone 50 f eet below the D.koto(¥) at Little White streaks of ________ __ _________ ____ _ 3
8hoh~

24. Silale, ;Teen, witb red iStreakll ___ .... ________ _ 3

.Rock Canyon revellied cIe"r quartz 97 per cent, decom- ~ Sandstone, brown, bard ________ ___ ___ ____ _ )G
posed feldspar 1 per cent, biotite and tourmaline 1 per 22. Shl\le. gre ~D __ ______________________ ___.__ _ )0
ceol, calcite fragments (from the cement) 1 per cent. 21. Snndstone, It.;ht-co1ored, eoarse-grQlned ____ 11
TIle gr&ins are poorly sorted; ubout 35 per cent range 20- Sbolc, cree.--------------------- -- ------ 10
in diameter from 0.30 to O. ~O millimeter; the remain- 19. Sandstone, sbol,v ___ __ _____ __ ____________ _ _ )0
18. Shale, rro ___ __ ___ __________ ____ ________ 1
iac &lI per cent grade downward to powder. The ~

17. Sandstone and Ihalc __ __ ____ _____ _____ _ _ 47

larger irains are welll'ounded, the smaller ones angu·
lar. The cement is ~Icite nnd some ferrous il·on.
Hand specimens show 8 m ,,11 flattened lozenges of deep-
!!d ferrous clayey materia!. The pale-green color of
llIDeapecimens comes from ferrous iron, whid l is geIl-
nlly .ssoci.ted wit.h the gypsum that forms the
16. Shale, rreen ________ ____ _______________ .. __ 10
15. Sandstone aDd sbale __ ______________ ____ _ 37
14. Shale. creen __ ____ _____ ___ __________ ____ _ 0
13. SandstQne und conglomerate, coo.rac _______ _ )0
12. Shate and sandstone, r ed _____ _~ __ ___ __ ___ _ ~
11. Sandstone, brown, cont'ae-grolnoo to con~
___ ____ _________________ _____ 41)
~omeratle

_ nt.
10. Sandstone nnd "hato,
bonds __________ red._____
_____ ___ witb creenlsh
_____ ____ __
8
STRATIGRAl"mC SECTIONS 9. rcd ____________ __ ___ __ __ ___________ 6
S
h
o
l
~
The following sections show the arl'llngement of S. Sandstone, eotnse to coDgloDlcrotic. m08ll1.,e_ (jij
1. Sa ndstone and greenish 8bole _________ _____ 3
beds in the Morrison and the relations of the forma- 6. Sbtlle and 8ond8tone, red ___ ________ _____ 2
lion to the Dakota (?) sandstone above and the San 5. Sondlrtooe, coorse-gralnP.d., w1tb ca·olul·bcd<.led
coDgloInerate ___ ___ ___ _________ __ _____ _ _ 20
id'e! group below. Other sections are given on
4. S.ndstone, with tbIn beds of red I':Ihale ___ _ 1;;
pages gO-SS.
 mil KAIl'ABQWITS REGION
94
l1 orl"lttoo (QtRIII !on- ConUJI,ued. n· III.
a. 8o.uc:J.tooe, c04na-SMltoed raua1,·c. c<:JDJ:lODl-
top____with
erotic, thla
_______ band ot CraeD "bale at
_______________________ __ SO 10
• 2. Shule, red ______ ___ ___ ________________ __
1. SandJitone, COlrse. with fl •• COlI,..,IDerate;
wcalhers In clur ...... _______________ ______
Total Morr~""n tormutloo _________ ___
---
Duse covered.
8evfi{)B 01 tho J/orJ'wcm /Qf'rft.5tUm 03 OrQlO'ft. C,""" Fort af
L." OIuJ_ (J,·. .k, U~
ho!
O. Sa.ntlHtoneo, bard, tJlIn·bc!ddcd, Ilcbl ;,eUowlsb Sra,.-- -.. 70
So.na"tone. Ukc bed .bo\·~ but more PI • • ln___ _______ ro
It
.... SODwtone. )'oUowi.9h. 80ft. ~ro_bcdded. SORe"A'hat
tthtl ly j tonDS slope or weak cli1f.i_____ _____ _______ 90
8.
2.
SundatDnl!, yuriegated (klrk red a.cd era7 j leullcular
mntlSCtl. IrreGula.r!1 a,edded __ _~ _____ ____________ .. IUS
8RndHtone, whIte, maaal\'.L ________ _________________".. 10
1. Sandstone, white j irrec'.JJart7 bedded: ba.-:3 DOt apused_ 80
S.ml... 0' Ore/"""",.. bert. '" ,r",,/ ., Kalpororcll. 1'111 ....
'O./~ 0' T.,.",U. SprlRq, .". ., JS ",110. IOlOIh." Of EICOo
la.tt' ~. Garfield O0f4.nr.II, Uta", tit ,"jd4!~ ,If" of ,eo. 4,
T . .!1 8., 11:. ~ li.
[MewlUre:d bl IIIYIIIOGd. C. lIIoonJ
CretRcpoulf,: i'eel
TI'oIIIc libnl!!: Shale, 1JluWI. and,. Il'DdCl down-
WOl'd to 50ft tosfililiteroul 9O.ndalooe________ ____ ~O
Dakota (1) .a.elston.: Sa.dllton., .."gIomerntlc,
butt to almOit ""bite, the iRlld .to:ae rolrM to me-
dtuw-grQlned,. eontntntoQ' lenaee ot conrlomerate
,,'Ith (lObbl.. up to 3 1DCf1.. d(.... ~r. Irrqularll
....aa-bedded; rorma dill oud prominent boIlc~___
= At severol places along WAhweap Creek the surflet
Oretaceous (7) aod Ju", ..1c ( I) :
lIorrllOD aod SUlntnervllle (l l fonuaUou-
Shule, n!<l 0,,<1 IIgbt brow .. . 'd7, IDlerl>edclod
with 8lIn dstoue limHar 111' color, forlD.l Ilope
portly collcea1td___________ __________________
Sund 8 ton~, ligbt bro"ft·o and 7..1I0w, tiDe Irllned,
crosa-bed(led In part, OCCUR In mllsh'''' .17efS
and tonus lw-U<.'I1___________________________
Sbnle nod ,...doton., n!d und ,r87, Intcrbedd«l,
mostly eov~d____________ _ __ _ __________ _ __
Sondstone an<l shalt-, nd, CTII1 and dra!). lJl
thl.o alternatlog beda, cunatde rob1c TDr1atlon
In color and. texture.._______________________
Total &loc ...o. on4 800uaervUl.l~t1onl . 197 oedimenh in this region was preceded by a fairly tri4e·
Jura@tilc: Eutradu and Cermel lormn tlOll8 _______ ______ 1,210 .pread interval of erosion. $orne of tbe phen()llltlll
Inraft6;lc( 7) : YOl'.,., "Iad. lone.
Socllo. Of ",cIU up..OIl I. ,.".,.,. ,......._ ~ ,,"'lie..,
of Te.""I. Sprln!1 ... H/lJ'I~ Wild, _1li<0ii Of _...,1... ",
Gsrftol4 COllnty, UIII1&
t,;retHceoU8 :
l'roI'I. shALe- r plateau province is thnt along period of erosion which
7. SaDdstone. ltgbt yeUowl8b brown i rather 00'
80ft hilt torms ledge : eontatnl 01'''- " and
olber fO ..118__________ _____ _____________ 11).12
Cretaceou.-con Un ued.
Tropic sbaJe--Coutlilued. 10'.
6. Sandstone. brown, Oa.u;y ____ __________---- 1-2
G. Sbale, bluiSh d rn b ___.. ____ ____ ___ _______ -_ •
Dakota (?) BOnds ton e-
4. Sandstone, l i@ ht bl ubh g1'& y to yelloWl1b
2G brO\\'D i tlnel' an d I!'orter in lower port;
~19 8
coarser, h a rder, and nllgs:y at top j middle
part conglomera tic _______ ___________ ____ •
CretRCeous (7) nnd Jurassic ('r ) :
Morrison aDd Sommerville ( 1') formatlon8-
3. Sbale, nltcrnntine; ba ods or 'l"oodlwh broW'D
and groy, s andy, SQCL .. _________ _________ •
2. Snnd.stone, li ght creamy yeUow, sutt; in PIA&-
olve be<l. 2 to 10 feet Wick; upper 22 reet
coarse .c;:rnlned und' CRrriei lenses of tIDe
co.'lG'lo01Grotc; l oculi.)' I IUUlpa: dOWD to ,oft
snod ___________ _________________________ &
L Shale, reddish br own tlnd light gray, Jo alter-
nating bands, SO Ddy, 8ofL_______________ •
Total 1t[orrl,.'1o n !fi nd Summenillo tonaa~
t1oos_____ ____ _______________________
- •
lurasslc:
41~
Entrada .nnd~ton.e; base not exr1osed_____ ________ !2t
XOllllUOIf-DA1I:OTA( 1) EllOIIOIf IJ1'TEllVU
Throughout the Kaiparowits region the Dakota(l)
sandstone rests with 010)'6 or less mal·ked unconfOl'lDil!
on the MOl'l'ison or on Upper Jurassic sandstones. II
some places th.is unconformity is indicated by l1li
wedgin: out of beds beneath the Dokota (1), in 111'111
places also by marked irregularities in the ,urlt..
covered hy the Dakota (') sediments, and, in gener.~
.Iso by a marked change in the character of aedillltll-
90 tation nt the base of the Dukotll (Y) sandstone,
of the line-grained gl'een-wbite or white friable sud-
sOOne is cut by narrow channels and swales 5 to 15 feel
l5G deep; immedia lely above the sandstone and lillinJ the
depressions in ilg surfuce lie massive beds of firm gny,
brown conglomerate that is composed of pebbles u
iO
Illuch as .. inches in diameter.
12 Most of the initial Dakota (f) deposits consist 01
(oarse well-rounded gravel I-hat is now tiplly
cemented and forms a pl'Ominent C()nglomera~ bed.
00 It ill clenr that tbe deposition of Upper Q'eI;eCIIDis
~
observed require for their explanation no great chi'"
in conditions of deposition, but in general it ~ IW
the materials of the Morrison and the Dalcola (1) haft
been derived from different sourcea and laid don
I
nnder diffel'ent conditions. The impression
from a stndy of numel'ous exposures in the CoI0n4o
,u_
involved the removal of n considerable tblcbea of
IItl'ata, pl'eceded the deposition of the Dakol.• (I) ..1Il-
stone.
 CIlETACElOUS FORMATIONS
DAKOTA ( 1) SANDSTONE
LI'IHOLOGIC FEATUTIES
The stratigraphic d ivi sion (hat is here d";igJlUled
the Dakota ( 'I) sl1ndstolle is marked by rathe,' per-
sistent peculiarities l n lithologic charllcter", topographic
espre$Sior.. a.nd stra.tigl'll phic relations to Ildj oining
rock divisions. The irregularly bedded sandstone in-
cludes sandy and carbonuceous shalc, poor COlli, and
!<cally conglome.rnte, The pebbles ill t1:e cOllglomernte
consist mainly of quartz, quartzite, and chert of val'i-
011.<; colors i sandstone, hard limestone, vein quartz, and
ironttone ore not uncommon; und ill 'Some places there
are rather numerous picees of compact clay, most of
them well l'Ot:nded, though some Imve only rounded
.:ornen and edges_ :Most of these pieces of clay are
smaller th ..n a hen's egg, but n. few !lre 4 to 6 inches
in diameter,
The .andstone is commonly C0.9.·rs6 to medium
groined, brown 01' buff, und more or less cross-bedded,
Some beds are thick !lnd massive, but most of the
individual layers n.re irregularly lenticular, Some
beds are soft, shaly, n.nd rather fine grained and
..eather readily, but others are tightly cemented and
form project:ng ledges or rim rocks, The shale is
unifonnJy sandy, and in many places it is dark from
i.duded carbonaceous matter,
Thin coil! beds, interbedded with streaks and lenses
of bone, are very chamcteristic. lIfost of them range
i. thickness from a few inches to "bout 2 feet. In a
vary few places the coal is of good quality and forms
beds IS much as 3 feet thick. Macerated plunt ma-
tlrial, poorly preserved leu yes, lignite, and silicified
wood are common, North of Lust Chance Creek the
UlOllnt of petrified wood in the conglomern.te at the
btse of the Dakota (1) is very lmusu,,!. In add:tion
to abundant trn.gments, mlmy logs 2 to 4 feet in
diameter 1'6 ~attered here and ther,,- The exposed
portion of one log measured 90 feet. in. length, No
lOOI.s were found in place , and probably the logs that
Ib&ke up this petrified forest drifteif to this place· and
lI'er. bm;ed in the gravel of an ancient stream,
The Dakota ( ?) west of Cannonville includes chunks
If shJl. 4 t() 8 inches in diometer and long thin lenses
If ueeedingly fine gr"ined green-white sandstone
lI'ithin which are embedded pieces of ligftt-green mud
lillie. These materials &ore -identicn.1 in composition
lit ,t,'ucture with the marly parts of the ·)fcElmo
blllation" along the San Juan Rivet but are unlike
those of the rocks beneath the Dakot.a ( 1) along the
Pari& River.
95
S-rUATIGRAPJIY
In most parts of southem Utnh the Dakota (1)
sandstone and (.he Tropic shal e are reudily 6epuraled,
1Il spite of the fuct that they ,,,'e conformable and that
both include sandstone, The C\'en-bedded yellowiRh-
brown friobl" rock that contains more 01' less abun-
dant mal1nc fossils, which commonly forms the bn,",
of the Tropic, is unlike most of the sumlstone in the
Dukota (1) formation, nut in purts of the upper
Puria Valley alte:j:nuting brown sandstone and sUlIdy
shule together with impl1l'e coal heds extend upward
more thall 200 feet froll! the busal zone of coarse sand
und conglomerate that corresponds to " purt ot'the
Dakota (1) salldst'Onc of other localities, A number
of the beds, some of them ,L1most at the base of the
series, con lain abundant murine fos>ils that are typi-
cnl of the Tropic shllle, The elastic lignitiferolls de-
posits evidently represent merely a busal phase of
Colorado deposition in this "rea-nn oscillating
chauge from neur shore continental depoEition to mu-
rine sedimentutioll_ In !.Ius urea 0. rather arbitrary
division of Il,e lowermost Upper Cretaceous strutu has
been mnde; the saud stone, conI, und shale below the
lowest marine fossil-bearing beds a,'e classed as Dukotn
(1), nnd the beds above them, including sandstone
a.nd coal, are referred to the T,'opic shulo. (See sec-
tion, p, 99_)
In the C,'etaocous beds on "'illis Crcek a few miles
southwest of Cannonville, where Mancos fossils were
found below tbe lowest eoal, only 6 feet of sandy con-
glomerate seems referable to the Dakota (1) formn-
tion, (See section, p, 99,)
At the hend of Rock Creele the beds nssigned to the
Dakota (1) include 33 feet of cross-bedded co!u'.e
sandstone arranged in lenses, above which lie in suc-
<lession 23 feet of light-gmy "renaceous shale that car-
"ies scattered quartzite pebbles and thin lenses of
sandstone, and at the top 7 feet 8 inches of very im-
pure coal and carbonaceous shale. The carbonaceous
shule is conformably overlain by 6 feet of yellow-buff
couse sandstone tbnt contains plllnt impressions and
ab',md&llt marine fossils like those Ul the basal part
of tbe overlying Tropic shale. This fossiliferous "and-
stone is accordingly referred to the Tropic,
Along Ln.sl Chance Creek excellent exposures of the
Dakota (t) sandstone show a number of thin beds
<if lignjte, The. average' thickness of the formation
is .bout 50 feet, but the lithologic subdivisions are very
discontinuous; sections less than a mile apart show
larg& differences in detail, The section given on page
96 i$ fairly typical of a dozen or more measured sec-
tions in this vicinitv.
On the northeast -branch of Croton Creek the con-
glomerate at the base of the Dakota (1) sandstone hRS
 TilE KAIPAROWITS IlI!GJON
96
locally a thickne.s of nearly 100 feet. The pebbles are
unusua lly large, Dnd t~ha lens of conglomerate has
, e"ery appearance of occupying tbe ellonllel of a large
Dnd vigorol1'i stream.
On the D.kota{!)-capped plateau benches north of
'Varm C,·.ek <:o.l-bel-rjn~ sandy shale and aandsto...
are underlain by mossi,," conglomerate that appears to
re.'It unconformably on thick beds belonging to the
~Iorrison. However, the up!"'r part of the formation
hos been stripped back a considernble distance, 60 that,
os in the vicinity of Rock and Croton Creek~, the baSllI
conglomerate of tha Dakota( ') undstone is united
with the underlying massive Morrison beds to form an
extended bench, from which the O"erlying weaker
upper Dakota (!) rocks have been stripped.
On W.II weap Cr""k good exposures of the Dakota
(') and of adjoining stl'1ltjgraphic divisions oppcar in
the "icinity of Cottonwood Spring. In general char-
octer the formations Ire like thoso on Warm Creek and
on the Puia, " fe", miles farther ,,·est. ~ The basal con-
glomerato of (he Dnkota( I) sandstone ii locally as
n1l1ch as 50 fcet thick and consists of well-rounded
pebbles that have on average diamoter of' 1 to 2 inches.
It. rests on an irregulor surface carved in Morrison
sandstone, ond the contatL of the dark conglomerate
with the nearly .."}tite sandstone is ,'ery striking_
On the Puda River, about 6 miles below th"mouthof
Cottonwood CI'\!ck, t.he Dakota (') sandstone fonns a
prominent bench that overlooks lowlands carved in
soft Upper Jura.sic rocks to the sout.h. Some of the
tbin sandstone divisions here are hard a.nd platy and
form strong rim rocks. Near the top there is approxi-
motely G feet of coal, about h"lf of which i. of fairly
good quoJity_ The basal conglomerote of the Dakota
(I) here is similnr to that on Wohweap Creek, except
thnt it is much t,hinner.
On the northeast face of the Kaiparowits Plateau, in
lhe vicinity of Escalante, the Dakota (I) sandstone con-
sists dominantly of hard massi"e sandstone and oon-
glomerate, which form prominent benches thnt extend
a mile or two outw.l·d from the rntLin line of the
Straight Cliff.. (See ••ct,ioll on p. 94.)
Along the Waterpocket Fold the Dakota(l) sand-
stone is well developed in most places and exhibits
characters more or Ie.. similar to those described for
other parts of t.he I<ltiparowits region. Coal bed.
that are found in parts of the outcrops ncar the Bitter
Creek divide are Itot preserved el~\Vhere and it
appears that in some plnces the Dakot. (I) i~ missing
altogether. The section on pnge 98 .lto\\,8 t.h. chur.
Deter of these beds near tile Burr tn ii, 7 mile. north
of the mouth of Muley Twist Creek.
The following sections of the Dakota (') snndslone
are representat.ive of mnny that wera measured in the
Kaiparowits region:
8~w.. OK Mrlh .i4e 0' lAut Chance Creel: in Nlf· '" "-
·f, T • .f2 8., R. 5 B. (a-pprozim.!Jtc, un-kurvellcd). KG" COAl)".
Ula4
{Me-o llured b)' R alDlond C. MOOl~l
CretaC'!Qu. :
TrOpic 8hal<>--- PL ...
22. Sh ale. blui sh d"fib to nearly black.
clayey. 60lt i weathers 10 slope; Joeo.IJ7
fossiliferous in lower [lIlrL ____ _____ tmO
Dakota (7) sandatoD<>---
==
21. Shnle, gray fsh b ..OWD_________________ S
20. Cool. faIrly Cood ,,·.d•.
bright luoter-_ 4\1
19. SandattlDe. carbonnceoul!________ ______ 1
18. Shale, era)" to dark, earboDoceQus_____ 3
17. S:.udstone, yetlowl!Jb brown, sbaly.
rather ,ott but mukes sUght project-
Ing <1m; aile ¥rnlned______________ I I
16. Shole, browl1 to ,my. cloyey_________ G
15. Coal, 1'cry poor Quality, dull Inster,
dlrt7 i cant"jns thin streaks ot HgJlt
IIrnlto _. __ > ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ . _ •
14. Coul. fnlrly 600d <I""l1t1. bright lust...
hlocky trnetut"____________________ 4"
18. Shale, dark 'gra;)', cnrbollaceous, bnrd__ 1
12. Saodtitooe, bl"OwD, medium gToined.
cross·bedded, Irregulur; weathers in
borel [llat)' trogmt"nt9 tbat rnak2 8
rlm______ __________ ____________ ____ 1-2
11. Shale, browoi&!l gray, ver, M.od)" i COD·
lnlnl thin beds of .nndstone ond
.I.reaka ot brown iro:Jstone_________ ~ a
10. SnndHtonc, IIlht yellowish brown.
medJum ,ra.ined, maSsive, soft at top;
makes a ledge; 330 yards w e ~ t tbi,s
landstone 1& 8 to 10 reet thick nnd,
very mO $sh'e _______________________ 5 •
9. Coa1, fery poor; grades into booe____ S
8. Shale, dark ,ra,
or dull blnck, car·
bonoceous; upper 4 (eet \'ery bo rd 0 ud
de,"", •• ____________________________ •
7. C-()nl •. POOr qUQUt,v, dull luster i 8 tew
thin strenks- of bright cooL___ __ ____ 7
6. Coal. good Qunllty. sh.1ny luster. rubeoD-
choldol f rActUl"e, blocky ~ otuts______ 11
ts. Shule, dart drab to nenrly blnck, \·er".
hard; brea.ks wlth fHlbconcholdaJ. frac·
ture; 'Very dense Dud flne grn.ined i
near top grodes into Yer)' cl!lrbon~
acc()U8 bard rock tha t resembles bone;
contains fragmenti of pluots at top
nnd thin hTe"nlnr aenms of coaL __ _ f •
.fl. 8hol@, brown, 'tery saud.f ____________ _
2
e. Sandat.D•• bright ,ellowl8b gray to 01-
DlOfI;t 1\·htte. Ir~plarly bedded, sort,
(rluble_____ __ ___ __ ____ _____ ________ 1
2. ConglollIerflte, ver, conrse and cra~e1l1,
with sma)!. Ilm ouut ot cementlnc ma·
terlal nnd slllld; pebble!! 3 Incb .. or
lea In dl•.meter, averftle alze about
three-Q,ulrtera {ocb; • l'lngle IDIlsslve
hro«"o hard ledge i weothen lome·
wbat read!l,. nnd makes 100s8 ""To.yeI- 1-1
Totol Dakota ( 1) .. ndstone_______ --- t6
 CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS 97
c..to.....
Morrison
(?):
(1) fOfmntion-
1. Sandstone. ydlowhih gray. medIum to
S~ctjon 01 part fJf Dakot(J (1) santtslone ClH ea.,t .ide of Porta
Ri!ler 6 tnil.e!J belolo mot,UI o( Cotton,1cood Ofeck, SlY_
sec. £1, 7'. ,fl S., R. J W" K m18 Oountu, Vtall.
*
COO1':i~ grnincc1, il'l'cg-u l:lt'ty bedded,
(ta(ClUiored b1 Raymond, C. Wllore)
ma&.Ci~ \'e; 1n IJurt conglomeratic but
tIoe. not contain large or numcl'Ous Cretaceous:
pebbles i in part irl'egulnl'ly cross' 'l'roplc !:bule-- Ft. tn.
bedded, fairly hard ~ weathers ill 8, Salldstone, yellowi sh brown, medium-
eli.t:rs; top exposed; tbls bed forms bedded, very fossiliferous; CODtllin~
tbe box canyon 01' Lost Cbnncc Cl'eek a",phaCfl. nnd Oalrca.
below this point.

'"'!tI" 01 Dakota. (t) 8a-l!li.'t /.(rtIC a·tlti a"8ociat c([. /'Qck, about Dakota (1) •• ndJ;rooe-
0. Snndstone, brown, grncles downward Into
Smile. a.l.lo-ve »torlth of Warm Creek, Utall
bluish drab; thin bedded, !liJnl)·: eou-
[It'eusurcd by IIel'llcrt E. G.ejlo.yl taiDs n few zones ot clay shale with
CIt~U8: abundllDt fibrous Cypsuru in Irregulnr
TropIc ahal¢- Feet se"Dl8_____________

~
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
l
~
O. Snnd8tolle. thi1l bedded, grlty, :euticular, 4.. Sandstone, btown. Dodullll", Irregulllrly
,vllh stratum 1 foot thick chiefly of bedded. strongly llYrltlte.rous__________ 6
eoqulIHl., shells of Or1l1lh(J(!a nnd Otltrea.- 3. Conl and bone-
tho" oy:::tet' b~d~ " _______ ... ______________ "
Inchl'M
I)akota (?) Sllr~dst()ne- Cool, tolr quality, brlgbt t. dun
8. Coal, nbout baJt 0:' good qua llty____________ 2 luster, but eon t III n II 'n r),
7. Shale, drab, calcareous; plant Impresslons__ " Dumerou!! Ihlt nooulea ot p)'rite
8. Coal; lower 2 fect good qun.lity_____________ oJ. nnd lenses of Buodl lis much tjll
3. SbAle, like No. L _________________________ 2 4 Iocbe. In tblckne.. __________ 18
4. Snndt;tone, brown, eonrBe; D. tew quUrti ,eb· Coal, good quullty. brr,ht 'l ultel',
bl", and mud balls Irregulart)' placed; bard, subcublc CICIlY:lre, middle
cross-bedded: stub-cnded Dnd· web...~nped port (6 inches) 3Qme",hnt hony_ 19
lenl'es; surfnc~ of a few shale lel~eli
llone___________________________ S
ripple marked, sun dried, BDd st~e\'''D with Coni, fair grade but contaluing
root prints; SOme Iron concretionll nt the thin streaki And lensea ot boDe 13
bose 19 a lens S feet tblck Dnd ftbout 80 BOD0.__________________________ 6
teet lOng ot dork-l"f:d ahale witb wa..y G 8
lower surfllcc __ __ ___ .... __ .... ... ______________ 13 2. Sbale, dark, carbonaceous and 80nd w

3. Conglomerate lind sandstone. a:ray-yellow i stone at bose_____________ ____________ 3u

essentially n series of leuses ot coarse 1. Co\·ered________________________ _______ 20
sondstone tbat Is· trft'-ented lr·te&ulorly by
strings o~ subangular 1'ihlte qUDrtz pebbles Total Dakota (1) ... I\dslono________ 81 8
ond sbortlcnscs' al much III " lnebes
thick of quartzite. chert, uooRt,oue, and S~imI. o( 100cermod arclaceOt(4 Htrat-a on wed side Of Paria
Ume.ston.e pebble's ; full ot unconformities, River /" BE. 14 oe.:. 12, T. iJ7 B., R. 3 W., (>bout 11', mil..
porous' ~ Is (l ..vater-bearing bed____________ 1G MI',,,, fJl ClluoHville, Gal'flel4 Coun-l'lI, Uta-II.

[Men8u~11 by Rnrmoud. C. lfoorc)

Tobll Dakota (1) sOlldstODC___________
Cretoceou. (1) : = Cl'etaceous :
!d<>rrl90D (1) tormatloo-
2. Shnle, green-yellow Ilnd red-browD; Brenn·
ceous and C1ltCo.reo~ Irregqla,r l,. bedded,
!ollntloo IUrfOceS SUD dried and uackcd__
1. Conglomerate aDd C'oarse lIandstonc, illl crotl'-
bedded, ond some nne. Mlndstone, yellow-
brown ; nrraoG'ed as thlcJ( lense. that ex~
tend tor sevel'ol hundred feel Ind abort
stubby jllD9ge!l: man, unconformHles; In
conglomerate teases o«ur pebbles of Quam
and quartzite ot 'farlous rot Drs. 'fed chert,
8D.l1ds;tone, limestone" and ~trU!.ed wood.
os much o.s 3 'Inches 1n otometer, smooth
but not well .r ounded i bed. of .tine ~fUld.·
atODe. ripple ftl1uked; rock paroull, Vr'ob-
Bb17 trom wcatberlna ot clar lumps aod
balls of triable 8aDd~tone; some hnpres-
slOllS or pIIlDts__________________________
Total Mo rrison (?) fOl'mo.tloD__________
u..••f.rmlty.
Jorustc:
&'Jldstone, Green·whlte, friable, In beds 6 to Hi feet thIck,
"0
Troplc shAle- l"t. ID.
19: Sbale. bluish drab, sort i thickness :rev-
era} hundred feet, Dot ml\fisured.
10 18. Sandstone, 1cllowtsh brown, bani, ID1lS-
tdve: tormll capping ledGe ot proml-
neot beocb ________________________ 8-10
1
17. Sandstone, brown to Dearly 'block. cor-
bouaccoUB__________________________ 6
lB. Sbule, carbon.aceoO.iJ. apvcor part eray.
mldd!e and lower portions neurly
black ______________________________ 8
10. Sbale. sondy, bluish groy. ruther htlrd_ G
H. Sbale, clayey, extranei)' tosslHtel"QulI;
In plkces composed 81m~t wbolly of
the partIr brouD rema1na or cysterll_ 3
13. SnDdttt'ODC. bluIsh to brownish 1'1'11,
carbon.cecu.11 DlOMln but weathers
shaly _________ ".,__________________ 2
120
12. Sbale. brown, cftrbonoce-ou!I, Audy,
180 rather" bardl _______ ...... --- --------- --- 4
11. Coal, impure, poor crodc ______________ _
6
10. ShAle, "Iock, CArbonaceous; lo''''er part
In placc•• earOOJl8CCOuH. SOndl<tO'lML_ 'l

lS114O--31--8
 THE· KAlPAROWlTll REGlO",
98
CretIiCeous--Continued.
Ti"op le !-'hnle-Conllnued. n.
9, Shale, bluish tray; In places CDutalo.
!nu;mcllts" or Iibe!l8 _________________ 1 e
8. Sandstone, hlulsh gnlY, bud; erades
lou'! beds above and below ______ ___ _ 1 B
7. Shale, blu!ah gray. bord, BO:Ddy, very
2
tOfUfIUferous; concnios chiefly oysters
Total TropIc shale ____________ 40+
---
Dakotn (' 1) Iillnd8tonc-
6, Coal, horrl, ImllUre, but rother e'en In
texture; breaklJ iu angular !ng-
lDentl:l: bllt highly Iu~trous escept in
tew lhln strenks___________________ 1 1)
I). Shale, blulsh gruf. Inndy_____ ________ 8
1. ,iSlndHtone, brown, UJo1!'91ve, ! rreGLllllrly
beddcd _____________________ _____ __ 8-10
3. Cool, J.IOor qutlllty ____ ________________
2. 8hole, yellowlsb, sandy, sort____ ____ __ 20
1. SIlDdtitone, yelJ.owlsh. Sl·ft, partly cOl"-
cretl; contaluH !!.baly portions an<1
Irregular dl!JContinuolls tbIr., !Urcnki or
L"OIII ___ ______ _________ ______ ____ ___ 2J+
T otfll Dukotn(1) f(8ndstonc _______ ti8+
Covered.
Sr.clio1l- of 1)a1.:ola ('> aa-nlilltonc near Burr trail, on tM
Waterl)Q('kt t } 'r;ld, (' i CUi mi1e ~ tVJrt1r. of tlw mouth, of Mutey
TtDfse O,'ctlc
Crctil<X.'Ous:
MUJlcos shllle: Lncludftl '" Ol'l'ter bed' " o:.! feet nhove
the bnsc,
Dnl(otu (J) Eundstou~
U. Conglomcrntc, brown : conLalns three thlD
I~ Dses of 8:.ln,lls:tone; ~ubnogulnr pebbles ,
mnloly chert, qum't~:te, noll quart?.. wblch
aYeJ'n~e threc -toorlhi Inch In llinmeter____
4, Shale, nrenQceous, McJ tbln ~'Hld~tone, ycllow-
browll, cross-bedded. lenUculnr j C'ontnlmt
IOlpressl,)nlJ ot, plnnt.!__ __________________
3, SundiOtone, Caorlle, In onrlopplng lenses:
quortz ond chert grains well "~orll but not
rot:.ud: contains scnUered pebbles one-bolt
Ineb or les8 In <1Inruetel' ond. 0 lew Iron
con c retion8_~_ __ _________________________
2. Shu Ie, soudy, lind th!n sandst-on ..... rcd-brown i
(oUation surfoces Hun Ct'H.eked and ripple
marked; some Worm tt'llcks; abundant 1:-00
lu gi"alns ond block putcbes____ __________
1. Conglomel'nte (7~ pet' cent) ' .Dd vel'Y coarse
~mndstone (26 per cent), A ~rle-t ot .bort
thick lonses and thin Irregular beds, all
sU'uugly cl"ot)s-bedded: Jlebblcs ODI.clshtb
Illeh to 2 inches In dlometer or w-bitl!, red,
nnd blnck ChCI·t, l!M'Ser Amouot ot qnart.He,
Quartz. RJ\d Jasper, some J~"DeoUl! ('0; BODM!
p'~rlll(.··d ~'o:od; ehunlo,s Hnd' balls Qr eO'\l-
lJ.ft<:t ii'!C'(In-whlre cia)' n.nd or cnlcureo",
SIIDd, Irre:rulAro' dl~trlbllIOO. ',reDtlleriu&,
o! "'bleb glY~ roek Ii porous ftp[)enrftnee;
h'ou ooncl'etlons. iu form or piIIUet1kts"
Ifl'/.eo,J;eti, nnd bolt hend::)_______ ___________
'rotnl Dakotu (1) smllIstouc ____________---;;
Unconfurmity.
Shale IUld ShlldRtone, red Ilnd greeu..g1'8Y.
TROPIC SHALE
In.
The stratigraphic division that is here desig:na1td
the Tropic shale consists predominantly of uniforll
dark-drab clayey , hale and fine-t""tured sand)' lillie,
thinly laminated lind soft, which breaks down readily
to form slopes ar,d brond, g ently ,mdulating flat..
(Sec pI. 14, B.) The upper thi,·d of the formll.tioo is
more or less sandy and in places contains thin bedsof
.anclstone. Gypsum is uncommon, but crystal's of
.e1enire occur in many places on the weathered lower
slopes.
Except in steep cliffs the shale is generally covered
6-S by a thin luyer of "ery fine, 100Eo porous debris, whicII
supports a scanty cover of vegetation, Hud in many
pilices the shale sudllce is quite bure. In t ....Yenine
the outcrop a horse may sink above the feHooks or .VeG
to the knees or muy fi~d firm footing.
Becau&! this weuk formation ranges in th:ckOOll
from about 600 to J ,400 feet it exerts 11 profound in-
fluence OQ t"~ topogruphy in the area where it ill
exposed. Everywhe,·e it has been stripped rock 10 U
to form a broad bench, which is underlain by the hard
rocks of the nakot.,( 1), lIforrison , and San Rafael
formations. The sha Ie com poses the moderately steep
Illopes thut lend from the bench to the overlying sand-
stone cEffs, nnd in places it form s broad saucerlike
valleys. The severn I hundred feet of uniformly soft
durk shale between persistent prom:nent ,alld;rtoneo,
10 which are dist.inguished by very uniform nnd rather
.triking lithologic ehnrncters, by topograp·hic exp...·
sion, Ilnd by distinctive fossils, muke this stratigraphie
10
division one I.hat can not be. confused wieh any oth."
in t.he region.
The bn.se of the Tropic shale is charncteristicoll,
t4
sandy and highly fossiliferous. In most places, ..
/llong the southe,·n !bench of the Cretaceous plateaus
anll along the Straight Cliffs, this basal sandstone
ra-fige. in thickness from 1 to 15 feet. It is yellowis/l
15 brown, friable, and mther evenly bedded anti ia ia
most places readily disti:nguished by ih Ii~hologie
character and its faunn from the undcl"iying sand·
!!tones of the Dakot4 (1) formntion. Along the WI-
, terpocket 1Il0nociine also thB basal sand of the corre-
sponding shale division is very weI! developed.
In the upper Parill Valley the lower part of tbe
TPopic consists of fOEsiliferous shale alld sandstone
which Ire some,vhat simila,' to the beds seen elsewhere
but which conbin alternating beds, of coni that e.,,-wnd
llpwu·d as much as 200 feet from the base of III.
38
formation . The following ~ction on lowel' Willis
Creek, sout.hwest of Cannonville, shows clea'·lv ~.
eharucter of the lower part of the Tropic a; here
deyeloped:

lid"'" 01 lo-wer lJQ,rt, of th.c; CrcluceotU on WiW" Creek neat'
of
~:
".W ICC. lit 71• 38 S ., R . .} Woo Gar/kid. a'JlWrV, Ufo,"
(1l91Wrtd 1t7 HUlmu",1 C. lIoord
froplc .bale-
14.. SOtldl:!tone, fne to medium grnined,
sh'e aod tbin bed.o{!(\ i cOllttlll1~
en I lenses or ldH),le: !ellowlsh but
weatbera brilliant red ill plows; n
middlo bed about 2* tt>et thkk ('011-
tains a bun dAn t rOSlil rr:1bDl(~ ut S.
chletJ)'< O~tra(l prHlcni'Ja. and n ft,W
otber pelecypo<:l s____ _________ ______
13. Coal. 3{1[1CIHJ; l o(, :tJ) ~' : poor gnlde and
conllttns sho1c Bnd sandy IUoterioL__
12. Sha.!e, gru)'; weathers soH i mnny fru(;-
ruent. or O,'''·"a ____________________
11. Snnd~lone, yellow-brown, middle part
dark browu, cross-bedded ; contoius
Some fulC cl)llglomornte with l}cre UDO
tl:.{>t C piece'S or charcoa l nnd ooods ot
cO l'bollo<'eous material otle-sb:teellth
to o:lo-(!Ighth in ch In thl<.' kness__ ____ 20
10. S~Jt.lle, rOl'boDllceous, upper 6 Inches
1l..s$ile; cnrric~ sowe sulphur______ ___
0, Cool, Impure bu t blnck and g'U stenJng:
contains mncb sulphur______________
8. Shale. groy, weat her!:! sort. many trog-
mellt, of O'tre4__ _____________ _____
7. Cou!. Yery Jmpure and contains mucll
8ulvbur; Dlost),. a bard vltry cluh<r
Dn~OU8 .bah~_ __ ___ _____ ___________
6. Sbale-, like No. 14____________________ 8
15. SandstoDC!, Y(."'tow-gray. bard, a 6iD,le
1 6
JDossl't'e b~~d_ _ _____ _ _________ ___ _ _ __
4. Sbale, like No. 1-1____________________ 53
3. eosl-
Ft,
Coni, til.l r <)ualit~' - -- -- :. -- 2
Bone ___ ___ ______________
Coni , ~ qu.lI~v-------- 1 10
Sond~ton@_. grti1__ ________
Ooul, {air quollly, cODtoins
S()lIle sU!llbur /tod gyp-
sum ____ _________ _• ___ 1
Saud.tone, 'rRy__________
Cow, (a I r quality; con~1l1n:<!l
sulphur and g)'DSUlD__ _
Siludstoue. hard, clayey.
flue crni:lcd. ,le ntlculnr __
Coal. pOOl' qUllllty________
0111)' __ _ ________ ___ _______
Coal. fl,c$lIe_ _ ____ ______ _
Coal, browD, impure, ):oor
qunUty __ __ ____________ 1
Shale., b 1 U 11 b, carbona-
~~s ______ ___ _______ __ 2
2. Silale, ,ro.y; weatbers 10Ct; mQoy 'Mg-
menta ot Ost·rCG____ _______ __ _______ 7G
Total Tropic sbole __________ 2;;1+
wota (1) •• ndstono:
1. SODdstooe congloD1erate, yellow nud
,,~blte.11 8rd.mfll!81v@-____________ ___ __
lJ_Onn) t ,.
lIIrIaoIc: San Rafael group.
ORETACEOUS FORMATIONS 99
In the brood, wid~ valley thnt lies b<>twccn Ihl}
I Pauru;aug unt and Tnble Cliff Plateaus ond surrounds
. the village of T~opic, from which t.he formation is
t:amed, exposures of the shole nrc excellent:. The
F1. in.
OIRS-
maximuln obs.",ved thickness is about 1,450 feet. How-
:;e~'- eyer, much of the shnle in this "rel\ is cO\'ered by
ngricultural soil, by gl'uYel deposits, aud by scrub
timber. Soul.lnvest of Tropic the outCI'OP af shale
is marked by gently sloping bonches that extend
toward the Pa"i" from tho bnse of the sand"toncs on
75 the CQat /lnnl!: of tho P,ullIsaugllllt Plnt"uu, b;,t the
,
width of I.his belt is dC<'reased by fanlling. South-
2 enst of Tropic Ihe Tropic sllllle is well exposed neSlr
HenrieyiIIe alld along the Ellst Kuibnb mOllocliJl" in
20
the Horse Ilnd Round VuUeys Ilud along Cottonwood
Creek. (See pI. 21, H.) The Round Valley is •
bowl-shoped deprt'SSion carved in the Tropic Shale
where the dip of the bods is ..uther gentle, bnt farther
south it is 0 longitudinnl vaUey thnt is n",dc narrow
by th" steep dip of the rocks.
2 0 The, thickn_ of !.IJe Tropic shale ot a point severo.!
miles north of the Purill Rive .. mellsured ~oo feet,
2 but alOllg nlOtit of the ""uth ma ..gin of the Cret"ceou8
3 area the Dveug. thickness is about 600 feet. Ellstward
from tho Paria R(ver Illong the south face of t,be
Kaiparowits Plateau, the Tropi" sll"le is e:):posed as
4'h n fnirly brood bench at the bus. of high sllndstone
bluffs. (See pI. 13, B.) Tnvcl al()Dg it is fairly
eogy to Na.v .j,o Point, at the sonth lip, cust of th~
lCnipnrowits Plateau, where the bench is too n",.row
to follo\.. Benenth the Straight Cliffs t,he thickness
In. of t.he Tropic shale "Ilnges from nbont 550 to 700
"
.. feet. Though tho ",idt,h of the exposure is not grcllt
the sandy beds It the base extend outward ~ distnnce
% of 1 to 3 miles IL... capping for the mnsoivoDakot& (1)
and Morrison <') beds. (Sec pI. 21, A.) In the
valley of H.lIs Creek and eastward the Cretaceous
21,~
1JJ shale that corresponds to t,he Tropic sh.le is t.hicker
thnn in the Kaip8l'owits Plateau.
10
PALlX)NTOLCOY
2
• Marilla fOtisils arc common in the lower part of
C;
the Tropic shale put rare or absent in the middle and
8
upper part.. Locally the bn .. l >!lnclstone is especially
1 rich in fossils. Oyste,'S and Gryphnens oollstitut.e
nearly alI the organic remaius in the shnly beds, but
6
in the sandstone they may be Accompanied by ot.her
fm·ms.
An oyster bed nearly 3 feet thick crops out neltr·
the bose of the TI'opic on the west side of the Paria
River north of CannonviUe and together with other
iossil-be.ring beds is found beneath coal beds. Parts
of the OYstH bed con.i st of shale with abundant fos-
8
sila, but commonly thert i. little mud between tbe
shells, and the ro(:k Illigh t be cn lied a limestone. Tbe
100 TH& J[AIl'AlIOWlT8 KEOIOlf

IfJ.scellAlle()UI IJ;eCimeu¥ (rorn ftnc -grn1ued' U"M-era1 cal-

species identified are O&t1'tla sp., probably O••o161lia-
careous andstoDei In Troptc I!bale alonc Last Cbance Creek,
CU4 Meek Grgplwea MWlien-yi Stanton, and s.ryula Tbe8e species are (bJeJi, those characterIstIc of the baaal
sp. undct:, probably new. The common fossil. of the' t.lO.rt of the lCanco. shole In New llexJco and Colorado,. lIDIl1
basal sandstone of the Tropic shale are O.trea f11'U" of them ha\'e recently been rouod at the top ot the Grl.DerQl
ae..tia, O. ~oleni6CU8, and GryphaM. -MtDlierryi, and sIlal. 01 the Black Hill. "'l:lou.• auCeelUoD tb.t [be begt•.
numerous specimens of tbese forIllll are found in most Din, ot. marine sedimentation WOI appreciably lnter In Utab
than In lbe Blac~ Bills reJioo.
eXpo!<ures at this horizon. .
Some sandy layers in the upper third of the forma- Serpula .p. C.llI.taT .p.
tioll contain abundllnt plant remaill". InoceramuS! sp., frBlments. Corbuls. neDlAtophora Meek.
Gr1phaea,newberryf, Stanton. Lunati" Ii. Ip. ~fT. L. eondll_
Invertebrate fossils collected from tbe Tropic shale E.ogyro columbeJla Meek. H &11 ..nd Meek.
at several localities have been identified by John B. CaruptODectca plotcosa White. TurrlteU.. whltei Stanton.
Uec..idc, j ..., .ho has submitted tbe following report: Lima ut&henJi5 Stant~D. Anchura n. Ip.
Tropic shale. 3 mUee Dorth of Henrieville, 100 feet above
bA6e.. Lower Ulncoa fauna:
Trootl.ocyo.\hul'l or Pamcya. ~oKyra aft. E. ponderoea
Anomia IlIbquadrafa Stn.nton.
Modlala n. &p. aff. M. mecki
E ••1lI and Shumard.
I
Baculites gracilis Shumard.
Acanthoceras kanabenlO Stu_
too, n. var.
Veniella ,on1ophor. Meek.
&hllO D. &p. Roemer.
Oryphac. newborryl Stanton. BacuJitoa amcilll Shumard. All tbe!e tossllal nppear to Indicate the early Colorado or
Exosyr" oolumbeU" ~[ ..k. basol i),flnco. dhfsloD at ttc atn.cdard Cretaceous &eetloo.
Ra.,al sund~tone at tho Tropic .hale. from aee. 11. T. t2 S..
InAIGlI'l CLni'1 UlInnOllll
n. 1 K. Appurently a Colorado, tnuna, brackllb-water bobltot:
AnemiA propatoril WhLte. I
Corbloola't &p. undct.
Modlol.. mult.iUnJgcr" Mook. Phy....p. undel.
I'RT8IOAL n~ ..rURES
The Tropic shale is conformably overlain by mas-
J'08¥lIlterou!l sandstone at ~ 01 Tropic .bale Jo tee.
10. T. 42 S., R. 1 E. Lower Kancoa fSIUDO;
.ive sandstones that are very clearly different·lith.o.
logically from tile underlying rocks. In some pllOOJ
o.trea prudOllt.lo. White.
Oryph.... newberr,!. IExolYra all'. E. lae\'fu.cul0
Roemer.
Ka.!lt tace ot Kalparowlll Plateau .outb of TeomUe Sprlnc
the drab·colored shale of the Tropic formation is
overlain with rather abrupt change by massive bro.n-
ish or yellow sandstone of the Straight Cliffs form ••
ODd 14 miles lIOutheft8t of Escalante, Ulab. SanUf.one In
TroAle .ba 1. 30 toct abo.e Dakota (?) .and.toDe. Lownr tion, but in generd tbere 8.re 100 to 800 feet of in·
VOftcoe fauna: terstratified .hille and thin sandstone which appeu
u.
OIl_ lolenl.. Meek.
1:108)'" aft. E. pooderoflll
18moll ...tropod ...... uDdet. to represent. transition zone between the Tropic and
Straight Clils formations. (Sec pI. 14, e.) In this
Roemer. zone the sh~le i. very sandy and toward tbe top con-
Same loc:a.lltJ lUI lut above, but In abale loon tbo sand. taiM increasingly numerous thin beds of bard sand·
stolle. Lower .r10C08 fanna: stone. It also resembles the overlying beds in color.
OryphGeA nElwberry' Stonton. ( Tclltna modest. Meek? Because of these features, whicb indicate that tile
chan~ from mud to sand begins at the base of this
""th! Creek. east ot Burr Ot"ft'k, Garfteld CoUDQ', Utah.
SandAtone 1n basol ("Tununk abole") 1)01't at Monco. abale: zone, tbese intermediate beds are classed with tbe
Straight Clift's sandstone rather than with the Tropic
PteriA Rwrodos (Meek). Tellin"r .p.
EXOi..,ra alf.
E. ponderosa shale.
SitiqulL hucrf8lnena. Stanton?
Roomer. Madra. utahcnl!. Meek. The Stl'8ight Clifa sandstone is chorocleristically
Oetroa lUlubria Conrad. Gyrode. dcprMst. Mort.oD. oomposed of very massive beds of ligbt-yellowish or
Oatroa prudeutia. White. Meaolltoma ocddentali. StRD...
C.rdluM trlt.> Wllit.>.
buf·brown fine to medium·grained sandstone. Most
ton!
C.lli.ta orhlcullota (HsIl and Baou1i&.cl~.p. of the' hard, musive beds are S to 10 feet thick, but
~[..k). 10m. that exceed 60 feet in thickness were noted.
Durr traIl, WaterpO(!'lIft Fold, Utah, .. ()rltter Ret" nboye "lhere the formation lies essentially 8at (he sandstone
Dotola (') .... ndatoDf. Lower DoIorndo tauna: forms nearly vertical unscillable cliffs that present
Darbati. mlcronema (Meek). I Boculitcl Ip. undet. 110m. what in'egular craggy surfaces. In some places
Pinna .p. undetermined.
Oetrea .alc:nilcua Meek.
OEttroa prudcntia Whit~.
ICardium l.rit.e White.
Cyrena accurie Meek.
Tetlin.? sp.
oItemntioll8 with 90fter strata and birly uniform
m~jor bedding give evidence of general uniformity in
deposition. A view of tbe Strllight Clift's from lbe
8iliqu:I. huertSllenBia Stanton. Spironom ..l Ip.
plain a few miles distant on the northeast shows
DllInJ BfllldstODI! ot Tropic wale Debr the bead. ot Rodr rathel' clearly this broadly even bedding of the sand·
Oreek. A launa known Itt a numlx'r ot loealltlea tn t.be
lower part of the Colorado group In Utnb:
stnn.. (See pI. 14, A.) Other exposures show felf
EXOQ:yra laevlW!C'ula ROPIner.
Pllcatula h,drot.heell Whlte.
ICucUum trite White.
ClllIIsto 81). undet.
persistent, readily traceable divisions and consid·
el.1I~1: irregularity Occurs in both mOlor and min«
dIVISIOns. This high variability in the thicknesa t.IId
 CRET<lOEOUIL .a1lKA.TtONS
_Dluity of indi vidual beds , the size of grains, tbe
aJlDItnt of cross-bedding, the distribution of the fer-
""iDollS cement, the degree of porosity, and the re-
:Pt~ to weathering IUBkes detailed measurement
olsoctiolls ~nd especinlly compllrison of parts of the
lorIIlauon in ditl'erent areas rather difficult.
A noteworthy cbaracteristic of the Straight 'Cliffs
o;andstone is the presence in so,eral parts of tbis ·nren only two or tll1'oo thin ligllit.e beds in the middle part
o! "orkabte beds of coal. In some districts there
ue thin .. trenks of carbonaceous shale und poor coni
It horizons that range olmost from the bottom to
!be top ~f tha formation, but in others there is no
coo! at all. 'Fhe chief cO:1l zone is the middle third
of the fOI'mation, and this zone contains individual
beds 13 to 20 feet til ick. Some of the conI beds ap-
pear to be persistent over several square miles but
piocb out in many plnces rather abruptly.
Much of the Cretaceous sandstone al(mg Last Chance
cd Warm Cl"Qeks is altered by the natural burning of
the included coni beds. The sandstone is . altered to
kight red, baked, and hardened, !l.lld tho ,,--<;soeiated be •• tisfactorily detel'mined.
dlale is changed to 11 bricklike dUk hard argillite or
to clinker. Bedding is sO mud, disturbed that in mOlly
pIacea it is impossible to determine, the original atti -
IMde and composition of the str.ta.
In contrast to the underlying shale, the Straight
elitrs sandstone is resistant to erosion, and as the
format.ion is several hundred feet thick it makes a
broad platenu bench that is bordered by high, almost
sheer cliffs. The long line of neu.dy I'ectilinear cliffs
frooting ·toward the E scalante Valley is made by this
diviaion and suggests the name Straight Cliffs, which
hal been applied to it. Along the south margin of the
)(.uparowits Plateau the escarpment formed by the
&rlight Cliffs sa.ndstone is almost as prominent topo-
CAphicoUy, but i~ is vel'y irreg1.lla.r in trend. Along
t_ East K.ibab monocline this sandstone forms the
lrestern of Ihe two high sharp-crested "comb" ridges
tht are made by the uptumed Cretaceous slInd8tone.
The ca.nyons that cut through the sandstone are steep
lralled Lnd in places have vertical sides. (See pIs. 19,
B;20, B.)
lD thickneu the Straight Cliffs ~ndstone Lveragea
Ibout 1,000 fcct_ In the StrQigb~ Cliff. eSC1lrpment
it increases from about 900 feet near Esenlln!e to
lbout 1,200 feet at Fortymile Point. Near Wahweap
Creek its measured thickness is 950 feet. At the hend
of Rock Creek it is 1,250 feet. On the east side of
!be raunsaugunt Plateau, wbere its top hIlS been re-
IIIoved by erosion, the remaining portions range in
tbickness from 700 to 1,200 feet ..
STRATIGRAPHY
Bec&Use of the practically continuous unscalable
erearpment along the' Straight Cliffs it i. very difficult Henric)Tille the entire Strnight
'0obtain iletailed information concerning tbe compo-
101
sition of this .. ndotone in tbis part of the Kaiparowits
Plateau. However, a section measured by Gregory on
Collett Crec!K ~hows its cb.racter tbere. (See p. 109.)
At a point on LBot Cbanee Creek where the thi ck-
ness of the Straight Cliff. nndstone is more than 944
feet the formation consist. almost entirely of sand-
lltone witb less thall 10 per cent of sandy sbale and
of the formation. Marine and brackish-water fossils
lire found at several horizons in t.his orca.
On the main Lnst Cba uce Creek, where the 10weI"
one-third of the t.ransition bed. of the Straight Cliffs
sandstone, including the transition beds at the base,
is accesRible, the middle part of the formation is dis-
tinguished by numel'ous 00ds of lignite,. some of wbich
....8 as much as 20 feet thick, bu~ a9 nellrly all of
this coal above a few feet from the bottom of the
canyon is burned, and as the associated sandstone and
eondy shale are much altered, neither the quality
of the coal nor the composition of tbe sandsLone could
011 the CI-oton Ih-anch of Last Chance CI-eek some
of the very thin coals QI-e now burning.
On Warm CNek the middle part of the Strllight
Cliffs "andstone contains thick coals which appenr to
correspond with those observed on Last Chance Creek.
In this 81'ea as well as in the 8 rca to the east and
north, all the cool i. burned down to the bed. that lie
within a few feet of the bottom of the presll.llt stream
valleys. The name Warm Creek is evidently due to
the npors from burning coal at points along the
creek.
Along the upper west branch of W 8.l'm Creek the
Straight Cliffs sandstone presents some features not
shown elsewbere. In 615 foot of beds the thickest bed
('f ma""ive SOlldstone is 60 foot Lhick; in the upper-
most 300 feet only three individual beds exceed 20 feet
in thickness, ll1ld in the 10 ...el·ll)osl 200 feet only one
measurcd bed is thicker than 10 fect. Coal hcd. in
this !ectiol1 begin 182 feet from the top llfld extend
within 50 feet of the bottom. Witllin the intel'vening
378 feet lie 15 beds of coLI of good quality, which have
R total thickness of 28 feet 10 inches, Bnd 12 beds of
earthy lignite and coal mingled with shale.
Along Wahweap Creek excellent exposures of the
Straight Cliffs sandstone reveal very few coal beds,
.. nd the few that ate prescnt 81"1) thin and of' no value.
Marine fossils ore found at eevcral horizons, but the
distinctive zones that were recogni ~ed on Croton Creek
were not found beI-e. The earne condition. appear to
persist along the East Kaibab fold , where the s/lnd-
stone il very well expoeed in the westernmost of the
two main Cretaceous hogbacks. .
Along Henrieville Creek north~8st of the. vill~ge of
Cliffs formntlO? IS well
exposed in a tilted position above the TrOPIC shale.
102 THI KAIPAROWln BE~ION
Deginning at the base, its large subdivisions and th.ir
e>timnted thicknesses are (1) buff coor!C sandstone, of
which about holf the bed. ore 6 to 10 feet thick and the
other haH 1 to 3 feet thick, 160 fwtj (2) argilloceous
nnd nren.ceOllS shnle and coal, 60 feet; (3) sand.-tone,
a series or sholy or thin beds within which are two or
mOl'e strat" of maosive sllndston" 10 to 30 feet thick,
120 feet; (4) sandstone, buff, co,,_,
irregularly
bedded, in port cross-bedded and lenticulnl', in beds 15
to 80 feet in thickness, sepa ....ted by discontinuous beds
of shslelike .andftone, 4S0 feet. Except for the coal
and assOciated shllle of No.2 and some thin coal be<l$
in No. 3, the entire ..,ction, approximately 800 feet,
coltsists subtitantiolly of sundstone, highly ... riuble in
thiclme.<;s and conl.inuity of beds, in size of groins, in
amount of cl'OSS-bcdding, in amount nnd position of
iron as cement ond t'Ollcretiolls, in degree of porosity,
dnd in resistance to weithcl·;ng. Tlte shale, especially
tlta.t in the uppermost 400 fe~t, occurs essentially in
I,mses of thin-lJcdded sandstone, some of them 8S mueh
as 10 feet thick and persistent for more than a mile; in
other pl ..ces the shale ocelli'" in mere patches pn t:oeven
s~I'ftlces of IIlIlS!livo slIlIdstone beus. Argillaceous shale
where present is inconspicuous. It OC<!urs sporadically
ill thin sandstone and .s il'l'egular m.8Ses of hardened
cluy ,vithin the thick beds. The weathering of tit ....
mn!'8CS has given some beds n cavernous appenl'8nce
aud provided exit for ground water.
A pl.ne-table tI'8V<lr86 along this creek shows, total
thickn ..s of the Cretuccous SCtndstone abo,'. tlte Tropic
shnle of 1,700 feet, but the Strnight Cliffs sandstone
\VIIS not dill'erentinted ·from the ovel'lying Wah\\'eop
sundstooc-
The following selected sect.iODS show tbe composition
Dud arraugement of beds in tho Straight Cliffs forma-
tion of the Kaiparowits region:
Seelio,. of O,-e'tlCBO,,, IIlrottl Cut .oruh ,-.1m Of KalfXI''OlcU.
Plato""" "fUr hctJ.r~ 01 tce,t b"a.llch or
LaM' OfWHCtJ Creek
n..... or
IlJ.~ntlurN by O~gor1 with Ibe IUIIUII IIIUCO
,sh'l.I.lght CUifli sRndat.one:
J, III. Dont':,1111
F't,
30. SundSltllll'. Illflt-:lIh'l', wltb JUall,)' IrOD (.'(IDcre-
tiona a nd some Iron cement: "'COlliers to
gellernl red tone ot bo.ae ot if'UlnU knoblJ RDd
rtd~; coutlth.," "))Ark teeth: top ot
platcou__________________ __ __________ _____ ~
38. S:~ndRtone. couriW grained. llldf-rellow, COD-
formable beds 0 (nebes to S teet thick: wltb-
out $lillIe! un rtlug!C________________________ 55 10
3T. ShRill wlt.h Intel'bedcled yodatono______ _____
30. D\.....,rl8-co"ered slOllC, eOUlJ.WltIed ht rgcl,y or Ir·
regularly bedded 88Ddstone_______________ 61
36.. SnuiJlftone, butr-~UoW', U\n6llIv~: floe, anl:u\llr
.mIDi'd; C!aicurcons cerullot: torm. ant
bench ,,·ttll Tcrth... l elias tnt by vtrong nr.
tI.al jolnto____________________ _________ __ 83
34. Sandstone lu thin e\'en beds with strat.um of
cllk."Ureou8 alt.ale 8 lur.l\e:l tbl('k ut bo.se __ ~__ 6
Strol,ht cwts sandl!!t'ODe--ContilJucd. "L Ia.
33. S01lds!ooe, WR.SSln"!, la l'l;e l~' of clean angular
quartz gral~__ ___ __ _ _________ _ ___________ 7
32. Shnle, arenDCeOUs. with tbla. lenses ot dark
8O.0dstoDe and of earthy «:oaL _____ ________ G ..
31. Shale, arenaceous aDd orsillaccollS ; coot:lins
lmpreSf!!ons ot pJaot1)___ __ ________________ 2 ..
30. Sandstone, coorse ,rained, porous, ill even
beds 6 luehet! to 1 foot thick; contains DlUclt
iroD In concretious ami nOIJlll es; wenthe r'3
red _________________ __ _____ _______ _______ 27 10
20. Sondstone. massive, buff-yellow; co:ll"~~, un-
gular JrI1ltus______ ________________________ 11 2
2S. Sandstone ,,··ltl1 .hole pllrUugs__ _____________ 1 1
27. Sandlttoue. bulT-ye'llow, massh·e ___________ __ _ 38 T
26. Sondstone,. bun:. in resulnr beds 1 to 2 teet
tblck ~ 10terlJedded with CQICilreOufi sllnle___ 17 IS
25, Sandstone, yellow~I'llY; llve bed!f____________ 27 10
24. Shale, arenaceous', .vriukled with Iron grnhls_ S
23. Snodstone, tlno gl'lIfu!-I, l'c; ullH'ly bcthled_____ 2 1
2'1, Sbnle, like No. 24______________________ _____ G
21. Sandstone, boll, mf1ssl\' ~. co)careoulJ ADtJ irOD
ct'-!l1cnt; collrser gl"ftiM OJlguht', sll);bUy
er"'.. bedded ______________________.________ 41 I
20. Shale. yellow, arenaceoas and al'£Ulnceous;
eontnJns streDk. of c:ulcareoua material nnd
D few trlllgmenta ot eorbonbed wood______ 3 ..
19. Sondstone, buff. COlD{>06ed ot tiDe eratn. of
qunrla, ~OISt of tbem augular: cnll'oreouB
cement i ma.uh'C!, re,dslont except tor an !r·
l"eIlDlor bed or le!Ja ot sbale 8 IDebe. 1I11ef<
De . . . . . .________________________________ 18 I
18. Sandstooe anll ..bole to olternatlng be<hs 3
fnclie9 to 2 teet thlek; .. Ieb 10 organic· mo.t·
Wi'; fneludee • tew tllin seilms of conl ____ 28 I
11. CMl; thin lenUrulor bt:.'f.1s InlerstrutUled with
CIlrbQnaceoul uD le ______________________ _
2 6
16. Sn.lldiloDe. tbill, and sho1e liku No, 18 _______ _ 14 8
15. Sbale and coal:
J' t. )n.
Shale, Drt'Dnceous: contllJns impres·
slons ot plnnL:l.______ __________ G
Eartb1 lignlte ond leu"". ot ... nd-
atone Rod Bbale___ _____ __ ______ G 4
Coo~ good quoUty___________ __ ___ 10
14. Sl\nd~tone, white, In thln eveQ beds, med~um
6
•
graIn. or pure- quart.., poorly ccmented with
In,
lime; n few parHnp of Dr~Daceous sl)ale__ 9
13, Sandstont, ..-bite, mass1ve; I'eli litant, -s U,hU)' •
.root"bodded, oomJ)O..d ot •• ry On~ wblte
Coarse gratn8 i no b'on and no organIc
mntter ______ _________ __________ __________ 29 2
12. Sbale, arenaceous. and tbtD-be<'lded f!lndstone_ " I
lL So DdstoDC. bu(t•• lIgbtly .rosa-bedded; mBS- .
st"t. eX~Dt tor :s Inches ot sbn Je 22 feet
from the top; ft.ne angular wblte quarts
gralns ar-d SOme larler red 1roD~oGted
16 .. gretna; celllent comPDsed of Iron, Ume, and
Cpsum (1); porou8 aDd gives rl~ to seeps
a at woter at plncea wbere rocks are conted
with 79
~fp5UIO _ _ __ ______________ ___ _ _ ______
I
10.. Sbale, gray, Dod Inndetor.e, unevenly strntilled
In be"" nnd lenseo 1 Ineb to 1 toot thIef<:
il sboles rIch 1n cnrbonlzed plaut rerullLns;
tragments and hnpressions ot plnnts also In
S D SbBDDdstone____________________ .. ___________
, ale, biDe-gray. and eartby UgDIIe_________
11
2 ,
8
, CRETACEOUS FO~ATIONS
!IfIICI1t Cllll',88.Dd$ton<." -Cootluued. PI. tn.
S. SandStone, b u![·sray. in wo.vellke beds but not
rroSt.beddcd; ~Ug:ll'y texture; gro ins pre-
nllingl.}" n.nguI8t, (:~meuted by lime; few
Jroll nodnlcs __ __ __ ___ ______ ____ ____ _ ----- s 4
T. 8b81e lod sl>n ly Sl\'U dl;toue, G,'ay. in lJeds less
t,h aa 10 lu~t.es thi cl~, ('xceplton nlly l'eeulUl';
eontnio$ ruUdl iron , also lime und g)'llsum
.. cement 8m) ns dissemlnnted pnrticles:
tOfllbl sIope part~.)" co'{"cred by :and::;lides__ _ 23
t. SandJitone. lmfr, in frlul>lc beds 1 to G inch..::s
thick: contains mUl'b crystalllne gypsum;
bottom, 3 feet i~ l'ed pOl'OUS crolis·bcdded
Jand.stonc tbnm gll w11kb water seeps____ __ 10 {)
.. SaDdaitone, gray, ma s sive, hard, l'esistant;
bottom 10 feet s tl'oll gl y cro&;-bedded; grains
'IOOn. wbite, l'ouuded, and weB 8ol'ted;
COIltntu (Ichbl es as ulu<:h ns 1 lnch in diam-
eter ol'r.)ugoo. in porous leol;{'s and ns
Ill"l.ttered inlllvil!uahi ______________________ 41
l. Sandstone, Imff-yellow, complld. clll! maker;
(l'.tns well worn and ~I::t.sor ted i includes O'iC
beda: .
1-'1. 1n.
Sand!:o1one. ill vertil'al din', sepu-
rated into beds uy thin lense~
0( 8llody shale nod lenses or
ironstone containing \.} I' (l ken
frngmeuts or ["oce"ramu3 11m!
Prkmoh·opis__ ______ __ ________ ZJ 2 Tilt.1 Su.. l,ht OI1ll's saudstone _____________ USO
Sandstone, t h tn- bcUlled. even
bed~ed_ ___ ___ ___ _ _ __ ________ _ S 10
Sandstone or conglomerate, com-
posed ot illtel'lenvJn" ICIl1'Je6 of
wblte qunl'tz pebbles 1% Inches
or less In dlomelcl'____________ US 4
SO.n dstone, Hnl;! grained, t h I 0
bedded. even bedded, with scot,
tered lorge pebules____________ u
Sondstone. mnsslye, cross-bedded,
weatbcrs porous, solutioll haa
produced .. toe holes" 8 n d
minl.utu re l'Q,'crns _______ __ ___ 22
---112 4
a. IIondstolle, bulf-yellow, cross·bedded; beds 1 to
a reet thlck______ ____ __ _______ __ __________ 20
l sandstone. yellow-grny, irregularly separnted
IIIto 4 bed. __ _______ ____________ __________ _ 16 10
--
Total Stralgbt CUlls 8Illldston"- __________ 11M
TofIo ...1.:
1 Sbftle, (ray aud slate-colored. QDd flnndstone in
beds h:.'8H than G incb~ thick; sbnle lucre ...
Inrly more ar&llluceons, more abundant, and
In thinner beds to,\\"ill'd the bottom, surfaces
Df bed!l decorated wltb minute concretionary
lozenges, plant tJu[lresslon:o::, 8ud fossil sbeUs_ 22
8ba10, slate-colored, abunuunt Mancos !0~1I8,
Through on a.ccident to the pack train fOS>oils col-
lected from t.he beds Il.nnlyzed in this section were lost.
AIOtable feature of the section is the small amount of
..I. At a place less than 2 miles distant the equiva.-
lim of beds Nos, 9 to 20 contains nine beds of coal, the
Ilic:k. mcflSul'ing 23 inches, and more tha.n half of
~ ooU is of good quality.
103
SectkJ n •.or''\' of acetft b''fJItcA o( Or-utem Creek Fm'k, ot LQ..8'
CMJ"" Cncl:, trot" tee. 10 10 ftOrtha1f. p~·rl of ,eo. ?:I.
'1'. 408., .2. i E., Kfltle COlmtU. Utfl'"
1I~tt-1
(llusured b1 Raymo•• C.
St~-nl,ht C1i1rll snndstone : Pcet
9 . .SandlJtone. llgbt yello""llJb brow~ vcr,. mo.ssivc.
'-ard. somewhat 1,~ularly tM!dded; forms
prmnlDcnt clilt nod upholds the, maio Straight
cl:rra escorillnent; shnl)' sane 2i5 teet (l'om the
top rontalus ao IlbundllDt Illorlol! !aunn-
oysters, p.tropodt!l, nod other forllls ________ 300
S, SandstoDe, rellowl.sll brown. lIOn. more Ot- less
Illal,., trresulll11y beaded i rOl'm~ slope bellentll
clUJ: above ________ ____ __________ __ __ ___ ____ 110
7'. Suudstone, browD, uU\sIJlve, bmd; ' torllls proml,
nent rIUl____________________________________ 2U
G. Sonl\oto.e, »on, ,hall', yellowish brow"_ ________ 20
5. Snndstone, lIght yellow. mediwn to Ulusslve
bedded, Dlodero.tely Boft 1 wentbcl's In lnrge
blocks ond 1n rou!lded IUrf:U~es·_______________ 160
4. Sond.toae, lIgbt creoDll yellow, Yer)' ma"s\vc.
bard; tonn box C:II.nj'l.,)lUj; locally contn:ns very
Jlurueroul large lcocerunJi: n It.'(}~c: Uluker ____ lUi
3. SlludstoDe, 11,ht 'yellowkfb gray to light brown,
10ft. cntcnro'!OUlf. n)("(liunl lwdded.; weathers in
Ineular blocks ____ _________________________ 220
2. Sandstone, brow., soCt, Ihnlr ___________ ________ 30
Tropic .hale:
1. Shale, dart drab to nearly blnck. tlUICOnll
tt'xture ___________ ~ __ ____ ___________________ rrl>O+
SecHan mea.a1~' on. north. wan Of n,.ycc Canyoll, nort·n part
of .eo. 5, T. 37 S., R. ~ lV., Gu"!ielcl C01mJV, Uwh
[MCf\KUrctl by Rrlymond C. MoOre]
Tel'titlr1 :
'V.sateh !orlDation- Feet
1.t. BolldstoJle, reddl~h brown to pink, cal-
careDUI; weathers In massive eliit's !lnd
fautru,t-ie erosion forms, very Irregu-
lar1)' bedded; rests uucollrormflb~y on
allghtl,. uneven SUl'fflCC of underlying
100+
roek.--------------------------------
==
CretnceoU8 :
StraIght O1urs sandstone-
2
IS. Sandstone, yellOW, coon;c and gritty, soft;
Interbedded wltb 8:lDd:r shole Ilnd
grades loto sbal,. san dstone; in places
weatbers lD .Iopes; el8ewhcre occurs In
slopes and 1eclgcs_______________ __ • __ _ 42
12, SaDdatone. yellow, mar.tlve. medluID tine
grolDed j tonna vertical tedge _________ _ 17
11 Shale" bl".1c, clo1ey to IJ8ndy i rather 80ft
. but In pillces forma vcrUenl cl!tr booeuth
CIlPP~Dg Mnd.stOne; contain. fragments
or pt.nt. poorly presorvcd. ___________ _ 33
10. Sa.nd!ltone, yellow and Ugbl erenm1, flnc
grawed, mnss1,'e ; forms' prtllDlnent
ledge-------------------------------- 00
9. Shale, landy, nnd ,.eIlOWIIdI IQnddtlDtonc;
form elope with Irregulnr d IIcon uons
lodges ______________________________ __ 100
 THE KAIPAROWITS 1lEG1ON
104
Ccetaceous----Cootluued.
StrulGbt Clilfs I8..Ddstof\ie--Coolinued.
8. 8QlId~tone. yeUO\y. vcry massb,"e. lOme-
"'bat lI're:ulnly t;trnUfled: weatben In
lorl.'e blocu ODd more OJ' Jess IImootbl1
rounded Hurr"ce; • I'romlnent clift·
mokln, cU'hdoo______________________
1. Shale, yellowish brown, .. Dd,.; ,I..
des tnto
yc.r1 !--Ott shalr "andsto~; forms I
slope_________________ ___ __________ ___
6. SOImlsOOne, sellow, ma.B8lve, medium to
nne .. rnlor.t1I. folrly bnrd i fOnDfoJ led:;-t,
Irreaularly bedded____________________
ri. Show., hondy. dr... b to yellow i forma slope!_
4. Sandstone, yellow, hlo41ye; Irre;:olul1
bf'ddcd alld with Irregular eontDct wltb
lIub,o.cent (ltyhllon, into ~hlch It &'rodes_ 16-20
3, Conglomerate, MDd,.. brown., ferruginous j
oontllina mlny pwbletills Dluch 81tloch
In dIameter i rmrt.. stained vert bright
red __________________________________ 21--30
2. 80Ddstont", eream)' yi:lIoW', .,erl 11.)(1 and
poDrly eemcntctl i weo.thcr. rcadll, to
1001*) sand, mnwsl\"c_____ _____________
1. Ironltollc conl'Iomerate. browD, yerr bard,
• Ilromlucut lodCe____________________ 1-12
'toln.! Straight CUllll sondstone_____ 635+
Oorcred to creek botto"" l~ teet more or leas.
DORe ot HCCUon undetermined but 100 feet wore or len
above Tropic: ..h.t~.
cowradoe.n8 StAnton, 0811'ea prudcntia White,
Modiolo. sp. f, Card-itllm cu.·tum Meek and Hayden, and
Gyrode4 Ikpreuu.o Meek we.re collected, and from
about the middle of the Stralg,ht Cliffs ~u~dstone at
the Coyote Holes trail TwrriteUa W'itt .. Stanton,
V6 O,trea sp, undetermined, Cordiu.m poupercul;u.m. Meek,
PlicaJula "ydrotMca Wh.itel, and .MtUJtra arerollli4
Meek. lloth of these tots are rete ned by Reeside to
28
the uppermost Color1ldo~ , .
On the summit of the Kll,parow,ts Plateau, about 10
32 I miles from the south end and within 100 feet of the
~ (op of the Straight Cliffs SRndstone, pelecypod fra~_
menls and specimens of Corbula per>mdata Meek
and Hayelen were ga thered. This species occurs in
both the Colorado and 1II0ntana gI'oups and is n~
distinctive,
The distribution of m$rine fossils and coal beds
seems c1enrly to suggest the geneml position, probably
• varying one, of sen and land during t.h e time of
00 deposition of the sandstone in this P.re.n. Co~monl,
where coal i. well developed no martne fOSSlls Ire
found in the sandstone, but elsewhere, especially to-
ward the eost and northeast, marine invertebrates
ClCCur at &everal horizons.
W.lHWZ.l. UlIIDSTOIU

rALEOX'IOLOGT J'HY8ICAL FEU'URES

Marino and brackish-water fossils ne found in many The term Wahweap sandstone designates a series
port. of the Straight Cliffs sandstone, and according to of sandy shale and massive sandstone that conform-
identifications by J ohl! ll. Reeside, i r., aU belong to ably overlies the Strnight Cliffs sandstone and under-
the fRuna of the upper (Niobur .. ) part of tbe lies the distinctive Kaiparowits formation. As a
Colorado group. strntigraphio div;,;io" the Wahweap is ch ..racterized
/\. very mos.ive fine-grained S4ndstone about 250 by its topographic expression, tho absence, so f ..r u
feet. hove the base of the formatiOIl in the southeastern observed, of coRI beds, and the scarcity of fossils.
port of tile Kniparowits PI.tellu contains large num- The lower and middle ports of the Wahweftp for-
bers of big, thick-shelled 11IOcera11l'1U tIIIwonalu« Meek mation consist of alternating groups of sona.y shal.
and Hayden, which colTesponds to I. inlloluttu and sandstone. Toward the tl>pthe amount of Band-
Sowerby of the Europoan Emscher and Coniaciall stone and the thickness of sa.ndstone beds increase, ..ad
nnd in the western interior region is strictly limited the upper third consists almost entirely of sandstone.
to the Niohram hodzon. I In places the topmost bed forl1U! a massive unbrokea
A zone about 170 feet nbove tho Inccermll",-bening ledge 100 to 200 reet thick. This A,,·.ngement of rela-
ledge contains f.i,·ly abUlldunt specimens of Oltrea , tively weak lnd thin beds underlying resistant thick
lolen;.<...., Ba:rbatia.mhT07tClIla (Meek), Modiola mm-
beds has permitted. recession of cliffs on .. large &e&le;
tilinigm-a lI{e~k, .nd O.trea sp. IIndet., which also the huge clifT. developod in the Wahwenp stand sef-
inuicate Colorado age. eral miles back of those in the Straight Cliffs fonna-
About 275 rcet Lelow the top of the formation on lion, Where the beds are steeply inclined, lUi along
Croton Branch ft mnrine fuuna containing Se'7"Ma the East K'ibab monocline, the relatively weak beds
sp. undet., Af.'1l1b"4niporo sp. undet., Or/rea .ole-nit"", in the lower Wohweap mark the position of a longi-
Meek, Modiola 1,,,,dtilildge,YJ )leek, and T...,.."uella or tudinal \"QUey between two hogback ridges. Alo~g
cJhe.".nitzia .p. was found in seVO'r" place.s. This as- the south margin of the Kaiparowits Plntel-U lnd In
semblage is indicated by Rec",ide as belonging to tbe
the CIJIyons that dissect its surface tbe massive upper
Colorado.
sandstenes form almost vertical cliffs; the capping
On tho trAil to the top of the KAIparowits PI.te~u
ledge in particular is an ullEcalable cliff. The lo,"r
at the head of Rock Creek, from .. bed in the .. ndstone
sandstones make weak cliffs and benches separated
180 feet above the tOJl of the Tropic shale, NvcWo
by slopes formed of sandy shale.
u. ~. (JEQLOGIC ..... L SURVEY

..... STRAIGHT CUrt--S SAI"Hl.'nON E ON ESCAL."-NTf: RIVER WEST 01-' I\$CAl .... :'IiTE

B. Tl\OPIC SHALE O\'EnLAI~ BY Sl'lUIGHT CUffS S..... ;·.... OSTUi'iE. WAl-nn:AI' cnF.EK

C. 'WALL OF WAtfWEAP SANDSTONE, WAHWEAP CREEK

 PROFL~~lOXAL rAPF.n)~ rL,\Tt: l~

Intyt:l ~ C ANYON
 CRETACEOUS l'OaMATIOK8
Lithologically the sandst.one and shale of the Wah.
ap forlDotion resemble those of the underlying
~M Cliffs formation. In .color the sandstone is
fiIb' creamy yel"ow or brownish buff ; the shale is
",JW1 to greerush brown. In general the bedding,
~L1ly that of the large units, is raLher even, but
..., of tbe sandstone bed~ are notably lenticular,
.. the gradation from massive ledges to thin·bedded
.,dIIooe and on to very sandy shale is highly irreg.
alIr. (See pI. 14, 0.) Some of the sandstone is
~...,..-bedded. In texture most of tho materials are
..mum to fine grained, but in some places neal' the
bat of the iO"mation lenses of conglomera!ie snnd·
.....ere obser\'ed, some of which contain fragments
" .ertebratell.
)lelSUrements of the thickness of the W.hweap
..dttooe at more thun n score of places along the
easrpmeot from the East Knibab monocline to Last
(ltanee Creek show an a vernge thickness of about
1,960 feet. In the Pal"ia Valley nnd also north of
Henrieville, where the \Vnhweap sandstone is exposed
ia a DlODoclinal fold, the thickness seems to be con·
liderahly less.
STRATIGRAPHY
The following section shows the gene,·nt charneter
.: the Wahweap formation:
..,,.. If WaA.-rcca.p .a1ttUlone a.I e,carptM111 loK!luce,I of
.
l.at Cknoe aMI/on, ide. 7, T.
", ,.Q
8., R. 4' E., Kalle Co."tll.
().(ea.ured by Raymond C. Moore]
WIhw'"ll tDudstone: . stratigraphic positio,! the formation probably repre-
11. S;u&tooo, light ycllowl8h brown, very maw l"e,
tomllng sheer ella; cap. pllltenu __ ____.:. __
18. Shole. bro\vn, Sllndy ____ • __ .. ______ ______ _____ _
11. SandaleDe, butt, med1um to tn3~rve, ·fAlt°I, enn
baddinl with thin I!baly 11orUngs; torms
broken clltr, procUeall)' continuous with that
01 the c:oppl.ug .OJldstOD~ __________________ _
It Snnd.tOD~, II/fht bro'i\'n, mediuJQ to mossive bed-
dine. with 81lerruttlug thin sboly snndsto.e
dlmlOQ8; Carma ateep aJope witb weak e,UJfs_
II. SIlQ,dstone, brown. sott, silOty: fOrIDS slope ____ _
It. SilQ{L'itone, yellowish brown, massive; lorms
clIU ___ •• __ _• __ ._ •••• _. ______ • ___ •• ___ ••••• _
U. Sandstone, brown, soft, with Irrecu1ar thin
herder lJads; weathers in slope _____________ _
It. Sindstone like No. 14 ______________________ ___ •
11. Sandstone and SO Ddy sbaJe; resemble No. 16_
lQ. San<L"Ctone, light burr, mediuln bedded j torms
weak cUll'_____ • __ •• _.. _ ••• • ___. ___• ___ . _._
9. Sandstone ODd sbn1e, mostly cO\·ered _____ __ _
8. Solnd.wae like No. 14-_. ______ • __ •• _· ______ _
T, 8hil.te. Kreeni,sU 'li'rown, very sond,.,.. groding to
10ft lI1adstone and COlltRfuing th in hnrd
lIl J)ClatoDe IItreakl j COI'ms rslope______ _ ______
II. SandltoDe like No. ·14-___ _•••• _" __. __••• _· __ _
So Shu .. like No. 7 • •• __ _ . __ ._. __ . _• • ·_· · · · · __
.. SaDdstone llk.e No. 14 __ ______ ____ ____ __ __ __ __
I. Sbale like 'No. :1 u1th t1 few more vrom ln ent
anndatone beds ' forming weok clitrs __ __ ___ __
105
'Vobweap l!:AodstOlle--Coutlnued. "eet
2, Snodlitone II k~ No, 14 ________ ___ __________ ___ _ 40
I . SL.le like No.7 with 5-1 teet at Iblo bord Mnd·
.taue In middle parI; 10 . Iobby ct"",,·~edded
sandstone nenr bnH' • fish bon~ wal! collet.' tc<L
Straight CJlm. sllDd!ltone.
1,245
Gcnel'alk"ccl "eollon (JI th-e U'alnceap .sQlld"toPle: OJI. upper
Oov~'e Creek; 2'. ott S., R. 1 E ., Ka.,c OOUlltV, Uta1&.
[){~5Ured by nnrwood C. Moore)
Wahweop sandstone: ....t
G. Sand!4toDe brown to yellowh.h. Dum1 thin
nnl l lI.wssh'e beds wUh amull amounts of
shale; 81011('8 are In In rge p.nrt (ormed
at soft snndstone rllther tllo.n shale ; series
Is cupped by a mas!\ive, reslstnnt sandstone
.bout 60 feet thick, which ",enthers In
"crtlcnl \\'::1118 _______ ___ _____ _____ _ 800--400
.. Sbllte, brown In 10\\"e r port, with SOluO a:rny
In mlddlo and uppel' lxu'fli, sDDdy nnd cross·
bedded; contains many lenses of SQnd·
stone thot occur Terl' Irreclllo.rty ________ SOO-SOO
3. Sand8tone., brown, slmilnr t.o otber berls In
tbe HectiOD i occurs In two beds with sbQ,le
bet"'eeu______________________________ ___
80
2. Shale. GTn),isb brown.. __ ____ _______ ___ __ ___ 20
1. SD.udstone, brown to gl'RY, fine grulned j
exposed ____ ___ __________ ______ _________ _
IG
7ao±
In sec. 83, T . 89 S., R. S E., a fragment of a croco·
dile or turtle bone not certoinly determinnble wos
found about 600 feet below the top of the Wohweap
sandstone. No fossil invertebra.tes were collected. In
sents uppermost Mancos.
210
15 UIIDIi'FIIIIIIKTIATElI BTlLAIoHT CLIFFS Al'ID WAHWIIU
.
\U.BDSTONE8
In the northern part of the Paria Valley, along the
00 Enst l{aibab monocl-ine north of the "Gut," on the
cast slope of the Paunsftugunt Plateau, nnd in the val·
130 ley of the ERSt Fork of the Be\'ier River and along
GO some of its·tributories 011 the wp of the plateau the
Cretaceous sandstones include the Straight Cliffs lind
20 Wahweap formations. Southcast of Table .Cliff a ve,'y
complete section of the two sandstones is exposed.
85
Z;
They were nof separated in mapping, but plane·table
45 measurements Bnd pro~ctioll of dips and trigonomet-
ric computation indicate a. combined thickness of
15 1,700 feet. Similarly, .. oomplete but unstudied section
3() of the sandstoJies lies south of Widtsoe, but f.rther
40 west pre-Tertiary erosion has removed the upper part
of tho Cretaceous so that the Eocene now rests on
14l different parts of the Wahweap and Straight Cliffs
so sandstones. In Bryce Canyon only It little over 000
12;; feet of the sandstone remnins bet,,'een the top of the
GO " Tropic shale and the base of the Tertia,·y. Where
185 erosion has so largely reduced the originnl thickness
,2
THE I(AIPAROIYITS ll.EOIOl'
106
of these sandy parts of the Cretaceous, the :-emalning
rocks presumably beloog chiefly to the Straight Chffs
sandstone, but no attempt .... as made to distinguish Ihe
formations, whi t b are so clearly differentiated 00 ,t be
KaiplIrowits PI.teau, Howe"er, most of the study of
the Creta ceous bed. in the northern Puia Valley was
ulldertaken before the mapping of the rocks on the
Kaiparowits Plateau, and it is probable t,h.t mOl'e
dchiled field work would result in a separation of the
tWI) formations in th.is l'egion.
On tho Escalante-Widtsoe road in sandstone that
corr... ponds to one of tl:e two formations above the
Tropic shale occurs. t.hick bed of well-rounded peb-
LIes of qunrtzite and chert tbat range in di.meter from
half nn inch 10 5 inches aod are of many colors.
As.'iOciated with the conglomerates 8re thin, short
gruvel le.nses, shale bull., .fld sandstones on the sur-
face of which occur impre••jons of I.wigs and of a
log ncady 3 feet in di'llnctcr. The signiJitKnce of
these ollservatior.s .... ith relation to studies farther
south has not been determined,
][All'AROWITS rORMATIOIf
)Iost published soctions of Cretuceous st ... ta in
r.orthel'll New Me~co, nOl,thern Ariwnn, and southern
Utah include representatives of the Dakota (i),
MancOO!, ond Mesaverde formutions of southw..-teI'D
Colorodo, Whel'ever present, the lIIesavcl'do or in
romo plnce~ thick beds of sandstone in the l\fancos
give risc 10 prominent clilTs ond form the surfaces of
plale1lul tha't are Hanked by slopes of Mancos shale
und rise high above surrounding pliltfortnll of Jurassic
sandston., At most places tho latest Montana Creto-
('llOUS strata hav. beeo swept away by erosion or re-
main os il1COnspicuous hills .nd ridges. Along the
heudwaters of the Pllria Hiver, Wahweap C1'eeli:, and
the west hranch of Collett Creek beds appear that are
younger th311 the Wahwcap s.ndstone, At Koiparo-
~it. Peak and TobIe CUft' these beds OCtUpy the posi-
tlO11 between th~ Wahwen!> snndston. and the massive
W •• oteh lo,mation, About 2,000 feet of the beds
lin y~ been presefl'cd where they ore protectod fr OlD
Cr<>""Oll Ileal' the 'fable Cliff Plntean, For these beds
which cOllst.itllte lhe topmost Cretac"<>us of southeost~
ern Ut~h, the ~erm Kaiparowits formotion is proposed.
. As viewed III the field, the Kaiparowits formation
IS strongly contrasted wit h adjoining formations,
Tho,Wahweap sandstone below is buff nnd resistant to
eroSion, and ,the outcropping edges of its constituent
~ds form cl1ft's that are difficult of ascent. The Ter-
t'lnr)" ,(\V~.tch) limesto~.s nbove nre a brilliant pink
. nll~ like" ~se form practically unscalable clift's, The
Kalparowl!i<, which lies between, presents tones 80
durk that they a ppellr in some lights almost black
Ilnd except for inlXlnspicuo us shelf-like benches i~
forms 0 scries of inclined sudaces that unite on inter_
nlley spaces t o form a ge ner:1l slope fwm tile I<lp
to the bottom of the formation, The rock is 10 fri-
.. blo thllt the water from the infrequent storms hIS
cut a tongle of gullies aud canyons, r emarkable for
their number and for the sleepuess of their aida,
In dry weather the gentl ..' slopes "lid the interhllgled
ridS"s may be traversed by carefully selected rOt:teo,
but during showers the whole surface seems to roove
downward, nnd travel with horses is dangerous.
At. distance the Kaiparowits "ppeurs to cons;"t of
shale beds witD here and the re (hin lenses of &and-
stone, but on closer examinat.ion the predominllnt rock
proves to be fine-grained drab arkose sandstone, com.
posed of quartz, orthoclase, albite, and biotite cemenl-
ed by lime, ~fany of I.he feld spar grains are kaolin-
ized lind in contra st with the ubundunt biotite give
the rock tho ap petlrance of a mixture of coaf1le pepper'
..nd suIt. Most of the individm,1 beds al'. less than
5 feet thick ~nd die out within n few hundred feel
The few that were trllC<Jd for a greater distance diller
in thickness and in the .arrangement of the pre"alent
cross-bedding, Within and between tho sandstone
beds lie thin, flat lenses and stub-ended len..-es of
slightly more firmly cemented snnd grains, whieh are
commonly of lighter color, some of them buft' or
yellow,
In addition (0 the sandstone, the Kaiparowits for,
mation contains lenses, pancllkes, flattened balls, and
irre~'lIlar beds, some traceable for as much as 100 feet,
of brown, gray-green, aud whit.e sandy limestone.
Some thin lenses are composed of nearly pure lime-
atone-hardened calcareous silt sprinkled with sand
loove and below, The formation includes also len...
, of limestone conglomerate composed of concretionary
balls utd irregular chunks of limestone, mingled with
snnd, From these lenses fossil sbells and fragmenl.i
of' bone were obtained at several horizons. At Tlble
Cliff the topmost .trata of the Kaiparowits formation
are less friable than those benetlth; they ioclude beds
of coors. brown sandstone, lenses of sand firmly ce'
mented by iron, and lenses of conglomerate composed
of pellets of hardened limy mud and chips of arena,
eeous shole.
~loDg t~e upper tributaries of Wah\Veap Creek the
Kal~rowlt.s formlltioo is widely expoSed to'view and
constitutes rough btldlalld slopes that are intricately
cut by gullies aod Bhallow canyons, At the e4St end
o~ the narrow p.,os through the East Kaibab mono-
cline, locally known liS the" Gut" the followin" sec-
t 'Ion 0 I t h., IOTer pnrt of the formation
, ..
was measur.d:
 CRETAOEOUS FORMATION'S
lin of lower lJart of lioipu r owit.'1 /ormatioll in tlpper
ltd lVaJl.tCclZ.l' Valli 'll
ria. of trca, N. 10· E , ; dip. 2' E . l\f(-usutP.ll by R crwrt E.
ISO Gt'l'gory J
~:
KlJparowU~ formntion-
17. Sandstoue. gellel'lll color drub or dork
brown but uuweuthe rcd flU\'!::> .)rc '! rrcgll
July sl}cck,lcd duri< n llll Ught, r ~c lHbl ! llg:
D m!:dure of pepPN' and salt; IlUUlt?rous
len.ses of s und~ton e ot uueven oegree:f ot
fineT\ess, oe burdened mud, und ot sand
nnd lim estone lnterrupt the reguJarlty
ot: beddlug'; some beds conloiu cnvitles
trom which gru Y-f,p'celi mud lump...; huyc
been weathered ; ~·tlUll Sfalns are compoSed
o( qUUl'lz. Ol'tbocio!!c, c.lblte, IlUd blotHe
ond ure held together weakly by colclte
Gnd g)'psum cemenL___ ________________
18. Con,;loDlc fate composecl of clay lump:;, bortl
calcareous bullets, tn\J~u l nr piece:; ot lime-
stone and s mull bU s ot petrified wood In
n Stlodstt)ne mattls; rontulus impres.sions
of plants nnd broken fo::;sll shcll~___ _ ____
10:. Somlstooc, brown, cnlcllrt.'OuS'. massi-re; re~
semhl es the limy mud walls ot preseut
vulleys; bed eli:l~lHjs nbout 300 feet_____
14. &Dd.tone, like No . 17______________ _____
13. Sands tone, like No. 16__ ___________ ___ ___ __
12. Llmestonc, brown, lIm'd, sondy____________
11. So.ntlstone. br own, drab, und 1.JUIY, -rery UD-
evenly bedded, beterogeneous composition;
two sec Lions l.Ja If a mlle npart s-llow dlt·
te.rent {UTungCttn!llt oC beds: entire e:s:po-
SUl'C aPllears as sllole slopes tbat nre
f..elllll'O ted by ~nn<lstone cutts 6 to 10 feet
hIgh. but the II shnle" thicken. and I.hlM
Rncl in plates oppcnnJ to sweep cllJlloooll1
across horlzoutal t-l:1ndstoDc beds; essen·
tlally the outcrop Is iormcd by a series ot
Sft.nll"wne bl'1lS, wh ich couti.Due for a lew
hunlIl'cd fcet to a few wllcs and D..re ittlel'-
ruptecl and HlterS})llt.'c d "'ltll leusel or lJutT.
SpOtted, QDd brown snodHtooe, ISOme tri-
able, IODl6 resi stttllt ; Inclucles leDfes ot
hlr..lOY dny. ot snnlly llmetltone. and ot
. coni:h:nuerutc (.·t:nnpose<.! or Ume 'boll.!!; DO
continuous or.;illot'eol1s bed&- we-re teen;
Iroo-cemeoted lDn~fl thAt resemble los-
eni:~. pnocnk('$, ond irre.~lftr lumos occu r
In D)QlI, positions, olso plant Impl"£NlolDO,
uusbed al'lells, and IrRa-menta ot boue ___ _
10. Sandf:iton~. buff ond 't'~fJ 'l'ello\", areuaceoml
ood etllcltreous, nod Dlud f'oote, tn ~rregu-
lor ""~. 1 tu S feet tbiCk. frl/lble and
slia): tty concretiona l'T ________ - ----------
9. Sandstone, brown i OOD8e, cI'OIS-bedded i re-
s18tant, with D few lenses ot blotJle IOnd·
atone __ __ ____________ __ _ p __ - - - - - - - - - - - -
8. "Sbale." compaett«J mud, and ~ue BODd 10
poorly deftned bed. 4 to 8 feet thlek tbot
alternnte with l>ed's ot triable broWll Mud-
stone 1 to 6 t""t thick; CODtalnS a thin
leD' of •• rthy llllDlte __________________ _
7. Snndstone, Hke No. 9_______________ _____ _
e. .. Shole:' like No. 8 ______________________ _
107
Cl'etaceous-Continued.
Kaiporowlts tormo.t1\)O-CoutlllIlCd. l,'ect
5. Suutbitoue, like No. S_____________________ 6
4. Snod$t\)ue. Irregulnrly bcdlllxl ; contuins
h~n!jl" of thinly laDliuutcd gl'uy mull witb
Fl!t!t patches or 1mpure lignite, otl1el'\\'h~e like
No. 11______________ ___________________ 3;:;
A
3. SOlldsto••, brown, rewl.lnut to "'''athorlng;
contnina lenses of ('onG"loDlcrIlte c() mlJo~d
of bardened mud illDl~; forms promiucnt
bcucb _______ ____ ______.______ ___ ________ (j
2. Sund8tone, like No. lL_______ ______ ______ 4t)
1. Shale, like No. 8__ __ ______________ _______ 16
405
Sandstone, bUIT, ~rul, DHl~~e. cross-bed<j(..'(). \..vn-
silIetcLl tOJ) of Wlthweap {orm.UOll.
The equivalent of the Kaiparowits formation be-
SO neath Table Clil! was described by Howell" as 1,200
to 1,500 feet of " gray lreullceous (anLi Ill'gillaceous)
shales contnitling on dOI1g1\tod form of Physa, Limea,
nnd two species of Yi'oiparus, a single specimen of
2 a small oyst.er, lInd some fl'agnlents of large bones."
He assigned th ..e beds to the Tertiary but reco!,rnizcLi
the dimculty of correlating them with olher Tertiary
I;'; deposits in Utah.
20 Fossils collected neal' Canaan Peak were studied by
12
2
Reesido, who submits the following report:
Uulo sp., Interuul cast of muclJ eloIlgllte<l sl:ecies like
U. dUl1uC Meek nod Hnydeu.
Uoio ~p., il1tcrl1ul cast ot short trluJlGulur torm like
U. brilchyol)lljthus WlJ.1tc.
Unlo nl1. U. neolttc-xi<:anus Stnnton.
Phyt:Kl sp., eRst at IUl'ge ~pecleli like P. reesillci Stanton.
Vh'11Ntrus P(USlUitcbeDJU Wbite.
Vil'ilJllru.s .p., CBst ot iurge rounded torm like Y. leldyI
llHk and l:ltl1den~
ytvipurul or Cilmpelowa sp., smull Jutcl'Onl costs,
Cumpe'l'oUla ~p.
Goulobaela lubtortuO$l Meek nl1d Hayden.
Goolob. .lo ap.
i'bis tauDa teem. to me to be [Jcftrest the tnuno of the
fruiUoud fOnouUOD at New Mexico; It Is probalily Dot older
thna middle •• ontaoa .
At • borlzou about 100 teet ubove the busc or the Kai-
luarow'tI tornJutloo, In ttle northeastern pnrt ot sec. 21, T.
i 3S S., R. 1 E. (unGuneyed):
GoulobuL'!7 .lulJtorluoSQ lCet!k aud Huyden.
YlviporDI courodl )(eck nDd. Ho.)·dcn'
HI
Bullous lobclonglltulJ Meek ':loti IIa.ytlen?
('<tImpe-lomil Ip.
Vh-Ipar .. ! .p.
GO Sur.ests Jud1th Rl-rer taunu or perltups FnllUllnd; tresll -
.... ter babltat.
In tb. lower 'p ort of the Kolpnr(lwits formation 111 the
35 CODtral part of see. 1T. T . SO 8., R. 2 E. (ulls ur,'cyed):
Unto sp., apparent.., 8 smooth oval species sugges ting
11. donee Meek ancf Bayden.
Uolo sp.. npparently a ~'mooth trlnngular spccles slIg-
g.. tlng U. brnchYOf'lstJ\u. White.
80
10 II' Bowell. F.. J; . • U. 8. Oeoc'. Ind Gcol. Sllfvt'fli W. I<JOtb )1'er. Rl.'l't.,
SO yol. 8, p. 211. 18TlS_
lOS
Are uDdeterraltwble. These (o.I!S11~ maJ' be u :.te 1D Ige II!
the Fruitland ( o rJRAtioD or tbe SliD luan Basin, wbleb 11 upper
Montini, nnd arlt probably not older thlD middle Koatana.
Fragmentary vertebrate material examined by Prof.
H. S. Loll include. the following forms:
Part ot 0 larUe ahell. Bmen. ap. Bunge: lu(lir;.b River
to vlnta.
Vertebra or eerato[J8lQD dlnMllu.r, re. Trloeratops 6p.
Larce TrachodoD-like dinosaur. Dlstfll end ot left
humerua oud .rtJculor end ot !Scapula.
OfiltoJ ena oC ri,ht tibra about two·thlrds the slu ot
'IrachodoD ADD«tena.
Ungual, proboblr T.aellOlloll.
Two or three uuldeDtUJuble bODe trogments.
Lan~e In aGe; turtle Dot debarred.
DloOHftOfS probnbl,
COIIIBDI'ED SECTIon
In addition to the sections describing the character
of different subdivisions of the Cretaceous which have
been presented above, measurements of two or more
of the Cretaceous di. i..ions ,,'ere mllde Ilt .. number
of placeR. For convenience, some of these combined
sections, whioh afford ~ basis fol' eomp.uison of the
Cretaceous of the Kaiparowits Plateau with forma-
tions of that Ilge in surrounding regions, "1'e presented
here. A section measured by Moore at the Bitter
Creek divide, between the Circle Cliffs ~nd the Henry
Mountains, has boon published.'"
Seotlm.. nero" , Wflicrt)O(Jkct Fold at D1trr fraU, 7 mile. nort1l
01 the 1nlltll" o( Mr,lcII 7'to/,1 Creek, M.d Hde of Circle
Cllffl, a.rpeid Co.,,/V, U/a~
[¥clulurtd by Daymood C. )foore)
CrotaceoUR :
~rllnccs shale--
Blue Gate Mndstooe membor-
17. Stmdstoce. rcllo\\'lsb brown. massive i
(01'018 prominent escnrpmeut tbat
terminates In vertiCfll clur_~ ____ _
H Bille Gnte Bhnle" or G Uber t~
16. Sbolc, blulsb drub, SQody, very unf.
(orm texture nnd color. sott,
wcothc11nl: In badlund~ _________ _
Tl1l1unk IUIn"~tonc m @D.lber-
15. SnndH10De, wh ite, Cfllcnreous, eros&-
bedded. .radlo, to 1ellow ftaCIll'
sandstone, &ott aud ruRMh'e below;
tl:ln IIgnlto b<d 23 Ceet .bove 00"'_
f'Tubunk shnle" of Gilhert-
H. Sbnle, durk bluish to green.l8b drab.
8H.ody: contAins 8C'}enlte crystals i
two thin sandstones. 8 inches to 1
root thick. dnrk brown, bord.,
.Il1t ISY, sepe.rnted by IS feet of shnle,
occur 300 feet below tOl); near Dltd-
die flOft OCch l'8 thin soft sandstone
tbat contains hard dark-brown COD-
cretlons i 0. t bftse lle!t 6 to 8 feoet
of sort bro,,-n calcareous 8tl.odstooc
with ______________
abnndaut morine iuV<.'rb_....._
bratcs ____________
Dotohl (1) .. ndstone-
lS, SOUt]a:tone, U;:bt CretlJll.,J' ye1lo\v, soft,
lnn~l \'(' ---__________ ______________
• L(ln,weU, C. R., nnd otb~f.9, op. cit .. pp. 21-22.
THE KAlPAROWITS JlEGJON
Cret..,..,.. (1) :
lIocrtson forDlHtlon-
12. Sbale, ligbt bl u Ish, witb thin blinds ot red,
sandy, soft ____ ___________ __ _________ _
230
11. Sandstone, &'haJe. and congiom-
erate-- Feet
Sandstone, yelIo"l~b b l' 0 W U;
conglom eraUc ______________ 5-7
Shole, blu.lsh drab nnd red,
.andy____ _________ _________ 20
Sacdstonc, -reddish browD to
light greonLsh, coarse "rained,
mnssl'-e____ ___ _____________ ts
Sbale. yellowisb brown. aandy_ 15
Conglome-I.. t~ Ind eo;lrse pit,
reddiJ;h aDd light gr... lob
gray. DlOSIiii!ve, bnr4, very
Irregularl,. bedded i for m I
promInent hoglJlck___ _ _____ 80
Jurassfc:
So!]. Rafael group-
SummervU!e ftnd EDt ,~adQ {ormoUona-
10. SruldstoDe, red. ,thin beddoo. OOtt,
portly c()D~nlcd, and wblte sed.
stone. .rnding downward to. taD-
brown, massh'e, ao!t, ctou-bedded.
weatherlll.l readily. perU, con·
cealed __ . ________________ _______ _
1,f3I)
Cumel fonna tlOD-
9. Shole, llght red ond greeD Ish, ImIsl!-
eroU3 i contains SOCle beds ot hard
\vhite SDDd:stone and C'YptiUln _____ _ 110
8. Sbole, marOOD nod light IreenJsh.
san<lJ', capped b1 bard, de.se llU-
reaDS IlmestOnC', massl\'e to Duggy_
Ju ....81.(1) :
Glen CanyoD C.roup-
Navajo IIbdstone-
7. Sandstone., light yello",' to White,
276 medimu grained. very massive,
bighly cross-bedded; tbe bedding
etched In reUef by weatberlng i
crops out 1::1 higb ridge or ,t reet " i
1,100 nenr top 1s thin cotree-colored SIlnd·
stone ________________ _______ ____ _
1,.'
Todllto (?) !ormoUoc-
6. Sandstone. bl'le.k-red; contalos .. lew
thIn wblte aud Ilgbt-blue 101ero and
lelll!es, tbln bedded, cross-bedded,
bn:-d a.nd soft i forms valley between
Navajo and Wingate escol'pments
by headwuters or Mules
OCCll'))ied
Twist Oreelc _________ __ _____ ____ _ :114
WIngRte sondstone-
IS. SQndstone, red. massive. rother floe
grained, hard, promlnentl, jointed;
CrOll! out as single massive ledge
that forms sbeer eli a i cross-
bed de<l __________________________ _
Trlo ..lc:
900 Chinle (ormatioo_
{. Lln~estone Rnd calcareous sbale, UJ;ht
w __
brue, mottled wltb .ln1"euder, In nIr
12 per port; 8O.ody shale nod SAndstone
In lower lHl:ft. darker colored,
bro\\.n, purple, nnd blue ____ _____ _

~DtJnued.
.... rUJDP COIl S lolll ~ rtlte-
8. Sa Dd~ t o:r;.e.
li gh t bluisb; gra des to
solJdy bluJsb-~reeu s hale; does not
form prominent escarrmenL______
" o p l tormntion-
2. Sondstone a nd sondy !:ihll ie, chocolnte-
brown nnd light yellow, thin bed-
ded; thtc kD eli~ in POl't esUmn ted__
,.......,:
,~(1) IilllestoDE>-
1. Llmelttone, nrennceous, yell ow\ dolo-
mi tic. flne grained, dense: bottom
ot exposure - - ____________________
_ _ •• CoUeU Cmr!J()Jt, be!Jfnn(1Ig witil. lorc;ellt beds ne!lT
.,." of can.you (dip 4 ° S. ) a.nd €:.Dtcmding 5 -miCe.! aouth
,., ....'1· S.)
(Aleasuted br flerbcrt E. Gregory)
~:
Itrallht OUtts sandstone-
11. SaiJdstone in fiue beds, Dot studied 111
detail, thicknesses cstt.wated-
Ft.
SAndstone in beds 2 to a feet
thick, lenttcular: contains
tron concretions; l\'eo.thera
red ________ ________________
Sondstone. bun~. mas
.lIghtly rross-bedded; con-
I' . .
C,
ta ins lenses ot co n~lomerate_ 60
Sandstone, thin bedded, lrregu-
haly bedded, Dnd nrenllceous
shole, bntt _____ ____________ 60
Sandstone, butt, m nsslve______ 40
Sand~ tone , thin bedded, Dud
arenaceous slla~ __ _________ 40
10. Sandstone, butt, massive ; he quartz
cra(nl cemen ted by (roo aDd Om. and
lOme I'ypsuro; include! a lew lenses
ot thln·bedded /lne Sllndstone, ot con-
clomerllte '9t'lth pebbles 89 mUCh Is 1
Ineh 10 diameter, and or oren8ce<1US
abale, wi th lllnnt Impressions and
eBBonlzet1 frngments ______ -.-_______
211. Cool Dnd sbale-
Sbole. drab, 9rgllloceou8;
Burface strewn with
coar~ sllDd Iru1n.8_ ____ 10
Cool. eartby __ __________
Sbalo________ ___ ___ ____ __
Sondstone, bulf, lInbrl-
.oted, lentlcnlor___ ___ __
Shale, arenaceOu8_________
Cool; coDtala. ,bole pOrt-
illg"- _____ __ __ ____ ___ ,, _
Shale, dn,b ______________
Coni, I;ood qaaJlty____ ____
Shale, drab, contaI1l8 hn·
pl'essions of ptnnt9____ __
Sandstone, buff; coDtoins
leaves, stems, and sbelLL
Sbale, dl'\\b___________ ___
<:<>01, Il'ood Quol1ty____ ___ _
ORETACEOUS FORXATIONS
109
Oretaceouo-<Jontlnued .
Feet
StnlS'ht Olim. •• ndstone--Contlnued.
29. Colll and I.bale-Contillued. i't, In. Ft, In,
Sbole, drab, and thl,n sand-
4.0 stone ____ ________________ 3
<:<>.1_______________________ G
Sbnle, nrenaceoui, 8nd
enrthy cool i IUOllY fosslls __ S
500
Shale. drab. argIUaceous____
Coal, good Q.uDlily ______ ____ 2
10
Shale, drnb, argiIJleeouiI ____ 5
Coal, Good qunlity ___ _______ :; 1
Sha.le, drilb _______... ________ 2 2
70+
00111, ,ood Q.uaUty __________ 4 2
Shale, drab________ ___ __ ___ 6
Coal, lood qunlitf. with 8
lew thin shale portlag6 ___ 7
76 5
28, Sno.dstone, hull', mossive, cross-bedded':
nesr top are strinl:'lt disconnected lemrel,
and ChUDh ot black "bale ananaed In
CDIlrlcioul'l mooner__ ___ _________ ___ ___ 7G
27. Sandstone, buff, In beds 1 to S ree~
thick _____ _____ ___ ___________________ 1G 8
Jo't. 10,
26. Sbale, ,ray-block i cODsists of bardened
.oody mod, plant tragwento, and eartby
COIlL _________ ,_________ _______ ____ ___ S 0
30
:/!S. SftndBtone, butt, thlu bedded : C'QutainlJ n
leW' t'ery Ir~uhlr lensci of blue--blnek
abole: londstoae t. crou-bedd'ed (lnd
sha ... ripple IIUIrka and tnCD.. _______ 17 7
14_ SalXletooe, bofl', In ceuernl mABIIlve, essen-
tially one bed, but Include. lenses ot
thin-bedded .sandstone IDd • few of
drab sha le, aud IG feet from Ute bottom
strings of qUlllt.1te pebblC'S bait aD tnch
or less 10 diameter extend tor severnl
220 bundred. teet, also .. few )eDSe8 ot
eoo.1"8el' grllvell tblclEne. tSUmo.ted____ 80
23. Sandstone, butr, In bed. 2 to f toet thick,
..para ted hI heda a fe ... It",,,,", tblck;
C(lntaina few )enaes of butt arenAceous
aut! ,001cal"eoUI sbi,le Qod two of blue
arctUaeeoas ahale, mauy Cracrucutary
plant ond shell t0813118__ ___________ ___ 22
83 22. Shale, blu.·bloci<, arglll.ceoWl aad I'~pslr­
n. In. erous: makes a ,lens tho t extends for
about bolt D mile; (orlll&' Impervlou8
bed above wh1<;b water emerrel__ _____ 13
21. Sandstooe, Cl"I.r·butr, IDlaa:ITe, I Ughtl,
8 crOlla-bedded, line quartl itolb8, cal-
1 coreoua remcut: Includell a few IcnlCl
of tl!1.D·bedded: .n(fstone nod atreab
2 or cl11 shnle ______ _____ ______ ______ G2
4 20. Sandstone, gro,. in IrreplQr bc(18 8
Inebes to 2 teet tb lclL______________ B 6
2 1 19. S.1ndstoDe, bu1t-grIlY, nl l8.IVC'___ ____ _'" 10
4 18. Sh81~ bull', sandy, lenticular j Ineludes
2 , nbundftDt lmpresslons and ftbera ot
plants aDd tbree thin lenlell of im-
pore COIII__________________________ 9 f
2
17. Sandstone, brown, ImbricDted, arm),. ce-
mented bI Iroo and lime, .tronGly
1
8
croSl-bedded i at bleb IDgies reets on
locally eroded IUd.cu ot No. 16____ 10 7
1 1
llO
Cre taceou.s--CootJnucd ,
Stro.lg'ht CliJld i!ftDW,100e----C0otJDueti
16. Sandstone, gray-bua, medluJIl ,reined,
some titreoll:. ot ane ,ra.'t"el. lDo8lli1'e,
croaa-bcdde4 except to..
coneNtloDIrY
nodules ot Iron ood of Ume ________ _
'£otal Straight Cliffs und.tone ___ ..
'.fropic shnh.'--
II), Shale (lnd slUld8tooe; at baM .tate-col-
ored !jbule that corrieN Iral sand-
!:Itono lenses; In the mllJdlo l eD&'B ot
Bnndl!ltonc and ot sbale,about equal
nmouuhi i at. t he top .sond.f!toDC bC1ls
2 to 4. t(.'Ct th Ick, I ocludJ D: some
chuuh lind .trlngers or buIY argUla-
ceous .,bole i III beds dlftl'r widely In
thlcknC!!lS IDd composItion wltlll n
.hurt d l.oitn ncCH ____ ________________ _
14, Shale, blue-blnck, blne-It'IIY, or slatc-col-
or\!d, except tor two red )ron·atnloed
beds neRr tlle top Dud two IIght·gray
thin c8!eorcoUlot beds Dear the bOBe i
moatly thin beddt'd. unHQrml)' nrbl1-
lo(.'Cous, extept tor three thin bede ot
IlDC clean-wAsbed Q.uartz: aondstone
ODd tbe colcoreooN bea, "'b:eb mn;e
trom OlnU)8t pure UmeJltone to eal-
careous Clay IbnJo; IJme Itl probobly
preeeot tJl roughout; e\'en densest
blue-b!ock speclmcus cjf~rveRCe witll.
h)'drocfJlorlc sel(l : ",'paunl abundant,
e-spcclnlly In the Upfter 11.:t. wbere It
UPl)Cllnl 1t8 Cl'Yfltnls ot a.elenite, ILS
cootlng on toUation surtaces ond
Joint crockv, oml a. d : s~llllnoted
il'l1llnH; many (OliutioD RUl-tnces ore
IUIll)1Y, Dud Brunll concretlounry
mo.~ of lim e 81"0 ll're,;:ulo.rly dls-
trlbutro; wbere Protl'Cted by sand-
stone cope forms (Juk cllirlJ, else-
where bndhlnd Si(IPCSI, coated with
SpaD!:,. ,ypslferous 01 mnrl" i lUell&
ured 320 teet, C$timRted On nddi.
tiool11 220 feet _______.. ____ ________ _
18. Sunllslono, butr, thIn-bedded, trlnble;
qlU11'l:c b'l'DlnS, mostly angulnr, ce-
mented by lInu~. gypsUDl, n.ud Irou ;
lit tbe tOl) n browu lenUcular cup ot
conrse sulldstonc thnt includes chert
pebbl.............................. .
12. Snndstone, buff, ahnl,y, trioble, b14bly
COh.... reoU5; Illciu(lcs 2 teet o.f coquina
eMc-uUnU, composed of fragments of
O, trca., EzogVrfl.-, and UrtfPMetr ____ _
---
Total Tropic sIl.I••••••••••••••• G99 10
n. Shftlc. bulf·Croy. or tbln-bedlled .. "d.
8t00e8 __________ __________________ _
w
Dakota (!) 8ft.d.lou. :
10. Sandstone, butt. ulnu), angulor qUllrb
,",Ina; at the top porUy carboul7.ed
IJI,oot froglDents form a In1er 1 toot
Ihlck • ••••••••••••• • __• ••••••••••••
9, Shole, gruy-blnek, \10C\'/ltl. lenHculnr __ _
1'B& Ull'ABOWITIL lIEOI01l
Cretaceous-Cootiniled,
FL to. Dakota (?) gudstouc---Cuut!uuecl, Ft. I,
8. eoat, earthy, uppel' 8 incbes ot lCOd
QunUty --- - ---------- - ------ --- ---_ 2 I
7. Shale oc shalS ~ Iln<.lstone, gray. lecticu-
Inr_________________________________ 8
19 10
--- 721 8
8, Sandstone nnd cong lomerate, grny-yel-
low, cross-bedd ed, in lenses tbnt llirrer
== widely Ln thIc:knes:3', e xtent, acd tex-
ture ,j pebbles in conglome rate ehiefly
quartzltc, chcrt, and h[l!'dl'!ned green
ell,..; mOSt. IJet..bles llDSUIIll' and bo\'e
smoothly worn surfaces ; nverage long
dllme ter of pet..blcs about 1 inch;
abollt 10 pel' l'ent ~xceed " Inches., nod
0; Cew G I nc ll ~_______________ _ ___ __ G
Crel.oceous( 1) :
lIonison t ormntl o[}-
5, Sbole, purplish, unevenly bcd(! eu; lo-
ciu<ietf th ree lectIc ulur beds , cuell
abDul: 2 reet thiCK, of .. e ry l'eslstn nt
ITIt'm JilDi1litone; fc l1ution surfaces
Inmpl, sun drled ______ __ ______ ____ _
18 I
4. Sondstone, &r.'-J'ello,,·, cross-bedded;
contains Q few lcD€c! of conc1omcrnte
lind ICflttcred. pebble. ; much Uke
~o . 6 __________ ___________________ _
10
8. SbaJe, gray-£,reen IlI,u t red, Qrgllloceoua:
and ___ ________________ _
Qrenf1CeoU8 '~
5 t
2. Soft(htooc (00 per ccut)r coorsc, len-
t:ieulnr, crOl's-bedded, a nd con glomer-
ate (40 J)er cent) composed of oDJ:U·
lor Iud lub"u~lur pcbbl~ S Incbes
or IHlm dlimeter ; IlcbbJesa occur also
lu .trlnes nDd 89 tudt\"iduoll In tbe
88.Dd8tooc; cooto'ins trOD concretions;
pebbles are of (t8lt, white, yello,.,
brO\l'R, and red Quartll. SOlDe a ttrae-
til-ciT trQDsluccnt ; graJ. red, mottled.
Dud bonded' Qunrtl.lte ; CTay Itlld black
cbert; anndstooe; creeD complct ctal
trap:enlo; granIte ( 1); rhyollte(?);
lIII bord: torms reslstoot cap for
No, 1, above which it Is unevenly
lA!d _____ ___________________________
1. Sandstone, bu1r-crar to creen..grnl, !.ott,
crumbly, ver, unevenly deP06lted . lit
part e • .,..bedd.d; bed. 0.1 I ueb 10 4
Ceel, DlQUl ftat nnd Itub-ended lenaes
at COIIrse .a~l(tstollO with pebbles of
18 10 quarts1to and: cbert; .trlngs ot pebblel
nod lsole. ted pebble" In sand.toue :
1t'n6e8. .'ngle balls, lI oel aggl'ecotei
of GreeD rom[)ftct cia,. lumps are
6 cobsplcuous j ,r etembles Jteterogeneoul
materlil l depOSited by present st-reams
in nea r-by ",'asb ; coarser materllll at
toP......... ................ ... . ... IS
t:llcoJJ!ormlty,
8 4
Sba letl, red and green; boae not erposed_____ __ 20+
I.U1
Fossils from the drab shale that contltins impres·
8
sions of plants and the arenaceous shale and COil ill
6 9 the coal·bearing POl'tion of this section (bed '29) were
 CRE'UCEOtTS FORMATIONS
dIIeJ1Ilined by Reeside as illodiol.a laHcostata White,
AJII/inIJ D. sp" Corbula; 6wtrigonaHs Meek , Mew,nia
.. ~a )~eek, AmLl'/Nrops;s n. sp., Mytilust sp.-
'species which occm abundantly in the Mesaverde of
Book C1iJTs" (uppel' lIIontana). Fl'om bed 23 /1J,O-
~113 6rect1<8 Meek, Os/r'ea sp. undet., Canl;:'"."
«¢om Meek Qnd Huyden, Calli.ta sp. llnd"t., SiliqVft
sp., CorIJula nematvpllOra. Meek, Gyrode.1 depres6'!JS
y..k, and VObuto(ic>'I'7lla a fl'. V. amoig",a Stanton were
!OlIecled-"species whose afllnities a" e with t.bose of
I!IeColorado group and which charncterize u wne noW
betieved 10 be. the uppel' part of t.he Colorado gl'OUP,
• • • considerably oldel' Ihan I.he lIfes:IVerde of the
Book Cliffs region Ol' than the typical lIIesavel'de of
Ihe SIIn Juan region." In l'esponse to queries con-
corning SO)me of these fossils and theil' stratigraphic
lignificlnce, Ur. Recside subsequently reeslltnined tbe
!Olleetions and repol'ts:
IIlPd tblt In Some lDlUlnCl' ·somo mixIng of lots nppe:u rs to
:.re c«urred, ond one lot 1'l'om Collett CN(.~ bod in it two
W'f d14erent lithologic Cncles-(I) a Ih;ht-G'rtly On e-grained
_lMh-ioDe contftlnl!lg n Caullu of the ."la rue uGe .~ tbnt ot your
b llllt Clift's Sft!ldstone but with 1ll01'e mnrine Sp('Clel;; ; (2)
.dtocolote~l ()red sundy shale or "ery tlne-grolncd s codstone
fir. rOhlll. thet) IdentiOed as Aflltjlt~' ap .. Nodiola ia.ticosla
We, AMtina n, ~;:> •• Corlmla ~lfIbtrj!Jonali.J M eek and Bay~
In. J/ellJRifJ Cnleulpta I\(ct!k, nnd Amaw'opli,J n, ~", 'l'bls ]Lst
lliupported by a second lot Crom Collett Canyon, wltb Identical
~tboIOCI and without any :msplcion of mlxtc.f'C, :xow this Itst,
01 Ole taee of It. is 0 good Book Cl1ffs~MeflQverdc Assemblnge,
Tft It 1:1&7 no t meen nil tbat it 8eCll).S to menD, Tbe JlytlJiU,
Jllta" IDeI .ima ....l'op.tis may be urOIlPed out of cOllt'lcleration,
n. Carkla. I find b£1S been recol'deu befo n~ (with question)
tM:a a ColorndD hOl'i~,()n, The .1fodiola onu M cl(l~lia lI(em to
l:egood IdfDtUkatlons. Ilnd ] hu\'e no previous reeol'd of their
1ftIt&ee lD pre-~ontilno beds. N"evcrtJleless, i( there 18 good
rea.- to believe that Ule ~ tl'at1grnphic pDs(t.~on 1\:1 tJ.e some Q.9
tl!at or the lou with Ostl'ca 8OitnMC1UJ, Modiola multUinig~'a
ltd A~. fJropa.tod.a, I would Drefel' to soy that the I pecles
liited at Collett Creek Ore longer rongir.s tbnn has been
~rtoH1lpposed anu tbat tbe beds belong togcther~ Bracklsh
ar.d f~ ~'8ter species do seem, Cor some l'ealOD, to h.ye
-,a_Ill' long rongcs, or pm'hsJ)S it is better to "1 that
tuJ: IIl.Uar species seem to occur at qulte dilIereut borizons,
rfCIil>ll 0( Cretaceotu at rata .u J&.e.a.d. o( /UJck Creek, t«..!tern.
Karle GC"'~J·tN, uta.1I.
(Weasured bJ' RaJ'lDood C. Moore]
lllaipt ella. "Ddston~: Ft<t
T. Sandstone, yellow. tUIe to medium graJ,n ed, T~ry
miSSive, In Irreluln[' thick Iedges _________ __ 1,000
t ilandsto." yellowIsh dr. b, .halY In opper part.
.4.881\'9 i:1 middle port nnd near .bnse______ 200
Ittplt *"'Ie :
S. Shale, bluish drab, cluyeJ" f!;ott i weathers in
slope, {osaJls In low-er pa.rL________________ 6]0
t 8ancIstone. ycUQYf·ish brown, mBssive, forms
rim, ,~ry toss UlCerous; contains Gry[,hneos,
oysters, and otber {orm..'t,.. __________ ---------- 5-6
111
Dako,," (1) saDdstoDe : Yet·t
3, Bone and Yl~ry black. curoonaceous sllale; con-
. tDlns one or t ..,o Tery thln streaks llt co o1- __
2, Sand.stone, sray to Dearly white-, with yellowish
to gn.oenl$b cast. mn9Si,e~ lWet: J;mdes dow[I-
ward into sundy shall", bonded Imrple and
gray i border sundstooc Iu Ibet.1s 6 lucbl?s to 2
fed Iblc'k j reddi:'f;b at bUM",
1, Sand.!:ltODC, mlls~lve; [orllls ,rerUcal ell it, red-
di sh brown at out<'TOD (st.alned fl'OIU wasb
:lbo"td, 'l'n) , mur{, ot le'!:~ ('oHg'li1lllel'v.tiC:
tbJekoes. uut n~lll'Oured.
1,SH+
CQRIlELArIOII'
As indicated by the use of iocn1 names in descl'ib-
ing the divisions of the Creloceous Ul the Kaipnl'owits
region, con-elnlion witb adjucen.t "rells of descl'ibed
Cretaceous rocks CAll not be mode ,viti,
nssUl'fillce.
A comparison with stundurd sections in southwestern
Colorado, ill northwestern New Mexico, lind in the
Book Cliffs anel the Wasatch PI ..t.~lIn in celltru.l-~'l.$ terJi
Utah shows thut the Cretaceous beds of southern nnd
SQutJ.westem U,lnh were dep""ited much neare,· the
oscillating shore line rtf .. btlsin of depositioll than
t.hose so bl'oadly dish'ibulcd to t.he eust. and nOl'th.
Accordingly not.able diffel'ences Inay be expected be-
tween t.he deposits of this lIeur-shore ZOlle and those
farther out in the basin. The 'Cretaceous in the Kai-
parowits Plalenu consisls dominantly or slmelstone nnd
has apPI'oximately hnlf t.he thickness of the Cretaceous
in tbe Wasatch Plateau, where the rocks ·of this age,
as also in regions farlhe.r nortf, ~nd east, consist domi-
nantly of dark biuish-dl'ab shale, so well exemplified
by the Mancos shale.
Careful study of the Cretneeolls in many widely
separllted areas has shown that the sandy divisions
are by no means restricted to definite zones with equiv-
al~nt time nlues. Where a sandstone has been
Iraced laterany it not only differs ill thickness from
place to plnce by !!Cores or hundreds. of feet, but
parts of it intcrgrocle nnd in·terton.gue with the con-
tiguous shale, and in many places. the whole sand,
body wedges <lut to nothing. It many pinces marine
fossih U'e nbllndu.nt i elsewhere they are rare or are
not di.gnOl>I.ic. These assembl!lg!l8 of invertebrate
forms indicute the presence of muddy sell· bottoms Rnd
sandy sell. bottoms and show repenled changes later-
ally and vertically from marine· to brackish Rnd fresh-
water sediments. Because of these conditions the
correiation of tbe sand bodies in tbe Cretaceous pre-
senls many difficulties.
Plate 5 presents typical sections of the Crelaceous in
aiijacent ...-eos for comparison with the Cretaceous
sections 01 the l\:aiparowits [·eginn. This comparison
shows thnt even the Cretaceous rocks of the exposures
 TR& JUIPAIIOWITS RlOION
112
nearest to the Kaiparowits region are in many respects apparent general correspondence of the Henry MOIII\_
strikingly different, Thus in the Straight Clitfs there tail)8 section with that of' tIle Wasatch Plateau led
is lea tban 1 000 teet of shale, and &pproximately Spieker and Reeside 11 tentatively to correlate the Bille
, . f Gate 8&Ildstone witb the mnssive Emery snndatoUe,
• thre<:-fourths of the Cretaceous section COnsIst. 0
sandstone. But in the Henry Mountains, only a little which occurs SOO\l! 1,100 feet above the top of tilt
over 2~ miles distant, there is nearly 3,000 feet of sbale, Ferl'on sandstone and, lik~ the Blue Onte sandston.. ;.
and tho interbedded sandstones constitute only B minor sepJrated by • shale interval from the Upper Cft.
pRrt of the C~etaceou& tacoous Mesnerde formation, which in the Wasatcb
As shown ,by RiclllU'dson •• equally great difTerences Plateau is extensively coal bearing. The Emery sand-
mnrk the Cretaceous 01 the Virgin River region. stone contains Montana fossil s."
The fossils obtained from tbe Tropic and Straight Although definite evidence is not nvnilable, it is VO?
Cliff. formations show that these divisions are of Colo- probable that the Mllsuk sandstone belongs to the
rado age lind represent a large part of MancOl! time. lofesaverde formation, nnd it is so classified in reporlil
The oyerlying Wahweap sandstone has yielded no on areas to the etut and north. The shale beneat.h the
satisfactorily determinable fossil evidence, but on slIJldstone is \'ery sandy in the Henry Mountaillll, and
account of its position beneath the Kaiparowits forma- there i. an almost imperceptible gradation hom the
tion, of ve,.y lute Montano age, it probably eorresponds ~ shale into the sandstone. In general lithologic cbar-
to the lower pllrt of the Montana group of other loeali- acter and thickness the Wahweap sandstone suggests
ties, It is also possible thllt the Wohlfeap rept'Cllenta a equivalence to the shpJe and sandstone abo,'e tho Blue
continuntioo of sandy deposition in Colorado time. Gate sandstone of the Henry Mountains. The .hlle
The Kaiparowits formation obviously belongs to a vel'y in the Wahweap is more sRndy than the "lfasuc
late part of the Upper Cretaceous, and as indict.tcd by shalo "of tbe Henry Mountains and contains nUJ/lerous
iti vel·teL,'ote and invertebrate faosil remains it appears sandstone beds. Definitive fOllBil. have not been found
to "orre_pond to tbo Fruitland formation ot the San in the Wahweap, and its correlation is thus, somewhlt
Juan tegion. IIO uncertain. Because the formation immediately fol-
As there are two main scarp-makin,g sandstones in lowl the ,u pper Colorado Straight Clift's sandstone it
tho Hem'y lI[ountains area, the Masuk sandstone above probably belongs in the lower part of the Montanl
and the Dloo Gate Rand.tone below, it is natural to Ilroup and accordingly should be approximately cor-
regal'd them as equivalent to the two main scarp- relative with the upper part of the" DIlle Gate shale·
Dlaking sandstones o'f the Kaiparowits Plateau, tbo and probably the Blue Ga~ sandstone. On this
Wahweap nbove and the Straight Clift's below. (See I interpretation no strata that correspond to till
pI. 18.) The Tununk sandstone of the Henry Moun- "Masuk shale" and lIIasuk sandstone appear to be
tnins section i. relatively less noteworthy, but with present in the Kaiparowits Plateau. Evidence of un·
modet'Bte certainty it represents the aUenuated part conformities at the base, and top of the Wahweap
of the Fenon sandstone of areas farthor north, even make this.correlation, which is shown in Figure 6, 1..-
though the Fort'on attain~ II thickness of BOO feet, certain than for other parts of tho section,
The Tununk sandstone is underlnin by 1,000 feet of According to fossil evidence the Kaipa~owits forml-
shale, which col'responds to !l pllrt of tho Tropic shale. tion appoars to correspond to the Fruitland formatioll
The upper purt of tbe Tropic shale i9 represented in of the San Juan Basin and evidently belongs very lala
the Henry Monntains by fhe Tununk sandstone ond in the Montana.
Possibly U small pRrt of the" Blue Gnte shale." The In two recent papers Spieker Ilnd Ree£ide II hln
uppor (O() feet of the" Blue Gille shale" yields a fauna recorded existing knowledge of the age and correla- '
of Telegraph Creek (early )[ontana) age and ill thel'e- lion of the Cretaceoul formntion. of Utah. With
fore distinctly younger than the Strlight Cliffs und- particular reference to the Kaiparowits regioo }fr.
stone, from lI'hich Niobl·.ra fossils are obtaiued. It
Reeside has kindly written the following notes:
folio,,'. that the Straight Cliffs sandstone in the Kai-
parowits PlatC1lu lII.tches no "lIl1ds(.one in the Henry AD examination ot !(Ime coUeetions mode by Spieker o. thI
westem aIde o! tbe WUQtcb Plnteeu, near .raDt~ Ibo,", tllat
Mount.ins but corresponds to the lower port of the tl\e3 aupplMDeDt tlte eolleetioDit that be ADd I made lut Jear
"Bluo Gate shoJe." The Blue Gate standstone is of in Salina Canyon In such fnshlou os to ,l",e UB aD interest'"
lower Montun" age. The stratigrAphic position and
• Spieker, &. :W,o and Rt'e!.ltle, 1. B., JI'" Creinceoul aDd ~.rllar1
• RtebndIMm, O. n., The UPIM"r CrC!taeeeu I('(tloo In the Ce1ondo tonueliorlti ot Ult Wasatch Pllllc.o.u, Utah: O~1. Soc. Ameri<.. JIIIL
Platella, .uutb~t~t'u Utab: Wublnl\on ACU4l. I!k!l. JOII... "'01' IT P' \'oJ, 30" . ' -4;38, 19~~.
44H-n5, lD2T. • . • . • Idem, P. -tat.
,r.,
• Rct'llld\', ~. 8.. tJliPlJr Crehu.'eouw and Tert1ar, tor-•• tlotdl .t M Spieker, .. :Y ' I lind Re"Ide, 3. 8., Jr., Cr('t'('tOUI ood Ttrtl."
tbe Wedt'tD I,ut of t.be SIIn JUII" Balli, C\lJo. aad N 11,., U 8. r.t1IaUoD. tI. Ute Waaat('b Plateau, Utah: Geot. Soe. A.etta 8d.
Oc-ol. Burn1 Prot. Papc'r 13 •• p. 2{' 1924. . ~. . . 1"01. $8. pp. U:J-...4a4, 192i1: Upper Crebl.e&oua .bote Uno lJI Utalll
Idom. 1'01. 81, pp. 429--1:38, 1028.
 CllET.<CEOUS i'O.;UnloN~.
~ kJD ot Ihe relations betwecD the section in that region,
tbe CoaI,"me section to the nOl'tll, oDd the Kllirurowlts aDd
cea"b _doDS to the south. l!lut b res:lou hns a bns..'1l unIt of
II~
Jlt fI.-. nDd t'Ooglome rnte thnt <:ontains the same vre-Car-
lat ludinl' r:ool Dear ConIl"iUe, in the Golob , pud In
c,e gatpl.ro,·.l ta. Abore tbta b.'1S41 unH lil each regton lin •
_ t1Dt .... Ie Wltll 11 tuuno or Carlile age. aod next In eacb I
.aa of .odltoll.e nnd shale wah n (auna of hne Colorado
cno:x ara ) a.~. p*rtlJ" martne DlId portly brackish water. In
\tie Cek>b tbe DU:t blgllcr unit bJ ttle fresh-waler nnll with
ttl rrulti~.d-llke bunn . It begin!lli. with a cOllglomernte. In
1tt Qtber fe,loDS the WIlQ with this ),,·ruiUand-Uke fauna II
113
DlClUbcrt) of the (:l81('[n Wa~tcb Plateau tbe unit ot 8Dnd~
Atoue
". And II1&l It • OTeb the mD.rlne '
sbale ot the weaLern
aMtcb Plateaa aDd Coolt"iUe, the slmURr Qult nbol'e the
Dlarhae ~hale In t.be C.Jlob region. and the Straight Clitr.
und.stl,ne III the Kaiparowits Plateau contnll} a late Colorado
(Nfohra l'a) fnuns. We hD.~e not round th19 fnuno III t.he
He or)' MOQuto.h.. arell, but it mu~t certaInly (.'orne In the
It>wer l)O~t of the W Blue 00.10 shllle." 'I'he l.Icds immedtatel,.
above thlS zoue of Klobroro o.ge ho.vu yielded fc'O\T or DO
paleontologic d a ta lu tbe western Wasntch Plat eau (wbere
~ey form u. SCl"iC8 of l.'onglomerate. snndatope, etc,) and In
t Ie Kaiparowits oren, Rnd their equlYnlent Is appareutly mise.

Faunal Ccalville.
~p'" ..y '~ " ", Utah

W.:u.a.t.c.h W.ualch WaAatch W~s.tt:h Wuatch

. A~ent Ab"~t I Abs.,.,t

IKirtland \
n."~~n!
1- .? Covered f---- -
t:;WiO

by
Conti;u;ty ~.~~~~il':.t~~
• Wasatch Absent
W.hweap
aand$OOne
1300'

I':
Straighl
Cliff5
I- 5... ,.
faara I • """"''''''
1000'

FLot;RJl 6,-Co("relatlon ot Cretaceoue (orll1atJona aDd dJstrlbuUOA or l3.unlll In Utab aDd adjaccDt rcjJlOll.

log In the Colob region. In the eastern 'Ya_tch Plnteau the

-PIrated trom the zone with the Nlobrara fauna by ather
MdI, "hleb Ire prooobl1 ot Monto"", age. I would .ot IDsl,t
riIhD,. 00 the:e correlations or elaitn o.b80lute equl'nlence ot
the IIIl.ftI cited, but. the 8lmllnrltip.s In the sectiODS are much
. . . IIrtkl .. thnn the dJ.fferences.
'l'ht lower &11\11<"01 (pre-.Ferron) or the eastern WnMtch
:Su. .he bus) port ( .. ndstone IDd C;ooglomerate) 9t th_e
:-1" ItrOUD ot the ,,·etltern Wasatch PlateAU: a04 CoAlvlUe,
.......1 [l&rt of' the C<Jlob seetloD, ·t he "Tununll .hole" of
... Bar, Mountains, nnd the lowel' part. of the T'rop\c ,bale
~~ Kaiparowits regiou contain the i=ame t.una-a p~
r. Ile 111emblnge--ocd ore nearly at the tnme8le . The
: : : : III.ndstoDC ot the enstern Wasatch Plateau, the marine
Lht ott ot the we~tern Wusatch Plntenu ••d Coolville.
of ..rlne shale of tbe Colob region, tbe Tunonk gDdl:ttODe
Ibt1lIe aen,'Y ~louDt"ln •• nnd tile ~pper pnrt or'.t/le TropiC
1\ 1. 01 the Katpo.l'owits region contain 0 Carlile faunA.
• tllddle l[o.ncos (betweC'n Ferron and Emery iandatoa9
Emery Madstone cootaLns a basal Montanl (a.una, I. dOl'l
.boo tbe uPIJCl' Pll't ot the U Blue Gille 8h81~." I would !X,p ect
t.o Aad it also lu the Blue Gate SZlndstone and believe tbot
thla IBDdstooe and the Emery are more or leaa equi.,aleol
It seem, likely also that some part of lb. Wahwcap sand..
.tODe woold belong bere. The \Vttbweap would alto """CD
to loC!lude an equ~.,nlent of the .. ala5uk HhQlo" a.nd the
)faluk I I1DdHtOlHl of tbe Henry Mountains lind 801M part
ot the late Mancos ond e:trly Mesliverde at the eastern Wa·
.. tela Plateau. The Kolparowjt. formaUon aeeml to dDd
its equlnleDt til the highest bCt18 under the 'YnSDtcb forma·
Uon ot the Colob I"eKloo,. tIle hl~e6t ;beda of tbe we~tern
lVasatr.:h Plateau nod Coalville, region. and the higher Mesa·
.. erda at the eastern Wasatch PI3tcnu (Price RiveI;' forma·
1I0D).
fte ETalllton ",100 Sn southwe1Jtern Wyoming may alao
be .c ompared with tbe areas cited above. AS shown In J'lpre 6.
.' 114 THB ltAIP.~ROWITS I!EGIO~
TERTIARY ROCKS
WASATCH J!'O.XATION (EOCENE)
DIS'ffiIBUTION A.NO TOPOGRA'pf.l.W EXPRESSION
Beds of early Tertial'Y (F..oeene) age anl continu-
ously displayed in the magnificent escarpments that
border the Paunsaugunt, Table CliO', and Aquanus
PI.teaus. They appear aL'lO in the broken sl?pes of
Canaan Mountain an outlier of the Table ClilY Pla-
teau. For many 1~i1e. around the heads of the Pllri.-
"nd Escalante Valleys they stand as an upper tier of a
great •.mphit!\eater- -a bi-oken wall composed of .qua]~
fluted columna of high proportions. From below the'
Table Cliff Platea.u ,they are seen to consist of a mas..
of limestone 1,000 fcet thick with lIat top and v?rticRI
sides resting on • sloping clull-color04 base. It IS sUr'
pI'ising to find so enormous R block SO symmetrically
carved and so delicately colored, hut similar large.
scale erosion fentu.ell OC.cuv wherever Ihese limestones
nre e:.:poscd-&ll n!\out the Pnonsaugunt PIIlIeau, in
I.hc wall. of the Aqll11riU8 Pint e.", and at Conaon
PCllk. Detailcd erosion features aN likewite striking
."d ulIusulll. The mo."" of columns, pilUluclcs, and
tables splashed with color thot mok"" Bryce Cnnyon
atlmetive' i. repeR-ted mnny times in the eroded wall.
of the southern High Plateaus, (See 1'1. 1i1.) All
the 'Ii'ertinry beds Ihat oro rec<lgni'zed in this region
ore now assigned to the Wllsatch formatioll.
PREVIOUS STtJDIl:S
Dutton" describes tho Paunsougunt as a "tahular
block of lower Eocene beds, "".eeedingly simple in
its st.1-ucture," which aside from its " m;l.l:Vclou. color
and sculptural forms prcsents liWe mlltter for special
remark." He mapped the top of the Pnun."Ugllllt
and also j.hat of tho Aquarius and T.ble Cliff Plateaus
And of Cannan Peok (Kaiparowits Peak) Il~ lime.
stono of 1'ertiory age, hel.. llnd tllel'e overlain by
I'LVa, In Dutton'. view" the l'ertiory system of the
pllltuu country is Inellstr!'ne throughout, with thn e".
ception of n f~w Inyers near the bose of the ~ystem
which hllve yielded estnal'ine fossils." From 11 nlll:<i-
lUUIll thickness of more than 8,000 feet in the vicinity
of the Wasdcb .nd Uinta Mount... ins " Ule deposits
I'a id down in all enormous Eocene lake ,
.
originully
WlllCb must 1I.I\'·e had un .rea more than twice that of
Lake Superior nnd moy even have e~ceeded that of
the Jive great Conacunn lakes combined ," decreased in
thickness souj,heastwRI'd and southwestward to shore
lines in New Mexico n.nd Nevndo,
IDuttou noted tllllt the Eocene beds of the southel'll
pla.tenus, Markagunt and Paunsnugunj" were to be
... Dutton. C. Po .. R('putt on tbe KeoloK1 at It\e H!ab Plal@au. of
trtnh, pp. 12, 2:il- ::!GO. 2D~ 291-~9S. 1l5S--U9, U. 8. Geor. and G~.
Sunc,. RockJ' MI., n~laD. 1880.
correlated }Vith the" nit.ter Cree.k group " .of Po,.el~"
but that these sout.hern plateaus included only part of
the series exposed in (he Uinta ;\{ountains. The com.
position IlIld thicknc$s of the component members of
t,he "so\lthern Bitter Creek" were recognized by
Dutton AS shown below:
r"l
UrJper ...·blte llmestouc and Cah!lll'C-OU .s marl (summit of
""rl .. ) --------------------------------------------
Pfnk cnJcnrcQus ~mn d stone __________ ___ __________ ~ ___
soo
Si)J
Pink conglomerate (base of the .series) --- -------- - ____ 500
1,600
'llbe Pi nk Cllfi's • are expos ures of the nne-c:rntned
'II •
culcul'eo'US .l!nn dstone forming the middle meulber of the
Blttor Creek.
The following generalized section he considered
representati ve of .the Tertil1 ry sediments in the clifi
of "the eastern and southem margins" of the Paun.
, EaUgllllt Plateau :
Gray CIl)Ni.reoua, i8.ntlstone____ ________________ ________
.....180
White limestolle______________________________________ UIO
Rad marl)T l1meatoo8 and caJcltl'L'Ous ' !thale____________ 3GO
Red plnldsh Umeslollc _______ _______ _____ ___________ ,GO
c
.CoaglOOlertlte. with amall pebbles ot gravelly &O.ndstooe_ 190
. 1,281
During his nlconnaissance of 1872 Howell" exnm·
ined thc Tertiary at Lnst Bluff (Table Cliff Plateau).
His published section, "measured in part and in
part estimated," is quoled below:
4. White to·cra, fresh·water limestone, contaiu-
ing Hdi~ an<l Phl/Ia lIri-d.g"-renJti.s___ ______ _
8. Pink t~b,w8ter Umestone with bonds or blue
to,,-ar<1 the bllOO , containing PhllSU _________ _
2. Purple and IJ&:ht-COloFed marls witll conslomer-
nte toward bMe. .. ______ _______________ _
tb~
1. Gray arenaceous and ftl'g1l1ac e ou~ shuh~s, con-
t.'IhUnc aD ~loDgo.ted fOl'm of Phyaa. rln tlle
lower part) Utttea nnd two species of
V·I17iP*"'&e.1, a single specimen of a sman
OYltcr. were leen, lind some fnlgmeuts ot
larce bon.. __________ ____ __________________ 1, 2OI)-1,!IOO
Total thickness ot Ttrthny beds ______ 2. s;,o....s.400
As treated in ,t he present tepol't subdivisions Nos,
2, 3, BlId 4 of Howell'. section are T ertiary; subdivi·
sion No.1 is Creta~ous,
Howell remarks n 'tha~ the Terlia ..y beds "to the
north 0 0 0 are mostly soft calcareous shale and
marls" and th.t "southward there is an increase in
the limestone, and at the most southeastern exposure,
the I.ost Bluff, there "1'& over 1,200 feet of more or
less compact limestone."
• POll"OlI, J. W .• &!putt on Ih., If~O~"" or tb~ ~Q,aterD portion. oilY
Uinta )(ountolol, p. 162, U. I . Geol. !Iud Ceog. Survey Iferr., lS10.
• RO';\o'cll, E. E., op. cit_. PI'I. 270-2TJi.
ff Idt' fl), p. 26f"
 TERTIARY ROOKS
115
STRATIGR,\PIlI C ..\ND LITHOLOGIC FEA'fUJt:f.S
on the irregularly eroded friable drab sandstone of the
Sections of Tel,tiary beds, here classed as Wasatch Kaiparowits f ormation, Doubtless because of its weak
fonDAtion were measu red at a number of places, In <
:ement Ihis conglolllel'Ute is not a cliff mal,er, Its
btoad se~se the lhree subdivisions outlined by Dutton characteristic boulders and pebbles covel' the slopes lit
loci Howell IlIBy be recogni1,ed, but the features of the the base of limestone dilfs, To judge fro m (his debris,
I bers are not persistent, and the .thickness or t.he the thickness and coorseness of the conglon<crnt.e differ
con.idol'Rbly ill different plaC<!s,
:vidunl beds und of t,he entire series eli/fers widely
b'OIII place to place, At the sout.h point of the P"un- The SOUl'C. of the igneous and metamorphic pebbles
ugunt PJatenu tho Wasatch measures 735 fcet, at th.t make uI'> this conglomerllte is unknown, Theil'
~ Canyon about 1,300 f~ct, and at Tuble Cliff ubout distl'ibution in the Kaipal'owits region suggests the
1~ feet. At Callann Pcuk only about 300 feet
jlresenCl) of a land rnns.i in centrul Utah that WIlS ex-
nmaialL Where it is not protected by h,,,U the upper posed and eroded during vel'y lote Cretaceous time
beds are much r educed by e1'0510n, No two exposures and then buried during Wasatch time, At pluces the
pebbles are few or are represented by lille gravel; else-
III alike in orl'llngement of beds Hnu resistance to
where the slopes al'll so coated with loose uoulders as
!fIIIion. Vadation in color, composition, texture, and
to mAke travel difficult, and the banks of the Little
1i!1le£UN is chul'IIctel'istic, Common relltures include
Hiver, nenr its head in Callalln Peak, nre composed of
prominent, narrowly spaced vertical joints; irrel,,'lliarly
boulders that are Ililed to heights or 20 to 4.0 feet,
pllced leme9 of reloti\'e ly resistant muteri"ls that give lIon, miles farther south along the PRrill River lind
1M appearance of cross-bedding; brecciated masses; \Vnhv.'eap Creek pebbles from tbis bed nre seen, and
.... misses of limestone embedded in calclneous they are readily recognized in the gravel beds of the
,bIt; lnd strings of conglomerate, (See pI. 15,) At Escalante Valley,
ill plaeM the ~olor of the unweathered rock is white 01'
At the divide between tbo Escalnnte and Seviet,
pd. pink, but on wellthering a strong pink tone is pro- Rivers the lowermost Wasutch beds consist of Q bllsal
in, giving at a distance the l'emarkable appeanncc conglomerate thot is composed chieOy ot pebbles of
'MI has mode these exposures fanlous, To the olJserv- quartzit~. 2 to 6 Inches in diameter, embedded in II
iIc Piute, they are Unt-saw-nl' Mu-kwun-kuut-K the matrix of sundy lime; pink limestone interbedded with
~ standing rocks thut shine," In general each
whit., calcareous sandstone; and IL massive bcd of
Ilriesof beds in the southern Utah Wasatch has, a top white limestone exceeding 100 feet in thlckness, Fos-
If "hite limestone, lumpy, slightly breceiated, and sils in th. dull-colol'ed £I'iable sandstono beds, below th e
ktee! "ith ca\'ities tined with calcite crystals, At conglOlnemto arc tbose tbat nre chaructoristic of the
Cullin Peak this cnp bed includes smooth egg-sbaped Kaiparowits fonlla~ion, The Wasatch beds lit " the
pebbles of limestone and scattered grains of basdtic dump" near ,the head ,of ,the Poria are eroded into
ash. At eoch exposure, but in di fferent stratigraphic tapering pillars and irregular columns thnt nrc crossed
positions, stRnd bcds 10 to 30 feet thick of dense faintly by broad bftnds of pink and cream-yellow, The
piak limestone that, makes a solid wall 100 to 300 feet material Is ehlelly limestone but includes a lens of
.i,h in wbich OCCur lens;'" of firm, dense grny limo- conglQnleroto Rnd thin hcels of calcareous sandstone
!loot 2 to 6 feet thick and 10 to 100 teet long, Also whose surfnces al'e covered with plant impressions,
.e each expoSure a series of shalelike limestones that Fossils lFe distributed spora.dically throughout the
have a total thickness of as much lIS 150 ieet appear dense and the brecciated limestone, but none were
"lVenly bedded silts mottled with dark-red, pink, "nd. found in the shalelike beels, They occur chiefly in
white b1ot.:hes. lenses Ind irregular maEses of crushed or \\'Ol'n bits
At Ute base {If the Wasatch section lies a conglom- of shells or as shell fOl'llls filled in witb calcite, All
....... quite unlike Rny otber stratum in southelUitern e"te~ded _reh resulted in finding only impedect
\jIg, It consists of unusually well'rounded and specimens, among whicb Dall" recognized" P1<ysa
-.tbed pebbles of pink, gray, white, ond ted quartz- pleuromati.Y probably PAy,a briaqel'c-Mi8, anel a small
ite, lOme minutely banded and cro.s-bedded, black discoid sheil which rony be a Yalvata or possibly a
~, rhyolite, porphyry, and many kinds of dense PlaMr!>u,'" He states: "There is little doubt of the
Ipeous roclu. About 50 pel' cent of the pebblei exceed F..ocene character of the deposit."
• illehes in diallleter', a few exceed 10 inches.
-
Because
- . At few places ,on the Pauns3ugunt Platenu ILnd
of eoneealin,g talus tbis conglomerate b<)d waS seen III Table Clilf doeli 'he thickness of the limestono exeeed
PGlition only on tile west slope of the PaunSllug~t 500 feet, Ind at Cannan Peak it is about 200 feet.
Plateau, where it consists of 6 feet of quartz"quartzlle, So far as known the beds t.h"t cap the south.elLstern
Ild rhyolite pebbles arranged in overlllppl~g lenses e:stensions of the High Platp-ftus are of upprol<)mately
t.d held together with caleureous cement, LIme sb ..le
,
co.,," its uneven' surface and its bose is plastered
 THE K.HPAROWI1.1I J\EGJOlf
116
tbe eame age as th""" farther north and northeast, D.k<>t.(I) and San Rllinel beds that are lIp turne4
and they are thorefore III referred to the Wasatch. in the Pine Creek fold . Between Sand Creek and
The difference in thickne..& is possibly the result of Boulder Creek only the lOwest beds of the San Rafao!
surface erosion and of the relief of the underlying group relDain, Ind on ·the west flank of the Water_
CretaceoUl! beds, but the lowest bed> are not lithologic pocket Fold the Eocene rests on the NAVajo &.ndstor.e.
equivalents, and the great differe"""s in sequence, in , During tbe time intel'val thus indicated more than
composition, ond in tbe proportionate amounts of lime- i ~ ,000 feet of sediments were locally removed.
stone, shale, sandstone, and lignite make it p<l6si bl. QUATERNARY DEPOSITS
that the Te,'tiary strata of Utah were deposited in
several basi"" with bere Dod tbere o"erlnppiJlg rims. The sediments in the Kaiparowits region that dale
It seems UDnecel!Sary to follow Dutton in assuming from Quaternary time ore chiefly alluvial <leposits i.
that sucb widely separated and unlike sediments as valleys, on slopes, and on top of the bigher plateau
the elrbonaceolls sh.le and sandstor.e of the Price The accumulations of eolian sand are small and 10.
Ri"er, the der.se purl> limebtone of Table Cliff, and cnlized (p. 145), Rnd incipient glaciation on the Paun_
the qullrlZ sandstone and cloy shale of Chuska Moun- S!lUgunt ond Aqunrills Plateaus has left only scattel'l!d
tain in the Navajo country were laid down contem- boulders and inconspicuous remains. Swamp deposita
porlUloously in a single Inrge depression. appear along the nart.hern headwaters of the Escalaott
Ril'er and about th~ glacial lakes on the Aquarius
UNCON}'ORlIl1' Y AT BASE OF J:OC:E1iiE Plateau. During the last half .century the alluvial
fill of mn.ny volleys has been scoured out by the
The well-known unconformity at the blse of tht streams.
Eocene beds in northern and central Utah hilS been
IGNEOUS ROCKS
troced to the Knipu.rowits region along the face of
tho Paull.nngunt, Table Cliff, und Aquarius :Platealls. Unlike other luge parts of the plateau province, the
In places the bed. above and below are parallel, and Klliparowits region is remarkably free from igneolll
tbeit· separation is mlu·ked only by accumulations of rocks. lIo deep-selted mQl;~es, nOo dikes, and no vol-
g"a"el and by abrupt chonge from dull-colored ma- canic CODes have been found. The only products of
rine shnle .lId aalldst.one to pink or white fresh-water ignoous activity are lavn flows on the Table Clill' and
limeBtone. Elsewhere the unconformity is R mature , Paunsaugunt Plateaus-remnant outliers of mucb
slIrfneo of erosion that is de"eloped bdiscriminately greater 1Iows on t.he l-Iarkagunt n~d Aquarius PI..
on flnt-Iying, tilted, and folded strata of differerit age tea.us. .A,., described by Dutton •• these Inas are basalt
Rnd different composition. At Cnnaan Peak the Eo- and "ere erupted from widely distributed vents at dif-
cene beds horizontally ovel'l ie tbe upturned strata fel'tnt periods during Tertiary and more recent tim...
of the East Knibab fold, in "'hicb the youngClSt Cre- A How in Johnson Cn.nyon overlies alluvial deposita
taceous sedimcnts nre involl'ed. Northward along tbe ond has interfered with the course of tho stream.
AqUArius PIlltcau the, Eocene rests on progressively
lower subdivisions of the Cretaceous and truncates the • D1ltt~, c. a . OtolClp of (be Hlgb Plntean of Utah, pp. 197-toI.
295, O. 8, Geo,. aDd Grol. Sar .." nodi)' "In. ~,IOIlI. 11'0. .
 CHAPTER s.
HISTORICAL SKETCH
On his memorable voyage down the Colorado
Powell' Doted the broad fo:d croEsed by the river
.bo..e lIle mouth of Trachyte Creek. He describes a
_ocIinal fold in Gl en Canyon a few miles below the
IIOOth 01 the San Juan , s follows:
.... Lew .ilea below the ::J]outh ot the 8 •.-" Juan River ,,'e COOle
IUD lDtertstl n: DlODoclinHl fold, where Ute dip ot the rocks la
III dlreet:.OD fl IJttlc norte of E'as t-tlJat is, the bed. are
Qql~ down on tte eo.~tern sJde ot the Iioo_ . ,...b1cb (rend.
LfI2r17 DOrtb. and Bouth, not broken oft and dropPed. down but
Aued, ~ bcot. so that the beds on rae ",'eltern aide ot the lice
Mf'tound ot an nltltnde mauy hundteds ot feet above those
~II tIM! ellt, nDd tarther down t t)(! rtn'l the rocks eXpOsed at
•••ter edGe o.re ot i'reQte~ a;e tban thOse above.
The Echo monocl ine was also observed:
M tbe toot ot this [Gleu] CIUllon another ll.lODOcllnlll told is
ten. witb Ole tla'ow, or dr~PI also 00 the ellst side, or tbe up·
R(t, I( ODe is 80 pleused to term It, on the west sh!e; nDd this
bthg's up .pln CDl"oonlferOI,lIl ,sudstones Dud I1mestones.
A.. R Thompson' described the Waterpocket mono-
dine IS. «cliff forming the rint of Escalante B •• in "
ad said of the Esclllante monocline: • At the end of
I!) miles this canyon valIey was abruptly ended by a
IiDa of cliff. that stood directly across its course."
An!CCn.,aissftnce by Howell' along the east base of the
Tible eli' and Aquarius Plateaus included a brief
Ihldyof the major structurd featurcs. 'rhe East Kaj.
llab fold wa. traced northward from Kaibnb Plateau.
It WCI last seeD a few ml1el to the eAst or Lost Blua
(TIbIo CUIf Platoou) and e'lde~tI1 do.. not .",Iend much
fart_ In thnt dtrecUou. lts drop at Pario II not t'or trom
I.Q !ett. • • • Between the Lost Blurt oDd the Henry
1Ioot.IDII the rocks nre folded llDd thrown Into WO?CS OD Il
lfelter ICnIe than elsewhere seen.
'l\e uplift thllt underlies the 'Henry Mountains and
ita 'Ontinuation northward into the San Rafael Swell
is shown in section, and the Waterpocket flexure is
tleauibed as two folds. He says:
fte tutern told, A., trends south·southeast, t:eeplnc ao lpo.
JIIOJtaateb .tl'8.Jght course tor 100 roUe. to the Colorildo
~""1IJd N••ojo Mountain. • • • The fold B (about 12
.... "0It of told A) approaches Ibe told .... In oce pia.,.
• elese17 that the two form a perfect 8nUclinol. It »pl-eodl
.: r..n. I. w., Explor'atlon ot the Colorado Rhu ot tb, lV'lit PD."
'"' ........ pp. 17T. ITS. I8T5.
"Gna. "" 1S1, 140.
'Bnrll, IE, )~ .• U, S . Oeoi;'. IIn~1 Gf1ol. SUr\"f1' W, 100tb 1I'e:r. Rept.,
fOL ~ lIP. 201_20ii. 187Ci.
STRUCTURE
out rapidly aJ!::aiu to the 80utbwnrd nDd lOoon atterward 1I0t.
tena out und dhmppeors.
From a point on the south end of the Aquarius Pla-
teau a third anticlinal fold about g miles west of fold
B was r.oted. Between the mouth of Birch Creek
and Last Bluff (Table Cliff Plateau) Howell records
lwo other folds, as follows:
Tbe Orst ot thesc, D, is a monocllnul. wllb n throw ot' a
tew bundrel! feet only to the west. FroiD this rold the beds
rise )It In lagte ot trom 2'" to 4" to the west-Sr.UU1West, until
too point 11 Is renched, when t hey dip Ziud.dcnly to the west
.galn. at an ftu,"re 8!1 hleb tn some IJlaccs as 800 • After droP'"
pJOZ about 1,000 (eet the,. assume" nearly hol'lY.ontul posltl\)D
IDd apparentl1 continue to the Last Blntt with 110 tarther
df.IJturbunce. Tbese tolds are botb DloDocUnn la • • • nnd
were traced t'or 20 01' ao mlies.
Fold D, or perhnp8 folds· D Rnd E combined, is
the Escalunte .monocline, but the locations and dimen-
sions given are (00 generalized to lollow with assllr-
ance in tbe field. Howell mentions a.lso the "Poria"
(Echo monocline) and "Eastern Kaihab" folds,
which were measured "just n little south of their
point of inter.ection, where the combined throw of
the two folds is about 4,000 feet." But his section,
which extends from the Kaibab Plateau eastward,
across the Echo Cliffs and Kaiparowits Plateau bears
little relation to lhe actual structure.
From ohserl'ation points oil the slopes . of the Henry
Mountain! Gilbe,·t· traced the course ()f the Wntcr-
pocket Fold and d&cribed and illustrated the inajor
.tructur.l features of the portion north of the Musuk
Plateau as folIows:
It 1s far tl'om tollowing Q. strnlght line but, lIko most
lines ot orograpblc dlsh:rhnnce., swcrV9 to the right nnd
left, whlle maintaining 1 geDeral trend. The amouDt ot Its
"tbrow," Or tlIe dllrerence In level beh\'een Eldjaceot parts ot'
tbe two blocks whlc:b. it divides, Is inconlltoot, ita maximum
be.lng 1,000 feet. At some poJnts tbe tlexed 8trata. are Inellne<l
. at OD angle ot 50 0 , while at others their greatest dip J8 but
16-, Towanl the north the lIexure twice divides. One ot
Its branches, the Blue Gate fie-xure, bna a throw to tb\! !mUle
direction Bod by its separation Jncreascs the throw ot the
main llexure,
Gilbert' also briefly described the PAri .. fold (Ecbo
monocline) and directed attention to its stratigraphic
significance.
• Gllhr:rt. G. K., Report on the s:eot~)' of Ibe BCD..,. MouutIlID.1.
pp. 12-1-1. 18$0.
• GlIllert, O. K, U. S. Ocol, Sunt,.. W. lOOlb Mer. RUflt.. vol. 8,
pp. Gl-ll2. 1873.
117
"'" I
I TIn; KAIPAROWITS REOIO~
118
/
I
Dutton' has much to say ~f the structure of the
Escalante Bosin and the Kaiparowits Plateau IS seen
)
from distant viewpoints on the Aquarius Plateau.
The Waterpocket Fold a.nd the Escalante monocline
are vividly described. He says:
The b'tl'ucturc or tbe plateau 18 best atudled UPOD the south-
ern slopc!t (ot the Aquori Wl Plateau}. Here the most sulk·
IIlI: i'eat uru I~ JQrge mODoc1 wO I, already RlIulied to as a.
f\
companion to th e Waterpot'ket Fo)(], It comes up from the
6(lutbcnstl crotllllng lhn lower end of Pot oto Valley. and t rend.
nlollp t he KlopCR northwestwArdly. dl!Jal~pearlng beneutb the
111va cu p. '!'he throw ot tbe monocline Is to the wcsl\'s.ru.
Upon Ill' JIll.1Jk~ Ihe Cl'otuecoulS 8l' ~ te.m I.s turned up and dips
wC14tward benea th tbe 8outhwC'Btwtlro e%t~nsloD or tile gl!D-
erul pJlltf!nu mO il!. Tbe ~ ges ot Its str{&tll arc tru[)(!llted by-
cl'oSlo n, nIH! o\"cr lltt:nll li es uDcouformably the Tertiary. Tb"
lIpthrow or tho Dlnnocllnc bea.ves Ill) tbe lUI'oliBlc whIte suod·
st ODC. wblcb 1..8 ~'CD roiling up In a huge wave 1,200 to 1,800
teet hlgb uc ross the lower end of Putolo Valley. 'I'he position
or thiN flu' ure relntlvoly to the plntenu mo" l!i vecul1::lr and
\'~ ry ~trlk l ng; Indeed, at flr.!4t bight It a ppeQ.l'8 ftltogether
nnoD'lulou8, We nre nCf!Ul,-tolned 10 the welltern reg100s to
t1CO the all'uta rolk'tl up On Lhe flanks of D. mouDtAl n lIDi;e
l ike n grent Wtlt'C urged ollward toword D COllst And brenkint;'
nKftlD:ll Ibt rocky bnt t len.:. But the Escalnnte ficxnrc 1:5 like
a wove IIWN!I)lug alnDG' partdlel to the .;:oatit, the creflt Hue of
Ibe wu\'c lIeluG' [ICIT1endlculur to tbc trend ot the tlllore. HII
line or strike ru,ns up Lhe .slope and disnIIDCOrs beneath tbe
Tortlnry neor the summit or the platenu. A' tine Atream ot
wllter [Pi ne C'rec.k) runs upon this monocline pnfnHel to Its
strike, precisely os Wnterpocket Or~k. ruDS u.POIl nDd parol-
I~ I to th C!. CUUniC ot thot flpXU1"e.
'l'he oge ot the Escnlnute monoclIne hi evidently pre-Tertiary.
It 11ft I betm e xhumed hy the geD41ral erosi on dt-e.r bavlng
ooQU burlcc1 benC!o(h JoJoc ue Rtrat.ll, lind pCLer tb4..'SC atr lllt\ had
lK:e n oWl'flowed, In gl"Ca t part nl Ieo.at. by m01l1 hundreds
ot reet ot 10 \'R8.
~'rom Dutton's viewpoint only the northeast face of
the Kaiparowits Platellu WIU! visible. Accordingly
tho plateau appeared to bo compo9<.-d of strata" quite
horizontol." Tho structural feutures within the rna.;.
were not obsel·ved.
Of the "Enstern Knibnb fault" nnd the "Po.lln-
snuglmt inu1t," Dutton 1 SllYS:
'i'be Enliteru Knlbab fmllt [told] • • • continues Dorth-
word pnst PurlR tr~ndlng Orlit north·northoo6t but wraduo.lly
swing-tug In a (~Ul'l'O arountl to the northwest, al WRl's pre-
servin, its true lnollocHnlll rorm. As tt approaches Table CUt!
It dwllldl~ os it about to die out; but op{)09lta tllE.' 80Utll\Vetl
Anglo ot Iho Aql1ndu!I Plot(!-Rn It is joined by on Important
tnuJt coming from the S()Uth ·~u rb W' es t. This Is tbe Paun.
MUJ.:llllt fault. Which ilcs ucnr the en~e rn hnse of that plnte~ll1.
Dutton' thus describes the «Echo Cliff monocline":
It gc.eJ'os proper olso to deK't'ibe brleOy the ~cho Clllt mono-
clint', since It Is one or the mrn:;..t IDlportant In tha t gren t Merles
ot t11splnrenlcot$ which t-rnve rS('1i the dlltrlct trom south to
north. ~~ver)'wller'e It ill a truo oHlnOcHn(', It Is known to
• Outron, C. 1I:l., BcJ}Ql't on tbo ~l o;y or tb., Blsoh Pbttl.'lUIt or
lltt\b. J\p. :'!8~DtS, n. 8. Gool. and GcoJ:. Surn',. RO(ks Min Re"'lon
1s...~. ' .. ,
t Idptu, pp, 8:!-33 •
• Outlon, C. E .• Tt'rtlftry Itt.tor)' of tbe Grand Clln101l (ItRtrlct:
fl. S. ClOO). SlIr"",. Mort. :. p. !O:i, ISS:!.
el.:rend :uore than a hundred mill'S south of the Colorac!o -lid
c(>.rtainly reaches no miles ItOrUI of the rln-I" .. • " 'l'IIt
lIJt!l1 dowDcbrow ot the Dlonocline varlC:5 greatly rrolD plaet
to place, but al oD; those porUnDs 1Ii'herc It has beeQ wei
(observed, the- toWl di~plnccmcllt J.'8nIC~ from 3,;j()O t o 4.tXlO feet.
I ts age Is Terti ary And probably very ne:ull' l"(lIeY31 wit. l_
East K!llbab monocline-I n olller worus, rather I.to Tertlar,.
'rhe proof at. Tertiary uge Is conc lu sive, since UUt flexure bead.
the Cretnceou8 betls WIH~ re\'cr it apJlI"o:lchcs U1em, and ttl
nortllwnrd continuation jovol\"eli lJle Eocr" ll ~
The Echo monocline has been described by Davis,'
I<ho considered it older tholl Lhe Pliocene; ,by Robin_
son,'· who thought it origillntcd during the Eocene-
Miocene interval; and by Gl'egOl'y,lt who presented
evidence for believing it pl'obably pl'e-Tel·tiary.
PI·ior to the wOl'k on which the present report is
based no structural feature of the Knipnrowits region
had been described on the basis or detailed field 00-
servations. Severol of the fea tures have not been
previously recorded.
REGIONAL RELATIONS
As suggested by the wide, sensibly flat plateaua Ind
long, even-crest<!d esc~rpDlents the rock beds through.
out most of the Kniparowits region are gently inclined
or nenrly horizontal. This simple general attitude
l~ intelTupted in places by sharp monoclinnl tle%-
ures, which trend in a general nOl'lhcrly direction. and
subdivide the regiolk into large gently tilted blocks.
In places minor undulations interrupt the othc .....i~
regulal'ly inclined beds between the monoclines. W<'II.
nnd northwest of the Kaiparowits regioIl north",ar~­
lI'ending fa.ults divide t.he plateaus into blocks not un-
like those produced by the monoclines. In each or the
three monoclinal folds th.t traverse centl'.l iout.hem
Utah the dip of the beds is eastward, and the rocks on
the west are elevated and thoge on the east depressed ..
Along each of the iaults the movement is in the op·
posite direction, the rock.9 on the east being ele\1lted .
nnd tbose on the west dropped. 'T he 1Di'>n oc iina! folds
affect all the rocks from the uppel'most eretaCe<lllf.
downward but cl:o not involve the Tertia.ry, 'II'heren.
.~e iuultg displac. the Tertiary beds os well. The
dIsplacements of t.be two 'YllCS are thUJ> of .liferent
geologie 31l'1. Only one of th~ fnults affects the Kai·
parowits region. This, too East iPounsnugunt fault, .
trends northeasllvord 0 long the east border of the
Paunsa.u gunt Plateau.
Aside from the deRe~.tiolls tllnt are due to the moDO-
clinal folds, tbe general inclination of the beds in tbe ·
southern port of the Kniparowits re<>-ion is northward,
for' the rocks he.re constitute the n"orth flank of the
 STRUCTUllE 119
jI1lI<I Grand Cttnyon up""rp in Arizona. Northeast The rocks in tbe monocline OI'e steeply inclined to

I
~ Tlhle Cliff and Last Ghance Creek-aloll" I.he ihe east, and dips range from 1.)0 at tne south end of
suai..ob~ ~Iifl's and in t.he Escalante Vnlley~he ihe fold 011 the Colorado RiYer to 7';° at some points
~ dip of the roel" is gently sout.hwestward fro\l1 east of the Circle Cliffs. (See pI. 19, A.) In severn I
:JIcrts& of the prominent 'Vaterpocket Fold . . Thesc , places a horizontal traverse of a little over 2 miles
ilGId structural features nrc represented in the struc- inY~lves ~'OSSil\g all beds from the top of Lhe Permian
{;I!IlDIpoHh.e region (pI. 16) and are also indicated i Ka.lbab I.mestone to the Mosuk SIIIHlstone, ncnr the top
iI the strue!ural sections shown on Plute 17, of the Cretaceous, a 'stratigraphic sectiou of approxi-
mutely 9,000 fect. (See pI. 18,) Neal' the head of
~IETHOD OF DETERMINATION
Hulls Creck the structurol displncerr.ent is nbout 9,000
During the COlll'Se of planc-blble surveys of most of feet, but, t.o the sonth the eastward inclination of UIC
_}'ariA Valley, the Kaiparowits Plateau, the Circle .'oeks becomes grudnully I~ss, the 1I1l10uut of the dis-
Glifs, and Halls VaEey altit.udes of nUnlC\'oas beds plllcement diminishes, and 11 short distance soutb of
we derennined nt hnndreds of di/rel'ent points. By the Colorndo Rive,' the fold disappears. Where tho
~"'UI'I'ments of the thid",e" of formations ill the Colorudo Ri vel' cro,,",'<eS the Water pocket Hexure the
puu of the urea. tIm. tmvcrse", :t is possible to oon- uppermost part of the Moenkopi iormnt,ion is exposed
~ a fairly nccurate genera! .tmctlll'lll map on a for a short distance, und the overlying weRk Chinle
IIIecIOO datum plane. shale widens the canyon 10cuUy, (See pI. 26, C.)
Agrurlure map of the Circle Clifl's (fig. 8) "as pre- Along the enstern ftnnk of the " ' lIterpocket lIIono-
lJ'R'l wit.h t.he top of the Knibao limestone ns a datulU cli"e " longitudiual miley is carved in soft Upper
p/II..,bnt in mukiug tbe map of the Inr!!er area shown Jurassic and Cretllceous rocks, ond the moro resistn.l1t
:J Plate 16 it was found that the representation of stmtll stand on the floor of the valle), liS low hogbncllS .
.:ractu .... based on 11 stl'utigraphic horizon that in some Southward from the "icinity of "ruley Twist the
;:Iaoo; Wftl niO:'e than 9,000 feeL below the surillce was steep west wall of the longitudillal valley consists of
.wj,d to considerabie errol', chidly becuuse of un- Namj o sandstone, which extends to the cr<l.<;t of the
ruWD nrilttions in thickness of the formations. monocline and continues down its SOllthwestel'll slope
lien"" the top of the Dakota (1) sundstone, or r.ltber into the Kaiparowits downwarp. Korth of :Mlllcy
:!IeblSeofthe persistent und highly fossiliferous basal Twist the Kllvnjo fOl'ms a high hogback ridge sep-
SIIIdstone of the Tropic Shlllc, which is .. very widely arated by B narrow longitudinal valley front the shnrp-
diltribuled, well exposed, und readily identifiable angled sandstone ridge formed by the Todillo (1)
mooD, was selected as a more suit:tble datum. It Bnd 'Vingate formations. In the middle eastc\'ll
is approximately in t.he middle of the strllt.igrnph:c part of the Circle Cliffs the Wingate tends to forlll
ietlion. a scl'ies oi t.riangular pyramids separated by ellst-
In computing tbe altitude of the Dakota ( 1) sand- ,vo.rd-flowing tributaries of Muley Twi<t Creek, which
tone ill .....as where olde!' and younger rocks are flows southward along the contnct of the K a vajo Bnd
uposed at the surface convergence maps were COil ' Todilto( 1) formations. The weak Trillssic Chinle
a'.IIIttd for each of the main stratigraphic divisions. and Moenkopi rocks fOI'm It lowlltnd on the west sid e
r... uample, an increase in thickness of mom thaD of the s.lndstoue ridges, but the underlying hurd Kai-
IlOO feet in the Triassic rocks between the Circle bab limestone forms a dip slope thut I'ises to the snm-
aifalnd the San Juan River was taken into account. mit of the anticline, where an ultitude approximately
x-.rements of strike and dip were made in many ,;qu!1 10, thAt of the crests of the so.ndstone I'idges of
JlII1.I of the region. This information, supplemented the plateaus farther east is reached.
I>rlbserv&tiollB of the areal distribution of formations 'Ehe Wo.tel'poe\,et monoclinc im'olves all the stmti-
IIIIIlltitudes obln inca from topograph ic maps, ,vas fled rocks below the Masuk sandstone, nnd the date
lliliad in dl'&fti ng the structural map. of the deformation is therefore at least as hlt. as
the I&tcr part of the Cretaceous.
WATER POCKET MONOCLINE
CIRCLE CLIFFS UPWARP
1Q Waterpocket monocl ine is one of t.he domina.nt
.lIIetaral clements in southern Utah, The ridg... The Circle Cliffs upwarp is nn elongated, very asym-
IrIIed by the shllrply npturned maEsive sandstone metric anticEne, sOlllewhat more than 50 miles in
liioi tbe long, Dorrow soft-rock .alley that marks its length, bordered on the east by the Waterpocket
~ may be tr'lCed for a. distance of neo.rly 80 miles monocline. The highest part of the upwarp IU1$ a
.... \he Colorado River northward to Thousand dom &! form compreHed from east to west and elon-
r..u Mountain. From Kotom southeastward the gated para1)el to the trend of the monodine. Here
the top of the Kaibab limestone rises to ahout 6,.';00
~ 8lDks of the Waterpocket monocline are par-
lieularl}: conspicuous, f~t a.bo"e sea level, at " point neur The Peaks. If
I 120 THE XAIJ'AROWrrs REGION

Dire<:tly aCI'OES the waU the E~cal~nle River has cut.

the Dakota (') ""ndstone were &till p...... nt o,'er thc
summit of the upwarp it "'ould have an altitude of deep, nanow tl'eneh, the begmllln~ of a continuous
about 11,300 feet. ~orthwlI.rd along the .... is of the canyon thllt leads to the Colorado R,ver. The changt
upworp a relati vely shono.. sug lies bet ...een the high in topography from a broad, open .aIley 10 a precipi.
point in the Circle Cliffs ond a second high point tous-sided trench is abrupt. South of Escalante the
in the Miners Mountain ~w~11. South .... rd the crest monocline plunges southward And seems to disappear
of the up warp plunges graduoUy ·to about 6,500 feet within a few miles. Northwnrd, however, it» western
I short distance aouth of the Colorld., River. South· flank for a (Ustance of nbout 8 miles is ·exposed in the
westward the dip slopes on the hard Juras.ic sand· banI, of Pine Creek. Farther north, on Sand Creek
atone form a gcntle descent., interrupted by low anti- the fold has been beveled by pre-Tertiary erosion, IDd
clines and "ynclines, that leads toward the Kaiparowits n. a series of truncuted beds it disappear. beneath the
downwarp, whose lowes~ part iQ 30 to 40 miles dis- limestone Rnd Jn~a of the Aqua.riu. Plaleau. Unlike
hnt. After crossing the belt of weak Upper Jurassic the beds involved in the Waterpocket flexure the Jur...
rocks in the F.sc~lante VaHey this clip slope oontinlJ(!S sic beds exposed in the east.ern limb of the Escalante
to the hud sandstone of the K.iparowits Plateau, monocline have gentle clips. that e."tend for but a few
Erosion has breaclled the high plrt of the Circle miles before becoming merged witb the gelltnl
Cliffs uJlwarp and produced a brond elliptic..1 VAlleT 1'~giOl1al ~tructure. But the strnta that form tile
in the 80ft Tri_ic shale. (See pis. 8, B; 22, B.) westward flank dip sharply downward-80° to se"
Thi. dcpre8sioD, which is surrounded on all sides along Pine Creek, Hio on Deadman Creek-and brine
by inw.rel-facing cliffs of msssi"e Jurassic .. ndstono, the Nn>ujo somlstone (Jurassic Y) and the Straight
is not hollowed .mootllly ·into a basin but contains in Cliffs sandstone (Uppel' Cretaceolls) into the sam,
its ccnt.ral pal·t a broad, dome-shaped elevlltiOl) that , horizOntal pI nne. The displacement amounts to more
i. upheld by the hnl'" Permian limestone and sur· thlUl 2,000 feet within a horizonW distance of about
mounted ill two <Jr three ploces by outliers of hard . 2 miles. In its regional r.lutions the Escalante moIl().
Triassic conglomerate (hilt reach an altitude u great cline is an interruption of the gener.! dip of the beds
lIB that of the top of th. surrounding sandstone rim. I bet\Veen the crest of the Watel'pocket llexure and the

HARRIS SYNCUNE
base of tho Aquarius and Table Cliff Plilteaus-a h"ll'l
wrinkle in an otherwise continuous westward-dipping
In the ccntral pHrt of T . 36 S., R. (; E., & southwlrd- sa.ndsLone.
trending shallow .-yncline crosses Harris CrtU, a
tributary of the Esenlnnte River. The structure is I KAIPAROWITS DOWNWARP
clearly shown in the basal sandy, gypsiferous upper The great southward projection of the Crete_
Jumssio beds that overlie the Navajo sandstone. On rocks tbat compose the Kaipa.rowits Plateau is el-
the east side of the syncline the dip is 3° to 10·, bul plained by the structural depression of the plateau
on the west it is us much us 20°. The southward area.. Northeastward from the base of tbe platelu
plunge of the syncline is 11\01'" than 150 feet to the mile. there is an essentially uniform rise of tbe rocks to the
COLLETT ANTICLINE summit of tho Circle Clift's upwarp, and there is 00II'
oequently no real line of division between the treal
The ColleU anticline is a minor elevation of the designated downwarp and upw.rp. A convenient and
beds on the west .ide of' tho. Han'is syncline. It is natural clivision, however, may be mode along the line
locully l'Elther prominent. on nccouut of the control of. the Cretaceous outcrops marked Ly the Strai«ht
it e:scrts in the distribution of the roellS al th" surface Chff.. On the 80utb Ilnd southeust tbe rock beds rise
havieg pl'oduced a nearly continuous extension of gently toward tbe Colorado Rh:.r, Ind the" al"e no
the NaVAjo sunclstone from tho broad area of its out- . clearly defined atrllctul'Ol limits of the downwarp ill
orop north of lInni. Wash to Collett Creek on the this ~irection. This part of the downwarp is char-
sout.h. As mensur. d ill the st.rnt.ilied rocks that over. acterIzed by gentle undulatioDs, whose axes convergo
lie tbe NAvajo the inclination of the beds in the ,u:t.i- to\•• rd the center of the depressed ..ren. Along Wah·
cline is 6° to 20° on the enst flonk aud 4° to 5° on the weep Creek t.he nOlth end of the Echo monocline is.
west flail k.
more prominent rock fold th.t ma.rks out ti,e Paria
ESCAI••UiTE MONOCLINE platfo)'m on ~he west from tbe structurally slightly
IO",el' area to the east. On the west the Kaipllrowir.
The Escalante monocline is locally IL very prominent
.. ~rp is sharply bounded by the Eost Kaibab
st·ructural fent,III'O. As viewed from Escalante it down
mouochne, ... hose ·main axis, marked by the course of
stands os IL 11'011 of steeply upturned sandstone "bor.
derod by lower-lying surfaces of gypsum sh.I •. and the House Rock Valley and Cottonwood Creek, trends
of the "Gnt" tills trend
alluvium, in tlte midst of which the villa~e is pioced not·tlt-northeast. North
gradunlly changes to the northwest, and tbe dip af
..
u."alXlLOG 1CAL SURV £Y
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_ _ _ _1_ _ _ _ _ _ _, "-- _ _ _ -
11:..--00'

STRUCTURE MAP OF THE KAIPAROWITS REGION. SOl

..
 PROt"tl5SIONAL PAPER 114 PLATE U

EXPLANATION

ca
Structure con tou rs on top
of the Dakota ( 1) landlltone
Duhed Iinl!:1 .ho'A'
approximatll:! location
IC""to.r ~"C«NI S4)1)f~ ' )

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·:::-:.--------------ll "OO·----·-
- --.. _-------
,ION. SOUTHERN [TAR
.""",0<.< bOlindni.one H f."" RY M Tto

l'A NO IIA ~1I C VIEW ( ..1 ) "' IW:'1 f: IIE.c:.T OF WATF.npOC KET foLD .\~O SIoi.I:.TC II ( Ij ) SII OW IXG SUHF.\ CE DlSTflIBCTI ON 0 1" t 'OIi,I\IATJO:\' S
 U. 8. O,.;OI.l)OIC,\L 8UR"~Y

Il. VIEW LOOhli"U; ~OI,'rll ,\I,HN G HALI.S. VA.U.F.Y fllO:'It .\ POINT JUST ALlOYE ::'IIOUTII OF ;'\IULl~\' 'i'WIST
CREEK
'"", IlIt~ httUf)1I ia (Of,~~'mlf'ld IU"ofI al the
_hI' ,iI".. i3I Nltvl.,jn; dnrk ,.",., "u~ lll of !.hI:! CMIIt,,1 (Ufl1)lIliCJII tlilld "!nIt. Ioar.d,.t;.:,f'.
II p."'ar.,t Illin k-(t, 11"" cliff" In the ,,,ct ,lio.11I1'IOI) arc oonll ~ of Sunuoen'illll, ~lorrjy') lJ , And n~ "O'1II <:") fO(lRllt km".

n. EAST KAlfiAB MONOCI.l~E

N'lIn,jo lMl~"lonu III hlfl, IXt~OIJJ (~) s.:tnd1lllloe., TroPro llilwt." ulld St,.lIighl ClitrlC ""ndtiIOM, ill order
nnllla.), ::Iol nih.!.

8TBUOTURE
~ rocb iSnotuoly less steep thun further south . The
northern pll"t of thc c10wnwurpcd urca. has a definitelY
.,-.dinaIE.tructlll·e, with an axis that tl'ends northwest.
AI the &XIS of the syncline trends almost exactly be-
..th Table Cliff, it is culled the Table Clil syncline,
althougb tho Tertiary rocks of the plateau are not at
all inl'ol ve <! in the structure.
In most places the surface of t!:Je Cretllceous sand-
s'.I)D8 platfOrms IIccul'>ltely reflects the rock slructul'e.
From t~e crest of thc Stl'llight Cliffs .. dip slope is
,ntly ulc!lned to the southwest. (See pI. 21, .!t.)
TllLS dip 1$ locally much steepened On approaching
the Table Cliff syncline, as illdicnted topograpbically
.1 the development of hogbacl< ridges on the Wah-
..elp undstone eust of Table Cliff and Canaan Peak_
A view from any prominent point, such as the
a..t of the Cretaceous hO<Ybncks on tho Enst Kaibab
lIIoaoeline, shows clearly ~,e gently "'.sin-like struc-
lU~ olthe oontl'al PUTt of the K"i pa.owits downwarp.
The lowest purts o,f the basin iu the vicinity of Canaan
P.lk ~d along the hel ow.tel'S of Wallweap Creek are
OC<:UPJed by soft. rock. of the Klliparowits fOl'm ..tion,
•aC lhe D1nximum thickness of this formation lies
"hre the underlying sandstone is mOBt depressed.
'file dip slope on the top of the Wllhweap SIlndstone
rises I:"ntly but ' in a c1enrly defined manner on the
nonheasl, east, southeast, lind !IOuth. On tho west
lies the steeply upturned sandstone of the East Kai-
bob rnonodine.
The top of the Straight Cliff. sandstone forms &
brood platfonn that extend. outwa.rd from Ihe IAlst
OiaDce Cliffs. Except in part of the a·rea along Last
Cbaoce Creek, where the rocks of this division have
been extens;"ely ' a.ltered by the burning of the in-
<Iuded coals and ha,ve been much dissected, the in.gu-
laritiEs of the platform define the gentle anticlinlll
and synclinal wal'pings that ani superimposed on the
legional structure in this part of the downwarp.
South of the Straight Clift's escarpment the platform
bown 8S the Grand Bench, formed mainly by mas.
live Morrison conglomerate, shows a continuation of
IIrudural features observed in the rocks farther
aDrth.
ROCK CREEK ANTICLINE
A. prominent southeastward-trending anticline is
obsened on the headwatel'll of Rock Creek, about 6
Illites north of the Colorado. River, and intersects the
Little R«i Valley, a tributary of Iha Croton' Branch of
~st Cbance Creek. Unlike mo.ny of the structural
features of the plateau country, tbe Rock Creek anti-
(lillt showS no steep dips, the marimum inclination
being about 8° or 10°. The Ultieline has an elliptical
dome Shape that is striking beca.use of its clear expres_
sion in the dip slopes of the Grind Bench and because
of exposures of N avaje) sandstone on Rock Creek and
"'.hIYelep sandstone in Little Red Valley tbat are
1~1--9
•
121
entirely sun'ounded by younger formations. So far
a~ known, the axis of the anticline is only 8 or 10 miles
long.
CROTON SYNCLINE
.The Croton syncline borders the Rock Creel, anti-
cline On the west nnd trends almost due uorth "Ion~ the
~roton Branch of Lnst Chance Crl'('k. On the"'east
Side of the syncline the heds dip 8° or 9°, but on the
we.st they havo ol1ly a slight inclination toward the
.'n8 of the syncline,and within & short distunce t.hey
reassume the regional slope toward the soutitwest
LAST CHANCE SYNCLINE
Throughout Ilmost its entire course Lnst Chance
C~eek follows Ihe IXis of. gentle but well-defined syn-
chne, the eHst limb of which is formed by tho geneI'll I
l'egional dip ot the rocks, and tha west lill1b by a. gentle
Flse towal:d the crC01t 01 the Smoky Mouutain anti-
(Iille. Locally dips ot as much as 5° Ul'O observed ,
bllt jn general I,hey do not exceed 2° 01' 3°, The axis
of the syndine plunges nOI·thwe'Stw,lrd at an ILv.rage
rate of about 65 reet to the mile, the dit'ection of slope .
l>eing opposite to thot of the stream's /low.
SllOKY ~IOUll'TA.IN ANTiCLiNE
Tbe geotly rounded divide on the surface of the
StraigM C1itrs SIIndstone plateau and th" Grand
Bench defines an anticlinal axis tha.t l'Qsses thl'ough
Smoky lfountain. The anticline IDay be desi:;llI.ted
conveniently the Smoky Mountain o,nl.icline. Between
the headwaters of Warm and Last Chance Creeks this
axis is very sharply marked, Ilnd the dip ~Iope i!'Om
the top of the sandstone is very readily observable
with the eye. F'arther south the axis of the anticline
is less clearly defined. Its trend is parallel to that of
the synclines on each side, and like them it plunges
gently north west ward_
WAJI~1 CREEK SYNCLINE
Warm Creek follows the central axis of a gentle
synclinal depression somewhat similar to that of List
Chance Creek but 'broader and, especially to the south,
less clearly defined. It is of int.erest chiefly on ac-
count of its relition to the position of tho stream.
WABWEAP SYNCLINE
The structurally depressed area on the ea&t side of
the Echo monocline may be desigllllled Ule Wlhweap
syncline. The tl'end of this syncline Is more northerly
titan the structural fe,.tures that hav~ been noted
farther east, and tbere is here little structural dif-
ferentiation from the WllrID Creek syncline, which
adjoins it on the cost. For the most part Wah weap
Creek does not follow the uis of the Wahweap syn-
cline but /lows in a course parallel t<> it, a short dis-
t ance to the west.
 122 THE KAIPAB OWlTll ~IoN

TABLE CLIFF SYNCLINE scuthern Utah is obout 18 miles, but 20 miles north
As defined by steep northeasterly dips at the hew of of tbe State bound ary, where it passes into the un-
the Paria Valley and by similarly steep southwestedy differentiated purt s of the Kaipa rowits downwarp,
dips that are marked by the northwestward-trending it is barely 8 miles wide.
hogback ridg.. along the h8l1dwaters of the Esealont~, 'rho genMe northe rly dip slope is "e~ well defined
the Tllble Cliff syncline mark. the bottom of the ]Cal' on the top 0.£ the Navajo sandst one m the Pit.
parow ita downwarp. Its aIis t.rend~ north:",estward, Plateuu. East of the Paria Ri ver it. form. the hrou
and 18 indicated by a study of the Kaiparowits forma- Clark bench, south of the Straig ht Cliffs escarpmenL
tion and the altitude of the top of the Wahweap sand- {;pper Jurass ic and Cretaceous rocks overlie and <:un-
stone, there is apparently a gentle plunge to a low ceal the Navajo in most of the portio ll of the Paria
point in the vicinity of Canaan Peak. Th.• cent~.1 platform thnt is included in the .ares here described.
part of the syncline is occupied by the KaiparoWIts EAST KAIDAB MONO CLINE
form.t ion; The rocks are beveled oj!' rather smoothly
l1y erosion, 80 that abo,'s the axis of the Iy~cline t?e The East Kaiba b monocline justly ranks as .. major
Tertiar y bed. rest on beds high in the KaIparoWits structu ral feature of the platea u countr y. It extew!i
formation but a short distance to the ea!i; and west withou t interru ption from the Colora do River north.
they teat ~n SDIldatone of the Wah-weap formll.tion, and ward to Table Cliff, a distance of about 120 miles,and
farther awny on lower beds down to the Nl.vajo sand- defines the eastern' border of the Kaiba b Plateau. It
atoM. raise. the rocks- on the west several thousand feet
above those on the east, and throug h its influence in
ECHO MONOCLINE
guiding erosion the presen t stratig rapbic formation.
The sharp monocliMI flexure that is called by are so distributed that beds on the east
side of the fold
Gregol'y the Echo monocline is breached by the Colo· reach on the average nbont 40 miles farthel
' south than
rado River at Lees Ferry. South of the river it is corresponding beds on the west.
Unlike the Water-
readily traceable for lOnny miles in Arizona. North- pocket and Ecbo monoclines, the East
Kltibth mollC-
ward in Utah, where the flexure is much less promi- cline trends east of north, but like
theirs its steep dips
nent, it extends to· the eastern put of R. 2 E ., about areens tward. (See pis. 19, B ;
21, A, B.)
midway between the points where the Paria River and The structu ral displacement along tbe East Kaibs!>
Wohwenp C,-eek cross the boundary. Near the State monocline in southe rn
Utah amoun ts to a maximum
line the monoclin~ i. cleorly defined by an eastward of about 5,000 feet. Along
Kaiba b Gulch it is possible
dip slope on the top of the Navaj(l sondstone, where to pus from the top
of the Permi an Hermi t shalt
dips of as much as 30· were o~ryed. The displace- tc. the top of
the Jurass ic ( ') Navaj o sandstone in •
ment of a.ny particular bed on ti,e two sides of the ho,,;zolltal distanc
e of about 8 miles at right aneles
monodioe amount. to only about 1,600 feet, which is to the trend of the
fold. The rocks on each side of
much less than at Lees Ferry and points farther50uth. the monocline
slope gently north, so that successively
Where Wahw.. p C,-eek intersects the monocline, 7 younger rock
divisions appea r at the surface in pIS!!.
miles nOl·th of the StAte boundary, the dips average mg from south
to north. Along Cotton1food Creek
12·-15' and the amount of displacement i~ somewhat and farthe
r south the average dip of the rocks is about
less than it i. to the south. Distinct easterly dips may . 40' E., but in
places dipa as steep as 6!i' have been
bo observed in the Cretaceous beds along Wah"e ap measured.
(800 pI. 19, B.) In most plaees there is
Creek as far north as Ty Hntch Creel" a tributa ry of DO observed eviden
ce of' faultin g along the monocline,
Wahweap Creek in the southern part of R. 41 S. In Lut south.
of the point where the Paria. River cr~
this vicinity the fold plunges northward. The elect lbe fold
there are indications ·of considerable fractur -
of the monocline on the distribution of rock forma- ing of the
massive Navajo sandst one acoompanied by
tioM is clearly exhibited on the geologic map of the slippin
g and sheari ng. The extrem e narrowness of
area, for the border of the Cretaceous is about 6 miles the
House Rock Valley near the point wbere Sand
farther south on tlle east side of the monoc:line than Wash
on the west side. crosses the sandstone escarp ment indicates thit
a strike fault with downt hrow on the east cut- out
PARIA PLATFORM part of th~ 80ft Triass ic beds that norma lly shonld II.
exposed &t this horizon. .
. 1'!'e Parill platform is an nrea of gently northward-
All the stratified rocks of the region up to the very
Il\clmed beds between the Enst Kaibab And Echo mono-
top of the Upper Cretaceous Kaipa rowits formation
clines.. It is narrow: at the north and widens gradu-
are involved in the folding , and the time of tbe de-
nUy southward. It l.S structurally continnollS with the
formation must therefo re ·be at least very lale in the
great marble plotfo: ", in which the Marble Gorge of
the Grund Callyon IS carved. Its maximum width in Upper Cretaceous. It seems probnble that the defor-
m&tion took place &t the end of Upper CretaceoUll
 THI! KAIPAROWITS REGION
124
Ri vcr crosses tbe f",ult Tertiary beds on the \\',,-<t ore
in contact with the Upper Cretaceous sandstones on
the east, ILnd the amount of the throw is apparently
" only 4.00 or GOO feet, As the foult affects the Wasatch
Tertiary beds its age is post· W osatch, In geologIC
timo and in direction of dislocation of tho rocks this
structural feature is there forB entirely unl'elated to the
monoclines thlll have been noted in other parts of the
orCIL, The space between the PauDsaugunt fuuIt on
the cost ond the Sevier fault on the west, which is
mainly occupied by tho Paunso.ugunt Plateou, may be
designoted the Paunsangunt plQtfol"ll\, As most of
this aroa is covered by Tertiary l'OCks elle structUl"
of the underlying Mesowic and older beds is not defi.
nitely known, Cret,oceous san J s t~n e t.hu is expcJ.!ed
on the East Fork of the SevIer R,vel' lies pnctieaUy
flnt, and it is probaule that the olde, beds in this lrea
ha,'e 11 genUe nOl'lhwRrd incliuation simil"r to that
of th~ Klllb.b upwurp f:~I't.h e r east. 'rOpographiuny
this platform has an altItude of somel.hal more than
2,000 feet above the country to the enst, which is a
very interesbng and physiographically significant fet,
(ure, os the ol'iginal effect of the Paunssugunt dia.
plncement must have heon to elevate tbe country on
the eust considel'llbly abo,'o that on the "'est, This
topogrnphic inequalit.y has since been reversed. (See
6g,1,)
• I 1
t I
 -

C rUPTER 4. PHYSIOGRAPHY

REGIONAL RELATIONS
common than the irregulal'ities due to igneous activity,
The Colorado Plateau provin ce, of whi ch the K.i- ,Ire tbe 100,? monoclinul ridges, monyof them s harply
pIN"it! ,regio!"! is 11 SOlidI but typ:cal purt, has long
serrate, whICh divide one sect.ion of the plateau coun-
lIeId special attraction for the student of land forms. try from. onotller. Some of these walls extend olmost
For tbe prolince as n whole the topon-raphic fea.ture.~ ,vithout break and witb little change in direction
1ft disti.nctive. In strongest cOIlt.rast" to tbe gmcoCulfor more t.han 100 miles. Though these ridges nre
QOItlmes of humid cIimo t~s, the plnt.eau .landscape is 10 general not loity, they rise in places hundreds of
boIdl, rugge(}. The angled out.lines of the land stand feet above the adjacent pllltellus.
Iorts witbout prot"cling cover, but the naked land- . As comp'n;d with other palts of the plntenu prov-
Ie'p. is decked in [1 maze of brilliant, fantastic colors.
mce, the strat'graphic se,·ie. of the Kaiparowits region
The plateau provi"ce is eosentially ~ country of are similar and the dinstrophic movements nre not un-
brOid ehfl'-edged me.~"s, more or lesll intricQ.telv like in kind IUld probably in time. The peI"iods of
h...ched by na .... ow steep-wa.l..led canyons. In mnn)'igneous activity throughout the plateull country are
ploees s!ngl.e platforms extend uni nterruptedly for probably ruore or less closely related. The est~bli sh­
_ •• of Ollles. Commonly one wide plateau bench ment of the Colorado River drainnge system and the
i .... • bo,'e anoth.,·, and this in turn :s surmounted development of the physiographic feat.III·" that now
by stili athe,'s so ns to £ol'm a series of broad, in-egu-
distinguish its basin a,'e chapters in the gl!Ologic
larly outlined steps, ench hundreds or even thousnnds histOl·,. of Arizona, Nevada, and Colornd9, as well
of feel in he ight. However, an outlook :from almost as of $()utheastern Utnh. The evidence from aU these
aft1 "ontage point shows 11 sky line that is essentially regions should 00 eumulat.ive nnd accordant. Although
"riaontalj the brenl{s at th e edges of suooessivc the Kaipurowits region furnishes typi<!lll examples of
plole.~ appeu quit" insignificant, and ths clefts nearly all I.he land forms of the plateuu country nnd
tined by deeply intrenched dr..inage disappear ,,1- .fords mnny interesting facts of physiographic his-
IlClEt completely. So well does tile plateau surface on lofY, the lICOpe of this study is insufficient to make de-
..e lid. of a river appear to merge with that on the 'I sirlhle the discu.sion of other t.han salient features.
IIMr that even the p'·ofound gorge of the Colorado Interpl-etation of evidence concerning the physio-
beoome. conspicuous only when its ~im i. closely .p_ graphic history of the region is tentative and when
prolched. At a few points in northern A~izona ODd conclated with future obse"vations in this and in
...cern (tab the general smoothness of the horizon adjucent areas will doubtless 00 modified. Because of
is interrupted by laccolith. or volconic pile&-<lone- these considerations, the material presented in this
oIIaped elevations like sb",,, stacks in a brood fie.ld. ('hapter is largely descript.ive.
When viewed close Ilt hand, each of the typical ele- FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE EROSION
llenls of the, plateau landscape is bold and impres-
ctnUTB
si... The surface of 11 pluteau thllt at " distance seems
I brold, smooth platform mo.y prove to 00 intricately Southeastern Ut.h as a whole is arid. The a vel'oge
tnnched by canyons hundreds of feet in deplh, which Rnnua! rainfall at .is stations belo,. Ille rim of the
Il8ke Invel OerO"9 it exceedingly difficult and in places High Plateaus is 9.56 inches, and at few pl.,.... on the
Ie but impossibfe. The edge of eleh plateau is com- High Plateau. d~ it e:tceed 12 inch... In ports of
1l0000y muked by In imposing tlilf, which surmounts the Kaiparowits region it is probably less than 5
• slope I.hll.t leo.ds down to tile sudaee of the next inches. Tho precipitation is subject to wide variation
Iow.r plattorm. Many of these cliffs ~ise more than a in time, in amount, ond in place. The rain commonly
IllollSand feet above the COWl try belm'\"; from the Boor ralla In Io<;al torrentiKl showers, and only at infre-
of tlIe Paria Valley to the top of the Table Cliff quent intervals Ire t.here general st<>rms accompanied
Plateau tller.. is an almost unbroken ascent of more by widespread precipitation. (See p. 20.)
thin .,000 feet. Unnoticed details of the distant The sudden violence of the showers in II. country
landscape on nearer approach stand forth as great . almost burren of soil Ilnd vegetation results in a
-ties and towers. maximum amount of run-off, for littl. of the water
Very noteworthy deviations from the normal sub-- soaks deeply into the ground. The falling rain gathers
lIori20ntal elements of the landscape, and much more .Imost immediately into rivulets and gulleys, which
l'l!i
 126
<:8rry it swiftly intQ the larger draina!:e channels. Frost is an active agent_ The mesas and butteatbat
During heny storms sheets of water cover much of stand above the. genel'~l surface level of tbe Pallll_
the surface and roll along to ..,me depre&llion or plunge SBl.lgunt and KalplUowlt~ Plateaus are heav,j)y coated
• over the cliff. u a nearly continuous waterfall. In with talus, and blocks pried from sandstone loogea IN
the anyons a turbulent, swollen lload of dirty, d~bria­ piled at the base of the higher cliffs and here IIId
laden water quickly appears, where before there may" therll along the ca-nyon walls. Even on tho g.lnt!er
have been not even a trickle, and the waters may rise slopes f.rost supplies each spl'ing a thin coat of materia)
several feet in almost II few minutes. In narrow ready for removal by the torrential rills of summer.
sectiom of the canyons the water rna,. reach .. height VEGETATION
of 15 or even 20 feet ahove the canyon floor, Ind in
many pllces it is dangerous to be ~aught during a l'he collection of the rainfall in the stream COu~
heavy storm. To one not acquainted with the plateau of the Kaiparowits region is greatly accelerated by the
country it is surprising to see the tumbling, noisy genera.lly scanty' vegetation. The upper slopes IIld
., wall of water" advance swiftly down a dry w&ter- summits of the High Plateaus, above an altitude of
course at a time when the immediately surrounding about 8,500 feet, are fairly well forested_ In p1aees
country is bone-dry. between th. tr_ lie meadow-like glades carpeted with
During the passage of these floods the col'1r of the grass and dotled with thickets of shrubs. Hera th.
wate~ chang1!' 85 one tributary after another con- run-off is retarded, and much of the precipitation sinks
tributes ita load of waste. With the eeology of the into the soil and underlying ro~ks. The lower slopes
region in mind it is possible to determine the iource and the broad plateau surfaces at intermediate alti-
of the moteriuls, and thll5 the location of the sturm, tudes, tt,.
snch as Kaiparowits Plateau, have a .parser
though many miles distant. . cove<'ing of rather stunted trees, and the effect of vege-
The run-off from a local -shower mny be insufficient tation in retaiDing moisture is considerably dimin.
in amount to rench one of the larger perennial streams, ished. The lowest plateaus and valleys, at an altitude
so tbat the water may deposit its load along the can- of around 6,000 feet and less, possess only a very &eat.-
yon ... it sinks into the porous debris of the canyon . tcred covering of small twisted cedars and SCi'8ggl.r
floor. After the IO':g1!r storms Ind during the rainy ~iiions, with Ii&gebl'ush, gl'easelVood, I~nd other planta
season, many ·o f the tributary streams become through- IU ~Iaces between them. Ench unit of the scanty • •
flowing and contribute their mud and coarser land tatIOn tends to stand by itself, surrounded by bare soil,
w...te to the master stream. loose stony ,vaste, or bnre rocks. Over wide sp..-
If the rainfall in southern Utah wel'e evenly dis- not even a cad.us has estqblished a foothold in these
tributed through the yelll' the avel'age flow of streams inhospitable surroundings. Under such conditions 1M
would be relatively small. It is even Possible that retllrding effect of vegetaijon on active erosiOn is re-
evaporation and seepage into the materials of the du~ed t~ • minimum. For the region as a whol. vega-
valley bottom would more than counterbalance the tatlOn IS a very subordinate factor in the control of
small averawo 601-face flow; thel'e would be little run-off. .
erosion. But the distribution of rainfall in sudden -- STU4J( Gl\ADIEJi'T8
hard showers, with consequent very rapid run-off'
~ing to the comparatively short distance from the
greatly facilitntes ~ro~ion .n~ the remov~l of larg~
HIgh Plateaus, where altitudes are 8,000 to n08rl7
,":,ounts crt I'?"k d"bflS. A lIngle flood. may accom-
11,000 feet, to Glen Canyon, whel" the a.!fitude illess
phsh ma-ny times the amount of erosion that would
thM3,500 feet, most streams of the Kaiparowits regioo
result normally from months or even years of work
by a small stream. have steep gl'uilients. The Paria River descenda 1 fOO
feet in 115 mil~ and even exclusive of its steep ~d­
Evaporation tends to diminish the length and vol-
ume of streams, with ~onsequent efeets Oil ltans _ water tributaries, the lower ·60 rnile9 of the stream bN
btiOll. nlid dpposition of dtlbris. Gregory I has CQft~ an average fall of 43 feet to the mile. Similarly the
:Escalante River descends a little over 7000 feet ia
a~tentlon ,to .tlle !!IlllSOnal and dlily fluctuations of
st.re~m flow In response to evaporation, and )liser' Ilbollt 80 miles, ond the Il'erage deseen~ bel~w tht
ascflbeS some of the cha.llgoS in volume of the S steep headwaters is about 41 feet to the mile. Wah·
Juan to I.he periodic PIlSSBg1! of hot dry winds. _ an weap Creek, whose headwaters are in soft roclm thai.
are underlain by a resistant sandstone platform, has
IOrelrOl'7. R. E .• The Navajo ceaDIrr--., ~l'II bk! an average gradient of 100 feet to the mile a.nd Last
,rapbLc rt~OI)II..ta.ubCf: or I)Qrh or Arlao.a Nr M P teo IDd h1dro.
U,. 8, ~I. ~Ul'\~'" ""at'·r·Sup~1J' Paper ISO: p. ~. ·1:~8. • and Utah: Chanee Crt'Ok, in essentially similar surro~dings, an
MllOr, H. D., The 81\D 11111.11 CflD,OD, to"theaatern Uta average gradient of 10 feet ,to the mile. The shorUr
."pble lind Il1dl'OlJ'llphlc: reeGnnnltallIlDC'(! ' U a. Geol
Supply Papu 1)38, p. 17. IOU, '.
h. • gto-
, Sunul Wl!ter· Warm Creek and Rock Cl'e~k hove respectively a_·
age falls of 90 and 285 feet to the mile. In contrast
 RE~TION8 OF TOPOOIUPIIY TO GEOLOGY
5ith these sh..llms the Colorado River in Glen Canyon
bas the exceptionally low gradient of about 2 feet to
.JDi1e.
There is an evident relation between the gradient
01 the aUeoms and the character of the rock fonnations
ill which the valleys are cllrved. In portions of the
,aDe1" where soft roeltS are exposed ,the stream
,radient is relatively low, but wbere hard tocks are
_unwed the rate of fall is markedly higber.
1bus, along most streams there is a succession of rela-
Ii.ely gentle and relatively steep gradients. The
iJterrupted profiles nnd steep gradients of tbe,streams
an indications of the rapid downward uosion tbat is
ukiDg place along their courses. Rapid erosion is
iadictted also by the characteristically 111'1:0" load
carried by the streams. The flood waters sweep away
.«mons quantities of the finel' sediments and push
forward along the stream channels coarse rock waste,
iJduding large boulders. Much of the energy of some
IlreIDlS is utilized in transportation, with the result "
that vertieal cutting is impeded, and there is a tend-
IDt"f to cut laternlly and to develop meanders. The
Colorado River in Glen Canyon is barely able to carry
the lead of wuste snpplied by its tributaries,
GllOll'ND WATU
The predominance of high-lying plateaus and
....... bordered by lofty dills fuors the emergence
at "'Gund water. Innumerable canyon walls provide
lIIuit for water in bIldding planes and zonet of joint-
iIc, and much watu seeps through the massive sarid-
iteMS. Many rock .surfaces are damp at night and
lID cloudy days, but in response to stronger evapora-
Ii<lI during: clear days only sul'faces t.h at are, co~ted
Itlth elIIorescence are moist. The loCal conC4lntration
of I"ound wa.1er along laminne (If cross-bedding and
• top of impervious bed. has resulted in the produc-
lion of rock-roofe<} recesses and alcoves. (See p. 144!.)
~m walls of N nVlljo sandstone many seeps and
'PnDgs emerge. Although continuous "spring
lllnes" are not conspicuous features, most of the
aroud water in the Kaiparowits region reaches the
IIIrface at the contact of impervious' and pervious
~ta. A few springs emerge at ~he top of the
I?'inle fonnation, from beds within tbat forma-
lim, ~d at the top of the Todilto (') formation. The
1br1J01I-DIIkota (') unconfonnity and ~he base of
... Morrison is the site of sevilral springs, and the
sandstone overlying tbe Tropic sbale is in many plaoes
at.rated. The most numerous springs and seeps
tIIIerJe at the base of the Tertiary, partly because. the
IlIrfaee water supplied to th~ high-lying formatlona
" relatil'ely large and plll't11 bec:a_ the Iooeely cOm-
PIcted conglomerate that marks tbe Cretaceous-Terti-
ary COnted is a capable ..ater carrier. Along the
~ of the Paunsaugunt, Table Cliff, Ind Aquarius
127
Plateaus a zone 0<' 1 ,IJ''OI (nato,I" ot continuous
Ilnd many patch es 'vI lJ\. ~. ~J 0 ",,_1 ... V1WU
l . are '
sat-
~rated.. The efficiency of gt'Ound water 8S a factor
ID erOSIon is further shown by landslides. (See p.145.)
RELATIONS OF TOPOGRAPHY TO GEOLOGY
GENERAL RELATIONS
An outsta.ndi~g feat~Il'e in .t.he topographic develop-
ment of the KaIparowIts regIOn is the control .xerted
by the composition, structure ~nd attitude of the
rocks. It is readily observed that tbe Burface of each
b~d bench or .mesa is upheld by a I'ock mass that is
relnstant to erOSlOO. From most benches tbe overlying
lIel.k rocks ha.ve ~en stripped away 10 that the plU-
ellt surface comcldes closely with the top of the hard
beds. The ch1fed bordea-a of plateaus and of canyons
"'e likewise determined by hInd rocks. In fact the
dominance of clift's in tbe landscllpe is a reflectio'n of
the topographic influence of rock composition. HII'd
beds detel'mine tbe I1I'Oadly level plateau ~urfaces;
~\·he..e they ort gently inclined, the surface is similarly
~~ed i and where they dip steeply th~ ,t opography
19 mamly controlled by the sloping surface of the beds.
Monoc.lines are represented in the topOltI'aphy by hog-
back ridges 01' by prominene lines of clift's that are de-
veloped on the harder rocks. The surface exposures
of weak beds are in general characterized by slopes or
~y gently undulating topography. Where tbe weak
formations are disintegrated by weathering and by the
corrasion of streams they strongly affect t~ configura-
tion of valleys and ~he position of drainage lines.
Tbe relative thickness and position of the hard and
soft beds involved in the Paunsaugunt fault bas con-
trolled the d~velopment of erosion forms in the upper
Pari a VaJley.
The induence of geology on topography, including
. sueh st.ructural features as jointing, stratific.ation, and
' cross-bedding, is shown by the manner of the weather-
ing of dillerent stl'atigl'lphic units. The following
\\;11 ae..e IS examples:
I 'I'he Dakota ( I) sandstone, though of no great thick-
, ness, i& exceptionalll resistant to erosion, and where
I it is combined with the underlying Morrison it makes·
mnny prominent plt.tforms that are bordered by high,
olmost. verticsl walls and crossed by sbarp-cut narrow
canyons Along much of the southwest /lank of the
K&iparowit~ Plateau a Dakota ( f) .capped bench is
alm06t cont.inuou.s. In p~~e:' it is but a few hundred
feet broad, but In the vlclOlly of .Last Chance and.
, Rock Creeks t~e rocks th.t overlie ~he Dakota( I)
I, have beell stl'lpped bnck •• ve ... 1 mIles and haye,
formed GrAnd Bench-:-& ~reut broad platform that
t~rminates southw&l'd 10 chft's nearly a th?usand feet
i blgh. The Dakota (I) wrms a hogback 10 the East
! Kaibab mon~cli~e (pI. 19, B) nnd caps low b~ncbes
I around Hennevllle. On the east faee of the Kalparo-
 THE KAIJ'AlIOWITII REGIOY
128
to!!cl.ber with relatively weak cement, control the
wits Plateau the Dakot.(.) with the underlying Mor· to~og .... phy at ito outcrop. (See pis, 4, D,. 27, C,)
rison forms a persistent bench that rises 200 to 600 Tho dilferences In these three sandstones are \"fry char.
fect above the adjncent lowland and extends 1 to 4 acted.tic and are persistently observable in the
Illites outward from the bGse of the higber cliffs. topography.
Like tho Dakota('), the Shinn~ump conglomerate
be h tbat are IlBLATIOJII OF VALLEY FORM TO ROCK HA1l)NUS
i!; rep"esented in tho topogl'aphy by DC es ,
reveR led by the strippi"g away of tbo I.ess reslstllJlt The "eologists of the Powell Survey repeatedly
overlying beds. In the J,eos Fel'l'y reg~on the con· callcd aUention to the inJluence of rock h ..rdneas On
glomerate serves as the cap for tbe perslsteDt ~foe~. the gradient and fOI'm of ,'nl;e),s in the plnteall provo
kopi Cliff.. (See pI. 8, A.) In the Oircl~ Chffs It ince. This causal relation is indeed so remarklbly
fOI'ms an inward.being escarpment that I~c.learly close that with a geneml knowledge of the stratig.
differentiated f"om the higher cliffs and to It IS due raphy it is p()ilSible to predicL the type of cllnyonin
the preservation of the high mesos that overlook much the area. In crossing one of the great rock platforms
of the surrounding country. (See pI. '1, D.). . the explorer soon learns to select his route with m'-
The Todilto( Y) combined with the un~etIY.lOg Win· erence to the extent, and locntiol! of t hin·bedded and
'!Ute sandstone forms prominent bencnes IU places thick.bedded fOl'mlltions. Even though no .onYOl18
~'here the overlying Navajo s.ndstone has ~n are visible in e. general vicw, experience teaches him
stripped away. In Ihe Cirele Cliffs these formations that areas of Chinle, Carmel, Tropic, ""d !Caipnro"'t.
con.titute a bench that defines the character of the beds offer no serions obstacles to trllvel, that expanses
topogl'llphy on the border of the central depression. of Moenkopi can be traversed without extensive dB'
On the south and north, where the beds are nearly toUI'S, but that few rOlltes ncross th~ Nnvo.jo, D..kot,
horizontal the summit of this bench is nearly level. I (I).capped Morrison, Stmight Cliffs, Wahweap, and
On the wC:St and southwest, where there is Q <listiliCt Wasatch formations are practicuble. To reach the
inclinRtion towllrd the Esc.Jante Rife,', strongly opposite side of • narrow canyon UI the ~av8jo sa.nd.
m&l'kod dip slopes ocenr at the top of the Todilto(l) " stone may require, day of I'oundnbout travel . Acces.I
fOl·mat,ion. (See pI. 22, 0.) Owing to radial dl'lin· to its floor m..y be impossible e:\:cept by the use of
age, consequent on the structure, spun of' this rock ropes. Where hard rocks fI.!'e exposed the gl'ldient is
bench project along inte!'strenm divides townrd t be steep and the valley is narrowly inclosed by preeij>i-
inner depression and in 1\ number of places where tous wnlls' where soft rocks crop out, the gradient
these SPUrl 11'0 p.,.t1y brol<en down there are isolated is gentle a~d tbe valley is open and bas flari~g sides.
buttes and towers. The Kaiparowits region furnishes' many IlIustra-
The hard massive Wingllte sandstone is affected by lione of the m&l'ked contnst in tho readinesa with
vertie&l jointing, which so controls Lhe weathering of which hard rocks and soft rocks yield to the attack
this formation thnt i~ forms uneven but practica.lly of erosion.
continuous pnli •• de.like cliff.. (Sec pI. 8, n.) In VALLEYS IN $OF!' ROCKS
places slender projecting spires or needles of this
l'OCk have been defined by joint plone.. The formation The relo.tive hardntss of rocks not only controls the
il crO!;S·bedded, but because of the dense texture of de"elopment of the main topographic features but
the rock ond its strong cementation tho croes·bedding nlso very IIlrgely .ffects the mllnner of erosion by
has practically 1)0 effoct on tbe weathering of the streams and nccounts for the wide·stripped platfo\"Tlll
sandstone or on the l",sulting form3. The overlying tbnt bol'der Glen c"nyoD, the ESC4lante iRiver, and
'rodiltQ( ') formation is nn irreguhnly lenticular, other streams.. Like th" Tonto platform, wllich is
rather thin·bedded '.nd'{Qne, which weathers ehOor- developed on resistant Cambrian ,b eds, and the • Es-
o.cteristieally in wide 81nbby benches. Individual pl.nade," which is developed on the Sup ..i fOrlna-
layol:S 01 this fOrlO:Lt,ioli are not notably softer than ' tion of the Grand C ..n.yon and Kanab Oreek, ~he Glell
the Wingate, but the thinner lIneven bedding associ· Canyon. plntform, which hns ~n made by strippinl
II.ted with a few thin shale zones hos a most strilring from the Navajo mndstone the 'Reak overlying shale,
effect on topographic expression a,t the outcrop of this is but the expression of the relative strength of the
unit. The succeeding Navnjo sandstone is very mas- rocks; no earlier cycle of erosion is involyed. (See pL
sive Ind is traversed by few joint planes but is ,'ery 21,0.) 'The weaker rocks tend to form slopes and to
prominently cr_·bedded. The formnt.ion ",.athe,.. hnsten the disintegration of the associated h&rd rOeD;
characteristically in grellt sh.er clift's, rounded sur- they also uniformly invite the main attack of stream
faces, domes, wigwams, and similar features, in which erosion in the 'development of lowlands and Vl.lleys.
the wide·spaced jointing, ext",mely massive bedding, Practically all exposures of soft rocks are therefore
and irl'egulal'ities of texture incident to crosa·bedding, mal'ked by more or less broo.d lowlands an<i Vl.lleys.
 •
RELATIONS OJ' TOPQGl\APHY 70 GBOLOQY 129
fairly strligbt long valleys Ilrc carved in the up- dering COUr.;e seems 10 b~ abnormal under tbese
fUJIIed weak formations of t.he rock series that is in- conditions.
nrlved in monoclinal fOlding. Tbus Halls Creek is VALLETS IN' HARD ROCKS
..teloped ill the wea.k Gpper Jurassic and Creta-
__ shales of the Waterpocket monocline; Pine In the Kaiparowits region areas of hard rocks are
C~, in the Upper Jurassic of the Escalante mono- aEsociated with narrow, ,'ery ste<lp-sided canyon •.
cIiA. and Cottonwood Creek, in beds of equivalent age Tbe width o~ the stream charmel is markedly reduted
~ ara involved i" the East Kaibab monocline north I lIS compared with that inn<ljoining stretches of soft
./the ptria River. The House Rock Valley owes its, roc.k. The dominance ofvaUey deepening. owr the
poiitioll to the erosion of soft Moenkopi and Chirile, gradual wearing down of the canyon sides hn. led ·t o
formations, Where these a.\'e brought to the surface by the cutting of' the e,,-tremel,. deep, slitlike chasms that
!lie Eos& Kaibllb fold. characterize the landscape of many parts of the pla-
De form as well as the location of these monoclinlll teal! province. Some vaUeys tributary to the U>lo-
nl1eys ill obviously controlled by the structure and rado, t() the Pariu, nnd to the Esc!llante are several
urdness of the rocks. ""l,ere the dip of the rocks hundreds of foot deep but no~ more than a dozen feet
is steepest, and the width of the soft-rock belt cor- wide ut the bottom.
req:GBdingly narrowest, the valley is likewise narrOw-
VA.LLEY8 IN HARD AND SOFT ROOKS
e&I, Ind where the dip is gentle the width of t.he
nll., or lowland is correspondingly increased. A Wbere the side waU. of a vaUey consist of alter-
aviation in the strike of the rocks is accompanied by nating hard Rnd soft stutn there i~ a cor.r esponding
• deftection in the position of the valley. &lternation of strong wit.h weak cliff. and of steep and
Where II stream traverses the outcrop of 11 zone of Mrrow with wide lind genUe slopes. The sha pe of the
mtly inclined or essentially flat wenk strata, tbe va)ley in cross, section i. determined by the relstive
l'idtll of thi vlllley nnd the slope or its walls are de- thickness and position of the hard and soft .trala that
pendent mainly on the size of the s!.ream. Along are exp06ed, .nd
changes appear systematically iD dif-
Iii"" dn.inage lines the already wide valley is com- ferent parts of a stream COUl"SO, dependent on the
intllly mnde still more open by the entranc" into the di«eren~ in tbe roeks above the stream channel.
lOll-rock belt or severul tributary valley.. The Esca- This distinctive physiographic chill'acter in the form
Int. River above Escalante, the Paria River below of vaneys of the platean country was very well
Can.10nville and neal' old Ada.irville, and several othE\r described by Powell' and Dutton • and mOl'e recently
mtin streams are examples. The sa,,-ccr-like Butler by Davis.'
VoU.y, m.soft. shaly Sun Rufael beds; the Round and Where local relief is grMt, welk rock•. with inter-
Bone Valleys, in the Tropic shale southeast of Can- bedded hard layers may he carved into nn amozingly
lOIl.ille; a!)d Sheep Flat, southwest ,of Cannonville, intricate labyrinth of deep, narrow conyoll8, separated
Ire broad, flat. bottomed, round vnlley~ carved in soft by irregular, in mlUlY pla.ces grotesquely sculptured
rocb by a fan-shaped drainage system, the component knifelike divides. Where they are tinted vividly by
pArla of which are separated by divides too low to be varied colors, these valleys' present very striking
loticetble. The brond, flat-floored bowl carved in the scenic .attraction.. Bryce Canyon sbows these foo-
CI!taCOOUli slia.le at the head of the Paria near Tropic tnres in marvelous fashion.
is an ••ceptionally large "round valley."
E1'PECT 01' lII[Oll'OCLIlI'AL RIDGES
In pt.rt. of southern Utah 81'009 of soft roek are
<I"ed bv streams into intriede badlands. Essentially simil.r topographic features character-
In th; Kaiparowits region most of the channels of ize .11 the monoclinal folds of th.e Kaiparowits region.
tie rtIeams i1l s",ft rocks BFe brQnd, 8ho.1low, fiat-sided (See p. U8.) ElongatHidges a~formed by the hard
IIId modeF&tE)~y straight. During tbe times of ordi- r ocl,,;· long narrow valleys are excnvllted in the soft
Ill, 80w the streains in them ·ba.ve an insignificant heds' "and each of the ridge- f "
ormmg umts presen ts
tcl~., and they commonly wind from side to £ide in an i~dividnal set ttf minor topographic choracters.
tbannels that are too brOlld fol' thei r needs. Duri.Dg Tbe Cretaceous sandstones commonly make very sharp-
loads the ,.hole cbannel is o<:cupied by debris-laden &ngled, seITllte hogbacks not un~m~oD.ly c~'ested
. \'Iter, and the stream i. then much gnater in width with a projecting narrow comb that 18 lDchned an the
htt shallo",er in depth than in adjoining hard-rock
• Powell. I. w., Bxploratlen or tIM Colorado Rbe.r ot tbe '.Vest 104
lecCions. }3eclltlse of the wide cross section, erosion is . Itt trlbllt4rt8. Pf. 202-211'. Wd"lUrton, 1915.
I Vutlo_, C. B., TtrtlllI')' kJltorr 0( tile Grand Canyog district: U. B.
' - eft'ecti "e on the bottom of the channel, but there
Qeol. Son'e, M••. 2. pp. 2GG-2aQ. laat.
is • tendeDoy .t o straighten Ihe channel by wearing .... ~ A_ excanilml rto the Grnod CJIID10n or the Colorado:
'WI,
'U
• Ilo ...t, n . .... I oS "0 1001
projeeting points. An irregular, highly mean- Hanu& CoiL ')ii., Com)). Z001051 Bpll .• va. - , p. .. • •

1894~1-lO
130
direct.ion of rock dip. (See pI. 19, B.) The Dlassive
Navajo sandstone forms a lofty ridge with rounded
outlines Dnd irregular t.umid swellings; its bare slop-
ing back is deeply grooved by lateral canyons; ~nd
'its upturned edge forms nearly sheer, unbroken ~1~ls
,or weathers with gigantic bouldery in-egularlti<!S.
Tbe Wingate and its Todilto(') cap.. forms .. com-
PIlCt sharp-angled rocky ridge, and the dip slope .of
its upper surface is broadly smooth. The thin Shm·
al'ump conglomerste forms a narrow hogbllCk ridge.
The Waterpocket monocline is marked on its east
side by prominent hogbacks that are developed on the
hard formations and by longitudinal intervening
ValleY". (See VI. 19, 11.) Hall. Creek occupies a
monoclinai' valley that ha. been earved i.J) the weak
rocks of tbe Watcrpocket ftexure and follows Its trend.
Nortb of the low Bitter Creek divide the same struc·
t.ural valley i. used by a 'north'' ''ard.f!owing tributary
of the Fremont.. The width of the valley depends on
the thickness and angle of inclination of the weak
Upper Jura.~Bic beds, and as the dip decreases near 'the
Colol·ado River, the valley becomei wider there than
it is ' farther north. In two or three places, most
notobly at a point below the mouth of Muley Twist
Creek, Halls Creek turns aside from its camparatioely
wide, open valley in soft rocks and plunges into •
narro'll', deep canyon in the hard NlLvlLjo sandstone.
These ,departures from tho caay pathway clearly muk
10\:a1 failures of the creek to adjust its COUr1>(! by shift.
ing laterally in the zone of inclined soft rocla. (See
pI. 24.) South of t.he Bitter Creek divide the WAter'
pocket Fold i. proctically unbreached below the top
of tho Navajo sandlltone unt.il t.he locally di86ect.ed area
along the Colorado Ri vel' is reached, and throughout
thia length of nearly 40 miles the upturned sandstones
form II: fopogrnphic barrier that. can be crossed in only
a very few , places. The shoor wall. of the Wingate
6lIudstone clifT. are quite unse.lable, and then. lire few
openinga through the Navajo. Th. only practicable
pllllSllgeway through the fold is afforded by the deep,
narrow canyon of Muley Twist. Creek, ..hicb cuts at
right Ingles acroSll the upturned Navajo in Ii. tortuou.
defile in plnces not much wider than • wagon. (See
pI. 23, D_) ' About 6 and 12 miles, respectively, north
of the Muley Twist Gap it is possible with &orne care to
get a horse down· the st.eep slope on the top of the
Todilto(i) rocks and through narrow, skeam-<!&rved
gaps 'in I,he Nanjo sondstone, but these plssage,,·aYll
are bazardous. N eu the Colorado River many short
valleys risa on t,he en.st steep Hank of the fold &lid
extend toHalls Creek. St.reams 011 the gently inclined
west. Bank flow in deep, nat·row gorges to the Escalante
River.
The Circlo Clitl. owe t.heir interesting topograpbic
felltur~iI to weak Triassic rocks and structural dips.
Most of 'the streams flow ill • direction that coincides
wit.h t.he dip !>f fhe rocks, but. some follow the outcropa
of one of the weak forma't.ions parallel to tbe strilll..
The head portion~ of the strums al'e open, and tile
diy,idea between them are not prominent, but the 10_
portions u-e MrrO,," , deep canyons .. (See ,pI. 23, .t_)
So clearly is the topography aud dramago of this area
controlled by geologic SbuctUN and r(lck hardness thal
there is no tr~ of a possible formel' drainage Ih.&
Wai unrelated to the It.ti t.ude and character of the
Mesozoic rocks. If Tert.iary beds once eovered thi.
area 118 can not be doubted, all vest.ige of streams tlutt
fiow~ on the Tel1iary surface has disappeared.
The bench tbot. overlooks the Colorado River at the
south end of the Water pocket Fold is developed 011
the Todillo( I) ond Wingate saud stone, at. a pla..
where the Navajo sandstone hus been sl..-ipped tor a
space of several miles. The surface of this bencb dI-
scend. to the level of the river in harmony with the
eastward-dipping beds of the monocline!!.
The electe of the ;Echo monocline are shown in the
surfAce slopes of the Puria Platenu. In line wilb
this fold the summit of (he plateau descends sharply
I(:veral hundred feet eastword. Sout.h of Cottonwood
Springs, on Wahweap Creek, this broadly roullded
i slope is clearly seen descending along the top of the
Navajo sandstone to a longitudinal vaUey that has
been cut in the softer overlying beds. Northward
along Wahweap Creek (he flexure is marked by bog-
back ridge.. in the Cretaceous sanditone. The IIIr·
(ace of t.he platea.u, inclines generally nOI·thward, and
the bench that, forms tbe top of the White Cli. ia
, but. • continuation of the bench. that has been formed
, by the 8uli.u:e of the Pari .. Plaleau, from whieh it
i~ &oparated by the East Kaibob monocline. Both
these gigsntic platforRll! owe their form and positiOll
to the relative hardness of the Na.vajo sandstone eel
to the regional slopes that have been produced b,
monoclinal fiexlU'el!.
The East Kaibab monocline is represented in die
topography by very conspicnous hogbacks formed by
tho sharply upturned Mesozoic sllndstones a.long Ibe
Paria River and Cottonwood Creek (pI. 19, B), by
the House Rock Valley, which is carved in weaker
rocks, and by the arche<); crest. of the north end of
tho Kaib ..b Plateau. The resistant Koibo'b limestane
rises steeply from tbe House Rock Valley as. brood,
smoothly curved surface and continues westward ...
the enormous Bat arcb of the Kaibab Plateau-6truc-
\.t~ral\y 'the Kaibob upwarp. The surface has the form
, given to it by ,tectonic movements. .
Like tbe other tolds of the Kaipnrowits, region, t~.
Eas~ Ka!bab monocline ' is a prominent 10pogrAP~C
bamer, Recond only to the deep ca'nyons. Travel-
easy along the subSequent vaileys thnt have been de-
v~loped in the soft rocks but is almost lmpcssible at
rIght. angles to the trend of the monocline. The oDly
 RELATION OF STREAMS 1'Il 8TBl:"OTUq 131
~ through the hogbllcks that, presents no special
diticultiel is nenr the abandoned village of Paria,
,,/Jere the Plria River has cut nn oblique channel
dlrough the upturned hard roel,s, (See pI. 26, B.)
\\1th sorue difficult climbing at one point, it was pos-
sible to crOlls the fold by ascending the canyon of
Sond Wash, Abod 20 miles north of PIlI·ia a cir-
euil~, COOslricted passageway, known as "the Gut,"
lillY b,o fOllowed by a saddle borse or pack animal
JDd it used at times by stoclcllcn in t,raveling from
Benrie.me and Cannonville to the Wahweap country.
Year Canlan Penk, whel'. the eroded surface of the
&st Kaibab monodine is ur.conforma,bly overlnin by
the Eocene sediments, the country is particularly
rough.
RELATION OF STR'EA~IS TO STRUcrURE
)/OIY SlIldl streams and some IIlrge streams of the
Kaiparowits l'egion are obviously .adjusted to the
stru<ture. Ha Ils, Pine, and Cot.tvnwood Creeks oc-
eupy meys, th.at hl1 ve been developed in weak strata.
01 aonoclinnl folds, In the Circle Cliffs dome the
simi.. lIow radially outward dowll dip slopes, and
CrOlll the crest of the Wllterpocket }'old streams follow
rilttd IIrota to Halls Creek and to the Escalante River.
TIle Eut Fork of the Sevier River flows northwl.rd
i:l accord with the inclination of the beds that toro-
F- the Paunsl\ugllnt Platoou, \Vahweap, Warm, and
Lilt Chlnce Creeks, although they flow in a direction
opposite to the dip of the beds, occupy shallow sYIl·
erllOi. Some streams follow the slope of hard-rock
platforms, and Ola.ny of them have established short
I!lbsequent courses along ,t he strike of easily eroded
la-lying or tilted beds or even on the cr~t8 of mo~o­
diDo! folds.
But ll~hough much of tho minor drainage is locally
..0 adjusted to st.ructure tne larger streams are re-
IllIrhhly independent of st.ructural control. They
Boor in and out of Cliffs, cut through mesas, tl-ansect
lDOr,odines crOSs fuults from the down thrown to the
qplhrown ~ides, and m:l.ke their way through tilted
_rata .ithou~ regard to the direction of dip.
The Colorado River crosses the Water pocket flex-

p.
~ williout evident deviation lnd crosses the promi-
cone Echo monocline almost at, right angles and
..inat the dip of the rocks. Th~ Escalante River
directly through the prominen~ Escalante
-oeline lnd flu-thel' QOWll its courso has intrenched
itself midwll.Y lip t.he structural slope thAt extends
Inn the Waterpocket monocline to the cliff, of the
'D t C & " ~ port un tbe P'f:OJot::1 of tbo Rljtb Plat,eauJI ot
Kaiparowits Plnteau. Th~ Paria .River flows south- Ctllb 1.11 °:S1. 'u. 8. Geog. _.0.4 (kool. Bur\'e, Roclq )(to, nl!'(l.oD~ 1880.
Wlrd almost opposite to the regional dip of the rocks , p' ... II. 1 W E .......lot" ..loD of the Color.(!G River
owe. ,,-r ' 0( the West.
lad then turns slightly eastward and Cl·OSSes at an P. 102, 1875-
• DuttOD, C. E .. Report 0Jl the ceoI0i.Y or tbe HJc h Plareau. of Vtab.
""-lqlle angle the sharply upt,urned beds of the East p. 17 U. 8. Oeo«. IWd Gce!. Sun'toy Roc,k y Alt.n. R~ r1on , 1880.
kaibeb monocline nnd nearer t.he Colorado RIver I.dr.m. p. 288:
10 GII~rt, O. E .• U. S. Qeo!;. aDd O<!OI.
W 100," to.
SIIrt'II!,..
ft_
U IIIICT. m:lI
l
•
I«ain fto...s practically' ag.inst the inclination of the vol, 3, p. 16. IS75.
 132 THE KAIl'ABOWrrs I!EOI01l'
opinion that the courSes of Kanab and Poria Creeks
were in port determined by antecedent folds." In a
note written still Is tel' 10 he said:
The ob~nntJolla thut forUJ t..h~ lllu,!a of tlJese repOrb wer!?
hQrt'tet.1 1n tlh..1 c.:d n'mc. The writer, t or Ib e mOilt purt, ac - to a surface of low relief before the deposition of tbe
(!oUlpanlcd n"Jd llUl'ties which wcr c KJ)t.octaUy equipped tOI'
rOIJluity of mo\'clI:ent nnd \\"ert~ crowded to tbe utmost. bIore-
o,'(,'r, In n countr), IJmoiJt unmnpJ:~ the tlemlDd tor ,eo- mentation and which probably dc'·eloped after Tel'.
rroJlblcnl lntorruotlon WUI4 nlOr~ urg\~ut thliD for gt·ologlcI11.
(lnu 011 IllnDtc und route:'f \\'cr~ nccordingJy. ODd ""Ub Ilro[lrlcty ~
shaped to give tllO topogrlpb er tho belJt ol>llortunlties eon-
al81cut with rophllt:r ot movemeDt, ",bite the geologhtt gles1Jetl
,",,'hut be eoulil by the WB)". To study the 8tructur~ of D reglou
und~r ioIueh clreurufftHD<."i'i1 wns to rent! n book while Its po;cs
'WUfC quickly 1m'ned by onother. and the result W!lII: n larger
-collection ot I.UJVretlS:ODti tbnn of fact.te, Tbol Dlllny of lhp.~ improbable. It seems more p,·ol>nble t.hat the Colonna
bnprl!fls lona should be errOnl'tl\l.1 WfU. Jo e\"URblc, ond no Ork!
clln be IIUtI'! l'onscl olls t hon J o r t he fallibility of whut I
llQ\'C wri llen, SOil J lim tar (rom eountloc Diy )OOOr lQ:if:
.tor the beat pr~'ntA tl o o8 (hnt bo\'c ~en gh' (m ot weate rll
.a:eololQ' ore Dot tree froUi Cl'ror, nnd I certainly h."e mOfH
hononb le COrul~HIY In my imperfectlou.
~(Drc Ihun n r enr bas t.'lotmctl s1 uce t he monu~rlpt l~tl my
band", ond In Ihot time J h.,'e oguIn visit ed Utoh, fortly
88 the reBu)t ot W)' 1lC~ W wurk, and p;, rtly by t netM which bovc
00c11 tl c\'Clopcd by othrr8, I han bl'!!n Ill ttuced to chaugr~
some ot my ld~o~ nnd J ll\'ull D1rsclt or thiN occasion to l.I1nke
It fcw retl'UctlOllM,
On Iluge 132, bllslllt Is un'olleou~I)' r~PQr(cd to occ ur IleUI'
tbe town of SnUu8, Utnll,
Ou p,1Igi! 44, It J8 stilted thnt an Orui;rD. plll C t1lstul'ulluce oc-
curred In the nOl't"we~t Ilnrt oJ: tllu Ililltcuu province " be-ton'
. the dtliloliition of r)H) Cl'etnccou:\." 'rho Ullcvu tOrmity which
J ol>8crvcd J now know to ha\'c al'l!olca "f rer lho clCl)()slt lon
ot the Orelnceout4,
On Illl{tU 110, the ollll1JUI.1 ls exvressed tba t urtcslflll wntc)'
might bo ( .1Ullll Alollj;c thp e:I ~ CI' 1i hn J'c ot the Pllh,·c r HlIllge,
)[r, l'uwell JID~ ~11It...'e dlsco\'CI't!d n tnult In the titrnln of Ih'?
locaUty whIch Grclll1y IHwlnhihrs the probltbl1i ry,
It I~ a.saertcd on pugeg 120, 130, und Ci2li IlUlt (htl. Sail Frlln-
clb(:O II,,'" fil'ld Is eonr.l lluou~ wlLh rhe greAt 1:1\'11 Ilcld ot N'C\\"
Mexico. Tho uotel:« ot Dr, Loew f!how that tbls Is not 80.
'l'berc 18 JIll good J..,'1'otmrJ (UI' nle oJdnluu& nd" (tt)C@ll (~U llll~es
76 (Iud 81 (hat the tU\lr~c!oi III Knllub and Pllrhl Creeks w~re
In purt duterUltlled by antt..:o.ccdeot iolds and tbu t tho Aubrey
OUrt 8~ a wllOg'ra llhlenl tentur~ nutedotcs tbe Gnlnd Clln)·o11"
'l'bo unhuPJ,lly lurge 1t\Wlbel' ot Iypogrltphh!nl errol'8 In Purt
J QI"e due In pllrt to the filet 11ltU 1 wo~ nbsunt In UUlb dul'lng
thl! prootrl'fldtllg IIlId did I.ot S~ the flGgCfC nl1l1l tber hUd
bc('u llt('rt...'Ollp~d, In thet'.Q (t!w enpl~8 that I dh.trlbute D\)'~lr
J IlIll'(' ool"rt't:lctl 11Inl1,'" ot tho Cl'l'(Irs In th~ mSl'glu, J hlw\"
al~o restored In j>tH't S01ll0 wurtllf und )Je:ttenCC!4 thot were
8ullpr(,!iI~ In the DlOnu.!rerlllt nrt('r I t posscd my bonds,
f't'rln i n ot til l! I'Ct'tnrc.1 Jln~~ ••;:~ nrc lI~ r~' to tile ullder.
~tn.ldltlfl or thc context, nnd otbef8 are u(!(.'(lc(l to ))renDt the
fmpl'cl1$l(lU thnt 1 dlsrcgardt.... 1 thrQURh 19norttnce or dl:-teourtesy
tbe ,,"ol"k or other gt"Ologhtbt"
I.t is difficult indeed to ~magine the conditions under
"Iuch the observed relatIons of deformed Cretaceous
beds that tlllconformBbly underlie horizontJlI 'fert.inry
be~h. cl\n be accommodated to the supposed antecedent
o"'glll of the Colorado drainage system. There is no
u lch~ru. pr .... tutorF Ilot. In e~pld ot vol,
Mr, GIlbert,
a Ptt~I.It)' d)lilrlbuc 'tl b
I 1
reason to doubt that T ertiury beds once Cove~ IU
of the Kaiparowits region and extended far beyond
its borde~s and also thut t.IlC g reut upwarps nnd man.,..
elinal folds are not only pre-T ertinry but were eroded
Tertiary beds_ The known disturbsnces of the Ter_
ti ..'Y beds consist of faull s whi eh postdnte Eocene II<ldi-
tiary nnd perl,"ps Illso C,·etaccous and .Juras.it hI!.
had been remond from some "'·ens north, south. and
east of the Colorado River. The untecedent Ol·igin of
the Colorado drainage syst•.m ns d,:"cribed b.o; the geol.
ogists of the Powell Sun·.), is therefore highly
and ils main tributnries were establi shed on a former,
yery widespread surf"C,. of Tertiary rock.. If th"
drainage w"" established as a consequent. system on
this old Tertiary surface the Colorado nnd its tribu •
taries, on cutting int.o t he older rocks, would
·ob"iously find themselves sUlierposed indifferently on
whatever tOl"n1ations ond structural fentures chanced
tt' underlie the Tertiary.
Even though the I:u·gcr streams in the Kaiparmdt.
region mllY· in Plut owe their position to superposi.
tion of nn origionl consequent system that was de·
,·eloped Oil Tert.iary beds, t.heir present trtnds .nd
hubits lire adjustment. to one ·or 1lI0re surfacts of
oro$ion of much laler date. R Cllll1"nt. peneplains .~d
abandoned meanders indicate an erosion surface of
,'cry low relief tbat bordered the main drainllge Chlll-
nel. nnd extended to some clistanc~ ooyond. (See pp.
18:3-135.) On this erosion surfaee the Colorado River
and its main tri butaries Could hu\"e been retained or
established in ..scntially t.he position tbn t they no"
occupy. If irregula.rities due to dilrerences in rorlt
hard.ness had been oblit.eroted, the drainage lines ....
tablished would be unadjusted to the underlying rock
.tmctu!"c. When subsequent,))' the l·egion lTAS up·
lifted and the s!l"eams begnn netively to deepen th6ir
.. alleys, the small, wenk strroms ~'·ould be guided by
struct ure, but the lorge, s trong strenms might retain
their positions across obstacles thflt chanced to lie
ill t.b~ir paths. Such superposition would presumably
aecount fOl· the existin,!! discordance of streAm.- And
structure and fa,· the ,·esulLin" p'hysion-ra.phic featdres.
'I'o use O·tluel't's
1-..
term, (he st.r.,eUIllS
.
are" "SUpel'iOl~
--'
by pIn nation."
EXTENT AND RATE OF EROSION
. The exh·eme mggedness of t1~ Kaiparowits reg:0II
,s due primarily to sculpture by streams. Tbe loft,
mesas and buttes have l>een carved out of extensift
high·le,·el plnteaus, not lifted by 10caUy active forces.
'fhe relief is a record of downward departures rather
. t han upward departures from a former general Sdr·
f.ce. fhe amount of mater'.1 rcmo,·ed by streIIn,
 EBOSION SUBFACIIS
~rriDl, however, is enormous; thousands of feet of
rock Uf'e been stripped from region tens of thou-
11
S$llds of square miles in area. nut the purts remai n-
ing Ire I\'en grea te< thun t.he parts removed; the
1II0UDI of denudation yet to be accomplished in the
present cycle far exceedo that already completed.
The present local baEe-level of erosion for stl'eams
iu the Kaipotrowit.s region lies "t the head of Marble
Gorge, where hard lunestorie greatly retards the down-
cutcilll of the Colorado River, necuuse of this bur-
rier the river in Glen Canyon is no longer act.i"ely
deepening its bed and seems unable to remo"e the rock
nste thot it has accumulated along its margins. The
profile of the Colorado Ri"cr through Glen Canyon
aM Marble Gorge is but a large-scalc illustration of
t~, adjust,ment to rock hardness that is shown by
IIlCstllreall18 of the Kaiparowits region, • Permian beds, others in 'fria!'>ie beds, nnd the H opi
As In aid in producing lnnd w."te, the Colorndo
Riltr in its course between Hite nnd Lees Ferry exerts
small influence, and until its load of waste is signifi-
!'lotiy I~ened or ;\-iarble Gorge is deepened, it is
lleIy to remain in that position. nut the tributaries
01 Glen Canyon are not thus handicapped_ Their
arldients aro steep, many of them precipitous; tlle
eccda tbot OCCur many times each year give them
JPtcialotrength, At present they nre not only can,),-
"" tbe enormolls amount of wo.ste bl'ought to them
"r smaller stream", but in many places they are dcep-
lIir., their channels and rcmo,-ing materials that
litre deposited during n formru- period of aggrarla-
rioa. Denudation in lhe Kaiparowits region is prob-
ably proceeding as rapidly as in ony other part of the
plateau province and more rapidly than in most
hWlid regions. If the present favorable climatic
IIlDditions continue these relative rates seem likely to
p~il throughout the present cycle of erosion,
EROSION SURFACES
REGIONAL DI8TIUB1J'rION
Oa the Uinkaret, Shivwits, Kaibab, and Coconino
Plateaus Dutton discovel'ed .emnanll! Ilf ·old aently
I!'Ided erosion surfllCes which bevel across Permian
Rdo-bard rocks and soft rocks alike-and which
"ve been prescl'Ved by a protecting cap of basalt.
tli. evidence of ancient cycles led to the significant
cenera\ization that before the beginning of the cut-
tiag of the present Grund Canyon and tha other deep
CIlljOIlS of the region the plateau district was reduced
IIseotiaUy to a base-level of erosioQ and that tho pres-
"t cycle of a.ctive canyon sculpture 1\'8S initiated by
• pronounced uplift that strongly rejuvenated the
ilrealDs. Dutton 10 says:
c.
·bIlU .... X, Tutl a r), bill'or,. of tbe Orand C4D~'on dtillnct:
a l <'*II. Sdf¥O ' )fOil. 2, pr. 223_22"', 1&82.
133
At the epoch ,,·heD,. the cui tiD;; or tbe present Grand CanYOQ
begun, DO doubt the d!lItrict ot lor;e presented. n. vel'Y dHrerent
aspect. rrom the modern one. The (act rbJlt the older bAsRlts.
wberc\-er rouDd, r€1:ft upou the sllme ~ologlCBI horizon, Tis, the
s l1mmlt of tbe PermloD, sUSGe8ts to us the further In(erence
that the relton near the ri~er WtlS then Oat and destltutG ot
deep efi nyom und ,·al1l'~·s. sudl os uow el: L~t th~rc. and thel'efore
dest:Jtut~ ot great hillIS, buttes, ot' UleSOs. 1.'be mettnlng of IblB
Is n l)O.$~leve l ot erosion. 'l'be rl\'ers could not corrade.
becouse they bad reached, tor Ihe time bolog, tbe!J.' Itmlting
dE'pth lu the stmtn. Tbe W01'k: of erms,ton would then be con.
flned to le\Telin& tbe sculptnrAl IOf'qunlltics without the power
to produce new ones or to 8Ugl,l\eot the rellet of old oocs.
In addition to the peneplain remnnnls in the pla-
teau province described by Dutton, other. h.v~ been
mApped by Huntington Rnd Ooldlhwait,lI Robinson,"
o.nd Gregory" and incidentally mentioned by othel'S.
Some of. these erosion surfaces have been developed in
nuttes penepluin btlvcls sucressivcly Cretaceous, Juras:
sic, and Tl'iassic beds. Although they stand at differ-
ent altitudes between i,OOO and 7,000 feet, some of
these frogmentary sudoces are probably comparahle
in age Ind history, In the Kniparowit.. region old-age
Hosion surface. app<>.ur lit severn I places-oonspicuous
fentures in an are.. of vigorous youthful el'osion.
C.lIIXOIrVILLE EROSION SlIR:B .lOll
In the upper Pario. Valley the little MOl'mon town of
Cannonville is sbrroundcd by extensive remnants of
nn old erosion surface tbot planes smoothly "cross
hard and soft UPP"" JUl""",ic ond Cretaceous beds. In
moSt places this erosion sul'f1lCO has a rathe~ pro-
nounced angle to the bedding of the IU'1ltified rocks.
East of Henrieville and northeast of Tropic there 8re
brond, little-disselted remna.nts developed on the soft
Tropic shale, (See pI. 25, D.) A mantle of roarse,
well-rounded water-borne materials protects the under-
lyir.g weak rock. and has aided materially in preserv-
ing portions of the graded plain. Nul' Cannonville
the eNsion su.da.ce intersect.. the bUll pat~ of Ihe
soh shale and ~h6 hard Ilndstllne at the bottom ef
the Cretaceous, To the west, Qverwoked by the high
cliff. of the Paun6&ugunt, the divides between the
stfeuns that are· cutting actively hendwr.rd into the
High Plateaus are even-topped and very gently in-
clined Loward the Paria_
i In many plac.,. " lower surface is marked by a
prominent bench tha.t is subparallel to the upper ero-
: sion surface and about 200 feet lower. It is well
developed in the Cretaceous shrue area. east of Tropic_
»l{Qntla,IOIii, Ellnrorth, aDd Goldtbwntt, J . W •• Tbe SUtrlc.DO
(mult I. 1M T04IlWrTlUo d1f.:(rict, Utah: aanlrd con. Mu .. Comp,
1.001011:7 11111 .. ' -0:1'. 42. pp. 2~23T. 1004,
It Robhuoft. \i. i1 .. 'rite Tt'rtiar1 !lr UplllD ot rbe Plaf~o.u dtltrlct
And '4J.~t C'ellotrl I.. &rl&•• ' lad New Wr:llco: Am. Jour. Sel., 4th
...... ".1,. 2.. pp, U~l1S. lto1.
1. Gr.COf1. U. B., Oeeklll:1 of tile NII\'lIlo (!Odolr),: U. 8. Oeot Sur-
"'1 Pr.r, Popel' ... pp. 1»-112. 1811.
 123
u-e and tII.tthe erosion repl'eSented by the pre·
W..tch UlIconformity may be ,efen-ed to early
Eocene time, J"epresent~d by the Animas (Eo-
_'), Torrejon, nnd Puerco formations in the
San J~.n area, to th~ southenst. Evidenoe pointe
Itlher strongly to a. common age for the disturb·
pCIIfI that llroduced the monoclinnl folds of the
,..ten country. In several places rocks as
,..0, II th~ I'desa verde Cretaceous, which are
ildaded in the folding, nre preserved from sub·
sequent erosion, but in most places the pre·Wa-·
SlId! or SUbsequent denudation has planed the
.race down to rocks thnt are older than the
Kaiparowits beds. Gregory 12 notes that very late
(lttaeeous tocks (the so-called Laramie beds of
!hat Irea) are Included in the deformation ,of the
De4ance monocline in eastern Arizona, whereas
iD southern Utah the beveled Mesozoic beds are
_formably covered by Eocene beds. This in·
dicates, then, that the general period of disturb·
UCI in the plateau country that produeed the
_eline is post-Fruitland in age and sufficiently
elder than the Wasatch to have permitted wide·
JPl6d Ind deep erosion of the underlying rocks.
KAIBAB UPW ASP

The Kaibab upwarp includes tbe elevated strata.

oa the west side of the East Kllcibab monocline.
Yo, ~rt of the upwarp I.hat is included in soutb.·
m Utab represents the northward·sloping border
of Ihe nplift, which reaches its greatest altitude
far to the south, in the Grand Canyon district.
The Kaibab .limestone is exposed at the 5Urfa.ce
for about 10 miles north of tho Utah·Arizona
IIInmdary, and beyond it successive outcrops of the
]QGDger beds appear in order. The Jurassic sand·
IIoJIe lorlllll the eastward·trending escarpments
knowD IL9 the Vermilion and WhilA! Cliffs. The
Cmaeeous beds occupy the surface at the head·
waters of the Paria. Valley.
PAUN8AUGUNT FAULT
On the east side of the Pannsaugunt Pla.teau,
• " a dista.nce of 1 to 3 miles from the Pink
Ili!&, wbich border the plateau, lies a prominent
IOrthward.trending fault with uplift on the east,
knowD aa the East Paunsaugunt fa ult. On ,the
•• side of the fault are Upper Cretaceous sand·
__ that belong to the Wahweap and Straight
Clifs formations, and on the east are Cretaceous
btda that belong to the Tropic sbale and the Da· FIooH 1.-OeDerlllfMd block dl.~m.a reprelleaUag .ta p 10 tlle ph}'ttlo-
irota(1) sandstone, whereas farther south beds of gtaphlc blator, .,t the opper Parlo Valley. ., A abort t Jme .rter dlapJaee-
~ Upper Jurassic CanneJ forma.tion are found b1.~t ot bed. 0100. PaUMIIU;UD t rault'j ' COn.cq~Dt DOI·tb ....a.rd drain ...
Db the wKt (downtbrowD. Iidfl. ond p""elbl, Q~O OD coat ,Ide. &~ Beee.
II toDtect with the Uppep Cretaceous slLIldstone. -Lot.. or Tcrllary rUII. oa tlpthrowa sJd. tbf1lugb headwucl e'Uttill.l 01 till
fl. plaCeS were observed wbere the total tbrow Pufl .Ift' dn.luaf,." f.voro!(J b1 It«p .. radlent ,t 9 nu ColoNdo Blur aQd
11'",.. Cn!.Acro\tf ~b Mknv TIn'U.r,. .~ A. lat<.r 1IIta;~, abo.ln, tl'Ollloa
of Lbe fault could be determined readily, but 0( the .. ~, .. est ot ttlt f~uJlt I' "eO 3.,hlrtber rreeh!OQ or cwr. OQ the
Ol Willis Creek the displacement apparently IlpthtOWD btedi . 4. prete.t .taa~ Not mucll lIealhr._rd ~utUDI .. aeetled
101; tH Parla to capture the "lien: o( ttl. u,fK'r Ea.t :Fart. 01 tlle 8e'ller

-
IlIIounta to at least 1,500 feeL Where tbe Paria aber. 1'., W•• tell (orm.Un ; Kk, Kafparowttll t.naAtI .. : Kw.. Wah·
....p ao4 'tNI~ht <:~ .1Id~lo~~_ It:_.:n_,!~. _~.~e: ... n.kota(f)
 134 TBJI J[AJPABOWrrs BBGIOS

Ne ..r Cannonville the erosion surface has IlII altitude formable with the attitude of its component rocka,l..,t
of about 6,000 to 7,500 feet. In it tbe Paria River in plate'! it is out of accord w,th the structUl'e, Netr
and its tributaries have ,arved valleys 300 to 1,000 Can.an Peak, at an altitude of about 6,500 feeL, lie
" feet in depth and are npidly cutting deeper, North- renulllnts of • smoothly g .....ded erosion surface de••I,
ward and westward along divides that· have not yet oped 011 the inclined beds of the weak ""ndEtono and
~n shlll'penca by recellt erosion, the erosion iur- sandy shale of tha Kaiparowits formation and cllttiag
fo.~o continues 1\8 a foirly genUe slope that leads up across harder and soft~,· b()d... like, From thi, sur-
I face gentle slopes lend e~cnly upwllrd lo the Tertiary
to th~ summit of Ihe higher plateaus. The borders ot
the 're"tiary plateaus were doubtl..... lowly ''ec.ding limestone of Canaon PeAle ancl thus dllplicate the
us t.he erosion suriace wal developing, but the slopes relations nenr Cannonvillc (p. M3). To the ""11th lnd
thot surround the broad \'alley plains ~ppear to have southeast tbe graded erosion ~urf.ce me ..ges with tbe
been n.ther well though steeply groded, Tbe more 'broad, smooth slope of the WaI,weap sandstone, ..Moo
IICtivo cutting, which was due to uplift of the regio:> here bas little relief. :Migmting divides appelLJ' Ii
and rejuvellation of the streams, has merely served to several plnces where the b."dwate"s of Last Chanco
bharpen the c:!iff profiles ~ml to .ccelerate tbe retrellt and Wahweap Creeks, favored by steep gradicnta,
of tbe clift's. . are .ating l\uy the older topography,
South\yord tb. remno.nt. of the Cannonville erosion The slIrhce of the southeastern port of the Kaiparo_
surface merl,"e .. ith the gentle b.ck slope of the mns- wits Plnteau is distinguished topogl'llphically by open
sive •• ndotone ,t bat forms tbe White Clift's. At the valleya Dnd gentle slopes, together with some sensibly
time when tbis surIace formed the floor of tbe upper lid areas, Thougb some of the brond stream chlouels
Pltria Volley the White Clift'. Meo"pment rose hnn- a,'e deep, none of them reach the bottom of the cappia:
,In·d.. of feet above the plain, nnd the P.ria River sandstone, The topography os a whole seems dis.
cl'O!<oet! tho sandstone in n moderately narrow valley, tinctIy more mature in this part than in other parts of
probably 1I0t unlike t,he present mnyon escept in the plateau surface, The up.tream parts of many of
depth, The outline of the White· Clift's hus doubtless the older valleys ba ve been beheaded and their lower
beon soml\whllt modifi~, bnt there docs not appear parts greatly steepened Or cut off by erosion on lit.
to have been mnch reccE3ion of the cliffs during the Bauk. of the plateau, indicating a conl'ider.ble shrink,
,'ecallt stage of nctive erosion that i. now continuing, age in the size of tbe fO"mer grnded upland. Ob-
Neul'N' the Colorado River, where traces of an olde,' viously these features afford evidence of nn old erosion
topogmphy have been largely obliterated, it is not surface,
possible to recognize with REsuranc. u former eiten- The gently graded surfnce near Canaan PeAk ....
sioll of the CannollYiIle ourfnce. The gradient of tbe cords in general altit'ude ' and topography with tbe
prcSI'nt Pnl'ia River i. much steeper than that of the ~rosion remnants along the Paria. The somewh.t
C.,nnollville stoge, .. nd accordillgly, on apprOllching rugged but maturely diSsected topography of tho
tho Color.do, I'emnont. of tbis older ero.ion surfuce, sOQth •• stern part of the Kuiparowits Plateau is prob-
if p"escnt, woulrl .be fit propol'tionntely greater beights : ably a part of tbe some old topography,' and the mora
abovo t.be present \'ulley floor, Some of the hard- strongly developed relief is due to proximity to tho
rock sudaces of the pillten~. northeast of the Puriu Colorado, which is the master strcam for both areas,
Rive,' and of the Juru.s.ic Eondstone ridge along tbe
EllSt ·Koibnb fold cxhibiL suggestive trices of an older 511l11.&Olt or P.lllii'SA'o'G1INT PLATIlAlI
topogl'aphy nbove 5,500 feet. Oll th. Imrd-rock sur- Th. !urface of the Pa~nii~~~t Plateau is gently
£n.ca of tbe Kaibab Plateuu the topog,'apby is not.bly concave. The bordering ~im is"u~if.ormly higher \ball
1ll0re maturo thllll tbllt on the lower slopes along tha the central part, and tho 'drainage is radially in....rd
HOllse Rock Vlllley, and remnants of erosion surface, h, the perennial East· Fork of the Sevier Rivel', which
bevel the soft& ,'ooko on the Banks of the East Kllibab ' occupies the aximl position, In direction of lIow the
uplift nnd ext.elld in some ploces far out to\vol'd tho OIain stream and its' tributaries conform with th. eea-
M.rble Gorge. eral inclination of the rocks, .
, SUIlP.lClt OP KAIPAIIOWITS PtATUV In contrast to tbe deeply carved canyons of streams
beneath the Pink Clift's, tbe sutru:nit t<?pography of the
In a regional sense U,e Kniparowits PlAtellu is • Pauosaugllllt consists of mnture slopes ' and gently
thick mass of Jurllssic and Cretnceous i!edimentorv irode~ flnts, Land scuLpture, so far 8: it can be ~c­
s
rocks-the remnllnt of a mass tha.t once extended oo,mph8~ed by the geutly sloping East Fork and ,tl
throughout sOuUlcastern Ut.ah nnd into neigbboring h'lbutufles, bos advanced fur, "
Stnte~, 11.£ pl'eservation is due to its position in a
.Between Red Canyon oind Costro Canyon tertaln of
shallow syncline and to the "".i.tanee of ita cappin ...
Cretaceous snndstone. III general its surface is con: I th,. divi,des that !'epa rate the southeastward-flowing
I trlbut8r1eA of tbe Seviel' have a !!entIe southward slope
<>
 INCLOSED ME.ufnERS
135
thaL appears to murk a former graded erosion surface, A sout. h~stw.rd continuat.ion of the profile from
.ad in places weU-defined remnants of u graded slope the A:quarlUs Plateau iudicates that probahly the ex-
lie between this upper one and the bottoms of t.he pres-
Covlltl.on of the great howl that is no\'( hounded by
tnt SLrePID nlleys. Erosion by Castro Canyon has
beheaded iDa very interesting manner several of these the Circle ChITs had ~n begun aL this time, but ero-
southward-sloping tributaries and has cut off also the sJOn eould hardl, have ad\'unced much farther than
JDlouth interstream slopes from their continuation on to establish the courses of the consequent streams tbat
ti:e north. The southem part of the platea.u, which now cany part, of the wat.ers of ihis telTitory to the
rise;! to an altitude of mOre than 9,000 feet, is some-
Escalante and Halls C,,,ek.
wltat more rugged thun the northern part, where wide EP.OSIOlr 811IlPACES AT OTHER LOCALITIES
allutial flats cover the t1anks of projecting hills. This
COBtrast seems to be g,·eater than the normol difference Along parts of the Waterpocket Fold and on some
between the headwaters Ilnd the lower part of a. stream of the ~Iopes that border t.he Henry Mountains clearly
course, and it is lJOt unlikely thnt II. geologienlly '·ecent, determmable remnants of old erosion · surfaces now
sflghtly uneven northward tilting of this &rea has stand at altitudes between 5,000 and S,OOO feet. Some
served to accelerate sculpture in the southern part and of the intcrstrelllD erosion ,,,muan!s bevel smoothly
to bury 'the northern part of the river valley under Dcross a number of hard and soft C,,,tuCeous and Up-
extensive deposits of alluvium. per Jurassic rock formations, As in the northern
That the maturely eroded surface of the Paunsau- l;art of tbe Kaibab Plateau, SOme of the valleys of
~.nt Plateau was once more extensive is shown by the the Waterpocket Fold have a notahly more open and
form of tbe upper tribut.ary valleys. Along the rim mOl·e mature topograpby near their h"nds than farther
of the plateau that overlooks the Paria. Valley the downstream, where the valleys, though carved in the
tributaries of the Sevier, which flow in valleys of very SRme formation, are extremely nnrrow and deep.
gtutle gradient, come into competition with those of Remnants of old erosion surfaces appear in the Paria
the Colorado, which flow in st.eeply inclined va.lJeys. Valley (pI. 27, OJ, in the E8C.illlllte Valley, and along
lfany v~leys on the ph,t;eau maintain their broad V Glen Canyon.
fornl to tile very edge of the Pink Cliffs, where they INCLOSED MEANDERS
a.. cut off by the more favorahly situated south ward-
Jlowi;ng streams. Some streams from the lower lands Prominent too.tures of many valleys in tile Klliparo-
lllve even renched the top of the platoou and have wit.s region are their tortuo'lsly winding courses.
.cVCl·te<l drainnge from the Sevier. Only & small I They appear in 8 few "alleys carved in soft rock and
lJIIOunt of digging was reIJuired in the construction of 8l'e charactC\ristic of valleys in hArd rock. The high
the irrigation ditch that now leads watel' from the rock wolls of big valleys and of IiUle vaneys follow
EIst Fork of the Sevier over the plateau rim to the each bend and turn in tlie stream course. (See pI.
Selds at Tropic. · 21, D.} Through Glen Canyon the Colorado winds
southwe..otward in and out around buttresses like a
SLOPES OF A!lUARI11S PLATEAU gigantic snuke. Its tributll.l)' stre.~s are eVen more
A .iew toward the Aquarius Plateau from the high sinuous. In the lower reaches of the Puill. and Ellca-
sondstone cliffs along the Waterrocket Fold shows Iante Rivers and W·ahw,"p, Warm, JASt. Chllnce, and
' er1 clearly a. gently graded erosion surface that cuts Rock Creeks and in tbe canyons that enter the Colo-
aOIiquely and smoothly across the bedding planes of rado f,"Om the north and from the south closely
the hard Navajo sandstone. This slope extends from · pressed curves !lnd almost right-angled turns mark
th. Upper plateau almost without break to the border the course of parallel canyon walls; straight sections
0/ t~ Circle Cliffs. Along Pine Creek and Sand are ,·ore, and -io fcw places i" it possible to see both
~k the beds involved in the Esca.lant8 monocline walls for half a mile ahead. Along the Virgin River,
have been truncated, ·and three remnant peneplains Kanab Creek, the San Juan River, and elsewhere in
have been mapped. Tributaries of the Escalante are the plateau province the same phenomenA occur.
now cutting VigOl·QusIy into the edges of the. Aquarius Of the canyons in the Novajo country, Gregory 11
P\~teau and are gradually" obliterating this slope, · says:
~illch rem ....ins only on the divides. Probably the All the conyons Dre alnuoua to a degree. VHf much greater
1Ill.erstreftm .topography corresponds to similal· fea- thin 1ndicated on topographic maps. Close-set meanders wltb
tuns along the Paunsaugunt and Table Cliff Plateaus bol'Setihoe cutV-e3 and goosen'e cu Dre common, an(] the troyerse
lJld represent the subdued outline ·01 the Tertiary pla- or maDY, a canyon Involves Pll88lng tu right Ind lett about
· tow~ring buttresses ",·ltb turus appro8cblng ISO".
t.. a during the stage· of erosion thaL preceded the
~nt cycle of (;Inyon cuttinit: ' . ":. -Grtgor1. H. E.• op. ell. ' p. 124.
 136 THB KAIPAROWI'IS llEGlnS

The pI'evalence of these meanders along canyon An esamination of the cunyon walls thnt incIoe..
courses is directly related to the kind of rock that the meander loops shows t.hat some ha ve Ilndergon,
form s the canyon wall. In the /:eavy beds, porticu. considerllble cltanges and that others arc in process
I~rly massive sandstone, they are preserved j in shale of change but that man.", especially those along Gler.
lind th.in, ~oft sandstone they nre absent or at least ellnYOll, probably bnve maintained both position Rnd
poorly represented. form dUl'ing the whole period o.f ~anyon t.renching.
The Escalante River presents lIO unusual features ill In other ",oros, some of the CXlstlfl,g meanders are
its upper CaUl's" through Cretaceous strata, but from the result of normal stre.1m development within tile
E scalante to its mouth the river follows a very sinuous prescnt cycle, but others have in!:tel'itcd their pottenl
COllrsa that is e/lrved in sandstone of the Glen Cllnyon from a previous cycle of cl'Osioll. The chief chllrncter.
IP·ouP. W ahweup Cr~k, Warm Creek, and other istics of the inclosed mcanders thot a.re developed or
streams thut drain the south side of the Kaiparowits [·he strenm nre the gradual slope-the "slip.off;'
• Pbtca u Irow inclosed meanders in Cretkeeolls sand· slope-which appears toword the cnd and along th"
sl'one lICn l' their hcods, but downstrellm they enter downstre.'n margin of the Spill'S ~hat project ia' J
opcn valleys, and still farther downstrellm they again the lUelLnder bendS, nnd the well·defined stcepening of
flow between high, closely spaced, intricately meander. the vdley sides along the outer and downstream parts
ing wilils. Where Pine Cre.ek and Halls Creek flow of the meunde>' ·bends. Downward corm.ion, conl-
through the Navajo sandstone they run in tortuous bined with laternl corrasion, may so enbrge tho minor
grooves t.hot a ra difficult to follow j in the beds of the irregularil.ies in tho direction of Ule st ream's courso
Son RlLlnel group these valleys provide wide, open t.hot eventu"Uy the pattern is 'rathel' strongly meander.
road ways. ing. (See pIs. 2:2, (J j 25, A.) Such ioclosed meander-
The size and form of the inclosed mea.nders ore I'e· ing volleys, which are not inappropriately termed
Io.ted tu the width of the canyon nnd tho strength of "ingrown ': meanders by Ricb,1f UI'O vcry common in
the streo.m tlint occupies it. The mennders of Glen t.he hard-rock formations. of the K a.ipIII·owit. I·egion.
ClLnyoll oro broodly open curves with small arc and Their development in the normal eourse o·{ downward
lurge radius. 1\o[0st of t.he grout swings ore se\'el'al corrllsion appears to be tho rule ,other than the
mil"" in length, and tbeir limbs Ilre widely separated, e:5:eeption.
but ot Meskin Bur the river, after £lowing 5 miles, A traverse of the ilool's of the P8I'io' and Escol.nl.
returns to 0. point less I.hon three-fourths of a mile Rivers and 'Wnhweap, Warm, Last Chance, Collot!,
from its former position, and at I.ees Fel'fY a tunnel WiIlow, nnd Halls CrC<'ks shows that mnny meanders
4,000 feet long across a meander neck would eliminllte are normal features of lund degradation under ,~
6 miles of eha.nnel. The smaller streams show many conditions of load, rock hardness, and sudden changes
campI'essed loops thllt are made np of arcs of different of I'olume thot prevail in the Kaiparowits region.
degrees of curvature. Some .t urns aro short, fin' curves Along these streams the intrenchment ·of me:tnders ill
bel.Woo11 nearly .tmight stretchesa.nd give the op- n hurd-rock formation is accompanied by a gradual
pea.ronco of streams flowing al'Ound square corners. obliteratioll of the meanders in portions of' tbe vaUey
Some moonder loopo nre eo closely pressed that theil' whel'e downwa.rd erosion proceeds in weak strata. On
boses are separoted by less tbnn 100 feet of rock, and entering the hard rocks. the width of the streAm cha.n-
the limbs of others hnve become united by tbe de- Ilel is constricted. buring each freshet-and mo. of
struct.ion of tbe intervening wall, which leaves an Oll- the run-off in the plateau country consists of floods
bow vaIley stlLnding to one side. Meandering adds I that ore oocasioned by loco.l torrential downpoul.......
much to the length of tbe streams and thus decrotlSes I the sediment-laden watert, which roll cobbles IDd
their average gradient and their power to erode. The , omill bouldelil along t.he stream floor, a.re deflected
longth of Glen Cnnyon fronl Hite to Lees Fer.y is 162 alternately against the right and left waIls of th.
miles, MId the wllter that passes throngh it falls 2 feet narrow section of the canyon. The hea,y load of lOR-
to the mile. If its meanders were eliminated the terial transpolted by the stream plrtly protecta &he
length would be 100 miles and the fall 3.2 feet to the bottom of tho canvon while tbe rush of the water
mil~. The lower Escnlonte maintlLins a n unusually Ilgainst the sid. w~lla and around the bends accom·
straIght generol course, y~t beclluse of its Oleanders ~lishes wh~t amounts proportionally to ,, "very con-
within a bolt only about tltree-fourths of a mile wide SIderable SIdeward cutting. The concllYe portion of
it tlows 28 miles to oover I distance of 14 miles. Wah. I~e meander curve is enlarged and moves progreso
wcap Creek lIow8 3.6 miles in a tortuous ·course to stvely downstream, and slip-olt slopes develop on the
cover 2 milos, and Warm Creek Oows 6.2 miles from canvell portions. The Pn!sooce of a component in the
Wornl Creek Cobill to Glen ClIJlyon, a distance over-
land of 2.8 miles. "aI4, 1. L.. Certain t'1N!8 ot dream Tan~1. aDd tbelr IDea .... :
J'oor. Geoo1oc1. TOt. 22, p. no, lOB. .
 1·" O Ft: Kti IO~ .\I. I· .\'·J'; U I'~ I 1·t. ....·I· ..~ ~

... . VIEW LOOKING ~OI\THWARD AI..oSG THE EAST K ,\IIJAB .\lONO(: U;\E
Iluth.... Vn.lw.y. lit Itwo WI. i" 1'..1If""..d in W"'Jllt ~:III IlIlJud bC.'YIJ; i~ i. "",nIL" by M""'i..... n (n lind Dakola (iI') !i.;md.ston\". Th\" v"II,.,. in It,,, Co' nlml pUN or tiM' vifr_ u.: cllr..-I!'d ill T,....,..i.... Iullll!'.
"\'of\(: lind W"hweap ~'IthLOne fIl n..ktl th~ J'!Mmino....,1. riche_ BI the ri"I,I. Uc"ond thew: rid,,1!!0 In",.
booI_n ~ r": plj,iTL,,.'d K.iPllfO....ill'O lied>. pnrUy dl~lo::d .

h , VIEW LOOKINC ~I)THWARD AI.()SC; THE EAST KAlD .-\R :\lOXOCLlNJ;;

'fI.e C.IIIYUfI uf W,," ... ,..... Cr,.'.'k ill """II"t ' I~ It:fllmd),ht· uphrrnrd Crct.;:IOf'IOlI~ ,.IUld_l.oQllol III the: r~ll. TI,is porl'iurJ. ttl Ow t\lIlivaro-il~ PlutO::IIU, u"l.ekt hl' tru, Wnh .... p iII4'I"dlll~" 1Ilope.I ~nll)' norlh ...·urd.
n"ll~inl! t .... di,l 01 L~ 1'CId. .. : I~ 1I1.r~m, 110 _ jIOULhw .. rd ill C\'et·<h.- .;'pt·ciu; cnn)"lKt-.. ,
VIEWS FIIO!oI .\ I' o ' ... ·r :\'E.\H Tin: "GI; ""
 v. s. Gl:OJ:.DCICAL 8l~ R\,F.\·

..t . VIEW AI,ONt; FA( ~fo: Ot' ~' IH,l<af'l~ Cll. lt' ....~
\i. ...- ':1(" /1 f,,,,,, ;. J."in\. "h.... L I 11Ilil,'" ,-n" t hl'U"," o r E!ot~ J:") I~', "1'1,,,, ~n""i l<,"\0!1 ri.. Ina ""I!I I!O'J .... .--1 0111,.. ..li1r" is I.h.. e~6'C"II(J" l'\1",... ijlhl ( :IIK" r.,,",'llIri.H1 Tn.."" , ~.i.k rtl"n~.'1 4oti"", '1'111' 1l " ~ ,, lj
JUlOo"'r he n.lh .
 II . ,\ IO NClCI.INh1. \":\I.I.EY Ii\ THtll'lC sa.r"U .\
"11 .. , 1,' I;:),m,J,. riol .... ·~ AI ri.I ,L m ,' ( • .,.nll', I I ry n~"' r I YII
. .... ~I UHb<',UW" li ll" III.)' I.h" I-:n .. t K.-.I, r,"'1

C. (.'{)U)HADO lU VEfi 1-'1"\0.\ 1 A l'I """ U GI.i:: AIlO\' l-: L~ES . 'EIHH'
(I , oore NI1YlljG :<Illld>1tcUI'I; N"lI n tjo _\lOUO'~Jl in di"LlUl<!~. ni,,-nl ~n""'r. 1'11(111O<:1in,,1 rold ( l.;.:bo Cmf!.). ",.. ,mire Chink. lIi . . .hl. i":n'II,j ... SI,;TI",mup. [lad K '-I; b"h hUnll..... ·"'; b.·"d uf :\1llrh~c.lI.:
 I'HOl't;~"'lOXAJ. P .\I'Elt l ti l PI •. \·n: :.H

.";Y IN ' J'JHH'IC :mr\u: AI ,:):"\I' t:AS,T 1,.\11-1.\11 :"oWNtlCUNE K'l.ST OF Hurl.lm \.\1.1.1':"
 l~, 6, G~OLOGIC,\" SlIR\'EY

A. r.LEN CANYON WEST or MOUl'H lW K"NE CR Et:K

~10nU! :II:n l .• Itml hullra of ~nrd "'tll(}:..l oll<! (I;:'III~ r "la. NlnUUe-:vit ....., ,.1111 Mor rillOfl rorulll' KW.~) Il ll 11 brc.;tll 111':11:. .)1
rorrucd hy cr01;l()1) or w",,.l l'tr.;l., (Cul1od rUI"IDnrlon) IlrYcrlyius: boro IQudswU0 (N(i"l'IUO).

fl , DRY \,;\LI.EY." nOWL-UI\E DEPRESSION CUT IN TIII~ ~OFT STI\AT.\ of '!'fIr-: 8.\N IU " AEI.
(;n OU I' !!ND TtlE Monnl SOill' m FOI\:'or"TIOS
'1'),(1 " l.rllUfled r oclo.s lUI: Sur! thfill'! J;r(lUp n od :\i [~1.1 (?) (li~ht~:ul",,-d), o""TI:.in hy 0,,_10.01 •• (~) (jl;uk,r !M-,I··I·
. Hie I1 lJ(tr ~ co..-eo:d L)' ,[llu\'jlll b ~L.
• c

u. ~. G£OLOGIC}'L 8'C n'o't:Y

~I. C.~~YON (It-" DEATII 1I0U..QW Cnr-:EK

1',~ ' "JllliUII i~ t:lIl ill Wl!l{;.tt~ Il')ruislooo .

. 9. £:,\:\YO:',' 'rnlHUTAIt\' TO .\ll'Ll~Y TWIST CIH':E K.

::;t~"'pl)"
inclill",1 Wi II:"
\, Ie "'!lll( I"\(lU(' U\"crlalll
· b~ Todi!to ( ~) hmuoll(lIl.
.
p

U. s. G&CILOGJCAt.. SU RVEY

ti l "

1>."

J.
...
. ' /

Km '
}
-,~
..'l - J
r------ .

TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC MAP OF A PART OF THE WAT]

•
Contour intery .l 1~
Da.filll_ ,. _ _ _ r.

Kbt!st, Blue Gate laodatone j Kbl"sh . •• Blue Gate eh.aIe I'; Kill, Tnnunk 88ndetone; KI'Sh . . ' Tununk I.~
Entrada eandstone; .)c, Carmel formation ; In, Nav ajo aandttont ; J1. Todilto
"', Shinarump conglomerate; 'Jim, Moenk opi (ormation ; C
 PROfE81 10NAL PAI"r.. 1.. PLAn: z.
- -,

I'
./
"'.

UTA H
~ WAT ERP OCK ET MON OCL INE, KAIP ARO WITS REG ION.
~====~====~~..~__~....~~2Nl~5
interva l 100 t eet
, ...,
i. ....... _ a
lIl
n ; Jt", Summe rville formation and
u nuhk .baJe·· ; Kd . Dakota (1) sandeto ne: Km. Morn.on formatio
; J t, Todilto (1) format ion; Jw, Wingat e aand,to ne: lie.
Chinle formati on ~
orma tion; Ck. K.ibab limesto ne and Coconin o laod.toD e
 11 , r.O LOFUl)O tU VF.rl AT HALLS c n o&';I'~(;

S ho wi'O u.Klcrcul clifT. on outer ~ntI J o .... u"lr ...liIu ~id l'" of rn(':lnJ .... r t"'lIlh. all J ..Iip-olr .,.lof'O'" ...11 ""IIhj. Ilt'tV."-: l i~ illio the ~ ... h . '~'he OOIIlIvr roo:k izj NlVlljo .... nd ~\OrW. C$\... ~ lu"all )' i» "
Cal'md ",tr.,h' .

Jj . C.\ ;\ii'\ON \·II.I.I-: l::n05l0:\ SU Rr.\ CE FRO:'.I P01 >,,[ ::'Ii":.\R HE,\ O Of LI 'rrL"; C A~ 'HJ I"
lrjtllJlllr~ .)r Ilu' 1"11-;" 11 ;\"'f, ho· ... ·I ... lJ' .. Trnl.ir. :0<1".1" ;11 1<1 III !:twr Cn~ ll~ 1I!..r,iIls.
Th.· C.ull ,,,.,,,·iI!'J p"lM!pl:aill. pmtl,. u.iJ>M!ol,;\cd I,y
 I

INCLOSED NI!ANDJ!JS 131

erosion that tends to ~ut laterally is evidently t.he ! Most of the $mallet· streams are vigo~ously removing
.. use of the de"elopment of the meandering course. meundel' spurl!. In many places in soft rock the to.sk
'1his later oj component appears to be due to propor- has been completed, ftnd even in hard rock it is well
Ilooally large side cutting, where, during the acti," advonced. In the lowest H mile-.; of EscaInnte Canyon
erosion of Hoods, the canyon Hoor is mOl'c or less pro- six meander necks ore each los>; than roo teet ac.'Oss
t..ted by a ,...rpet of cobbles and boulders th.~ wear and hoye been reduced in height to Ie" than 100 feet.
eoe anolhor but retard er,)sion of the hlU'd-rock Hoor. ()ne meander neck n.. r the mouth of Willow Creek
There is considel'nble sideward wear, especially along i5 200 feet across and less than 20 feet high. TI'ench-
thl outer and dOwflstI'ealll ma.rgins of the strelllll ing of this low burrie.r would eliminate a CUl:ve, 1%
tIIl'Ves, whet·. rock ?lIlterillls in the rapidly m~.\'iIlg I mile. long.' ~Villow Creek has stl'aigh~ened, its COIl.rse
" •.ter lI'e flung agaInst the walls of the constBctl:'d , by lmdel'cllttmg ~ meander ~pur, leovmg It stondtng
ilream. (See pI. 23, A.) This lateral carr.sioo, AS an arch. (Sec p. 145.) In tm>,ersill£, smaller
combined with the vertical downward cutting, aPFeol'S stream. the route c.on be conveniently shortened by
to be 8uJlicient to modify tbe form of the valley and to crossing low di"ide_, where concave port.ions of
.bift the position of the ,s tream in such 1\ way as (0 meander bends come close togetber. In the process of'
{ann thc meanders. A very influential factor aE'pea~ down cufting in the hud rocks most meanders that
t. be tho ooD.sidenilile load o:f coarse material that IS hllve been developed ~t higher levels are destroyed,
carried by thc£e st.rcoms ,i n flood stage. , and in places remnants of them nre perched high on
Where the etren I!1S have encouotered soft rocks be- cnnyoll. walls like the two-storied meandcrs of the Son
Death _ hard formation in whicb inclosed meanders i JII.n desc1~bed by GI'egory." It mlly be that the
bave been formed, the slig,h t resistance t.o sideward I F~rI'Y SwuJe, an oval trench thnt. has been cut into tbe
eutting peFnllts rapid erosion of project.ing .purs, Navajo sandstone on the Lees Ferry-Wuhweop trail,
"!lich tends to widen and to clear out the valley. For dnd]o;t Rincou, opposite t.he mouth of the Escnlante
• time the inclosing sundstone cliffs mays hold the Rivor, are obandone.d high-level meanders of the
slream essentially in its meandering course, but even- Colol·ado.
tually they waste back and the .vlllley becomes gr~d- Although many, perhaps most inclosed meanders. in
ual\y more open. The cros.; sectIon of the channel .m- ~h~ KaipArowits region require for their explanat.ton
cro ..... in width, and the sw~e!> against projed~ng ollty the normal vertical nnd I.teral rorra.sion incident
remnlUlts of spurs tends ,to g,nnd them away, glnng • to the life history of stre11Ill., the mennders of Glen
rise dQwnst.ream t<> a gently sinuous or even a faIrly · Can vall and of some of its Ingel' tri/)utaries caU for
straight course. So consistent are these processes th"t a diferent explanation. (See p. 139.)
the explorer soon learns to anti~ipate the position of For Glen Ca.nyon as I. whole, horizontal shifting
deeply undercut banks and ot slip-oft slopes' that may appears to have changed only sligMly the outline of
servo a. guides for feasible routes icom the floor of the the nielndel' bends and to have moved. them only short
canyon to it,s rim_ As the ca.nYOll is deepened, the distan~ downstream but not to have developed a new
meander bends increase in width, and the stream pat- ~e}'ies of meanders from original small irregnlarities
tern tends ,t o become 1'1 pidly more comple~.. in the river's course. Fielcl evidence leads to the belief
If the thickneS$ of the hard-rock formatIons IS suf- that the Colorado was a. meandering streom before the
6cientIy great, the height of the Fock. walls and the intrenchment that formed Glen Canyon, tnd that the
consequent large volnme of ~ock. materIal to be m~ved essential fcatures of the present meander patt<lrD we~e
fur ench unit of lateral cuttmg lffi~ a natural limIt developed as th .. Honnal expresoion of .' graded '."'nd~­
on the development of these lOgrown meanders. tion on a former flood pla.in_ If thIS conclUSIOn IS
Where a considerable thickness of hard sandstone has I'd I-t "ppears th"t practically aU the downward
been peoetrated by the ,treamo, defin:i te. «101'IP-O if" corFasion
va 1 a
incident to recent uplift has been accom-
aIopea appea, near the top of ~e canyon walls, plished through hard rocks th.~ were competent. .to
"hereas tho lower walt:' on boto SIdes of the canyon preserve essentially the geographIC plan ot the eacher
It, steep or even vertIcal ~or tens 0:
hundreds of Colorado. .
feeL (See p~. 2.5, A.} 'rhlS change. 111 stream pat- I The position of the Burface of er.osion on whIch
tern frorn iiwmgmg curves accompanIed. by und~rc~t tho Colorado developed ib! meandermg pllttern ~an
banks and slip-oil slopes to. curves held tIghtly wI~hin b -'. . ed with eerta.int... If tbo. nplift that
. 11 h b th " I d a no' e "eterrom
hard-rQc]<: walls IS we sown y e mc ose ' me n- be an the p~nt cycle was uniform tI~e relatIOn. IS
oF ' .,

ders on lower Wa.rm Creek and lower Last Chan~ . g t b t if unenll warping: accompanIed the uphft
Creek. for similar features on Kanab Creek GII- slm! e,. u factorS are introduced into the problem.
un
ilen"use' the expression "ennyon within a canyon." The mInnnum o~~ . upl'lft 1'0~ (h& present hei"ht
~
of the Glen
-.GlIllert G. K., U. s. Gcog. and GeQl. "urn,.! W. lOOth w.~. Kept,
• G~ger1. H. E., 0'. elt., P. 121.
i
'<II. 10 p1. .ad: p. 11. 18"~.
 138 THB KAIPAROWITS REGION

Canyon waUs at Lees Ferry, about 1,soo feet. Unless walled canyons of the present cycle, They appear to
the broad esplanade that extends backward from the represent an advanced state in Ii cycle of erosion, the
ca nyOIl rim approximately mlldes ita position, no evi- beginning of which long antedates that of the present
dence of the former !>Urfaee of erosion existS! in the cycle.
vicinity of Glen Canyon, The esplanade is a stru~- The d?tTerences in aJ ti t~de of the remnants ,of ~
,tuI'll1 platform that is upheld III resistant NavajO old erosIon surfaces nnd III the extent t~ wh,wh ID-
sundstone, The weak overlying Cormel strata permit ,' equalities of hard and soft ro,cks were ill dd!erent
considerable recession of clifT. and the destruction pl ..ces obliterated lDa.lie unce rtam the correlation and
0' erosion surfaces, Furthermore, if th(l ancient me· .ven the number of erosion cycles, In the light of
andel'ing habit had been established in resistant rocks present knowledge it ,seems probable that the (;olorado
above the Cormel the time I'equ.ired for cut ting and itll mnin trIbutarIes were estnblished ItS con""'luent
through this thin weak fornmtioJ) probably would streams on the surface of widespread early Tertiary
be insufficient to straighten the curves of the stream, deposits, scattered remnants of which now remain in
With its paUern little modified the stream would be sputherll Utuh, northeastern Arizona, north westen
lowered to the top of the Navajo sandstone in a posi- New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado, As the
tion to begin intrenchment. within the present Glen gradient.3 of the ancient Colomdo and its tributariea
Canyon w"lls, Obviously the depth of the canyon Ifere reduced to a gentle slope, meanders developed
does 'not necessarily rnea3m'. the difference in nltitude and topographic inequalities were subdued, Whether
betwl'en " fOl'mGr erosion surface and the pl....ent one. the erosion "'Ycle in which these chnracte.ristics of ad-
Although the evielence on which n deBnite me"sure- YRnced denudation wcre de\'eloped was the fi,..t since
OIent may be bosed i3 ullsatisfactory and in ,some re· the establishment of the Colorado system eR n not be
speets conflicling, " regional study of gradients, reln- uffirmed, but it is the oldest for which the,,, i. cleo I'
lions of me.nders to rock: type, and' distribution of evidence, At least one period of fRuIting in which
memool's of the strlltigraphic series lead. to the belief , the Tertinry beds werc displaced, some of them mlny
thllt tlte amount of uplift thot beg•.n the present hund,oeds of feet, pl'CCeded t.he end of this cycle, for l
cyde of erosion wns more than 1,800 feet and less lorge differential recession of the southwlII'd-facing
than 2,000 fect. With this conclusion the evidence c1itTs hdd been effected in southern Utah, and in plaoes
from I'emnant peneplnins present here and there in the original topoh'1'sphic expression of tbe faulting
the plnteau province is not out of accord. (See p, 133,) hod been oLliterated and even rever.'ed by erosion,
In developing meanders the streams have been os- The Colorado River seems to nntedate the faulting,
oisled by the p<*ition and spacing of joint planes. fo,' the displacements h.\'e had little influence on tlte
SollIe bend. in Porin Canyon correspond with the inter, position of thB streum,
Sf'Ction of zones of jointing in the Navajo SIlndstone, The intrenchcd meanders o.lollg Glen Canyon and
IIlld alt-<!\;Ches of stream follow closely the bllse of .yulls its muin tributuries afford evidence of an old graded
that trend N, 50· W" puraUel with zones of fracture. surface on which the meanders were developed, (See
The influence of joiuts is evident in other crooked p, 139,) Conclusions derived from the study of many
canyons; in parts of some narrow canyons it hns sub- remnant erosion .u~fnces indicate thnt in the later
stontially determined the position and sIze of melln- part of the early erosion cycle the level ot ,t ha Colorado
deI'S. Fo~ the reg~on as ~ whole, joints have facili - River was about 1,800 feet higber than tile, present
tl.lted erOSIon, but m making meanders they appear stream at the mouth of the S~ Juan RiTer and nearly
us conditioning, not as controlling foctol's, 1,900 feet highel' at Lees Ferry. But it is obvious thot
CYCLES OF EROSION if these inferences ara even a,pproximateIy COITed,
the surface of the plateau couotry at this time was
Tbe remnants of old el'osion sUI'faces in the Kni-
l,y no menns a peneplain, The cliff. tbat border the
pUl'owits I'egioll alld IIdjoilling territory nnd 'the
High Plateaus, though doubt!.... subdued in outline,
supe,'posed relat.ions of parts of the ,drainage bear
stood approximately 5,000 feet above the adj~ent part
eVIdence of one 0,' more cycles of erosIOn older than
of the Colorado "alley, and the, river in Grand Can-
the present, Inclosed meanders of the Colorado, thc
, yon \Vos pI'obably deeply intaoenched.
Sall J UUIl, IIlId pD>slbly those of some of the smaller
streams Ilulrk courses inherited from a fonner well- Since the .uplift of tho ploteau region, which re-
advanced cycle, The maturely dissected , gentle slopes newed acti v.• strenm eroSion lnd commenced the pres-
ent cycle of canyon cutting, corrosion has been domi-
of the PaunsRugunt, Table Cliff, Aqua"ius, nnd Kai-
parowits P.Iat.eous, like those of the Coconino and Kai. nant, To this cycle belol\g~ '.11 of t.he erosion that hll
bnb Platellus. '"'P. out of hurUlony wiUI the steep- !.ormed Glen Canyon, Local peneplain . remnants at
,oe~ati:ely. I~~ altitude. in the Little Colorado Valley,

FBATURES OF VALLEYS
01 the ~n. Juan RiYer, Q'nd elsewhere south of the
('ol~do River, us described by Gregory," and of
tfOSIOD Sl1rf~ces in purts of southern Utah north of
the riYer, pTOballly indicate minor movements of local
blle-levell!. Aggradation Ilnd subsequent excavation
.f matetinls deposited in stream courses is recorded
b! ,ravel and alluvi"l ten'aces and in places by a
rtcenl Chunge fioom depositing to vigorous cutting by
tilt strealllS. • Glen Canyon between tbe mouth of Halls Creek and
No detlni te evidence of the !!Colo"ic ane of the stuges
in tile physiogrn phic history <>of the pl~teau region is
II band. DaHon assigned the grent erosion of this
region to the Miocene and PliocenD, He believed thnt
the outer gorge of the G,'and Canyon was carved in
Pliocen6 time Bnd the inner gorge in QUlI.terna.ry time,
'l\ese conclusions, based on assumed climatic condi-
tions during the Tel'liury period, h!lve not been sub-
"In~iated, Robinson" places the peneplain cycle ill
the Pliocene Ilnd the erosion of the Grand ClLnyon in
!lie QUAtel'I!UY, basi nil' these assignmcnts on correl,,·
tiro with little-known st.ratll olnd topogmphic forms
in the country west of the Grand Cllnyon,
.An outline of the pt'oboble main stllges in the physi-
ographic evolution of the soutbern Utnh pla.teau
~on is as follows:
1. A period ot wldespl'ead toIdlng nssoclnted with l'eclol,wi
uplltt (If the Cretaceous dates Crom. t he Oretllceous--Tectlol'Y
laten"al. Tbe maIn structural features (ormed at this tim!:!
Ire tbe Waterpocket monocl1ne, tbe Circle Cliffs upwarp, the
BIcalante mOBocJlne, the Ktl.lllarowlt8 downwRl'p, tbe Echo
bDOeJlDe. the E.st K:tibllb monocline, and the KaJbub upwarp.
2. A period ot t:xtenshe crosion In earliest Tertiary t1Ine,
4urtnC whle!) tbe domes Rnd ridges 01 CretaceoulJ rocks were
rtdDced to a geDtJe surtnee.
S. A period ot. <uaerentlnl warplng, whicb WRS probably
_octated with regional depression. On the lOQg slopes ~nu
110m ot the b._1m; thus to.'med Eocene beds (Wosatch tor-
aUoD) of eontfz:.entat origin were laid dOWD. Vo1t:anlSlJ\ was
~ln,
... Post-Eocene uplift, accompanied or tollowed by exteosit'e
Ia.ltb" ,
I. A. period ot extensive Qnd lODI"'COnUnued el'oslon, during
.ltIela lUuch ot tbe Tertiary beds were removed. the present
Jiateau blocks were ouU'lned, and erosion fmrt.aces at low
1'tI&ef .... re developed alonG the Colorado, the Parla, nod
~ atreftm'J,
l A rectooaJ uplift thnt revived tbo strenms at· tbe rei:ton
lad ])r'Ovlded favorable conditloDs COl' cuttlnc tbe cnnyons of
:he ~totlldo River nod the many smaller streams.
The recent geologic history of the Kaiparowits re-
gion includes a period of aggradation, during which
the bottoms of the rock canyons were filled with allu-
lium, and a period of degradation t,h at was marked
by tehe trenching of gr""'el floors of canyons and of
allnvial slopes on platealls,
• Gre;otl. a. F... op, cif .• pp. 120-127.
• •obI..,on. B. a,. op. cit" f1P. 123-124.
•
•
139
FEATURES OF VALLEYS
The eh ...actel'istie fe.tures of Glen Ca.nyon are the
smooth high wall. of sandstone'; a series of meanders
I'emarkllble .like for lIumber and fot'm; and the ~entle
gradient Ind absence of steep rapids, Except at t,he
\Vatel'pocket Fold, where Chinle beds IIl'e exposed.
Lees Ferry is carved in massive sandstone of the Glen
C~nyon gronp, From canyon floor to canyon run the
inclosing wnlls are the cut edges of these horizontal
beds, which rise steeply, even vertically, from the ri\'~r
nnd reach in places heights of more thun a thousand
feet , Nearly everywhere the top of the Namjo sand·
stone DllI.rlis the C!lnyon rim, and in Hlany places the
entire wall is composed of thnt formation, Where
the lmderlying Todi Ito ( ') a.nd Wingate 8n ndstone
appear they commonly form a contin,!ous did with
the Navajo, At the Waterpocket Fold, where the
Nuyujo sandstone hns been sh'ipped back, the slabby
Todilto( I) beds r!'sting on the Wing.te form the
cBnyon rim .
~Te"rRock and Lnst Chance Creeks the Navnjo snb'"
to Iilow position, the top of the forma.tion rising
hardly 200 feet from the river level. In the upstream
port of the sag thc ,'e}atively weale beds ILbo"e the
NlI.vnjo have been stripped liway many miles from the
river, but nt the downstroom part, where these sand-
stones !ll'e unusually massive Rnd hllrd and ftrll capped
by I'esistant grit that belong>! to the Morrison forma-
t,ion, t hey form buttes that ri.e neady sheer. thousand
feet. Althongh separated from the inner Navajo ·
sandstone cliffs by 0. no.rrow bench thnt is fonned on
wealter roclis, these upper slUldstoneo closely hem the
river, Below ,the Crossing of the Fathers these upper
sandstone cliffs gradually recede and Glen Canyon
regaiDll its typical topographic fedures. Throughout
its COUnIe in th& Navajo sandstone G)en Canyon is
nllrrow and stnight-sided; in the weak Chinle beds
its bottom is broadly fluing and its width consider-
Itbly increased, (800 pI. 26, a,) The Colorado River
in Glen Canyon swings to tbe right and left in large
symmetrically rounded curvts !hilt define a meander
belt several miles wide, (See pI. 21, e,) The origin
and phy!riogrnphic significance of this remarkable as-
semblage of erosion features have boon discussed by
Moore," who develops tho evidence that they offer of
It former erosion sudace, (See also p, 188,)
In the sections of Glen Conyoll between the Water-
pocket Fold 8nd tile San Juan River and between
• MoM'(>. R. e .• OrlKln 01 tbC~ ml:!lIInden OIl .11'tollUJ of the Colo-
meto Plateau: J'our, Gcolo!Y. vol. 84. pp. 29-aT, 1926; 81,nUleaace
or IJIdOlled OX'&Dder, I.n. tho phTflolT"phte blatorr of lbe Colotado
Plll.te.ou eounl17: J d~.. pp,_1)I-JS.O. _.:.
"
r,~---~----------------------------------~~
140 TH& KAIPABOWlTS REGION
\Varm Creek and Lees Ferry most of the meanders of
lbe Colol'lLdo River show no evidence of extensive
lnteral conasion or sweep during downward intrench-
ment. Intervening sections show IIlore 01' less definite
evidences of horizontal shifting in the position of tbe
ri I'er's courSe. In places slip-olf slopes c9vered by
patches of river gravel and undercut clilh of the outer
ond downstream sides of the meander bends show
cleurly the operation of et!ective laternl cutting, but
this work appears only to hove slightly modified the
Illeltnders and lIot to bave produced them.
The sudden termination of the intrenched meanders
at Le..s Ferry (pI. 21, (f), where the ril'el' passes froIn
lhe saudstone of Glen Cflnyon to the tilted limestone
and older rocks of the Muble Gorge, does not indi-
cate that the meanden; were developed in Olen Canyon
beclLlL,e of the ob.uclo afforded by the resistant rocl<ll
At the head of the "I"rble Gorge, for at the time the
mew.llde,·s ,,'ere developed the Colorado River flowed
in .. COUI'l!e high above its p,'escni lev.1 at Lees Ferry
lind prob8bly continued os • meandering stream across
tho weak beds which at that tillle covered the Knibab
Ii n,~tt)lIe lor n d istllllce of 3.'i 01' 4() mi les south west
oi the Echo Cliffs. On thi. assumption the wonk rocks
we,'a ,'enjoyed during Retive downward corrasioll in
Ute early part of tho present canyon cycle, and the
meanden! of the Colorn.do River below Lees Ferry dis-
llppeared before the river's course began to be in-
trenched in the resistant Kaibtlb. It appesl'll signifi-
cant that two or th...,.. meunder beuds are preserved
in Marble Oorgo at about the point where lccordinn
to hypothe.Ls the old stream proSle intersected th~
. ri.ing sudace of tho Kaibtl,b limestone.
The grodient of the stleam in Glon Canyon is about
2 fc~t t~ the ,mile and is little interrupted by rapids j
boatmg IS faIrly easy lnd slfe. On thiB low gradient
the "iver is well adju>!ted to hard rock and 110ft rock
aliko j it is neitber deepening ils bed no,' niaing it
significantly by building 6ood. plain., The marginnl
accumuilltions of alluvium thllt appear at low-water
singes consist mainly of lIlud and MO rock d~bris
wit.h here and the,'e a few cobbles, .'
So flU' a8 determined, the quickening of stream
erosion thllt marked the begiruaing of the present ero-
sion cycle otrected dl parts of the Colorado drainage
system, As noted by Oregory," the cutting of Olen
Con):on lind til at of "'latbl. Gorge represent an ap
pro:tlmAlely equal Amount of work, one! accordingly
the cunyons Are of app1V:tirnAtely t·he ~ame age,
The gentle p:rndient of the Glen Conyon section
appears ren80uably IlllSign..Me lo t.he lesser strength of
the sondstone os compared with tbe I'ery resistant Kai
bab iimestone and lower hA I'd rocks encountered in the
MArble Oorge and t.he rest of the Orand C~nyon,
n OrCJ;ory, H. R. OIl, cit., p. 121),
Though the Colorado Hi vel' ill Glen Conyon it
npproximately graded with ,." spect to rock hardness.
it does not follow that deposition of flood-pl~in scfoll.
was lacking at stages before the canyon WIIS sunk to iLs
present leyel or that because of t.he b"rrier at Lees
~'erry the formation of flood plains will gradually m-
crea:;e. A. regn.rds l'ock hardness the relation of Glen
Canyon to the Morble Gorge hns doubtles3 remained
essentiallv the' same since downward cuUinn beaon'
~ ~ ~~.
the moin result or deep eorvillg is the gradual up:
stream migl'lltion of the hard-rock barrie,' at the head
ot t·he Morble Gorge. Under present climatic ~ondi­
tions continued denudation of adjoining land. would
reduce tho load to be cOl'ried by the "iver in Glen
- Canyon, The resulting increase in capacity would
permit excLTation and the formation of a more genU,
graded profile. However, it is probable thnt the slol1
deepening of the Morble Gorge just about balances the
t.ndency to deposit materials ill Glen Canyol\.
WA1lWEAP, WARX, LAST CHANCE, AND ROCK VALLEYs
Fl'Om its source on the south flank of Cannon P ... k
to tI,. Colorado River Wahweop Creek Bows through
rocks that orO!- gently inclined in all upst,'eam di,..•.
Han, It passes i,'om weak Upper Cretnceous sandy
shale "cross a sandstone platform, where for a fell
miles its banks a,'e very low, and continues southward
in an ever-deepening canyon until the high southward-
facing escarpment is ,'eached. Like the main stream.
most of the tributaries of Wahweap Creek disregard
rock structure-none of them Ilow fiOrthwesl\l"ard in
accordance with tho dip of the rocks, The middle part
of Wahweap Creek appelrs to be controlled by the
local roc;k hardness and structure. From the mouth of
Ty Hatch Creek, where the soft Tropic shole is first
co countered, to Cottonwood Spring the stream follow!
the line of t.be Echo monocline, Southeast of thl
-s pring the creek swings 8'I';I1Y from the monocline
and earvl'S .. path", ..)· through northward-dipping
Jurassic slUld.tono. The dellection from the mono-
cline is readily undel'!ltandable il this port of the CQum
was established when tbe weak Tropic shale occupied
tbis general positioo, as it must have at ooe st",," dur-
ing . the erosion of t.ho region. During a p;evioua
eros,on cycle the podion of Wahwe.ap Creek below
Cottouwood Spring probably flowed on Straight Clif.
undst,one, for Tropic shale is found onlv near the Col-
orado River. Some adjustment to .tr~cture, such as
the southeastward swing that now .. rries the creek
into massive sandstones, seems to have been aecom-
plished during the present cycle.
The headwaters of Warm Creek "each back only to
the margin of t,be higher Cretaceous sandstonlJl!,
Structurally it. course roughly Coincides with the asia
of a shallow syncline that plunges upstream. The
 .----. . . .
FE.UURES OF VALLBY8
141
_inent
r-~h . sandstone escarpments and intervenin'" b lAItIA VALLEY
Ilene es .n th is '''·ca al·e crossed by the creek nearly
II right angles. .In t~e 'icinity of Tropic the valley of the Poria
Last Chance Creek extends to the eastern summit. of Rn'er IS flat-floored and brondly bowl-shaped. Wide
lilt bigher CrelnceOlls upland. Its vnlley follows n c~p~ures of soft Cretaceous shale have permitted
nll-defined t.hough shaliow syncline that is separated rapId excavation by the stream Rond its tributnries
/rGm ili,t of 'Varm Creek by an nnticline tbllt coin- w~ich has cansed considerable recession of 1I'Je over:
ca. witb the iutersl reum divide. Croton Creek, Iymg Bllndstone clift's_ Portions of the broad int.!r.
.. largest tributnry of Lust Chance Creek b8s also stream areas that ha\"e smoothly eroded tops of ac-
lIyJ1clinal posilion. Rees Canyon, which e~t~rs Last cordant altitud& and .s tand 300 to 500 fcct above aJ-
('hance Creek furthel· upst.ream, hns n course oblique joining lower land. constitute the Cannonville erosion
10 !he dip of the rocks, as does Dry Cunyon, anothe,· surfoce (p. 133). The total erosion at the head of the
tributary. The position of these streams seems to P.~in Valley i. enormous. The streams b,lve not only
hue been determined by their relations to the Wah- obhterated the topographic eft'eds produced by the
Teap sandstone cl.i trs, which doubtless iormerly bar Paunsangunt fault but have cut down the uplifted
dIr9d Rees Cnnyon on the west, as they do now the block, so that tbe present Burface of the downthrown
upper part of Dry Cunyon . These brancbes have block stand. more than 2.000 feet .bove that of the
\bill • presumnbly subsequent Q1·igin iu the zone of upthrown block. (See fig. 1.) Most of the present
weat rock. nt the base of the Wahweap formation. tributary stream. are actively deepening their valle,s
There Ore numerous consequent minor tributllries of and cutting illto the graded bottom IIlDds. Along
the..", cunyons on the Dortheust but nhnost uone on the Sheep Creek dissection by deep, narrow rnvines hns
yest. ad\'anced so far thllt trnvel nel'OSS tbe nllllvinl plain is
Warm and Last Chunce Creeks are not ancient almost impoesible.
streams consequent on a Tertia,·y sudace or an old The l-egional dip of the roclo; in the northern part
peaeplain and superposed nt random on the beds which I of the Pari" Valley is Dorthward, nnd the )'IlriB Itiver
'hey now cross; they nre dminuge lines that ore dis· atcordingly passes from the soft Cretaceous shole
posed with clear relation to rock stmcture. There is through & southward-facing escarpm(lJl~ made by the
ample evidence, however, that they antedate the pres- bnsal Cretaceous sandstone and undedying Upper
.. t erosion cycle. As obscquent tributUl"ies to tl!e J ul·assic rocks into nn open valley carved in wenk
CoIol.. do, length()ning headword by erosion, tbeir ob- rocks of the San Rafoel gI'OUP, which forms the flllt
!iN.ed relation$ to structure caD be explnined. The lunds al·ouDd Cannonville.
plaa!ment of Last Chance and Wann Creeks and some A few miles south of Cnnnonville the Pari .. reaches
<If the other tributaries of the Colorado River was the top of the Navajo sandstone and makes its way
I
p4lssibly fixed by conditions in the very early history t hrough massivo rock wa.1ls, which opposite White
4f the drainage system, perha.ps by adjnstment to the CUffs have .. height of more thnn a thousand feet.
inclined surfa.ce of t.h~. hnrd Wahweap sandstone that South of White Cliffs the canyon continues with lower
formerly covered nll the .·egion. An interesting char- walls nnd a more mrondel'ing COUIU. At one place-
aeteri.stjc of these streams is the strong, even, intd- • cut-o/f meander bend_ 'all rock island, which for-
ata meandering that occurs in each of the hnrd- merly was part of a projecting spur, is Blll'rOllndod by
~k stretches_ (See p. 136.) The intervening open, stream cha.nnels, of which the Olle on the (luter side
relatively straight portions of the valleys, which Bre is unused except in floods.
(lrved in soft rocks, are in std Idng conkast. A short distance north of Pnrill soft rocks appear
The lower part of Rock C.·('(lk Canyon is narrow, ill the bottom of the valley, which consequently in-
and the sandstone walls Bre high. About 6 miles creases appreciably in width. (800 pl. 26, A.) At the
from its mouth, where it crosses the Rock Creek anti- site of this old settlement the nUey i~ bordered by &
dine, the canyon i. considerably wider. The central broad .Iope of Chinle .hale beneath the Wingate .ond-
part of the valley is floored by N. vajo sandst(lne, and Btone cliffs, and the stream flows in a brOad, flat grovel-
h"?el is feasible only along the bench above. The floored wash that is sunk into an alluvial bench, now
bead of the canyon rises ivhere extreme steepness, and eroded to remnants. (See p. 143.) Opposite old
• precipitous trail leads to the rim of the Koipurowits P.ria the Eandstone swings westward in a high south-
Plateau (see pI. 2), where tdbnta.·y ,·alleys with , ward-facin ... escarpment, a.nd a broad opening in the
.Ioping sides virtually hang above the lower canyon weaker rocks affords access over a low divide to the
'I1!e rapid canyon cutting of the present cycle has pro- head of the House Rock Valley and at another place
4ueed an encroachment on the upland that makes the to the road along the Vermilion Clift's to Kannb. But
tiDe between the topography of the plateau and th~ instead of following the belt of weak rocks thot leods
lower t1luntry 0 very striking boundary. ' illto the House Rock Valley, the river swingsooDth- ,
 142 THE KAIPABOWI'lS IlEGION
e~stw ..rd from Paria 9.Ild 110,",5 in a short, narrow, ver-
tical-sided canyon tbl'ough tbe upturned Jurossicsand-
stone in tbe East Kaibab monocline, which at this
point trends north. (See pI. 26, D.) Below this can-
yon the rive.r maintaiJls its course obliquely across a
belt of weak rocks and passe. into .. nlley th.t is
inclosed ill places by lIat-lying Crctaceou. sandstone
and open whe,.., Cretaceous shale and 80ft Upper
JUfQssic strata Cl'Op out. (Sec pI. 27, Lt.) Here the
river is joined by Cottonwood Creek, whicb heads in
the broad-flool'ed Butler VaUey but in the lower 15
miles of its course tlows as a subsequent stream along
the East Koibab monocline. Ii short tributary that
i~ de\'sloped in this 6ame weak 7.one joins the Paria
f!'Olll tbe south.
A short distance below the abandoned settlement of
Adairville the river again enters the Kant]u mudstullc
and in a narrow, winding, gradultUy deepenillg can-
yon cuts through tbe Pari a Plateau. The lost few
miles of its valley in Arizona are CM'ved in the under-
lying weak Chinle and A-loenkopi beds.
The topographic features of the Paria VaUey indi-
cate thut its course W.18 estll.blished originally on a
land ~urfacc unlike that of to-day. The region .now
OCCUPIIW by the headwaters of the Pa"ia wo. ollce port
of the High Plateaus and WIl8 drained by northwr.rd-
flowing streams that w~re unrelated to the Colorado
system. The wolls of tho PaullSaugunt and Table
Cliff Pl~teaU9 mark tbe present lill'it of a northward-
sloping highland that once extended far~hel' south.
If any part of the surface now represented by the ma-
turely developed tClp of the Pauns~ugunt Plateau
formerly sloped southward, the consequent drajnage
could h&ve been related to the Paria. ·Likewise if the
sudace of t.he upmised block east of the Pnu~u"unt
fllult lIad ~riginnlly Il southward incLiJlation the ~n­
ditions would f.LYOI' lJOuthward-/lowing consequent
stl'eams in. the geneI'd poeition of the Parin. But.
both reg~on~l st~uctUl'(l and drainage pattel'lls suggest
that the InclmatlOn of the platel\u blocks hRS remained
essentially the same duriJlg the life of tbe present
drainage.
In their courses through the East Kaib~b monocline
tbe Paria and its moin tributa.ries-Hackbel'l'Y Sand
Wash, aud Knibnb Gulch Creeks-are 8uperpo~d on
t~e struct·ure. Sand Wash and Kaibab Gulch ill par-
tIcular seem stt'nngely out of accord with the attitude
and hardness of the rocks. The topography suggests
thot the woters of tI' ....e stre4nl:l, as they come down
~,he slopes of the Kaib.b Platea u, should be gnthered
III the House Rock Valley and conducted along this
Almost.. continuous depression to the Colorado River.
InsteRd theso streams r·rDSs tho longitudin,.l valley
QJId head stmight for masshe sondstone walls wbich
they penetrate in narrow, deep CaJlY01ls. '
The drainage pattern of the Paria Valley seems im-
p06Sible of uplanution on the assumption that the
paria is an obsequent stream, the bead ward elongation
of a one-time lmimportant tributary of the Colorado.
, Tbjs interpretation becomes reasonable, however
when the Paria drainage is assumed to have origi:
naled Ol' some bigher surface from which monoclinal
tlexul'es were absent. Thjs surface pI'obably wu not
that represented by the fragmentary Onnnouviile cro-
sian, surface, for at that stage considerable topo_
graphic inequalities were present along the Pario, and
the course or the stre.lm with respect to major struc-
(ural features had ah'eady been established. The
cvidence suggests that the Pari .. and its main tribu-
tnries were established 8S consequeut streams Oil Ter-
tiary deposits tha.t wcre formerly more extensive and
that as erosion of the Tertiary .evealed the st"ucture
in .thB Cretaceous beds, the strenms became super_
imposed on it.
ESCALANTE VALLEY
In the upper part of its course the Escalante River
transects minor structural features, including a west-
w.~d-dipping monocline in tbe Cretaceous sandstone
just east of the Table Cliff Platea.u. Eashrard the
stream flows for a few miles in a narrow canyon
cuved in horizontal Cretaceous sondst.o/Hl and tbea
emerges into .. broad, open valley carved in tho Cre-
taceous shill. and weak Upper Jurs.;.ic rocks that ex-
tend continuously a.long the front of the Kaiparowits
Plftteau. Near the town of Escalante the ri ...r
crosses this depression, which seems to offer an elS1
passago to the southeast, and farther eastw.. rd it
plunges into the ~teep-sided Escalante monocline.
Beyond the monocline a narrow windin" canyon cut
·>.T· '<"
mastl y to ., avaJo eandstone', leads to the Colorado.
As in the POl'ia V.lley, the upper ,t ributaries of the
Esc~lante h..v~ established their position by headword
erOSIOD, reduemg tbe area of the Table Cliff Paunsau-
gunt, and AquarlU. . Plateaus and divert,in"' the west-
ward-flowing tributaries of the Sevier Riv~r. In the
"Upper Valley" and at E6calante the stream is ob-
vi?usly superposed on monocli1les. The lower tl&
mdes of the river has II. relation to regional ~tructurlt
thllt SUgg06ts .. subsequent origin, but its course is not
that ?f a ."u.bsequent stream of the present cycle. At
?ne time m Its history tno Escalante mU6t bave 1I0wed
m tbe belt of ",eak Upper JurllSsic r,ocks between tbe
Wllter~~t Fold and the KAiparowits Plateau. In
deepenmg Its bed it cut through these shaly gypsif-
~rousT roc~s, lransferl'ilIg its pattern to t.he underly-
mg N..vaJo sa.ndstone.
Though the sfeps in the pbysiographic bistory of
the Escalante Valley are not clearly defincd it_ms
probuble
. . thlLt th e consequent d"unaae
. system' esta b-
lisbed On the SUr f ace 0 f T ' ..
erllary, rocks became subl!e-
 I

MIYOB PHYSIOGRAPHIC ~BATUUI

143
queot as erosion revealed wellk beds in suitllble rela- The present conditions a.re in atl'ong contrast to
lions to I'l!sistant beds and that continued erosion those pictured by Dutton. The meadow! dong
remled structure to which adjustment was .made by streRms have I.>een destroyed,. valley flats are deeply
lllperimpoait:on. The Escalunte might thus be trenched, and the sod-bound iOil, which once extended
\erDled I sUperposed subsequent stream. widely, even over such regions as the Waterpocket
The lower part of the &cnlante Conyon has a re- Fold, parts of th~ Escalante Basin, and valleys trib-
_ably intricate meandering Course. From its utary to the Paria, is now represented by inconspicu-
DlCJIIth a traverse of 35 miles along tbe river bed meas- ous pateh... On the streams in the Kaiparowits
ural 14 miles in Il strAight line. The inclosing sand- region .,:rce.sive degrftd.tion began during the decade
slone walls exhibit ,t ypical features of "ingrown" lSSQ-1S90. (See p. 30.)
mfoo ders , with p\'Oll\jnent slip-off slopes on the spurs As elsewhere suggested" the great change in the
.ud steeply undercut cliffs On the outer Bnd down- \'Olley topography of the plateau province mRy ren-
slrelm sides of the meander bends_ Part of the me- sonably be ascribed to climate Rssisted by human
andering may have been j"herited from an earlier agencies. Unfortunately the rainfall, snowfall, and
.yd. of erosion, but most of it has been developed temperatUl'e of soutbeastern UlI,h were not measured
curing the present cycle. prior to 1890, but. the meager rainfall I'eCOro. from
outlying stations show that ths yean 1884-1880 were
III1NOR PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES l'elati¥ely wet. During this period the precipitation
ALLUVIAL TERRACES
at Los Angeles and San &lrn&1-dino, Calif., and Fort
Mojave, Ariz., wa., respectively, .9, 42, e,nd 100 per
With unimportant exceptions all stl-eams in the cent above normal. For these stations th., huviest
K.iporowits Tegion are vigorously er<XJing their bod •. rainfall ever recorded fell in 1884. Fort Wingote,
T'nose flowing on l'OCk Ire scouring their floors, ond N. Mex., received anI, n little more than its tvera.,rre
fhose flowing on sand Dud grovel ore rapidly cutting rain during the period 1884-1889, but during the
down1fl.rd and sideward. Not only hu aggl'&dation seven years 1867-1873 thie stillion recorded 40 per
ceuod, but enormous quantities of valley fill 8re torn ' cent Inore than the usual rain-~ fact t,h at may be
Ip and ca.rried each 5OO1l011 to the Colorado. In some causally related to the earlier beginning of terracing
..tlo,.. no alluvium i. left; a rock-lulled, rock-bot. in the P\lereo and Chaco Valleys." The evidence
Iomod canyon has replaced a canyon that was deepl, from rainfall measurements is suggestive rather than
Ieored with alluvia.! sand and clay. The typical conclusive, Some dry years are includod in the
Itre&m i. one thl\t flows between alluvial terraees in- records for 1884-1889, bul the years preceding aud
cluded in a canyon whose walls are of rock. That this following that period are neither consistently dry nor
lieep trenchin~ of vaUeyfill i8 charocteristic of consistently wet. In the plateau province, however,
drams throughout Arizona, New Mex;co, southern Yariations in mean annual rainfall hD\'e relati"ely
Utah, and soutbeI'D Colorado is shown by the recoras little significance. As bearing on erosion, the sea-
eompiled by Brya.n." Tbe streams of southern Ne- sond 'and daily distribution of rainfAll, the nature of
vada and southern California likewise are de"eloping the showers and the ..ru they cover, and the relation
I1'rOl09. Field evidence supplemented by detailed of ,""infall to snowfall and to ,temperature are features
hiItorieal accounts provu that the present habit of of much more importance.
streams in southern Utah has been established within Erosion resulta froOl sudden violent showers, Il.Ild if
tha last 150 yea.rs. The conditions Ithat e:xisted in suitably distributed ill time an iUllUa! rainf~1I of holf
1878-1880 t.re described by Dutton" as follows: the normal amoullt may be more effective in denuda-
Ilo.t ot tbole lateral CaDYous • • • are 110',.1.7 IIllIDI'
tion than twice the normal. The spectacular erosion
IP With .IlUylUfD at tbe present time, but .try plalul, tbe,. wh.ich in 1884-85 Bunk the alluvial floor of Kunab
seN mucb: deeper 11 t no remote ClJoch lu the POlt. The lower Creek 60 feet and widened it 70 feet for n distance of
&aha lD ",mo or tbelD Is complete!)"" burled. and the aUuvium 15 rni lea began ill r ..ponse to the melting of e3cep-
IlOaubi uP on tbe bl"eMta oC perpend icular acafPS· In tionally deep .ceulDulations of snow. . .
_ . . aseS a smooth floor of alluvium exteads from ,s ide to
On the platean tops and steep slopes a~d on canyon
"de of wbat was ortglnnlly D ~.D7C,D volley. n.e recurrence
It I dl~.c.e .utftcle::ltly wolst to WUJltaiD • yiCOrool perelln,'a l /lOON alike the balance between Dggradlltloll and deg-
It_. . .ould probebl,J' 8weep out aU thi. uncoDIOIldated radation is in remarkably close adjustalent. Only
IIhmum oDd return tbe valley to it. forme:- condition of In slight changes in amount and kin~ of rain, in ~tream
erdinar,. canyon. gradient, and in CO\'er of vegetatIOn are suffiCIent to
-. ern.. KIrk De.te ot ebpoDel YeDeb.ia, (urofo cuttiD,) 1.D the
.. O~OI'Y. H. E •• GeolOb"1 01 t.he Navajo eountr1: U. S. Orol. Sat'"
Id4 .1Ith_eat : •Sdcoee. new He.!'., vol. 62, pp. 838-3·H. U2C5.
V~r Pror. PnpJr 03, pp. Ull-132., 1911,
• DQtt••• C. E., 'Il!rli41"1 bhltor), or the Grand Clnyon tllwtrlct
11 Bryan. Kirk, op. eft .• pp. a~ .. o.
U. •. Geel. Sane1 MOD. 2, pp. 228-221». 1882.
144 THE KAIPAROWITS REGIme

BUTTES AND TOWERS

change stream habit. The construction of Il dam or
un irrigation ditch, the killing 011' of hea,'er3, the Under the attack of stream erosion, aided by
building of roads, and the plowing of fields may be- weathering and guided by planes of st.ructural weak_
gin far-reaching changes. The ell'ect of grazing, Il!j- ness, t.he great platenus .re cut into mesa., and POl'.
pcci.lly Ol·ergrt.zing, on run·off and stroom trenching tions of the mesa walls become detached. Further
i. obvious. The net result of tbe interference by man weathering and d.isintegmtion I'educes the size and
with th~ delicately adjusted streams 'is an increase in modifies the form of theEe remnants, producing monu.
amount of surface water and the number of intermit· ments, towers, chimneys, and spires that add much to
tent springs IIccompan.ied by a destruction of forage scen.ic interest. ume Rock, in Wahwe",p Valley
And of oroble land. (See p. 31.) " The Chimney.," in Dry Vulley, and the squal·e.f1uted
The smllller canyons of the Kaiparowits region were columns cut from Snn ." Rllf"el Ilnd M~rrison beds
sunk deep into their rock '/lOOI'S ond then filled with ..long the foco of tile Straight Cliffs nre picturesque
~edjlnent 40 to 150 feet deep. Rlocently removal of the erosion features, but most of th e tallest monuments
sediments began. The canyon cutting probably dates in tbe Kaiparowits region slnod close to lofty cliJfs
Irom tho uplift thllt placed the Colorado in position and are therefore much less conspicuous than similar
to excavote Glen Canyon. 'l'he aggradation may bave erosion features in the Navajo country. Tall l"Ough-
been contempol'lllleous with the' formation of local sided earth columns cut from matel'ials of landslides
peneplains in the Li~le Colorado Valley and else· al'o oommon. (See pI. 28, A- D.)
where whose position nnd altitude are difficult to ex-
plain. Conyoll cutting, canyon filling, and removal ARCHES AND BRIDGES
of fill constitute a seriee of stages that may have been
duplicated sevel'"l times; Lhe bases of some canyon On the walls of many canyons cross-bedding out-
,voU•• how the elfeclB of cNsion at diJferent rate., II.lId lines ..rches. &me of these arches appear as if draw.
within the alluvial deposits Ilre many erosional uncon- with crayon on the .mootll rock fllce; othera un.ite tbe
formities .. Tba ·eviden~ sh<)w8 several changes in the oops of pilasters and form the borders of blind win·
conditions of el'06ion and sooimentation, but neither . dows j .tiIl others fotm the roofs of niches and rock
the number Ilor the duro.tion of the epicycles involved sllelteril. In fact, curved surfaces, in both borizontal
has been determined. and vertical positions, .re ch.racteristi. of detailed
scul'pture on walls of Navajo and Entrada sandstones.
CAl'IYOIl WALL8 As alcoves nre reccesoo deeper and deeper int" canyon
walls there is a tendency for surface water to make its
In tbe Ko.iparowits region, as elsewhere in the
way through the arched roof along vert.ice.! joint
pl"teau province, canyons cut in musive thick so.nd·
plnnes, t. process which if cont.inuoo underfllvorablt
stone Ill'1l box hQlldoo. In most such canyons the walls
rond.itions result.s in Il cl'ock "pen to the sky. En·
are o.i steep ond as high nt their head. as ..long their
largement of this 101).g, narrow skylight. pel'mits the
sides j some of them overll1Lng. The canyon walls ore
fluted by rincons ond by less symmetlicol recesses ollter part. of the alcove 1"00f to stanQ alone as an
Dlony of which extend from tbe floor of the canyon t~ arch separated from the canyon Wo.ll by the width of
its rim. Perchoo bigh on the wo.lls a..e CIlves and rock the opening. Further erosion gives the arch tbe fonn
shelters. Some of them are mere toe holds j othel"ll of n hoop rising above the general rock surface or cleo
are flat·lloored caverns that extend tens. of feet into t.ac~es it completely from tbe wall, making a bridge
the vertical sondst~ne w.lls and are protected by whIch spans the origin",l n.lcove. Arches having thi.
nrched roofs-sites ch06en by the eliff dweller. (See history were noted DCQr the head of Cottonwo<ld CreeIr,
pI. 27, 0.) As interprete<3 by Gregory," stream ero- ot the "narrows" 01). Halla Creek, and on tributariel
5ion has plll;yed little pIIrt in the production of these to the Pari... The largest one observed is in Escalante
feature" j they are the result of disintegration that was Canyon above the mouth of Sand Creek. This EsCl-
aided by ground water and guided . by texture and Iftnte arch, which .hnds about SO feet out from the
structure of roeks. In some places two niehes that ,ull of Navajo sandstone; has a . span of Ilbout 130
were developed oppc6ite each otbel' in narrow rock feet, a heil:ht of 70 reet above the Boor of an ancient
walls have become unitoo, producing a "hole in the alcove, and a t.hickness of 13 feet. Tbe roadway on
l'OCk" thllt resembles the windows made in the for. top is 12 feet wide. (See pI. 27, D.)
mation of natural bridg.... Niches and wall poclretil 011 Fortymile Creek a beautiful natural bridge has
of different .i..,. are cb.rllcteristic of the Navajo and resulted from the undercutting of 'Il meander spur and
Entrada sandstones lind appear also in walls of hIlS reproduced the history of .t he well.known Rain·
MOl'l'iS(>n and Upper Cretaceous sandstones. ~w Bridge in the Nnvlljo country. As estimated by
W. R. Chenoweth, of the Un.ited States Geological
·Ort'gI)J'1. n. K., ~. cit., pp. 132-13.. .
Survey, the Fortymile Bridge hn. a span of 200 feet
 )[JNOR PHYSIOORAPHIO FJ.o;ATURES
.ud" height from streo m bed to roadway of 75 feet.
,l.l!ol" the mouth of ,~r illow ("1'eck on t.he Escalante
Ri«r .Iloth ~r brIdge IS m process of format.ioll. A
]l.1Tro W wall that .eparotes the eompr"-,,,ed limits o f
• stream eun'e 2 miles long is already perforated by
• windotl·. . ,el'l'cd to fill """<,overnl b'Lcl'
WATER POCKETS
Many bnl'e rock surfaces in the Kniparowits l'{'O'ion
It. dotted with pits nnd sa [;ceriilie depres>iolls ~h'lt
fill with woter a fter ruins. These features arc eom-
olDII on the broad sandstone platforms that border
Glen Canyon und on the 11001' of the Escalante Uasir..
Theil' .bunclftnCe on the crests nnd flanks of the Wat er-
pocket monocline account for t.he name of this flexure.
They nppe.llr here and there on rocl;s of nil kinds but.
'.
.re char.cooristic of the NIlVIIJ'O sa ndstone , which 00<-
~ to an unusual degree t.he texture and 5tl'lI ct.lIl'e
fIlvorable fa I' their development. In ground plan
they range from irregular rings or curved-sided de-
pressions 11 few inches ilCl'OfOS to in-egularlv bordered
Ilk, bAsins mOl'C than 100 feet across; in ;lepLh thev
",uge frolll a fr:lCtion of an inch to as much as G froL.
n.. commonest ones are 1 to 3 inches deep and 2 t"
l I('eL in long.,,;t diaruete r. Some of theIll hold mere
61ms of wuter, 100 thin to penn it. " hoI''*'. to drink and
disappearing within a few hOllrs after u rain; olhel's
"" deep, permanent wells that hold several balTt';'; of
~.Ier anu constitut.e the chief supply for puck trnins
when the nem'-by g rnvel-floored washes are dry.
The.., water pockets seem lit. first s;ght to be distrib- .
.ted in a hup hazarrl fasilion ",:thout referen: e to
,lopes or joints Or differences in ro ck texture, bnt ex-
tmination of the mek sUlfaee shows them to be located
on icelined ""rfaces lit. places where joints or eros;-
beddUig I.minae intersect, where the rock cement is
weak, 01' wh el'~ lellses of cO:ll'se-fYl'uined rock loin finer-
grained rock. The position of some l'ock -basi liS on
lhe cre,t of the Wate rpock"t Fold is deterlllined by
I~nd dikes-the hardened filling of (Tncks.
The deepest pockets form rows at the bottoUl of
poorly defined valleys . Many pockets hllve lips ol'er
"h,eh water escnp's, Dnring light ra.ins the pookets
or". fined or partly filled by l'un-off in their immedi.te
1·'Clmty. D '
urlng henl'Y thundershowers the water
Irolll ,-Ul')' OWl d'lng S Iopes passes t.hl'Ongh these pockets
IS a stream or as a sheet flood that coyers the ()ntire
~!rface. The l'Ulllling W:lter merely makes little
npples when crossing t he sha llowest pockets but it
It ' i n and
8l1'n'ls out o' f the deep ones. When exammed, .
• er the willer hilS ceased to run the pockets are
'- to IlOVe lost the sand hardened
''''n ' silt and Ye"e-
t,hl. d'b
· e rl S that. prel' iously had coated.
. ' "
their bot-
I~ms; their flo()I's are bare rock 01' clean sand. The
b"'ms
h IlaYe been sconred out and doubtless some-
1\' at enlnrged, although some haye been mad e more
145
shallow by the grinding down of thei r rims. Durin"
lun« eo llcL'lod :s
- bet :w~el1 '
nuns mnny shnllow pockets Ul'C .,
fillcd or par~ly filled by wind-blown d nst, which forms
mud In basUls cont.aining water and 11 «\Iffy cOlltill(P
Oil th e Hour of dry busins. Que windstorm wn:-;; ob~
~ ~ ns ( 0 tl, tell' . t 1 snnd
" rims Wit
~HI to deposit sOlUe "md in other". Donbtle", in
ftlvol':lblc I~Ja(:es wir.d "l'elll0Ves dry materials hOUl
shallow basms and ""Ollrs their f10ilL'S with sllnd, Ullt
It seems Hot to u(' a vcry eti'ccli\'c cxcllvnl.inlY unellt
Il ' -' , ~ ,.., .
'" IS slgBlficnnt t.hat. lCll\'cS and twigs rt.l. nlaiI~ il\~ dl'\'
Wl.ltel' pockets during heuvy Willd:4ol'llls and t.h.;t
Ill ony depl'css..iolls exposed t.o the wind but beyolld the
l'C'llch, of, funnillg water contain shrubs :l;ld p-r:.ISS
gl'OWIIl:,!." 111 pah.'hes of soil.
WORK OF THE WIND
III (.he Kaiparowits region t.he winds are ILeither
ST rong 1I0l' persistent; the topogrnphy if; un fn\'orllble
for lal'g~-sc;llc wind el'osion or d~po8ition. (Sec
p. 12.) Low dune ridges appenr here and tlICr" nnel
Oil the Glen Cnllyon platform, aud in the Esculunte
V.,l1ey arc dune nreus of n few acres, but most of the
dust curried b~' the wind is piled lit lhe COl'lleL', of
'l'ock buttresses , dumped OVl1r canyon walls, 01' IIW\'l~tl
back and fort.h along dry wa shc~ :lwaiting its time of
trnILspurt to the ('oloruclo River.
AllholLl!h bare flat rock fnrm s much of the slIrfll"e,
und innume.ruul" uultes and Ille," Willis lie aero.. t.he
pnth of pl'cvniling: winds~ no abl'lllird s llrfn,('c~ 01' Willil
elehed rocks we re oUscl'l'ed. The shullow w'lter
I,oekets d""cL'ibed by Bryan ,. as features of wind ero-
, ion Ilrc beliel'ed in the main to be the wOrii of weat.her
nnd running water.
LANDSLIDES
The efficiency of ground wnWl' os a factor in erosion
is shown by the landslides in the TL'Opic shille "nd to
a less extent in the Chinle, When the Chinle" mllrl."
anrl sha les on steep slopes are s:L(.nrnteel they seem to
move by t.heir own we,ight, con'ying their broken
strllta and talus blocks to lower lel·els. At t.he south
bns~ o f the Paria Plateau slides in th e. Chinle. have
spille,l aVe.!' t.he Shinurump eon~lomerute and .-\own
the Moenkopi cliffs to the Kaibub below, and at IL
place nbout 14 miles south of the Hurl' trnil t·he
Chinle beds have lost their hold ,urd hn\,{) slid, uc-
companied by huge fragments, over the uptumed beds
of Nnvajo s.~ ndstone, down the west side of thc Hillis
Creek VaHey in " jumbled moss that is roughly three-
fourth, of a tui Ie wide, ill" miles long, lIud 80 feet
u eep. The slopes of Tropi" slulle along the southwest
t ' DryaD, Kirk. Wind l'fI'Mlon nen r r..ec~ }o'cr", ,\rll , : Am, .J our, liel"
v t h tiC"I'" \'01. G, JlJl. :l98-:t03, 1923,
146 TH. KAIP.\ROWITS REGION
flank of the Kaiparowits plateau are in many places
streaked with landslides; in plooel they art com-
pletely maoked. The high-lying Tropic on the north-
east face of the Kaiparowits Plateau between Coyote
Hole and WiUow Tanks;" the seat of landslides which
one after another have flowed down the shale slopes
and out over the Dakota ( f)-capped benches, carrying
with them great talus blocks and slabs of Stnight
Cliffs swdstone.
As viewed from the rim of the Kaiparowits Pla-
teau at ~'iftymile Point the landslides are impressive.
The slopes below the capping CretaceoUll sandstone
coJllltitute a field about 2 miLes wide and 10 miLes long
e"errwhere strewn witb boulders, the largest of .. hi<~
are square blocks of sandstone 4.0 feet thick. Sue.
cessive slides have banked the materia.Ls in buge ridg..
like a series of terminaL and lateral moraines.
Except in areas of Chinle and Tropic .hales land.
slides we.re not observed. The steep slopes of other
formations are bare or coated with only ribbons and
scattered patches of debris. Surfa.ce water, ground
water, and rock structure do not occur in combinatiOlll
fayorable for the productioo of talus; disiotegrated
rock is removed about as fllSt as it is formed.

CHAP'I'EII 5. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
The rocks of the Kaiparowits region are m.ineral-
iIed only to a slight extent. There are no mehmor-
pHe rocks, no pegmatites, a~d no igneous intrusions.
10 fad, ~J:cept for the Tertiary basalts ,t hat cap the
Table Cliff and Aquarius Plateaus, igneous rocks ..r.
I.Wng. Some of the sandstones and shales contain
billl of gold, small amounts of low-gndo copper ore
.ppear in a few places, and carnotite has been
nported.
Sandstone for building is abundant, and at a few
places adobe and cllly ure availn.ble for brickmnking.
Gypsum is widely distributed, but limestone suitable
fur CI!IIleDt is rare. Some of the Triassic strata are oil
belring, Ilnd oil seeps from sandstone at the southeast
ead of the Watel'poclret Fold, but a w~U sunk at the
Circle Cliffs gave unsatisfactory results.
In addition to water tbe one deposit of economic
niH ill coal, which occurs at several hori7Alns on the
dnks of the Kaiparowits Plateau.
GOLD
Within the Kaiparowits region, &9 elsewher,e in the
plateau province, the Triassic and Jurassic rocks in·
cIude widely distributed minute flake. of gold, IUld
accumulations in gl'llvel bars along the principal
Jtreams are sufficient to· attract attention,
There are reports of prospectors along the Water-
pooket Fold, in the Henry Mountai,ns, and east of the
Colorado River about Elk Ridge and the Abajo
lloantains lIS early as 1870, and the finding of gold
illllandstone and gr.."'e1 of the Son Juan Riv~r in the
faU 011892 led to the" Bluff excitement" of 1892-93,'
Liitle prospecting seems to have been done along the
Colorado River until the practicability of its traverse
had been demon&trate~ by Powell. The wide desert
lIntche. along the river, the difficulty of linding or
1DaIrin, • feasible trail f.om the conyon rim to the
_m helow, and the ignorance of probable <;nt&racts
lIId whirlpools stood a. discoural:"menta. But the
diteoyery in 1880 of the Dandy crossing (Hite) and
of feasible routes leading to it resulted in the loca.
tion of a working camp, to which supplies could be
Roucht fr<>Dl settlements in both Utah and Colorado.
'Ibe establishment of a miners' trading station at
lIanksvill8 in 1884 made conditions still more favor.
recor1, p. E., Oeol(l~1 or the Navajo CQlIutrr: U. S. Geol. Sur4
' Cli
her. PaFu e3~ pp. I3O-HO, 1011.
-
able. By using the Dandy crossing as a base the bars
and alluvial Kr&vel along the Colorado River between
the mouth of the Fremont and Lees Ferry have been
intermittently worked since 1888.
'The following notes reg&rding placer mining in
Glen Canyou were compiled from conversation and
personal letters of Mr. Bert Loper, whose lmowledge
of the Colorado River between Hite and Lees Ferry is
based on many years of uperience.
Gold was discovered nur the mouth of Tuchyte
Canyon by Cass Hite in 1888. Most of the mining in
G1eu Canyon was done during the years 1886-1889.
A few men were .t '!!'ork during the following decade,
and at least one man continued to pan gold until 1908.
Doubtless in later Y08I'S prospectol'S hlL va worked hOI'e
and there for short periods.
Beginning at, the mouth of Crescent Wash, the
larger bll.. explored for gold are North W&sh, Hite,
Grub Stake, Cnpe Horn, Monte Cristo, Red Callyon,
Tickaboo, Good Hope, Sevenmile, Olympia, Califor-
n.\a, MaIn , New Year, Burro, Boston, Anderson,
Shock, Butler, Klondyke, Meskin, nnd Wright, the
last of which is near the mouth of Navajo Cr.eek.
From aU these b8.l'll enough gold to meet day wnlles w8ll
obtained. A good amount of gold was recovered at
Boston, Red Canyon, Klondyke, )loki, Olympia, and
. Good Hope bu's, and the California bar yielded more
than $10,000. All tho bari were located as, prospect!,
except Good Hope, which is the only patented land
.... ithin Olen Canyon. .
Nearly all pay dirt is "wash gravel" that was de-
posited at high-water stages of the Fiver, but tests
showed gold in the Chinle shales and even in dune
sands blown into the canyon from ourfaces above the
walls. The richest materid mined is composed of
streaks of adobe within the gravel-" powdery, stjcky,
mud, which quickly dissolves in water."
All the metal recovered was lIour gold; there were
no flak ... or nuggets. Most of the gold came from t·he
Il\ye1'8 oear the BUrface of the bars, " at grass roots"
within the gravel, and at the contact ~f the graY~1 a~d
bedrock. From bedrock itself the Yields were lJISIg·
ni6cant. Assays ma.de for A. P. Adams of "red
nlarl," "blue marl," II blow sand," and river silt
showed from 20 cents to $1.20 • ton.
Frank Bennett, who has long been familia.r with the
placer deposits of Glen Canyon, says that selected
141
148 THE K.\lPAROWITS REGION
g'""v"1 from the Gold Coin claim yielded about 72
celll s a cubic yanl and that a bar neal' the moulh of
TIed Creek yielded from 70 cenls La more than $1 a
,vnnl.'l
Nt~u l' ly all the mining wns done wit.h rockers, but
where conuitions were favorable home·made sluice
boxt's llnd qui cks ilver rimes werc installed. Some
.shafts We.rc slink, and the tunnels in gravel bunks a
hunul'eu feet or mOl'e above high-wate r lo\'el on t.llC
Loper cl'lirn nflar Tickahoo reprcsent much hord work
with pi"', and shovel. Lack of water from sources
uuovc the goltl . benrillg' gravel and thc c~pcn sc of
pUlIlping hom the rivcr below h:1VC prorented large
hydralllic "pc:l'1llions. A watel' wheel \Vus !.I·ied at
Goo,1 Hope Bar, alHl in l!)(~J a power dredge wa s in-
stalluu and OIX!l'utcd for a few weeks neal' tile mouth
of Bullfl'og (Hanson; Pine Alcove ) C"eek, but the
flour gold rcc'ovPl'ed was insufficient to pay the /·ost. of
insta llution. (See pI. 2n, A.)
Dudug I.ho yenl's 1.010--101:\ all IlmLitious "f·heme
WIIS dc\'olopctl for l'cf:o"f}I'ing gold from S:1f1dSt.OllC,
shule, i.mel ~iH. on t.he Plll'in R iver ut L et'S FClT" ancI
PUl'ill. Aftcl' prcliminul',Y st.tld~' : induding mil~Y as·
snys, s(' vC'l'ul hlllHh'cd c1ai1lls were located, assessmcmt
WUl'k was L~~gllll, lWeI ~t{'am drcdgc ~ and power f;ho,cl s
t.hnt wel'o fl'{"I, igh(-C'd fl'OI11 ~'[al'Y!:i \'alo WCl'e instnll('d nl
th e IliCllIlh of tile Purin, To obl'Jlin fuel for operaling
tll(~ dl'cdg-l'" II coni milw wus op(~llcd in \Vorln Crc(>k
about 10 miln~ frol1l il s mouth , aud a wllgon road was
comil.rllcted, Fl'Om t.lie end of the rOlld II pn C'k- hOl~
tJ'ail WIIS built. tlirollg'h th('< narrow cll nyoll portion of
the ,\Vnl'1l'l Cl'eck Yalley to Ihe Colorado 1lil'el', and
11 UILl'gu \\'I\~ CUIl~t.l'uctcd fot' e:'!'t'ying the ('anI to it.s
d~st;i ll,,(ion . (Se" pI. 2!J, n.) The plUll was to n '-
('OVOl' the g old known to cxist in neal'ly all the bed,
of Ule Chillic fOl'lIlution , which is well ~xp()S('d at the
mout.h of Glen Canyon lind IllIdtn'Iies thousands of
SqUU1'C miles in Ari:l.OIHl nnd Utah with II thi ckness
~,cce.dillg GOO fect..
AS':iIl,Ys of 14 snmples from Lees Ferry, r eceived
throllgh t.he eOllrtcsy of ~il'. C. H. Spenc;r, show un
lI\"cl'ngc of IIbollt 2,> cents :\ tOll fol' the a silts " de-
rived from Ihe Chinle beds. Annlyses of three 8erres
o f sumple~ tnl\C1l by Lnwson :; from cqlli\'nlent beds
Ill. Pariu showed nil nvcrngc of 14.!ss thnn :} ~nts of (rold
ill 11. t.OIl of .sha.l~ nHd sandstone. The. Inl'gC'~t. nmo~nt.
10 lX'llts u tall, cU llle frolll u he.d of ~nndstoJle. Simill11:
ti.~lIl'es WCl'e obtained for t.he gnld content of the
Moenk')pi forlllation illlmedintely below t.he Shin-
1ll'lHI1P c,ongl~mcrntc: Gold uppeul'~ to bc fairly
Hellly dlsscmwntcd '" the Chinle ,hales, anu their
composit.ion Ilncl t('xtllre lIlilkC" th~l n ft\.\'ornbl~ for
~ Dul lt-r, U. S., allo ,~!1l('r~, 'l'he \.'Or,' ll{~llo"jhl of Uta h: U. ~
SlIn'!'r l'rM, l.':l[1cr Ill, [1. GaS, l~l:!O. . co.
• r.llW~(lll. 1\ , C.• Th~ ,1::\1111 In th(> ~hln'lrUlUl' lit l':).rln · t::con. Geol.
o,:.\', "ol :;, PI', ·t ·IU--i .... S. Hl13. .
hydraulic mining. The m,'t.al OCCUl'S: howe~e r, as es-
cessi vely fille flak es and dust "nd requires mueh skill
ror its recovery, B eca use of this difficulty nnd the
isolation of the mining field: with the consequent
enormous cost of opemtion, work at Lees Feny was
discontinued in 1913. A few years later an unslIce.,._
ful attempt was made to re"ive gold mining at PHI·in.
,'illllge in connection with nn ill-stal'l'ed irrigation
project. (See p. 31.)
The gold of Glen Cauyon is uccompanied by black
sllnds, consist-ing ot magnetite, hematite, ilmenite
garnet, and small amounts of chromite, zircon, and
rutile, One analys is showed 0.1:3 ounce of platinum
Lo t.he ton.' Obviously these minemls huve originally
come from mineralized rocks that were different froUi
tho;e now exposed in the Kaipurowits region. Some
of the placer gold prflbably has been c'''Tied to Glen
Cllllyon by st.reams from the Henry, La Sal. and
Ahuja ~UoulitainS, where gold-bcfn-illg '{'cin~ are
known, but it. seems r easonable to asslime that most.
of it has come from t.he c1isinte~rt~t.i on of near-by
Trias~ie sedimen(.s.
COPPER
Pl'OSpectillg for copper in the Moenkopi, Chinle,
t1l1d Na \'ajo formations Iws been cnr:-rie.d on at (l muu·
bel' of places in the PIlI'ia VnUey, ,md some low'grade-
copper Ol-e is said to ha,'e been shipped from the·
Huttie Gl'cen mine: 2 miles west of Adairville. Small
lenses of implll'e green and blue mineralized mut.erial,
including azurile and mulachile, have been noted at
so,"cral pla ces in red bcds assigned to the Glen Cunyon
anu Snn Rn fuel groups. Copper appears also at pros-
pect hnl~s in the Terliary beds of the Aqa"rius Pla-
t~!lU. Xo deposits of commel'cinl ,""Ine have beer_
founrl.
COAL
DISTRIBUTION
A "tudy of the Cretnceolls rocks in the Kaiparowits
Plat.cnu nnd the upper Puri" Valley indicates that
beds of conI Bre restricted to the Dnkota ( 1) sund-
stone, Tropic shale, and St.raight Cliffs snndstone.
Most of I.he coal deposits in tho Dukotn (~) find Tropic
formatIOns are so thin and so poor ill qnnlity that
Il,ey have little commercial value bnt some of the
conI beds in the Straigl,t Cliffs ":ndstone are thick
nnd of good grade. (See pI. 30.) In the Dakota ( /)
mndst~ne c?n.1 appenl's ill almost all pltlces where tbis
format.1011 lS expMed. In t.he Tropic shfile coal is
genel'lllI)' absent, but i n the "PP" 1' Puria Vnlle)' the
lowe" 100 to 200 feet of this formation contains thin
beds of coal.
~ BUl!\'r, 8. S .• m:d olht!'r., op, cit., [I , GaO,

COAL
In the Straight Cliffs sandstone the mllin expo,;ures
of coal are in two dist.ricts--{)He on Warlll Ilnd Last
()banCf Creeks in east centml Kane County aHd the
ather iJl Canyons southwe,t of Escalante ill Garfield
County, nil nel' and less e"tensi va coal beds in the
upper Paria VaUey fUI'p-ish coal fOl' local use at
Trapic, CanHofll'ill e, and Hem'ieville, In some places
theStra 1gqt Cliffs sandst.one appears to lack coal beds.
Indeed, the known co.1 deposits of commercial value
are distributed over an area of only foul' "I' Jive town-
ships ill the $ontl1-cent.ral and northeru parts of the
Kaiparowits Plateau, It is probable, however, that
the e.. l-bearing beds of '''lIml Creel, and Lllst
Chanee Creek are connected under a COVel' oC youngel'
beds witb. those at Escalante, ;;0 liS to form u coal·
bell'ing area 10 to Ii; miles in width nnd :lJ to 40 miles
in length, Evidently caul was formerly milch more
abundant, for in most of the south·centra l pal't of the
Kaiparowits Plateau, particularly between 'Worm ancl
Last Chance Creeks, the coal-bcaring beds in the
Sllllight ClifFs sandstone have been much offeded by
burning; the shalc which commonly underli es and
o<erlies tbe coal is baked hard, altered in eolor, ane!
lIuch of it burned to clinker. .
COAl IN THE DAXOTA(I) SANDSTONE AND TROPIC SHALE
Eastward from the point southwest of Cannonville
in T. 38 S., R. 4 W., where the Dakota{ 1) is Cllt off
by the Pauns3ugunt fnult, beds of coal Illld carbona-
COOUi shole "ppe:ll' i.il the sandstone and sandy sbale
thai eap the esca.l·pme.nts overlooking exposures of
variflgated Jnrassic rocks to the south. As shown by
marine fossils, most of these cool beds belong in the
hasal portion of the Tropk shale, and the Dakotn( n cBI'bon is 31 pel' cent, whJch is low. The henting nlue'
is Yery thin and consists in places entirely of con-
glomeratic sondstone. A measured soction of the
lower part of tr.e Tropic shale in sec. 12, T. :38 S" R.
4 W., includes tluee beds of coal-a tbed 7 feet thick,
including several thin partings of bone ~ alld sand, an·
other 1 foot 4 inches thick :j incheS below this thick
bed, and a thied 2 feet thick about SS feet above it.
Oo 'Sheep Creek in sec. 35, T. 37 S., It 4 W., corre-
sponding beds consist m01jtly of bone and very thin
CIlal beds but include one bed of coal 2 feet thick.
Tltis coal zone is C<Jntinuously and rather promi-
IIfntly exposed in nn extremely irregular line that fol-
10"i the indentations of canyon V!l.lleys a.nd the pl'O-
jecUons of intervening divides. In the vicinity of
Cannonville and Henrieville the Dakota( 1) and coa.l-
boaring Tropic c"p the bluffs that nearly surround
each ~i118ge. There is considerllble v8l"iation in the
coal bed!, but, sections show several beds 2 feet or less
i. thickJ1ess. On the south side of Little Creek in
Ite. 25, T. 37 S., R. 2; W., coal has been mined fl'om a
bod 2 fetjt 10 inches thick in the Dokoh\ (Y) sandstone.
..
----.~-.
149
The coal is fair in quality, bu.t it pinches out in a few
hundred feet.
Southeast of Henrieville the coni zone swin gs
.. round the. north side of Butler Valley to the &lSt
Ktlibnb monocline, where the sandstone .forms 8 low
but porsiste nt hogback for many miles southward in
!'h ~ Cottonwood Valley. Cool is well exposed on ihe
PIll'ia River southeast of the point where it crOSSes
Iho monocline, nnd locally it is of workllble thickness.
.'\. section mMslu'ed in sec. 20, T. 42 S" It 1 'V" shows
36 inches of good coal and 8 inches of .ery impm'e,
pyl'itiferotls coal at t-he top, A short distnnce away
tbis cool is t,hinoer and much poorer; in lee. 21 of this
township there is 5 fe'lt of bone and cootl , but no good
be,d more than It foot in t.llickn~.
111 the Dakotn(l) outcrop, which lIlay be followed
from the Paria River eastward in an irrcgular line 10
the extremity of the Kniparowits Plateau opposite
X aVlljo ~rotlntain, most. mensul'ed section:"; show SCV~
el'lll coni beds. l'ew of (bem nre mor0 H'Rn 1 foot
(.hick, but one bed in sec. 4, T. 41 S" R. 6 E., is 2 feet
,~ inches thick. At the heRd of Rock Creck a vel'y
prominem dark bo nd DIore than 6 feet thick 01. the
Dokot. (?) hOl'izOll cOllsists entirdy of bono and vcry
blnde carbonllceolls sbole. The Dakotu.( 1) is I(':;S
persistently coal bearing on the northeast side of the
Kaiparowits Plateau t.han in the tel'ritOl'Y f,trther
south and west, Several sections measured southeast
of Escalante show no Dakota (1) coal.
According to analyses of a sample at typical Dako·
ta (1) coal of nppaNntly good grade collected in tiec.
4, T. 41 S., R 6 E" tho ash is 19,6 per cent and sulphur
2.1 per cent, which is relatively high, and the find
of th.is coal ill only 7,28(} British thel'mal units, which
is very mUl'h less than thnt of b>'OOd-grnde coals from
the Straight Cliffs sandstone.
. COAL IN THE STIIAIOHT CLIFFS S.llfDSTONE
Altllough the cod beds of the Straight Oliffs sand-
stone are much greater in prospective commercinl
,-alue, they ..ra in general much less prominent than
those of the Dakota. ( I), because of the small a..... of
the thick cool deposits and partly because of extensive
burning and poor exposures. Detel'minntion of the
l1umher and extent of the different beds is s~riously
hampered by the impossibility in most places of trac-
i ng the coals along the outcrop. Becauso tbe cod has
been d.. troyed by burning to within a few feet of tbe
ooLtoms 01 the Ca'IYOIlS, it is impossible to tn.ce t.he
coal beds found Of! the North Branch of WU.J·m Ol'.ek
to the Middle Branch, even where these streams are
le5<I tllln a mile .part. The same is true of other
parts. of the Warm . Creek drain"!,'" basin and the
country along Last <{bllllee Creek and its tributaries.
 THE KAlPA.ROW1TS REGION
150
'd till d aDd its lithologic character cha.nges rapidly
A s the bottom.. of the cllnyons in the Straight Cliffs I en e, dd' , h b '
in n horizontal plane. In n ItlOlI, t e ?rmng has
formllti on Ill'. in most places covered by stl'eam de·
posit.. and !tlius, tho unburned portion of Il coal bed mad e un recog nizable beds or zones that. nllght'other-
.
, be traceable and hus caused slumpmg.. which dl>.
Wlse
IIllly be buried under rock wosle. In severa l places them, In
the ollly obseryed exposure of coal was in t~e yery bed t.ur bs tl. 1e beds and more 01' less conceals
.
order to determine as precisely as possible the strati·
of a creek, The fact that somewhat fortUitous slllft· graphic position of the coa l beds geologIC sections
ing of stream cutting and deposition IIlUY revelll or
~.3E .

,;
• D,UHA1 :0 N

•" "
lIe lp e ro ... lh
'w
(o, "' .~ ;o;n

w,sh_ep t.'1d.!on~
",C
5tr";~"l OiO'"_ SGl'cHtore
K,
Trup"" ..,.1•
••
0<'1 10 01 . (1') '."(1.14 .. ..
11m I U
MOI'ri .~n rO)I'III.ti~n } ii ,
I
Jv •
Ul'\dlfr....."wtM! s... ~r•• 1tro~f" ~ I
-=
O"tcrap ,(~I Mol
' \I \
Dur .... ;~:~~o(C.c.1 t ed
'-\ !

'- ..
~~:'----Kw---=t-

••,
..,

a I .... .. ~

Fl\:ULII: S. - M!l[l of n pftrt of Kauo County. UtJll h, .ho",'lnac d llltribution or ecal l!J:pollure9 In lile Straight CIld'14 6[Uldstone llions:
lilt' trlblllnriu of WArm null Lft.!l Chli nCl! CNekif. DIl::S:': llud ljC! oto~y by a..,ymond C. ~.Iooro

complet" ly conceal" cOllI bed, in conjunct.ion witu tue
difficulty of procuring detniled stratigl'llphic informa-
tion, makes it probuble that tho obseryed coni deposits
in the Stmight Cliffs formation nrc less th." t.he
uctunl coal resources pre.cnt, (Seo fig , S.)
In c01'l'elnt.ing the coni beds in the Knipnrowits
reg ion it. ha s seemed necl?SSury to rely mlltnly on the
st.rntigrnphie position in t.he formation nnd the reln-
!.ion of the COllI to udjlleent beds. In most places t,he
Straight Cliffs sll ndstone lacks key beds thut. can be
WCl'e prepared nlong each of the ca nyons where cool
was found. >lnd the ve rtica l and horizontal positions
of the co~l exposures were plotted 011 the sections.
In this wily the stratigraphic position of each bed waS
determined wi t b an approximate minimum of error,
It wus found that the thicker workable coal beds occupy
a position t,uu t ranges from obout 300 to 600 feet ahove
the bose of t,he Struight Cliffs formation und, tuat
several of the geogrnphicolly more or less Widely
separated exposures fall at closely corresponding
 COAL
;t ... tigraphic
. positions. The letters A., B., C , and D
...,eaSSlgned to the Illain coals thus correlated. (See
,L 30.)
In the SOllth-central part of the Kaiparowits Phteau
~o \forkaule coal beds were found below the horizon
"Oed A, a 'ittle more thun 300 feet above the base of
tilt Strnight ClilIs formation. On La,t Chance and
\flrnl Creeks lind locally at other pl:lces n. number of
,""I beds that average 6 to 8 inches in·thickness were
itJllnd in this lower di\' ision of the formation.
Bed A is a workable bed of good coal. On the
~orth nrllUch of Warm Creek in sec. 20, T. 41 S., R.
3 K, it. has a maximum thickncss of 3 fe"t 3 inches
qJ1d stands 310 feet above the base of the Stra:ght
Cliffs. The coni is overlain by carbollaceous shale
,11<1 yellow sandstonc and nnderla.in by dark carbo-
n,""Oll' shale. On the South Brar.ch of Warm Creek
iI, the northem part of T. 42 S., R. 3 E., this bed is
,,'lUingly represented by two coals 3 and G .inches
thick, separated by II fcw inches of carbonaceons ,:,.10.
On L,st Chance Creek in sec. 35, T. 40 S., R. 4 No,
I:!d beds exposed at the hori,ol1 of bed A show 5 feet
6 intlles of coal and bone in which the thickest bed
of good coal is 1 foot 11 inches thick; in sec. :Y! of the
,.m. towllsh:p bed A is probably represented by four
co.'ll b,ds of which the thickest is 17 inchcs thick. In
Uees Canyon, farther north, bed A hns a thiclmess of
25 inches, but the nppel' 7% inches is of poor quality.
Ued B is about 460 to 480 feet above the base of the
Straight Clills sandstone. On the Middle Bmncb of
Warm Creek :n sec. 35, T. 41 S ., R. 3 E. , it consists of
5 feet 11 inches of COlli nnd 1 foot 6 inches of bo!!e.
A bed of good coal 2 feet 6 inches thick on the North
Bmoch of 'Warm CI'eek ll"d nbout 20 feet lower struti-
gmphieaUy seems to correspond to tbis bed. On the
11icldle Branch of Wllrrn Creek in sec. 26, T. 4l S., R.
3 E., 6 feet G indIes of coal in two be,ls is sep.rated
by 5'12 inches of c''''bonaceolls shale, and the top of
,I" coal is 458 feet ubove the base of the forlllution.
On the South Brunch of Warm C~eek in sec. 10, T. 42
S., R. 3 E., bed B consists of 3 feet of conI 480 fret
from the bottom of the Straight Cliffs sandstone.
The coal is or good quality and hns been mined on
• ' moll scale at the only coal mine in the southern
part of the Kaiparowits Platean. On Last Chance
Cr"Ck bed B is represented by 7 feet of very good
",II thnt is exposed in the bottom of the canyon in
I.e sOlltow'e stern part of sec. 27, T. 40 S., R. 4 E.
This coal bed and others have been destroyed by burn-
ll g to within 1il or 20 feet from the bottom of the
alll"On. ft. coal bed that is expqsed on lower Dry Can.
'on' a little less than a mile north of this 7-foot out·
'op has a thiclmess of 3 feet By:! inche$. Its cor-
e'pondence to bed B is indicated by its stl'atigraphic
POSition.
151
Bed C is best exposed and is thickest on Last
Chance Creek in sees. 27 and 28 )T. 40 S "R 4 E 't
. ,.
where the thickness ranges from 9 feet 7 inches to 15
feet 3 inches and the top is about 495 to 500 feet ahove
the base. of the Straight Clifl's snndstone. Near the
mouth of Dry Cauyon by digging in the stream bed
10 .feet 6 inches of coal of fille quality was measured
witl]out reuching the b:lse of the bed. On the ~1iddle
Branch of Wa.rm Creek in sec. 26, T. 41 S., R. 3 No,
12 feet of coal of good quality, sepamted into two
beds nCtlr the top by a layer of bone 1 foot t.hick, is
e"poced lit the strntigraphic position of bed C. Ex-
posures upstream from this locality indicnte a thicken.
ing of the upper bed , though accompanied by intel'-
calations of bone und carbonneeoll. shule. On the
South Brunch of Warm Creek in sec. 10, T. 42 S.,
R. 3 E., a 3-foot coal of good qUlllity occurs at tho
upproximate position of bed C and is tcntatively cor·
relILted with it.
Bed D lies about liOO feet above the base or the
Straight Clil,'s sundstone. Where first exumined on
Lust Chonce Creek, in sec. 20, T. ·to S., R. 4 E., :t
hus IL thickness of a fect 9 iHches un" is oveduin by
severul feet of C"rbOllaCeous shnlo thut contains
coni beds 15 bches or less in thickness. On Dry
Canyon the highest coni discovered is abont GOr,
feet above the base of the formation; it is tl hurd,
I lustrous hituminous coal of oxcdlent grade mOI'e thUD
I 11 feet thick without a pUlting. Aftor digging seve"al
fect in the bottom of the creek the base of the bed wns
not reached. As this conI is bUl"lIed almost down to
the cHJ:yon bottom no other mensurement was made.
On Warm Creok sevcral coal beds 3 to 13 inches in
thiclnwss, sep"rllted by black carbonaceous shale, lie
"bout 000 feet .bove the bnse 01' the Straight Cliffs
sandstone, but no workable bed was found at t.his
horizon.
In Dry Canyon good coul beds were found at hori-
zons intermediate butween beds C lind D. In sec. 16,
T. 4() S., R. ,1 E., about. 560 reet above t.he base of the
Straight Cliffs, occurs a co"l of very good quality,
3 feet 5 inches thiel" which is ovcrit,in and underlain
by brown carbonaceous sh"le. TillS coal was not
identified .t other localities. In the same section nnd
approximateiy 20 feet higher occllrs a betl of good
arade coal 3 feet 4 inches thick at one exposure and
4" feet G inches thick at another a few hundred feet
distant. .\. third coal bed 2 feet thick lies higher
stratigl'" phico.lly.
Two coal beds 16 and 19 inches thick were found
on Lust Chunce Creek u short distnnce downstream
fro01 the place where bed D is exposed. The strllti-
gl"Uphic horizons of the beds are, respecti~:ly, n~ut
utO .nd 525 feet nbove the base of the Stmlght Chffs
51,ndstone.
 TBB IlAIPj.llOWlD REGION
152
In the upper Escalante Valley and the upper Par!a
Valley the strat.ig''aphic relation. of the coal beds In
the Straight Cliff••andstone are less w~ll kno~n than
those along the south /lank of the Ka'parowlts Pla-
teau, but in general the beds are better e"posed for
study. . Secf.1oJI
Within II milcs ot Escnlanto there are about eight
coul mines and prospect oxcavntions. ~'roOl four of
these mines the I"Uage is adequately supplied. Ko ~1S­
lcmatic dev"'opment hn~ been undertaken. The sItes
lto I'e been selected with reference to the thickness of
beds stability of roof, nnd access to feasible wagon
rout~. Pick; shovel, and hand drill are the tools
u"cd by the mincrs, who work when coal is nood~d.
The Chril;tenscll mine, in Coal Canyon, Willow
Springs Wnsh, has beeu operated each year sinee about
1898. During 11i11-1B 350 tons of COllI ...... taken to
Esc.ltlntc, the price being $1.50 at the mine or $3.75
delivered in thc village. At this mine the otratn arc
ul'l'anged n& follows:
Sandstono. m flB8lve; cl'('Is8·bcdd~ L'lt rhe top_________
Shale, drub, cnroouoccous__________________________
Cord, JrUoll qnnl1ty __ ~ __ __ __ _ _________ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ ____
Shale, drob: resembl<!B ike do)'_____________________
COllI, with rwme to bone " _________ ______________ ~ ____
Sbole, drab, IlY},)81fct'ouI: man)' hnpt'e9tilolll or pl.r.u_
Coal, flood
...,pl quaUty; the Jlff:lIOnt roJlle (Nee nnlllyae. of
.. )_________________________________________
Slin ll', 8Il cd)'____ ____ __ _____________________________
eoal. rovenled by drlll______________________________ 12
Shnto and H6DdtftOlle.
'fh" Richard. mine, also in Co..1 Cnnyon, has pro-
duced about 100 tons each yelLr since it 1\'ns opened in
1918. The COllI is obtnined from a bed 11 feet 7
inches 'hick that lies between bed'. of drab shale.
Tho bottom 4, feet is discll.rded because of " bolle" and
pyrite "niggc,' !tcads." The remainder i. of good
quality.
The Schow mine, in Coal Canyoll, at a higher alti-
tude thUl the Christensen Rnd Richards mines, i. de-
veloped in A coal bed 18 feet thick, the top 7 fe~ of
which i. discarded ix>cllllse it is "too bony for u:oe."
Ml\S8i \Ie sandstolle beds lie above and below the coal
with no intervenilJg .h.le.
The Winkler mine, in Alvey W IIlIh, contains .. bed
of good cool & feet thick and a second bed 2 teet thick
below 8 feet of intervening shale.
A prospect hole iu Willow SpriJ1i'l Wash reveals 3
fcet \I inches of good cool underlain in turn by II
inch~ of ahale that contains abundant fragmenta of
plnnts and 7 feet 2 illclll'41 of coal of good quality.
Another undeveloped, mine shaWl four coal beds- re-
.pectivdy 1 foot 3 inches, 8 inches, 6 feet, and 4
inches Ihick. All the cliff. iOutheftSt of Escalante
that were examined show several coal bed., one of
which at each locality exceeds 6 feet in thickness.
In a sect.ion measured on Cherry Creek about III
miles ....est-southwest of Escalante the coni beds are
distributed I ' follows:
on Ohe,'ty CrecF¥ twar E.colQ.1It. ~, Uta"
[~easl.lred by Hel'oort E. Ortiltol'Yl
Fl. I",
SaDdstooe, ml5sJve, Cl'O:'1_s-beddcd ___ _---- -- ---~ -- ___ • IH
Shale, aret:fleeons - -- -- - -------------- - -------- -- ~ 10
eo,l, upper port or &ood quality ____________________ _ 1
Shale ______ __ _______ ________ __ - ---- -- ----- ------ 2 •
I
lJoal. of good IlonUtr; brenk! iuto squal"e blocks;
contains re8iD ______ _____________ ___ ______ _______ _
Qwered, probably 15111\ lc __ ______ ____ ____ -- - ---- -~ _ IU
D a
0...'.
or good quality _____ __ __ _________ ____________ _
s
Skale and IbiD ~nndstoue ___ ~ ----- ---- -------- ------ 21
Coal, with shale p6.rlings _______ ___________________ _
7
Shote-, drab, with plant remai lls-______ ____ _____ _ ~
CoD 1, enrtby. flbrous _______ ____ ___________ ____ ___ _
5
S.IIalt, ar:Jl1llCf'oua • _______________________________ _
8
Cool, or gOO<) quality. wltb one thin sbole bed________ i
Shnle______________ ___________________ _________ 1 J
Coal. earthy ________ __________ __________ ______ 2
(JQ"ered; probalJlJ' sb ahl oml thin sallds toD~ __ _______ 1-4
n. bo. Cual, ,..·ith much ., bone " ___________________________ 2
e Sllnlc __________________ _________ _______ _____ _
1 G
14 Coal, of ,ood quaUty ___________ ____ _______________ _
1 I 3
Partl¥ covered shale ao:l tbin aandHtone ___________ _ SO
8 or (ood qUAlity ______ ________________________ _ 2
3
eon~
Shale_______________________ ______________________ _ I
8
a
Cool, ."Ith rnauy sbale partlngs __ __________________ _
Shale___________________________________ __________ _
a II
T 10
0
Ooal, earthy _______ ____ ____ _____________________ _
I
• •
Shale, areDaCCOtl8. nnd IbiD s"'lodstones, rit>plo marked... 30
eoal. of ,aod quBUty ______ _______________________ _ 1
SlIale, arenaceous __ ______________ _ 3)
~_ _ _ ___________ _ _
Coal, "PlIer lwo-,hlrdti or goo<l quoUty ___ ____________ U
ShaJe and thin sandfttone_______ _______________ ____ 160
~
e'onl or ,00<1 ~.all~.----------- -- ------------------- 8 I
The a beds of coal shown in this section aggrecata
58 feet 10 ;nches, more than half of which is prollabl,
suitable for commercial use.
Henrieville and some families in Can.nonville .nd
surrounding ranches receive cool chiefly from the Pol-
lock mine, on a b''8nch of Henrieville Creek .boul 5
mile. north pf Henrieville, in the enst face of a mesa
composed of Cretaceous sandstone. The beds at tbe
mine are arranged · as follows:
Ft. to.
Coal. of ,004 quart)·; Ih. lo"",rmoat toot I. used
locallJ' by bltteksmlth!l; QUa:ywel Ihow little reslD
and no lulphut ___________________ ___ ___________ _
Sbale. eo.rbonacrou ______ ____________-____________ _ 8
("001. of ll00f.t qunlity: has tht o, Irrf'gulur !lhille Vart..
bogs---------------------------------------------
Sbole. p_rple and gray; CObtlllu8 tmpressions or pltU1ta
and Olrbonlzed wood ________ ____________________ _
,
, .
10
 •
II. S. O EOl.OCllC AL SU RVYo\'

A. PAHB VALLEY N 8 AH P,\B1A

H.:u: nnllt of loo.:' ul.,ro~jun SU t(i1Cl~ I mir,~ lM-I.l .... llIo:.1I1 of CoU o flw"",1 Gr ...: !..

n. PAIUA Rlv,t:n R1::J.OW PAllI .\

Narrow eon"oll j~lIlLQ ... e
mou1h or Collom'fDOd Cr."C:k. TI.lt ~ lric K<d POTliu!1 nC lOO v n' ~,. Ottur .. ...-h.·r.:: 111 ~ ';n.'r enn...·•
ohliquely Iho IJPturnoo elM. c..uyon ~mJ, loClC'O iu tlu:' ":;1>01 RlIibnb 1li001OCr illl' .

C, GLEN CAl\'YON AT W,\ ' rEU.POCKKr FOLD

Til" Jola.Lb)' -.uodst.uuu lit ri!>bl d TodiJlo P) Curmutlon. Tho. WiO;fnt.o ont..! Chiulu ma), Jill !IoCt!1I uuwllJIlrc.:J.m. Phow.rlJpb hy
E. C. 1.0 Rue,
 PROf'E881OXAI. PAPER :C·I PL,HE 4!')
U. s. GEOLOGICAL 81JRY!::Y

A. GOLD DB EDGE O~ COI.OHAIlU IIl\"ER NE.\O :'IlOLTlI OF "AN~()N (I'I:"IE AI.CO\JI·:) CHEI':K
111~1;llIerl in 1';:]0 hy R. L. S~\lnlofl. Pho'.o,!;mpll by E. C. [,.(1 H~i', AUSUSI, 19~;j.

fl. STEA\lHOAT "CIIAIlU;;S 1I SPENCER "C')~· ,., '> • '"

, "., . :s I hlC I hD ••10 Tll.\NSrORT COAL FHO-'l WARM CHEEK TO LEES FERI\\'
FOn PL\CEIl '\II~I~G
1'1~\O(;mph by E G. L:l Ru.', ,'u""u~l_, 191.'j,
 F. 5. G};OLOCIC.\L S UH" ):;\' l'nOF E 8~1O:-;.\ J~ PAI'ER 1(, 1 PL.\TE '!7

...t . 1'."'II A \' ,"~ I~F.Y I\".EAH "OllTH Of,' COTt oNWOOD CRt.: t,K R, p" nr" VA !.I.,V.)' 1 MILE Dt::LOW ~IOUTH m' COYfO:SWOOD C REEK
Vir .... luolo..ill6: nurtb 11100. till! l~ of tht, y.;':"'l K aih:l b montie',"" TIl'" h Ol:'oo d. i~ Yic. ' u~'lI r II ...: rum ...r .... 'ItI~'lIMnt 0( '"rin. The . Irlltitini tock ... II"' Chill'o "1o,,le ,
form.:o:I iJ,. It... D.u ko l.q (jJ) ~ nc, [110 vullC) 10 th., m .- nt hy ~I,,' 'frnpir. ""', ..]0: ,
PL .... I,Ot.: , .. pl, hy C C . f'rn~,
A .,II,t IJ ,"",tM ("f~1 II/Ai eo..
u c~itic.o,. .. II... ctUlr\~ of th~ Puia R i¥er. TIM) n¥cr bu au'v«l ll ... ;d., ~' (lll.·)' .I ...-rt! ti ll' rock... 011"0} ..dnlh·d,. _e:a.k. .lood t'Tos.i"n hui!o lI'tril'ped IIWIIY m('lOll ~,r tI,,, roru~r "r" ...."·
~cl'l"d 'lilL.bk Itlh.... u....... 1.OnI land , I,~ln· i""; ....'ide ... od .tld j..Ta~·f'1 CO"l'rOO cl'h l.l Ild. \\hich ;0 UII'U )' pllICCli ill dry. t'"«.o:Jt\ during nood ....

c. C":; .... " ...; IN ~ """"""'U . ~N I'n4TONt';. l ..... Htlll!- W .-.t\11 ~U'nI I! A :'lo'l' 0"- f!t4C"'1..A N '· I~ 1.1, A HGII t'on:\I F.:O IIY I-:no.o;roN 0"" NAVA J O I'ANJ.)~TON"; " N WAI.f~ UI-' Y.St':,".AN " "~ CAN .
T IJ , 0.' IJAND W""R"
YuN ""HUYI!i. N W _
.'\' Cm"tNEY nOCK A:'\D ODEUSK c .... nvl·:n IN SANDSTONE OF SAN R.\FAEL (:. D.\LAj\'CED nOCK. J::~TIL\Il.\
GROUP ON PAI1I1. IHVt;H l\EMl OLD ,\D ,\IR\'II.U: S.\;-":DSTONt.:. HARUI S WASil,
PhOIO~r.JIl" L)' G. C. rra"'!r. SOUT HEA ST 0 '" t:..;c.,\ J. ..... i\ TE

n. HOCK \10NU'IENTS WEA'rIll-;nEn Fno\l F.!\TR .\D .\ S.\NDSTO:'\E, D. DE\tOISF..I.Lf':';; (f~ C1UNL~ SLOPE, "OATH FORK 0.' 'sn.v.m 'fALUio
COLLE'n ' 'r. . . I..\:'\1'£
c nt-:EK. SOL'rIlEA.ST uF 1·:.. C.\:'il'OS. CIF\CL·E CLlf'f'S
En~JOs R E..\I:s ....."'Th
 o. 8. OEOLOO ICAL SURVEY

Bed B
13 ( lS I
NW.~ So.l7 IIl'lXS.o3 l S'rSooJO ~'5o<2Il 5

'i"=~"
T.<S05.,R.4E. 1
f t. ill

''''4';12 . 2 13'1
I~ ==- 8 ...
6
26 "l
(485')
J
v

II v 8
'I 3

Bed D
(21 22
N'N.!r.5ecZ7 SE4Sec.a )

.,'

'~=1
(610')
6

12
J 34 35 36 37

";: ":'.:':'1
Sec.20 W!!ISK l l SE.~5oc:.lO 5[~S.d2 ,
T42S.,RIW. T:4Z5.,R1W HZ~.R.4[' :37S,iI3W ,l:31$,Rl ;"

".'
2

3 2

•
EXPLANATION

••
,j -J v.--:l
~
Sandy 5l1ndstcne C:~~
Bony 5~alc ~
Coal
coal
K,um AND GARFI ELD COUNTDlS, UTAH
COAL SE('TlO NS MEASU RED IN
 pnorE661ONAL PArER 1Crt. PLATE 3tJ

Bed B Bed c
, 10 " 12, 13 14 18 19
s.,~ SE.~50c26 N E ~Sa;O NW ~SocZ7 ""1$50031 S~·Sec.lO NE.< 5.ciO S(;'5002S 5W.s.ezz
",\ ,:"'''[,:'''''4; ,_ .., '~j~' :'~"i' .. H l 5,03(' T.«l ~,J>.4(' H()S./l.4!E.
H . i". rt.in.

,
6...; 7
5 2. I 2.
I ~ ......- ::.. 8 J.;z
3 I.\:: 6 13
3 5 6 ~

(485')

- I 4Ji
Ie
5-'~
J (480~

V
22

'-
3 I
45')

I 2
8
106+

!9 30'
So<.2S SE)' SOC2 s~ "._~
i,R4£ t4 15.,R.4 E 3

flf
I
25')
7 r:>
(110')

I ..
47 48 49 so
Sec.4 5e: 3 Head of L lJ: St:c.25
14 'I 1.4ZS..R,5t. T.4t2S.,P5E. RoOle,... 1315-,R2W.
1ISc-...9
:i.,R6£. . Ft.~n in

:!~";
6
<,~ - - I ...

1 5
7 e

12

EXPLANATION

bor.6Ceow5 Sh31c
~
~
s..ndy Sendstone
0....··.
C~r5e
Sh.'Ile shale 1lf'it.

;'(JRED IN KANE AND GARFillLD COUNTIES. urAS

 ....

v. S. G~OLOOICAL SUP.V}o:Y

It. llEl'HOLIFB[\OUS M OENKOPI STIUT.\ IN i::,\ STEItN I'ART Oli' cmcu; CI.lfF$

IJ , OIL SEEP ON n'\~K Of' COLOlUDQ IIInm AT "1l.F.NNETI"S Oil. rJELDS"


_to
...... of ..,.,., qua 11 ty, uniform bed; breaks with IU"
IeDIDe surfaces ------- ______ __
n-e clay sha le, "ftre clay ,, __ __~==~~~= ~=====~===-~
l 'N.l. of 8'cod Quality . with !Jhrlle pnl'Un gs And II
boa~." Ie eJ:eelioot tor stoves: In fo rge borD8 to
willie osb but make. clinker "
PArt m0 811lve; n-r~-~!~ ;.-~;~d- ,~-atl;
Dare. den Ie. drab,
to mel::. brick ~or e to\,e IinJnl;S_____ ____ __________ 20
Below the is 130 feet <Jf bedded sAndstone that
00111
overlies the Tropi c shale, Ilnd nbove the conI lies 160
feetot gray-b uft' sandst one with subord inate shale and
iDcIude~ thin lenses of coni 24 feet above the top of
Iha sectIo n, and a. bed of coal 2 feet thick 140 feet
higher , on the face of the mesa
In a mine on the north bl'Qn~h of Hend~rson Cnn-
yon !n 1ieC_ ~, T . 36 S. , R. 2 W ., the lower part of the
StraIg ht Cliffs sandst one incluel es 1:3 fcet 4 inches of
fairly good cool in four beds.
ca:n."on..
Becllrm . or coo·l at miM In. Hen4er1fOn.
(Measur ed b, RIl),mCfbd C. Moore)
153
rt. IIIL,
i? different part. of the rtgioo. In general it is dis
1 6 tmctly bedded and has • fairly bright luster. Some
so~e
I; of it ia Yery hard and has a iuheonchoidal fracture
nnd a brillia nt luster. Some beds show a fine banding
of altel'nate bright and dull Iayera, but other beds an
9 8
mnuiv e and eitber bright or dull. The jointin g and
cleavage are commonly more or less unevenly colum
na.r, but in plllces there is & prominent blocky, sub
cl1bical jointing. That the ..,.1 is in general resistant
to ",enthering and has excellent .tockin g qualities i.
shown by the condition of t.he coal where it is ellPosed
in nRtural outcro ps and by the comparatively fre5h,
unslacked condition of coal ahout the workings and
dumps. Some of these exposed piles of c:cal bUe been
subject to weathering for QS much as I dozen yeara.
A numher of samples of the Straig ht Cliffs coal
were collected for annly. il. A psrtial at&t.ment of
the anal,. .. i. given in t.he following table. The coal
samples were carefully dried slightly ahove room
UtaA
temperllture until the weight became constant,

_...
--
Bbale, t:'arbon aceous, sandy: [orml:! r oot or ml oe. 1
CaIIL ot talr quality _____ ___ ___________ _______ ____ __ ~

bale, carbonaceous..: _______________________________ 7

Coal, of lood quoUt]' ______ ___ _____ ___ ___ __________ 1 2
~*
"'10
SoDdatooe. light yellowl . h b',owo _____ ____ ______ ____ S 9
Coal, of &00<1 quallt] ' _______ ____ ______ ______________
&bale, earbonaceous __ ______ _______ ____ ____________ _ 7
MlDC GO Warm Crtlift. btd B
Ir' ..
..__s••• .... ... .., ......
... ,
'J ... .....
,0, .•••
NR.,/l,:0'CouDt)' u
1 f:..
Bone and thin I!trenks ot coal ______________________ _
Coal, of goOd q"oUt, ,___ __________ ____ __________ ____ t
8 Ou..
b<d
rf .. ,..,.C..... c-t,
, ••. 17. T."
.• _.a. R. __
______ .... ..... •• ...""
&. u
••• .... ...
B.o lC.u COuuU
~rr~~_~~~_~:_
..
11,_
In the liOuth wester n and south" ".tern parts .of the ''' 1
II.~

Kaipa rowits Plutu ll, where no workable coni be<)s

DellI Ibur~
.. --.._., ,u.
.... DNr . . .
••• 11.:\ ..... ••... , 1I,a

,o..-C....... ..... ,.,. .... i ........

10.... 0 ........ c~r
were ohs(w ved, there DN! indiea tions that, the condi · I
Straig ht Clill".
our::: : Cbr.r, 17. "
41 ••
'
to aew
11. 11
00 __ .. . _. _... __ .. _. . .. ·_ .. _
Do_ .• ---. -.- -- -__ ___ __ _____ 1
'Uo
~ ...
'. '" ... .. ""'
tiona at the time of depos ition of the
forma tion were unfav orable for the makin g of coal
On the upper part of Croton Brnnc h of Last Chance Th~ coal from the Straig ht Cliff4 tOl'mation is ma-
Creek and fa"the r eA st, ,,'here the Straig ht Cliffs terially better in average heat.ing value and has a
than the coal from
Bands tone is excell ently expose d, mal'ine fossils were lower content of 8sh ondau lphur
that t.hi. region the Dnltot a(!). · Compa rison of the anAlyses given
found at seve",,1 hol'izo ns, indicat j.ng Colorado,
was more or less consta ntly under w:>.ter. Along 'Vah. above with analyse s ot typical coals from
entire Wyonling, and elsewh ere in Utal! ~how. ~hat .o~e ~f
weap Cl'eek ond the P"rilL River, where the owtt. regIOn IS
d the Straig ht Cliffs co.1 of the Kalpa.r
thickneSOl of the Straig ht Cliffs sandst oM i. cxpose in neighb oring regions .
good as most of that
in bare rock cl i Irs and where coal is Illmo&t .b...""tl quite 8S
re,
Kaiparowits coals the moistu
and no fossils were seen, the snn<t.tone possibly repre- In the best of the
sulphu r, and ash are relatively low, and the fixed car-
sents a f,·ash- wate,· landw ard fAcies that is separa ted
is high. The heating nlue of the coal from the
from the madn e .deposi ts tarthe r enst by the coal- bon on W.r~ Creek, 12!190
collected in the mine
hearin g intermediate belt. In n simila r relatio n to the .ample indicat es a 8IItlStactory bltu·
therma l unita,
coal area of the upper Paria Valley northe ast of British
Tropi c and ellst of the T. hie Cliff Platea u is the non minous coal.
coal-b earing Straig ht Cliffs sandst one west and ""uth- The distance from markets and the e:dremcly
of most of the country ... ill certainly
west of Tropi c: 'Veil-exposed sections of the sand- rugged charac ter
a in Kane and
stolle on the Paria River in T . 86 S., R, 3 W., in Bryce retard development of the conI deposit
in the 1'&-
Canyo n, and in other valley s farthe r south show no Garfield Coun ties. The small settlements
coal beds, but severn l beels contai n fresh-w ater mol- gion can be supplied readily, but there are neither
Juab 8ucb as unios. road. nor habita tion. in the vicini!., of the best coal
In phyaic n.1 f eature s the coal of th~ Straig ht Clilfs
deposita.
fonna .tion differs more or less in different beds and
UI04() ..-81-- 11
154. TIlE R,"PAROWI~S REGION
STRATIGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS
'.['he or;C lIl'l'em.:e of oil .seeps and oi l-impregnaterl
!-"a..nci::-; ( rHlC in P;l l't.:.; of t.he Ku.iparo \\,its region, t.he
prescne" ill the Sail Juan field, not. far oiStull~, o f pro·
<1u c ill~ we lls tha L alll.a in oil from rocks t.hut probnbly
IIl1d""1 i c 1Il 0~t ,,( st)uthel'll (J tuh, or. ,\ t·h e existence of
11I1'~(~ nnl.idinal )r,lds have ~llggcst(" 'r the pos~iuilit,y
of obtuinillg oil alld ~HS in tOlnm(wcinl quaflt.it i('~ ill
Karw ar](l Cial"tidtl Counties. Tllt>~(: appal"~lJtly in \'(11"-
ab le i lldi('tlt!l)rlS 1I1!l,\' be c;ol:s:dcl'ed bricft_y and t.he
1'('~ lIlts or ex:, lorll tio ll lip to ti ll"' prCs(·.nt. t. im~. I'econ le( l.
Cumbrilill I'od{~ pl'nhably ulldr.rli ~ lIl ost of ~outhcrn
lit:!I:, bllt t.h""g:1i tli,,,y cOllsist ill pa rt of ;:hallow -
"'a.tp!' 111111';11 0 dtpo:-;its with somewhat abun(i>:nt f!v i-
:lC: 'l<'t'\~ of lifo Iwd hllve I!. li thol ogit: dllll'Hctel' suitnbl('
(or the fHT.lIH1l1latillll of vii, lIf', uil scep$ 01' othl~ 1'
d{lfillil" c indi r.ntinll'-; of oi l h:IVf! I.H'eo fou:ld in t.hcse
,·oel.;s :J1I,Ywlll!l'C.·. ill w(>~tel'n .\;nC'rieu.
The Ca ll ,b ri:lll hcds are deeply bmied. In most.
pn rts of t.he l(uipnl't)wit~ region t.hey lie ~e \'ero..l t:'Oll-
so n<l ieet. helow t,he . uriaee, IIllel th~." neeLl not be
cOIll"iidc l't'c l as pro:-;prctive oil producers.
The thin d ~rt)s it.::; of Devolliall Il,!!e Ilnd the dense.,
massin""1 limestone of ~IiESissippian age, ranging i.!l
t.hiclwe" (!'Om 100 to at least 700 feet , pl"obnbly unuel'-
lie ull of &o ut.hel'l1 Utol1. IInwovel', on accoullt. o f t·Le
"('1'), dl~w,;c. IlIa~~ive eiln raclm' (l·r th('~e fOl'lllations,
whidl illdiclItcs "" nbscoce IJoth (If s uitahle mother
ruc ks :1 l1d of ('c>:Cl"voir beel., it, is not. lilwly t.ha t. rom·
Jl)l'rcilli quulltitic3 or oi l or gU!"J will be found in them,
The PC!IIIl-.,vl"tlllian l'oc.k:; yield heavy 0; 1 ill the Sail
•JIIJ,n oil 111'lel , and t.hey urc disti!,ctl.\' bituminous at
muny pl:tl~(,S ill ~o llt, hwestcrn Colorado. A s d~posits
(of t.his ago c(,op Ollt 011 lIearly all sides of th e Kai·
pnrowi h" l'l·.!.don~ tlll'y dOllbtless continlle bcmeuth it.
flnt. th eir suit ability tiS oil cnrriel" ('an be only sur·
l1lis(ld: for CX.p O~U1·l'S of Pennsylvullia :1 roci<s in differ-
ed paris of the p lateau pro"inco tJ10W wiC!O\y d iffer·
(l ilt ph."~ i( 'I LI (llatlH'('s'_ Tn sOllthw(':.-:t('rn Colorado t.IJe
P U lln ~.v haliiall ('ompriscs about. 2,000 fcet of nItcrnat -
ill~ beds of ('n:Jl"l:;(~ llrkosic ~nn(b(ollr., ct">lIg lolncl'ote.
(ltltlSl~ lillll~~tllr.c, and n little sll:llf'.-d cp\)s it~ that. W e I'{)
fnl'llt~'d ill ruth~r shallow waleI' nil t he w ~ t. :-o idc of II
crystnlli nH land lI,; n &'-'~ where llIl'ehani ca l wcathlwing was
t'mnplll'tlfin\ly Hcti n .... The collrl it:on~ al" ! Hot " el''y
fa\'(wnbh~ for aC('UlIllIl:ltiollS o f oi l 01' ga~ in commcr-
,·i ul'III:lIII'.il.i,'s. In sOIlt.heastern rt:l" :lbolll 1,:J50 icet o f
P0nns,Yh'allian rock!"' :.lee ex:posed in Snn Juan Clln,von.
They un.' domillllllt.iy finc-grn illeci limestones bnt ill-
t:lud~ ~O Ill P ti 1I{1-g"l'ai ned , ess~lltiall r IH.,mfelcispnt!) ic.
s"nost.ones nnd thill lavel's nf bituminous shal e. Th~
Rt rnt.i~rl.lph ic r~ lu. tions, .espeClflll Y :\s rCg'~u'rls Ute l'ela"
tivL\ s('ul'city o f the shale, do not fur or product.ion of
oil. in >pile of th" fil et t.hut oil seeps lire found and
that high.grade oil is oblained in " number of well s.
In "ast· c(·ntrn l Utuh t.he P cn",y h' oni,m rocks are
more sa.nely tha." thnse in S an · .Juan Canyon "nel
include hu'gc qUant.it.ie:" of salt. and gypsu~, which
point to conditions of scdi mcnlntion unlike those in
any other p",·t. of the plateau country. In a.soci"tion
with t.he .alt deposits ". l it.tle oil hn. been discovered.
III th e Granel Canyon region the Pennsylvanian is
represente" by thin -bedded limestone, pari. of t.he
Supni formation , 'ami perhaps b.y some highc!' beds,
"II ""Iil<~ those on the San .Juan Riv er or in Catara ct
CnllY0It. f:l ~evfld ll tIJiL'lc mnl'igc deposib. chit'fly
lim.:stone, sLflw the presence o f the sc"' in Pennsyl-
,-unian time. In the. Uueldy M ountai ns Longwell"
measu red rnorc Ih"" 1,100 f eet of massi ve Pennsyl.
vanian lilllc~ toneg: and at Eurelm Hag ue tI reported
3,800 f ,·"t of heds, chiefly limestone.
There j~ :l si nglJlur Ia.ck of rodrs t.hat were ori gi-
ltalI" muds in t.he know!: PellJlsylvH nin n seetions at
Col(;rado. U tn h, northern Ari~ona, and Nov,,,ln.
Either conditions W(ll'e 'Josuituhlo fol' making the
usna l proport.ion of f1n~ clastic deposits, which I1l'e
(!ommonI.v accompanied by abundant organic remain:;
and U,e ecncl it.ions favorabl e for t.h e accumulat.ion o f
oil, or these cbstic mllteri"ls nre lUl'gely localized in
parts of the I'egion where th e Pennsylvanian is con-
cealed. At all eYcllie, tLe p hysica l chamcter of the
P en as)' I" .. niall deposits, as ind ica ted by widely scat·
torcd outC!'CPS and borings: is nIt.her discouraging to
explorat ion fo r .oil nnd ,!!us. J-Ioweycl', some oil hU3
b"en found i" thesc 1'0<:I<s, a ud cond itions suited to
cllll1!uf'rcial proil'.ict.ion may pO!5sibly exist. at. places not
yet ~xplored .
Tile P(l-l'miall rocks in southern U t,ah COll~ i 5t mainly
"f t.biel. sa ndsl.oll e without IIssocinted beds th at could
SGrVC <l~ Jnot,heJ' l'och:s for oiL Ko !-ill l' face indicat.ions
{If oil ha ~e bee n ohscrved in them, tl nd they Ul'e not
('onsid(' red prom:sing.
The Triassic rec,," of t.he Kaiparowi ts region inrluelo.
Ihe ;\f",'nkopi forlllat ion, one. of th e mos t pcrsist~ntly
oil~contl1ining series il: th e pluteilll province. (See
pI. 31, 11.) In places oil occurs ill t.he Shinul'lImp con·
g!olllcnH.l!, al ~o of Trin!5sic age. l'hc sn ndstoIl(,S of
thl"se fornwtiolls a re s uitable resel'voir rocks, ano
\\,I:; cre oi l-contlliniJlg bed~ are euvel'ed h.\' younge:-- b~.ds
ill fa"ombl c attitudo, i~ wonld seem possible 1.0 find
oil in ('omm~rcill l qllant.it.y. The '\1oonkopi is a ,h".l·
low· wut m· deposit. t.hat. conlains mud ne fossil s, but it,
h: !llostIv n "red beds" format-ion. which is commolllv
I 'gardod as an unfavonlhle SOIJl·c~ rock fOl" oi:. Th·e
"
J
oil in t·h. Shinarump is I'rol,ably ele,·i v. d from t he.
!
MOt'n kopi.
j ~------------------------
.'1 LOG!!:"' "II. C. R.. l"be ),( ucld,. l'oon~fl1n on'1'1:hruIOt Inso.t1.... ftllh.rD
I :S'~'ad,,: Jnll·r. ~ol~7 . rol. 30. ,. ed, 19!.~
• R:'IImt, Ar. ~ld. Oe'tllo~, ot t tl(, E\\f'('1I;l' .... ,-th·lct. Nev.: u . Ii. C t,!)"
SW'\~J' Moe . 2(1, PD. &1-86. 1892.
 OIL AND GAS 155
The thick .Ju rassic oandstones altoI'd little encour· ub?ut 100 to 250 feeL to the mile, ..nd there is n possible
age.ment t o the oi l prospector , for the condit.io"s under codeN.lllg nrea of !;eYel',,1 hundred sqnure miles, A
wl1lch most of these ,'oek8 W~,'e deposited weI'", ex· d: ta~lerl reCOOI)"ifSance of the npper part of the Circle
tremely unfavorable for the p rrs~rvati o ll and bur:.1 oi' ~1't1 s upwarp !::how~ lhe pre.ienl"C of minor undula-
any oi l -yi.elding organ ic materials. tIOn s of the beds with axes subparallel to the direction
,The Cretaceons formation s of t.be Ka iparowits I'll , 01 dij) but no subordinate fold. that might sene t.;,
glOn conlprise alternating porous S311dstone anrl C'.tlr- trap Oil o r gas on the flanks of tl~c mnjor llnticline.
bonaceous shal e that contain
in part ab~.ll1clu.nt n ..·Jll:1im~ of
orguniSnls.. 'Vit.h fuvorabl(!
geologic .str'ucl"lIl'C the com·
ill e I' C ill I production of oi l ~
(CretAc:.~un
M..,..AIIOfl (ormllt/on
fl'OID thefe roc"s s ho" ld be Md Son RatIM!I i;f'OUP (Ju ..... ic)
pOfs ible, and the results of
drilling ill adjacent ureas of Ck~
CU
CRnTon Ilrou;) (J utAnidl
Cret" ceous beds show t.hnt b"IlS [KJ
may be e xpected:r No surface Trla»lc: Md Perm:.,., W'Mhtronmllllh.,j -
Lndic.at.ions of oil 01' g:lS ill it\t\udc. Clrtink-, Sblnarump. Votl\k ~pi.
K lib \b, Md C«o"ino tOfm.tiol\ ~
the CI'e!accolls rocks of the
Knip~ll'owits region have bC(,l1 I2J
&UlMwr°f'
observed, rOJCk format ion
The Tertiary beds, because ~
of unfavorable litliolo"ic
o char- Slrul;.turu C(lot..lCln on tCD of
Kilibab lin:oItoM. In~rvJlI
Relet.', topogra.phic posit,ioll, c.~ .t~epar part of t:f.llt IIidO!
of .ntkliM 600 ' ..oct: \11.. 1"·
and the absence of suitable wb.,.. !SO ,~. ~: d,lu ... ,
structure, need not, be consid- i. mu. ...... ","vel

ered as 3. possible source of oil, [X)

notwithstanding the fllct that AlIl,ot
antldino
oi l might <.:onceivablv be de-
rived from on" of -the up· IT]
'rl!.t w,1I
turned older beds which th •. 3baflJonN

T erti"ry unconformllbly over·

li Qs .

STRUCTURAL RELATIONS

St.ructnrnl conditions ap- •

purently favorable Jor nccu-
Lnulatioll of oil and gas tl,re
!<Tlo\vn 111 the ]{aip~ll'owits
region.
In the Circle Cliffs upwarp
(see p, 119) the Kaibab lime·
stone, of Permian age, is ex-
.
po,;eJ Ilea I' the "pcx of " v""y . 'JamUl ll--0uUIIHI: IIlrntle:ruI1bk: ll.ud tltrtlctural runp (I f tho:- t.:1 1'c it.: L'n lTs :,I't!t1, Glt rlh·h\ f:'\J ulll y. U la ll.
lal'ge tlsynunet.ric dome, a,nd &lW!d 00 ltl=!I.M'-lahl1· sur\'('YljI b)' Rn)'OIolld <:. :\1''''11 '
the uncle,rlyi ng P a.1 e 0 Z 0 i c The E~'ctll:' LI\Le IlloJlOl'liuc j~ t·!--'!-icnt.iully a st.I'Hdul'u.l
L'oc ks~ including pl'obable e.quiv41hmts of the oil-beKrin:,:{
i!:rc,! !;lIlarit.y on the southwest :;lopo of t.ltt~ (ji ITI!.! Clill's
Good!'idge fOl'Dlation, u·re under cover at nlOd nl'atl~ly up,,-.rp, (See p, 120,) Its majlll' ax;' is parallel tu
shallow drilling depth, (See fig, 9,) There is approxi·
that of the f:l.aill UpW:ll'P, ullt the s k c p rlip is on tlw
matPly 1 ,000 feet of closure , a.lthough on the ellst, sonth, west side. The alllidinc plunges shlll'ply :::out.!twul'd;
and south west the beds descend uninterrupted ly thou· wh et.her 01' Hot it. is dosed on the nortil is 1Indeter-
slllids of f eet below the lowest closed contour, The mined. The Nuvajo sandstone forms t.h e crest of the
~nle rage clips on the gentler sidc90f the fold l'a.r.ge from fold; the Shin,u'Ulu p is prol",['lv nbout 2,300 feet Ge ·
'r Lupton, C. '1'., all und .c::tls near Grcen RIver, G:rand County, Ult\b: low the sll rfac:e, alld the pctroliferou:i bt"lb ill tile
U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. GU. pp. 116-134. 1014..
156 THll KAIPAllOWITS llEGION

Moellkopi about 2,1)00 feet. The Goodridg" fotllmtion otne!' indiclltions ha "0 been ob,pn'od UIOllg lho lin" of
or its eqnivuienl, 1s ulmost (:crLainiy not leEs timE 1,000 the I'aur. .<;;a,ugllnt fault
feeL dBep"r,
EXPLORATION
The Collett antidine is a s()u;,hwardpitmging fold
or rather a •• noso}: superposed on HH' southWt-:-h(. flank The ollly oil well ;n the K"ipnr()wit~ region is IhM
tho Circle CHfls upwarp. Although ill sOUle pl;H:es drilled hr till' Ohio Oil Co, !l(Iil," the topmost part of
1-1 G"oH(:cnLr:ltion of fluid h:rtirccudmns nlight bn ef- th', Circle Cliffs upwarp, just w~st. of Wagor:bolC Mesa,
j(;e1A:;.d by sm:h stnfeture" this fold jg regarded as
III set:, T. :31 S.! R. '7 I!~, (unsurveyed). DriUing
I mjJl'omisi n~.
WU:-3 h.'glH: Ja n ui!l')' 2'~~ m~11 \\'ith tt stundaru
The Reek (;",,,k antidine is u well-defined, rather
SYHJ!f1ctr1Cat eion:.salcil dome~ vcry low on the Circle \\101';{ W;)S .
n~t::udeJ bv dif:JieuHies of various sort)),
' , and

Cli1r~ lfIH' Hl'P <intI prudirnHy aL it;-; ~~(Hl.chwe'St luarghl. l111allYt after penetrating 122 f(;{!.t of \\'atel'-lK';u'in~
(';eo p, l~L) The .Hfl'>tUlt of dOSUi'('. was Bot d('tl'r~ ,~nlldi'>tO!wJ the weB '''as abandoned Novt:mlJcl' 9, 19:21~
mined d(dlnito:)ly {JIlt llPPPIIl'."i to tA: fit iea~t 400 feet, at it depth of a.212 feel.,
On ilt:,:()UHt. or LIte very lIT'" position of this .:lntieljne This wen is believed to have reached the top or the
\",'iLit t'C'"i{;I'('nee to t1p' 1'!'gJonHI stl'Hi'Lnre a:-; n who\c)" it GUDdridg-c ionnatitlll (I->erm:nn ft-J:d ,P<:UrtsytviluillO)
might, be H;.;~umeJ. thut tllt: po~:.ible coHccting ar(,a. of at'" depth of 1,(\;)0 feet. (See p, 157.) As n:e!'e i, :m
til" fold would 1)(' ,mail, but II", p!'"bubi!i!.), Hmt the ::.atisfactol',Y basis for corn;luth!~ the bottom rocks in
l'od<s of t.his region nrc only purtly water fiIled may t;,H ''lell it is n't'y l.HlC('!'tlllll whether nil the
t!.!'l~af.ly modi the distribution of oll, U::i muy also-lhe feet of beds lIwl an, tentative.!y "s<ip:nted to the Good-
nl.O'femeot or grOlmd water. The Navajo sawJiilone I'idgc rt!ally bdong to that formation. It is rCflBonably
i:3 c;.,;po.-·;t:.d along the l'!'(;!lt (fJ: t.he untielillu HCal' the ~ur(: thut bt!«(s cOI'l'espon\l.ing in position to thost?, fl'om
'lend of lweI;;: Crct'!;:. The Shinanunp (;onglonwl'atc, whirh the oil is obtained in the .Juan field were
which vic!ds oil 011 the ColH.I.'udo RiveI' about 25 miles p,melmt,·d in tlJG Cirele Cliffs lesL
to t.Jw "lJl}l'thCtt.J1i; i.to: pl'olHLbly f~ot iCBn t1nlfl :2,000 feet At the point where the \V ~t{lrpocket Fold ill Cl'o,scd
below t!a·, surfa.ce in plut:cs when: ero::ion hlls l'Clnu\'cd by the Colorado River and where lIll oil seep is found
{Host of the overlying 1"()ei05! nfHl the possi::)iy petl'o- in t.he ShiImrump sundstone, a number of oil claims
I
JHl-W0t18 l\{oe,llli:opi s.umlstone is <1 few hm:drcd teet have been lile,j and SOIlle preliminul-Y development
dt>(;pel". HCK'l1iJse of the gt'eat tllidrness of the Triassic I wO!'I, !lolle. (See pI. B.) In the summer of 1~21,
alld p,,,'Jmps ,,/"0 ui the PermiaIl rocks in this 1'IlIt of wh"", this pla"e, locally known 'IS "JlcllllCWS oil
tJlt-: I(niptH'o\rit.s region, lhe top of the Pennsylyonia.n Jh:ld,l' was visited, the rig was on the ground, but only
is proLtlbly nuout 3,5(){) to 4,000 feeL uclow the StH,raC", " few feeL of hole hatl been drilled, The position of
l'!xtrcmc tUPQgl'Hphic difficult.i{!s and HiQ isolated lccl1- the site u little "b~ve the pctrolifcrolls beds 1n tl:c
tioH }11mobl. preclude (lrilling. Moenkopi on t.he axis of the \Vaterpodrct monocline,
'the Smoky l\{uunt.ain llutldiHI1, on the southeast far below the erest of the dome in the Circle Cliffs,
flank or tbe J("ip'lroIYitt< dow!lwarp, is II cl,,"rly de- nlUkes u t(lst w(·Il especially interesting, Ii the oil·
filled fold thnt tl'euds nlmost 111 right to the beal'ing zOlle is on:y partly filled by oil and W"lel'
l'PgJollul :-;trike. There iR HO ohset'vc(l closurc~ !111d no commel'ei"l preduction might 00 obtained from 11 well
uil 'set~p;:. or indlcntl(lH:: of gn~ huviJ beon obscrved in dl'ilIGd u considerable distance below the crest nn
the Cn-;t~H'l'-OHS l'{}('ks time Itl'e involved in the rtnticJin€. untidillul 1'old, or (mOll in 'In uiljaeent syncline, us hns
III the Paria platiorm and the K,tlu>lb "pwllrp there been dOlle ill the San Juan Eeld. The position of the
i:it'onts to t)(~, ~nJall renWll to expect uccumulaHous o,r ZOlle oi s1lch an accumulation of oil would depend on
nil Crl' gus. tho ""tent to which the pomus reservoir W!lS filled
Tho rHun~Hugtmt {,HIlt involves the sundy bctl~ and with liquid, Possihly, thet'Blore, oil may be found
t'l('hlv of;,1:unic 131mli} at 1he bottom of the Cl'etaceolls here, "vell though the well ill the Cirde Cliffs did not
H'C'Li;.;n. The ",nudy Leds arc well fit.t.(ld to serve !lS produce oiL
l·('~()rvnit's unu the shull~ to ~(lr"c us n .so'J!'t'e rock of: oil About:3 miles wcst of Cain""iIle, in Wayne County,
fli ga!'j, :lad on tb(\ wcst. side of the fault tlh~re would btl: 11m Ohio Oil Co, drilled a!lotller test well to it depth
a po~"ihiHl.y of tilidin~ eon1!1l{1l'{~Lll qHa.ut.ities of oil or of a,650 feet, on the tnp of a "null dome. In this 10-
ga:-; 1( tilt), ~t.t'ala W'-'1'0 adequntely scaled. As thrsE'- culity 1.7ppe1' Jurassic sHudstones occur at th~ S"'WI,ce,
Ct'(,b1Cl~Oll~ bud;.;. lifC ~It'oppcd to fl position opposite ::.i 0 oil or gus was reported, As this weI! was started
P(lfOtl$ niHl \'ery thick ,.Jut'H:)sir sandstone nnd ;is, so m,nriy 3,003 feet strutigr~phicully nuov" the top of
far a' lmown, tho boris W""t of the fault dip H'lllewimt the eirc'le cursit did not rG"ch the PelJll3yl_
"",ronn!)' northward so that the beLls orc open to the ""llilln, but it did reach the Shhlllrllmp und ;l,Io~!lkop,
:$()uth, un uC('lunnb.1tioll ,... hie)} nnder other cm~ditions formations, As oil-impregnated salld js known (It
\\ ol!lt.l be HI{(:Jy is made Vf'ry tmlilmly. No seeps Ot' se\'cmI plaeRS where thCllo formations crop Ollt, th~
 OIL AND GAS 157
failure of the Caineville well is possibly due to incom- impossiLle to t.est the 1I11nks and the adjacent synclines
plete filling of th e rock with oil and wuter_ to the stratigraph ic depths rcached by the Cil'de Cliffs
An unsuccessful well was drilled in 1921 and 1922 well. Similar str llctural situations may l"o!udil,Y be
by the Carter Oil Co. on the San Rafael Swell in selected on the Kaib,lb Upw:ll"p-for c~ample, in T . 41
Emery County, where the genera.l geologic conditions S., R. 2W.
ire similar to those in the Circle Cliffs. The well was
abandoned Ilt a de.pth of 3,035 feet, wa.ler hu\';ng been Rel '(l rd of tlw Ohio on Co. ,I:('ll NO.1, Ci rdc CUrr$, Oonf.("d
Countv. Ut.aA
encountered Ilt 2,900 feet.
(O~logle cOf'rtlatton by B. C. ).Ioore]
CONCLUSIONS
---------- ----~---

Thlcknta Dep:h
(~I) (fft-t)
The KaipUl-owits region contains oil-bearing forma.-
tions as well 0.5 anticlinal structure, and in ;;pit.e of ]<nibno limestol:e, Co(:oniuo(,?) salldstQnc,
and SlI?!d('l) (ormnti(lu:
adverse fIndings in t.r_e wells in the C:rele. Clilfs awl Yell~w soil ~nd ~:lJloy ~lnY ___ ____ __ __1 36 :m
uear Caineville 0:1 may poss ibly l>c found ill COllllllor· Dro-..:n aandy 'OIL __ ___ __ . _____ ___ _ . ~
15 51
Hard white sno(L ___ __... __ ___ _____ _ ~
99 15a
cial quantit.ies. However, t.ho difticulties and the e~­ Yellow f!:!>nd __ _~ _ - - __~ - .. __- - - --. _- -- I to 160
pense of csplora. t :on are relativcly great.. Hnrd white snnd ___ __ ~a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ t
5 165
Stltldy wh.ilcsheI L __ ______ _____ _____ 10 175
A factot· that lShoulc1 not I;e overlooked ill forming Hard wh ile 'nnd _____ _____ ______ ____ 13S 310
Loose ul''Own snnd __ _ ____________ ____ GO 370
conclus ions concc l'lling the possibilities of obtaining Hard white 8l\od ___ ___ ____ ____ __ _ -- - 5 375
oi l in this re.gion <l::1d th e .significance of the tC'st. wells F ine \'I::lIow stlnd ____ __ ____ __ ___ __ - - - 135 610
Gray·slieU ____ ____ - ___ __ __ __ ____ ___ 25 0535
is the possib:e 01' evoll probable abscllce IIf abundant Hurd n.'d HaDd _ ____ _ ________ _ __ ____ _ 65 "CO
wate.t' in the oil-contnininrr hell.s. I I! llarr ly watel'- 20 620
c
filled rock the oil will not be lifted I;y dill"erellcc III
.
~~~ ~~~~~::=~:: :::: : = : ~:~ : :: :: = ::::
Lim o sheU ____ ____ __ __ ___ __ ________ _
40
20
600
6SU
specific gra.vity to the uppCI"most. patt of the anticlines 65 7-15
l,~t may be ronnd on t.h~ A:lllks or eVell in the eyn-
~rht~cS~i~~d:::: : :::: :: ::: :=:::: =:::: 885 1,630
Gco<iririge (7) COr.J]ntion:
cline" as in the San Juan field . It is perhaps ,ignifi- Luneslullo ____ _____ .. - - .. .. - - - .. - -- - - -- - 70 1,700
He.rd whito &lind ___ __- _- - - - .. - - - - - --- 550 .-, ')50
cant lhnt the marked surface indications of oil in beds Grt'_y sand ______ _- - _- - . -- - -- - -- - -- -- '10 2:290
White lime __ 35 " 3"5
that al'e exposed occllr on the eas t side of the Circle a _ _ _ ___ _ - _ ___ _ _ - - .. - - - - -

15 i:340
Gr,J.v S9nd __ ____ _ -- - - -- -- .- - --- - -- - -
Clil:!"s dome, where the dip is steep, and at the aXIs Red-rlillh 8ft.nd ___ - - -- - - - --- - - - - - - - - -- 20 2, 360
of the anticline in the Colorado RiVe!" Canyon, where Hl\id white 1JlJ.lld _ ___ - - _ __ ____ _ ---- - - 35 2, :mS
Cr:\y stllld ___ ____ - - - - - - - - - --- - - - -- -- 55 2. 450
it. is rar below the summit of i he dome in the Cirde White lim e __ _ ~ _____ _ -- --- -- --- - -- - - 85 2; 5:]6
While tmod ___ - - - - -- - - - --- - - - . - -- --- 25 2, 560
CIj/fs_ If oil ;s present in. tlle Pennsylvanian or other Wh ite )j Ole __ _____ ---- - - - - - - - ---- - -- 200 2820
beds beneuth tho snrface at Circle ClilIs, and if it only Red sll nd and ehnle __ ___ ___ ____ ___ __ _ 2(1 2:840
Rt~d roek nod sh1)le _____ ___ ____ ____ __ 20 2,Hr.u
partly fills the res en-oir space nnd is gathered on thl' Reu saod Dnd !thnlc __ ___ ____ ________ _ 20 2,1380
roek ____ ____ __ _____ ______ _____ _ 30 2,010
flunk s rat hel" than ot the apex of t he do",e, tho test
Rt~

Red )1,,'lnd ____ ___ - -- - - -- -. - - - - - - - - - - - 10 2,1)20

of the Ohio Oil Co. would be inconcil:sive. Escept at Red ~nd I\nd {Ih llle ___ _____ ___ ___ ___ ~ 20 2, 940
&o.bnJe ___ ____ _____ ______ __ _· ____ 25 2,96~
such a point a s " Bennett's oil field," on the CoIOl:"do 20 2,085
SllUU ________ - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - -- .- ---
River, where the potentially oi l-bearing .iOl'mtltlOn~ White li m e __ _______ - - - - ----- - -- - - - - 105 :~,OW
White wllfA::rtJ.Ilod ______ ____ __· _____ _ 122 3, 212
lie within. pra.ctieable drilling depth and In u. f"vor·
able position on the anticline, it would be dlffie.ult or

c vIew Of...... ______ • • ..... __ ..... __ •• • _. __ ~ . . ... __ ••• _. __ .. __ ... . _____ __ • pI. 23
CaUraOHa Bor, fl;oJd U'~l cln~: at ____ • • • ________ • ____________________ • • _____ ___ . H7
Can.oon "Ule. proc\uitut!oo at ___ __ __•• _ __._." ______ ___.• __ _." • . ___ . ••• ____ ._
!IOOtlon of Morrison (tl tOrIOOUOD fWd uppor pnrt of 5fl.D. RalMljp'ouP .t__ 8f-34
~1~Jt~-' ~ii~)ij
Alcd.'I tor.. Rood shale oC._. ___________ • _______ •. • _.• _..•. ____ _______ ______ pl. 11
a;.ectloO!J oL __________ _._. ______ _ • _____ • ______ . _• • __ • __ '73-77, SO. 83,. 1i7-bItll9, I~
amb of r i ppi&-mo.rked SllDd~~na io ___ ___ __ • __• ______ . __ ________ . _. ____ __ _ pI. 12
Car~l (?) formut"loD, 5OOIJ.OD ~ of _______ . • __• ___ .__ ______ __ ___ ___ __ ___ __ 51.8:2, b3
Cbe.r ry Crook, IIDI1IY~lf or coal korn out.c:rop 00. ___ • _____________ • ______ ._ .. _ 1.s.:J
seCtiOD ~howlDK <X:lIi t:ods OD _____ ___ ____ • __ • __ __ • _____ ____ ._. __ • ___ .~ . . . I~Z
Chiulc forulOl!tm. "PI aed correlation at. "" ...••.• ~ ... _.. ... . _.......... . _. M:
butto of, coppod by jointed WIDJ;'a.tOJ~a.od.~I..oOo _ •.. • _. • _ . •... ••. • . .••..•. pI. S
deflnltlou. af'Ctt-l cl:t-0nt, Dod thloko~ or. .. . ~ ••.• •.• ...• . ..•... •. ... . ...• ~-.u
IODdrtll felltUI"C N of s trflt"",aplly and IItbolo;ry of .•• ~ .• .. •.. _ ••••...• . ' •. • Mi--.58
socUOQ3 01. __ ~_~ • . • • • ___ ~ . • __• ~~ . ~~ _ .! •• ~ • • • _ ~. ~ •• _ • •• __ .~. __ •• _. ' _ 63, M-50. lOS
ChIDle~\Vi.uBate CODt.s • g:eoeml uhoract.or of.•• _• . ~_ . • _. __ .~~ ••..• •• • __ •• _..
Ctlrl.LenMo coal mlpa. ~U(lP to ._. ~_ . __. ..• ~ __ ._ .. _•. ~ ••. _ .~ __ ._ .. . .. _. _.. . l~Z
Cirole CU lT•• , PnrmlaOi rocb In. ph)' !iI~1 tlloturM of •• __ _.~ • • _. ___ •. _ ._~. _._.. 40
sections at Chinle formatloQ la __ . _.• .• • ~ •• • __ . . _____ .. __ ' __ ' '_" ' ~ ______ M-!AI
~ tion:s of KfLlbftb IIm_toa. aod Coconino Modsw=:e Ill •. _...•• __ ._ .•• _. "1.12
l6Cll oolJ of IV()()oil:m)1 r(lrwa!loo aDd SblnfU'ump C)Clg\oUlera!O 10 •••... . . ",,!".(I
sectioQS or Shfor-t'wlIp eooslomor.JL!lln . _. ___ •• _••. __ ... .. . _____ • • __ • • ~,,!l>. M1• .5J
Circa. C\ltrs UP~'llt'Jl. "atu:'e.'t of.. . ______ .. ___ .•• ••• ~. ____ • ___ .. __ .. _• . . ~ ._ 119-120
011 ff50 OCCUrt'QnOi& or .. ___ . _. _. ___ . _. . __ . ~ .• _~ .. _.,. __ ... ~ __ . __ . _..... __ .... ..
ClimilWi. IIGnoral OOodftlOOlct. __ • . .• • _.. _.. ~~ .. __ ...... ... __ • ___ ...... ___ . • 1... 15
eo..
IGDu~~ 01. on "~oa~ __ ~ . ____ ~ .. _.• _• • _. ___ .• ~.' .~ __ .. ~_ . ........... 12.5--12':1
13
l. lItonlYlies o( 5aJDplell!l._ •• _ ~ __ • __ .. _.... . ____ ... ~ __ _~ .. ___ ... .. __ •• _ . .. _ JhJ
dlstrlbutj<'D of _~.' ____ •• ________ •• ~ __ ~ __ • •• __.. ____ • __., _'" _•• _., __ ... H8-UQ
~ctlons of. meo.;.ure'd 10 Ko.::o end Ollrftc.>ld Connl1t!-~. UIaIl ..... _ .. __ • •.• rl. 30
C~Dlpo ~ondstClD •• correlatloo o!. ___ ••••. _____ • . _._ .. _~_._. · .~ . __ . .. .. .. 38,-f,J.....,
historieol sJ;:tltelll ., . • __ . " _•. • __.. ____ ... __ . __ .... ____ _• __ • __ . __ ... _. •• ___ 1.....31J
seeLio.,. oL. ____ . ____ .~. _ ~ .. . .• __ . __ . ~ ~. __ • __ -__ ~. ___ __ •. _~. _.•. - '~_" '_' "I."
Collett Qnticlino, tec~Urt'5 of ___ . •• ____ . ... ____ ... _. __ __ .. . . . ... .. __ •• • __ _.. _. 1:'0
~~:~~~;i;~s~~i~f~:,+·EL/>/·::_;·+CH~~~
",;,JI or. a bovc-OJoul.h o't~m E:.CllJBnt6_•• __ . ____ ~ .. _.... . · · • • ___ ... __ · · •• Ill. 0
Cop~r. occurre.co. o(~~ .. " _.. __ .. .... --~ ... --.--~.--.-- .......... -- - -- - •. -- ,.
Coronado, Francisco V(..squer; de,. orplorat!ons b'_. ____ •. ~ __ ... _.. ·.··_ .. _·· •
INDEX
Conon\\.COlI v~_
a.,k, !«tloll'" of Morrison (!) lorm.ttoo aDd 8!\D R"(liI(\l !tro!)(l
r •••
OU 'Dd a.ar ........... . __ ....................... ... _... ..... . _.. ~)
Coyote CrOOk. aooeruJlted *,!OD of Wnhwt'lip 5.lOtI:.toM 00 UDf'o('r... .•. . •. Io.~
CNl'.. eoous (orwat:iom • • L"MI d~'lbuUon o! __ ._ ._• ••.• •. _.• •••. '_' _"""" " {IIrJ
g§~21f;~=:,~.~:::::. .: . :~ : .:: : :.: : : :·: :: : . ::;~"2£
Cra:...,! ~ of ll10 Putt.-s, .,.lew a!0II1 Ott tr..Il adlD.( m.. __.•.•. _... . ........ Pl.-"
Croton CI~t Fork 0' lAWt CbDnOil Croek, action of :-'1(1"ISI1G fD:-m:1.t ion DI1 . A"
secUoo o~ Stmlilbt ClItfJ saslll~loDl!l DeIlI'. _ .. . . .. .. _ ......... ______ ••• ___ • \C<3
CrOI'lCll<)'nc\iol!. fMturos 01.... •• _..... . . .. _. " ___ _" .. . . ' ._. . . . .. . ... 121
D
D(I.... otv. (!) ..ndILooD. 00»110, OQ'!I'lrreocool __ .. ___ . . __ . .. . . .. . ... ...... _.. _ ~ U:l
UlboJOIfc leI~uro:s or•. • _....... . _.. .• __ ....... .. . .... ... . . _... .... ... . .•• ~
HCtIGCLI 0(__ • • _.... ..... _ • • " " _"""'" _.. ... _. . . . . ... It. De. ~. '- 00. 108, ! IO
a'flIIU,taPby oL. __ . ...... . . . _•....... " ...... . •.. _.. .• ' . ,_ •..• ... .. _.... ~
o.atb B ollow C. . .. Clf..DYOD 01 ••• ' " ..... " " . _.'" ... .. _..... . ......... . .. p1.lD
I>oUeGbaneh. F. 9., qUII U!d~ _ __ •••. __ ._ .. ... . . ___ .... ...... ... . _...... .. .... ')
Doo 8butt& %nloe, analJ$tf 01 llanlpJe. 01 coal rram .. •• ~ ••. _••.••. __ ••• ___ •••. _ 163
Drr OaoJoo.. .llCt.w:) or CarlDCl! {D:'maUOD u, ... _.. __ •.....••. __ ._ .. . . .. ~ .. . _ 7-'
Dry VIllJeT, _ !JOD 01 PII" of & 0 RI.l&o& a: rOlltt In . . ...... ... ... . ......... __ • li.5
DutloD, C. E ., quoto)j . __ • __ .... _.. . _...... __ •.. 'U-2I1, 4', 69, 72, S~, 11'.118.131, 143
16
B
E~t KaltlA'b lQODocliile, foatul'U!l o:.~._ ........ __ .. _•• __ ...... ___ .. .. ... __ • l2:2-lZI
"'lIlIo}' Ie Ttoplc shlle IlIoOX . • . __ •• __ ... . _.• _.. __ .. ~ .. ......... _.... ... . _ pl. :1
v!&~. Cr •• ___ • __ • _______ • •• •• ~ • •• "" _........... .... _. ... ....... ... . .. _' . ttl. I~
Echo monodic.. btui03 of .•. _.. ... ... . _... . . . ... .. .... . ..... ..... ...... . ... JZ.!
Economio ~1017. __ .. . ___ .. ..... _.. .... .. ........ . _. .. __ .... ......... __ .. H1- 1~1
ED~rad3 S/lDJskloo. cliIT of. 10 Jlitlts Crack' V~lIoy _. ..•. • _... . . ' . ___ • . •.'•.. _. ttl. 11
lonorallt)O~ of .• •.. • _........ __ _.•. _. . .. . ....... . _..... ... .. .. . ___ .. _ n
lle3I' CIDeonffllt, vlc .... s or .••• ••..• • _..•.•. _.. .. .... . __ . ..... _•. __ .... __ Ill. 1.2
!l«lJons 01• • ___ ..... ... .. .... .... __ ..... .... .. ..... 111. SO-8I.&2,83,~S1.88, ICS
t;ro:.ioo, cJ'ck" of ___ ... . ...... _. ... ....... . _•• .•••. __ ._ .. . _• •. . '''' '' ' '' ' '' 15.""' 139
eltcnt ood Jllto of .. __ .•. . •. • __ . __ . ____ . ..... _.. . __ .. . ..... . ______ ..... . 112~ISJ
rac-tclra:h:lt hdlu,nt'f! . ... __ .. .... . _.• __ ....... __ •. •. _"" . _... . . ... .. . _ 12...'--117
P'~1o(l TeltJ\ nnDts, ......IOf. ... ... .... ........ .. ..... . . . _.. . .. ... .... __ ... _.. pl. ZS
Ermtoil lorilict-i. ~Ii(l(l (l.l distribution 01 .... . .... . . .. .. _..... __ •...• ••. _._. . 133
J:($CllJant." SU"et.l't Vt!M dE'. t~pJornIiOClI b r ... . __ .... · __ .... ·· .... · ... .. --. ~
£1o. \\ ul•• Ijlal}'3lof. or -ISIIlPIot of 00:.1 from p~ Di!'tr.... .. ... ' 1M
pn'dpita l!on nt.•. .•. • • _.. " . __ . .... ... , . .. . ...... . ... " "' __ '" .' __ _. If'1-11
soc:don 01 C'(ln~1 foriulldoll fiI".1r . __ .. ••. .• , _...... . __ . .. .. . ..... . . . 7(1
MC Uou 01 Sao Jlu'II(·J~OUDMd ~ror~ (!) fO:Jnlltlou oeur.·.· ._.. . .. It!
:reu Sameot at .... . . ... .... ...... .. . ... .. ..... ..... . " .... .... _... --- --. 31-..12
"""
~ It!rlloenf.ul'\) al ..... . .. - ...... - .. ... " . •. - . . ........... . ....... . . . . ... . ..
R«:6;aow lDonocllne, (.nlUft'S of . . .•. __ _. __ .-- -.-- ...... -. • , . -- - ........ , .---
e.csJlWle Va lSey, Itslllf(l5 ttL .. __ .... __ .... .... .... . .. , ....... .. . -... ..... . U%- Ul
u.ndl(JnNlt",IOO Sill'! Rl1.(ool «roup lIud Mon-twu fonr.:.tloo ill ..• _. • . . . . - . 81 ~ l<o3
F.wlarstiot'lS. hlstot 'c6lakdch of. . . . . ... . ... .. . . ....... . . . .... ':'-.2
r
~§~5:~~:fi;I~~~:~~·.~· ~ ~~ . :~:.~.:.:.:. ~:::: :.:.:.
o
: : : : : =]
OI\l'n.,"1 COllt1t.y. Utah.rcYll tcc l ton1< m'......... ull'd ill •. _.. ... . _ ....... . ... . ____ til ~O
Gna. Su 011 tlrullC.\f·
~:;~:::.~~~;~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~:~~:::::~":1
Girt)', O. n .• r('IJJilJ IdtuUlli!tI by .. ....... _...... . ... . .. - .. . . .. ...... . --. 4;3~;:
5J)tl t!r:;:1 fo\LURIf 01, Itt r--.riI V :d k)' [IIQd
.
Ok:~~~~~~~~~,~.~:~::::::::::.::::::.:::: ::::::::::::::::::::::;'~:l:~~
0 1110 CDn"~ JrrOUP C1 tll'Mfk '!). «cn.·"ru fto:lW"" 01 .. ...... __ ... _.......... . -
...utw:IftL .... .. •• .. •· ... .......
Ol&o Can ),f)."l rewltln. undJ(kr(lnliatr.d SIn RalMI (rOUP WId Ml)lTiJoD f«m"a'
1
117~m
tlotIln..... . __ .. __ ........ __ •• • __ .. _.• •. •• __ • '_" __ •• ~ ...... - .... .....a1J
169
160
00111. ()(:CUr flllJeoI &ti ft 01. •••• •• • __ . __ __. _••••• _• • _____ ___ __••••• _. _.
ttJlo~
Oood Hope Bnr, lold ro1c tli l: a\ . • •••• ___ • _____ .••.• ___ . _. ___ •. . • . . . . ..• __ •
O radlenta, 5 1.r(la;a1, [n OtJC£loo rA. 0 0 UIlII[OO . ___ ••••• _ • • _____ ••• . •• • • • _______
(J rtlfccy, .0 . F." quot.o1 ••.•• . • _•• ________ __._. _. __ . _ . ___ __ ••• 0 __ • _. _ • • • •
OrOO ll d ";' -.let, InOue.DCt!! of, on er~lon ._ •. _. • _. ' . _. _•• _. ___ •• •• . __•
Grub St.1Ilro Bur, coki m.hljnl; saL ______ ._._ ••• _.. _____ __._ ••• ___ _
"Guf., II ,~~, (rom n polut nr.-:lr 1.11a. __ . •• ••• ___ ._. ___ . •• ___ ._ . • __ . . _. ______ pI.
El
HallsCrQC.t, JC'ClMJn£ ~S lla RllItJlel group D.c Ll l\rorr ~HI f(ll"1'l%lUQn on .. • . • ____ _ aH!1
finU.II Cluk VJt.llur. und j tr e.' lU1tt l\f~J SAn R;I(ilel RTOO ~I and MDrTi$r,o fO rlfUl-
Uon In • • __ __ __ • ••. • • • • • ________ .• •• • • • . . ______ . __ •••. • • ••• •. .... is, Sl
'I"lf! .... \1:1 •• . • .•• . ~~ .. •. .•. • •.•.•• ......... ••• .• •• • .... ... _.• ••• • ••• .. . . ... . );1. IQ
Unrohlln. J ~Qh. quo!-cd .. . .. _• ....... . . __ ••• ••••. ..... ••••. .•. • " ""'" . " TO, 28
n lArr l$ ~)· nl"lIne . IootLl1'l:!.1- 0$ • •• • •• •• __ ••. .. .. ... . . .. .. . .. . ............... .... . l.:!O
Ur.rriJI Wash . It.-et!(,1n of Rnl~J) Dud C llrme( h:W-In.o\£oM; on .... . ... _.••. . . _.. &J
n~,III r~rtc)n C :I1I)'OO . lII!c\.IM ,.of ~ORI !Il m l c.~ 11.1 .. .. .. _ ••• ••.•. ____ ._ ... . . __ ... 1M
n.mrltw ll/l), J;(:tlle.rnent 1lL. .. . . __ __ .. . ... __ .. ___ .... __ .... . ___ __ __ __ • • __ .... . 31
I hmr, M all1ll~, IIJ.!II. erl1!'10I1 SOrfl}cM 0/1 &lopc:s bOllk-rl n" __ ........ _... .. . __ • .. 1~i-'.i
JJ~r :u 1t sh!l k , ~I'I \jl ct or, wllb KD lha l} IIlllCtllOOt ln 'Kalb'lb Onlt'.h . . •.••... .... pl. "
n 1Ir.. Prrol l,U [ltlnn [II •• __ . _... .... __ . __ .. __ .. .. . ... _________ .. . . ... .. ........ 11
~rnJ!~llIr;l Bt. ... ........ ... __ •• __ ....... ..... . ______ . __ • . . __ __ .... ___ . 21
[1110 Ihlr, r.ohllllln l ug II I _____ ____ . . . ... __ ... __ . . . . . . . __ • Hi
I-!Qwull. K 1~ . ,f)U o1etl. .. ... __ .. ... .. ... ... .......... . ____ nIH.ll'
IgntOO~ rode, occu rroflcn 01 .. __ __ ... . .... ____ .. .. .... ... __ .. . _. _......... __ 115
fflcJ (JIirIId m O/Llld,·". GI:Qllrr orll:!ll lll,d ~h'lnl c~ r 01. __ •• •••.... ... _.. .• •. •••• . . 1 ll-- 13~
rmllJLrI lrn~ of t I\IIl K:.l'l lpl'lr[) .... 1t.s t11Il oll . ____ __ .. •.• __ .. .. • _•. . •..•••• __ •• _... '17
In Y I~d \;IoII IIOl1~, h illtory I\lld tcope of•. __ . • ____ .•• • . • . .. ____ . .. .. .... _. __ . . ... I· :
IvOll-. J. (", (1IIOlo~1 .•. __ ___ __ .. ... . .... ...... . ____ . __ .. .. __ ... . ___ .. . __ . __ •
J M ooo.!; CUIU\lI, secti oo or Cl'lfDlcl format.loll uew'_ ._ . •. _.... _.... _ . •••. _.... TJ-H
Ju~'e 00da, m !1jo{ nh'l!I' Oons of. .. .... . . .. . .. .. _____ •• • .. .... .. ... .. .... .. .
J nl"V'"..a~ toc t'tlallr)l,', a::all u illllLhollllf{t! frslllYci of .... .... .. . __ __ .. __ . ... .. . __ •
h l!UI,dl!1l l d: ~'I(lh of..... .. __ . . __ . . .. __ . . __ .. .... .... ___
1)rl";'lOO l ~ l lII\\' /it!dp;col . ... . ... .. . ,'" __ . . ____ ....... ro- fil
It
",t1blLb Oll'r h, MtlLlun 01 h:.aJb<lh UIl Iet!>Iuue In . . ... ___ . ..•••.•... •. 39
5OI:;1 j Qn Q(}.l o('nkupl ro rmnUDlIlI l. .. • ______ .. .... .. __ .... __ . ~g
K", Jb"b lJlllt",*OI}o, l.'ollli\.C\ of. wICh Ri!l"Iu h ,!lil lIE! 111 R"l'In ...."'\ b Ouk h.. _... _•••• p1. ~
WU Wc ~ "f. WIUl M OlLl1~uJ>1 (or nlJJ l l'llI at. lII(";uth of K I!IIL OOIl QuJeb... ..... Ill...
l:orNl<'lt!,rm of ................ .. . " .. ... .......... ....... . _••... •. •.• •
fUllo nl Chf\H\ l'Il'r ut .•. . .... ..... .... .. __ __ .. .. ____ .... _••• __ ...__ ....... . . oIH3
h b;lDfI ~ 1 ~ I!k' h 01 •• ... ~ .... ' ''''' ....... .. .. ....... ... ... . ....... . . __ .. 38...;)9
IJ~'I" 1m)!:tk)!) of S II\'~r Foll!l ~lId "tu:ey T\\' I~ t rt1ll:d!J •••. . '_"" . • •... .... I,ll. 6
I!ofoOt kMUI of.. __ • •• _... .....••••.• ___ .... ... ........ ___ .....• . •• • -U--C2,. 43.....1·'. I()D
Kalbo.lb- M rlojn ko!}1 cl(Gloo lul<H'" n1. ___ __ .... _.. . .. ..... .. .. ..... ... .. . ___ .. . of 6-4/!
r.::3Ih;l ~ I'IMe'IlU. nOfll K!Tn, Pt rm"' Jo J)(Id;!I III . . . ..................... .... ... .. 39-W
K:rlbllhul lW lI1 r". b l!IlTMoI .... ....... . ...... __ ............... . ... . . ..... .... 113
K:ll!lR1'Owll t downwllfll , frlJd \lIn'. 01. . ... __ . ' •. ' _.. _... ... . .... . ........ .. . . 120--121
Knll':lro'll' II ~ fomJ\1tlulI , rC(l;Su;.o. 1)1'.. ...... . .. __ . __ .. __ . ....... ___ ... ... .... . 107-108
j: l.:lr l~rrll rC:1)lurt"l ..,f __ __ . .... ...... __ .. ..... .. ..... . .. ____ ... __ .. " ... .. __ . Hli
aect.loll of. _.. . . . . .. _... .... . . . . ...... .. . ... .... . ..... .. . . ...... . . ..... . . Hli
K:.I(JlU'owlt8 P '.n ll '\1..1 , c-r~lt)tl 01".. ... __ ... __ __ __ .. .. ..... __ .. _....... ..... __ __ 1~
~tJon 0( ~\11 n J\ rl ~ul Jrt,I\IP am] MI,)I"7 I~l rorulI\t.llln al nortbtfJ;t hAJ(, 01_. &:.~
Krrlj1Urtm·jq. n",.Ie,", ~(I,llf' 'Nl Ih' l'1 l \'L"w of. . .• ••• ~. . . .. _.. _..•• __ •••. ••. PI. ~
l@!o Llon :111(' o~li"lIt of .. .. __ ... .... _ _.. . .. . ... ____ .•. __ __ .... .. _.. 01:-6
t OL'C1il..nI~hl..l 1,)1111 i.Jli) or . . .... ... .. __ .•.• __ . , __ .... .. _ . . ... .. ~ . _. ___ 12-14
K at'I. h, 1~n),-il' l tllHIJ Il II I ... . __ .... __ ..... .. .. ..... ... .. .. ______ .. . __ • li#-lG
lr.!ruf"' l'lltnf"l' nl .. . . . . . __ . . . ..... . . ..... ... ... .. ... . . . _•. •• . _. .... ....... ::n
K rwn ('OI.I(II~·. Ullh. (' 001 ~..:tI~r.:IlIl"-!WlTl'.d hl. .. . . .. ...... ... . . . __ .. .... __ . pI. 30
KILnu C,.......li . .... ull hot11orl u.., .. .... ........ __ .. .. . . __ ... __ . _. __ . __ ... __ . .. .. .
Kloncly ll:\' HM, l!oklmln ll1p: " I .... . .. .- __ ....... __ ...... .. .... .. . __ ' ..
L Pt.tI" p!aUarm, fdOll.Ut'N: of................... ________ .... . ... ____ ...... __ •• • •
L rmd.. UI1,l', O«:'rIITCtu'u or. •. __ ...... __ . " " ' .. _" ... __ __ . __ . .. . I~ H(i
[.:):.;, (' l!lI l1ro CJII IYOtl, ~p.I'llon or W1I11\1·..:-:\1) ~ru'I(bl n u e "" H(fl rpllll!.ll~ [01.111,·
",,' Clt Ill . " " ' __ '" . ~ ........ ....... ... _.. . .. . .. __ __ . .... .. ... "' . 100
lAs t C\m u~ CI'I'e"k. "ll1I.nJ~· 9{' ~S!lomplo \11 (:,:01 !hlm OHl eNI1 011 . .• . .• " ' " _. . J5.:l
~' ILIlH of ('n' l lll,'eOn ~ ~lJ, 1I 1!., r befall or w~ bfflnr;:o h or .. ..... "" " .. . 100000 IUJ
60cllCJtl o( C T\'(nl'o."II'1S 1:M>ds on II t:01"I tr sitko ClI, .. . __ . ... __ ____ ... __ _, .. ..... . ';lft..."7
"-,,,,1,.1(JI1 ul M (t!'rOOn fOm1 ·u tO., !Ind B41l Hn(ilICl !l NIIJI fa'lll r ...... .. __ . .... ~~
LII:\( C'h n.n('\. ~rtr ('U J\ e. r~I'I {1'~ 0( .. ... . . __ ....... ____ .. .... .... .. ____ __ .. __ • 1:!1
I Cb'llll'\' \ · '1I1.-' r. r.""I1tu l'C'-'ol ... __ ._ ••• __ ......... .. _..... .. ... __ •• __ .____ \41
L..,wSI:ln ••\ . f'. IIIJIlol.I.'d . .... .. ____ ...... . . __ __ ... __ . .• __ ... .. .. .. __ ... .. . .... ~1
t «.$ P"u"~" !k'coulli or. ....... __ •. ~._ ........ .... ... __ .. .. .... .. ...... __ __ :;0
$0('1.1011 01 lall·!.'r I'!irl 0( Ch ln"iG rl1f'1TmHOO ·\1_ .. ... ..... .. __ .... __ .... .... ~...t
""'Il!)!) 01 ~i('l'lI k(l I~[ tormntlun 9t .... __ .. .. .. ..... .. .. __ ... .... ....... .. -IS
\'iMI' IiJM;JIl g: (tot1h IlCoTMf Cl)lcwdD R!\' ~r 11e.t' •• •• •..• . .....••• •..•. • _. . p l. 8
Lllt!1! Ued. \'ull~'Y. lK'C l kln of D:.k04A ("I') e nd ~[ orrl!tOQ (o.-ltlo.Uor.s in . .•. "' . . IJ:I--fH
Lull, R. S .• (o9.U$ dek'rml.nt'(} by •.. . __ ...•• •• •••• • .. . . _. .. .. . .. .. . .... . ...• lOS
INDEX
p op _\f PtlR@
U7-HS .I!o r~ . halo, II!cUOIJ oL .. ... .. ..... ...... .. .. _. ..... ____ .. ... ... .... _.. ... 1(·S
141, H,
1:00-1: 7
i\llIP, d6!jCrjPtJOU of.. _... . . .... .... ___ ................. _.... . . _. ........ __ ••
it!ologic. of l{a.I()Iu"D W113 rC'Qt /)I) . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . . . __ . . . . . . . . ____ pl . 2 (10 Jl::lcket)
~
_ _ r;t... !3!i ! t nIClUftl. ot K2UPilIo".j ~ TC!iklD . .. .. .. .. .. ........ .. . . __ .......... .... .. pI. I"
IZi top(I(n!I llO:r:. cl KaJparoW1.t I fu tOIJ .. ........ ...... ........... pI. 1 (Ill p ~bt)
1011 M..-ble 0 01"10, !«lIon of 'o\'!1l1 of.. .. .. __ .. _,, __ . __ ......... _........ .. . __ .. ' -U-'H
20) v1owot ...... . . ......... _.. ..... .... ........ . ... .. __ ........ __ . ... ...... PI~
j.\f &;Jlldoq, lnel<xed. O(oCU IT0000 and cilB.mctcr of ............ __ . __ .. ........ In-I
~·I Ma!i . oo!t.lrI'"t.QO) of. a . ..... ... . .. . ... ___ ___ ... . ............ . . __ .... _' __ .... 13
M U-k lll :8ar.XoJd mlnlIli'lIot ... .... ... __ ... .. .... .. .... _....... .. __ .......... 147
t«~IO Il or Qu:'IJ")4);llotlM.t1on ~~t of. ............ _........ . __ __ ...... .... 76
MBIOIolUlId Pnj~ took;s of KIII[Y-Iroi\'il.Sr'(!~oD, ,~h arlsllo wilJE: rnl.'ttion.1 0f. )ll . 5
1I1 IlrUtlH •••• ____ •. __ ... ... ... .. __ . • __ •••• , •. . __ _. .. .. . .... .. ........... JJ. 1·17-1 .. g
M oonllHl/ IorlJll tl o.'1, Ili\l Q,nd OtlW.,IR UOD ot. ... __ ..... . . ... . _._. _........... s.1--~2
tm:rnl ~ tslrlbull oa Met L9 1 1l,"r;:~ of•. • • ___ .................... _.. ......... i7
t'Outn.i!I 01, "ll'IUt K ll.lbab ll.nraton,e , at mool1J or K:'Ii!Jnb Gulcll . •• __ __ .... pl. 4
(rmll:l ot. .. . ~ ....... _____ ...... __ ........... ..... ..... _. _.. .. ........... .52
IIt:hol lotlC r. turuJ or. .... .... .... ....... . .. ... .... __ _.. __ ................ .(7-:3
SoI::CllvQS ot. . " .. . . . . .. . .. ........... __ • . • .• •.... . __ ____ ...... . ...... _ tS-50, 109
M oon.kopl·Shlllrmunp *rOllOlllnlor'l"lll .... .... .. ... __ .. . ......... _.... ... . .. ,t!
M oenko pi rt(At..-J., .e,'P05l1fe ot, 10 tlorUloun J»\rt of Clrc.!u cJltrs____ . .. .... .... pI. 7
IIt.(rolrrorou.s, In Circle Clirfli, v-iow oL ...... _.... ....... ......... . .. ... . pl. 31
r.{okl nllt', Vt1fd IllJnIDl al. .............................. __ ........ . ... . ... .. 1-17
Moau C t~l o Da.r , Rold (fIlu\.ng :l. . . .... ............ ....... ...... .. ... .. . __ . li7
M,Ofln on Pk!IlUfI, wr:rrk of...... ....................... __ .. _... __ .. .. _....... 27~0
M c.rf OOtl. (Of lrul tiO Q ((:u biooou:i1). orO.l1 ('.1l-oa1 6::1 d thlc:k U[$S 0(. .... . . .... __ Ol-s2
OtIn-claUo lI. 01. . .. ... __ .. .. ... ... _ .... _.. ................... .. ... ... _._ . .. tI:
liI OO]o-odc: .oel ,:ttu.U;PllpbIC fca.~urC3 of...... __ ........... .... .. .... _.. . . . tn.Q3
~1I011' 01. ... . .... __ ............... ..... __ .. _...... 8'), b2. S7, bS, \(J---'lt, I~ IIO
Monisoa,Ookol-n m OrOlJICD Itl1.4fTal, general kilI.~ures oL ......... _. ___ . .... fH.
M onbotl ('r) form ntlOD. HCtloru ol........... __ .... ... .. . .. .. .. _... TJ, S2,81.,8T-8G
M llonl$Clll f1') Ill.i:ilbt uU8 on I~wer W"h",,"p Crwir. ........ ... _____ .. ........ pI. 13
GI MuI,w T ..... lst Creek, CMlyo.n trlbullU'Y to .... . .. . . ... ... ..... , . .. . ... .... .... pI. 23
Co] , tro llgly UQi'lt-rellt meAoder on .... ....... .......... _... _....... __ ... ___ ._ ~l. 22
~
·N
NO'7n,lo s:lnJSIO~, orch formed b),oro..doa 0'--................... _...... ... . 1'1. '::.7
("..t\'lIln Ht\rrls V.'/I,."h In •.• ~ __ ______ ......... ____ .. _ ....... __ . __.. __ ...... pI. V
ooklr of •. . • _.. , .. __ __ .. __ ....... __ . .. .. ... . ______ . .. . . . .. __ . __ ....... .. .. 65--li7
dl$lrlhut!oll and PDllu,l fl.P pdl"OE.('O oL _ __ " ..... . . .. __ .• _..... . . _. .... . __ ~
acUoc of. __ __ • __ .. __ ..... . ..... .. __ ____ _. .. ....... ________ ...... . __ . . JOO
.s1fil.lIgtopbICl foo \ uf('5 of.. __ ....... ~ . __ . __ __ •. • . ____ ________ ____ . .. ______ . G4 -M
3~ • .(J..-i~ SIJ"\ll!lture, ltxtllr~; lind COJDf:O$I ~OD or. . • __ .. . . .... __ .. ____ .. ... .. ___ . __ . ~
N fl" Yeonr n ar, lIold n lllJln\: at .... .. __ . __ • ____ .. .. __ .. ____ .. _.......... __ __ . 14'1
Nlza. Ml\roo& de-, . %plorn.Uull!l b)' __ .... .. __ .. ........ ... ...... . .. ~ .......... .
N \K1rJ W l\Sh.r.olrl m lolngon .. ____ ____ .. . .. .... __ . . , __ __ . .... ___ .. H7
o
Oh \oOn Co. well ~o . I. re.e.ord of_. __ __ ... __ .... . . . __ . __________ .. ____ lSi'
00 tUld 1&.1, WDdusfon.~ rQl llTdlna: t)CIMI hlllllos 0( obl.4lulo.l: ___ . _. ___ . .. .... _. I ~7
CX(lI(;lj'(!o t km I\Ir. ...................... __ _. __ ........ __ ..... __ . .. __ ... __ . 166·157
!olrl:/,UiffiPhiO eoDS ld tm tfOD~ Nirl"Qr rtlllC • .• __ .. ... .. . __ .• _. __ .••••• . ... __ tM--tM
cI!'Uellll1ll condlUons Ir....or!lbllt for :1t)Cu mula!JoQ 01. _........... . __ ... lSl· \$
0 1[ ~ fI on ba(1k or C 4)lc\'Ud., R,h·t1r . view of ..... _.. ___ _____ .. . .. __ __ ...... .. pl. 3 i
D1~m p~" DAr.,::old nllnllll lll. __ __ . ______ .. . ... ... ______ . .. ... . . ____ ........ 147
Pale0z4le ILtId M~oIe r ue;", 01 Kl\lplf,ro\\' i t.~ NRi"ou. cbnrt showIng Tl,lla ~ l.ms
0( • ••• •• • •• -- --•• - -- ...... . .. .. -- -- •• -- .. . ... -- ... ___ ••• __ . ... _.. pI. ~
PM'IIl , ~oonallud section Or ChJnl') lon:".l.'ltloQ nC:lT . _ .. _____ .... .. ... . .. . ____ oH-lO
f,JOO »iL8 tioo .J .... __ --. -- -- •• . __ ---- .. -............. ______ .... ____ __ ... _ 16
fIIOJI.Uorneot At.. . __ __ -- --- . ... . . . .... -. -- .............. ~. ______ . ..... __ .. __ 3(1-31
~. 10 y lo!tI'" of bll'~ soulhW'C$t of..... .... ___ . . ..... __ •.. __ . ____ . . ... _____ .... .. pl. 7
1-47 Part. O any on , lSubdh:!$IM1 0' Ohm Cr.n),on k:roup la __ ... ~ • ••. __ ...... __ •• •• M
122
Pus l .. RI"u. ~ld mlul t1i!: on. __ . ____ __ ............. __ .. ....... ____ ......... __ us
__Uoo o( IOwormost C rotocem.ls slmt!'\ on we..~t :-..Id~ oL ........ __ __ . ..... 1)7-1)8
f'l:(' HOb of piI" of Dn':<ot:t (1) s:lOd"tono on .... __ ... .. _..... _.. _. ... .. _... W"
" k!.", .[Ill, bclov.' PArlll .... ..... . . .... ..... __ .......... _._ ....... . . ........ PI , 2!j
P!l!"ill Vnnl! ~·. CosIJnru ol____ .. .. . . . . __ .......... . . __ .................... ___ H :-U2
und l (JI!f\'Jltl~t.L!<I Sr.D RM-.el trOUP and M...:rr!:>Otl (orm.8t!otl, fo ....... _.••• &3-&I
" i. ",..,s I.D. . .. · · --· .- ..... . ... ... -- ... : .............. -.. .. ...... ....... pi:;. 2t. ~
~:trUllu ..... p·Cltnyon. SCZUOb 0( Carmol,fornlation In._ .. ~ __ .. .... ________ ... '1 'I-71.i
PnUII!aulU nt'ftllll•.'rt'nturos or... ...... .... .. .. . __ ...... . . . ....... __ . __ .... 123-12~
PnUllUoOln mt'YlatLlu. IIr~ ()1l r>f ......... . . ______ .... .. . . . ................. 1:t"'_I35
P l!Abl, ' ·hl!l. , s(lCf.f<.lDS of Kalh.b llme5tOtlt r"lnd."Coeonloo ! ftllds!.ono ot'nr •• . '" -II
l'trm b n fCll"m iILI WS, clusHIQ.Ucu and. tOr rclllo lloD ot. .•.. .} . ....... ........... 4J.--4!!i
!~t!on llDd ~"'I(lnl Of..... __ ..... . ... ...... . ... . _....... _... .. ... ____ .... J8
PWIDaWII. :xt 0 11 ",ti d I;I\S.
P r.~IOJtllrll 1r Jc 6\,,0Iulloo.
outTlno 01 prob"bJe roam I t.fljNS In: ...... . ___ .___ I:M
rb rsiOlmpbS-. n:.d oOl.l «,latlou! or.. -- .. . ~ .. . ",,, . _____ ,, ,, ,, ,.,, ,,_, __ _, . IZ~
Po~ t'OII l ro.!,Pl'. !lkt MlD at ........... _........................ ___ • __ . .... 1 ~_ 153
 INDEX
161
P:.lie
POpuhtion nr C:.e rOKlou •• • .• . ••• .• .• •• •..... .. " .• • •. • • • ... • ... ..... .. ••. • _. ~31
Powell fUld '\'\'twlcr SUJ'geY5, aoco:.IOt oL . • • ••• _. ... . .. . . .. .... . . ... ~_ ••••• . 7- 10 T iMe ClUJ, IOet jOfl hCllh, IIOUt h -IQuth1'lNf,'3f"d i"!
POW'ell,l. "'., Q.uote:J •.. __ • . •... .•••.• •••. _. • . • _ ' . . . " ' . •. • , .. _ t , 24, ~ 33, J.t. 117 T a b. Cllthynd lne, "'U1M of. _. .. .. ... . .. .. . ..... ..... 1:12
P'nIclpHatiou, 18Ofl;rapblc dlslribu~Joo or.. . .. _. . .• . "" . . •. .. .. .... ... . . •• . . 17 ·r.cnl*nu.U &, ~Mb Of........... ~: : : ~ :~:~: ::: :. : :: ::: : .::: ~ ~:: •• :~.. . 21-23
records of. _• • _•• •.•• • _.. .... . . . • •• • • _.. . •.. ... . .. .... ..... .. . .. 16-17 ' ('eomllr,S poPc, l(ctI0Q!$ 0ICro!8c)1ti)a1 1Uld .Tu m$Slobedl 0Mr ••. .• : : •• • : : ~ :: . : H
50.'\5001\1 dJ,lrlbuU o n of..... .. . ....... . .. . . . .... . . . . . . . .. ... . _.. . ..... 1&-20 T fillIta!li , l1I u vial, ~1I {'C.1LDd eb.,n~ l tr of. 1+.1. 144
v.uiut[on a~. frOlD )'C9t 10 year . . .. .... . ..... .. . .. . _... . • ' " 17- 18 Te.rfl M")· r ook •• .rlnHrrapb)· 01... .. . ... ... ..... . .. ...... .... III-Ilr.
PTfl\'1ous 'Q,>':u'k ill It.", trIPon... .. . .. . .. ....... . _ ,-..1 T hom psoo. A. U., qll()I~ .... . . .. . .. . . . .... .. ... ... ... .. .. .. ....... 7-8, U7
T lchboo ollr, ,old mj;am, al .. . ... .. ...... .. • . ........ .. . .. .. .. . ...... . 147,148
Q Todtl~ (1) formalioo, ~D(!tRl lr.llf ar. oL ..... ~ ............ ... ..... . ...... ~
Quaterc86Y de&:: o..'I.Ih , occurrellOe of . _ aeeUoacr. .... . . .... .......... .. . .. ........ ..... .... : ........ ... . ... ..... J05
"6
TopDpltpb" r1llaUooi of. to atolory._ . . . .. .... .. .... _.... .. .. .. .. .... .... t:!7-JII
R TrolCbyltll Canyon, rold d ~w. r«1 In ... .. . • . .. .. . ...... ...... .... . . . 1t7
Ro.lnM-orm!>, cllaraO!-er ot. ••. "" " ... .. . ...... . . .. . . .... . .. '" ...... . . .... . 20-21 Tti!r.t>Pft'S, eXlllonu.kroa bs- .. . ...... .. .. . . ,. . ....... . . . ...... .... .. .. .. .. .. . ..-:
Roo CanJ/oD, l old mining at .. . .. . . ..... .. . .. ".. . •. •. •.. • . . . •. . __ " " " ' " It? 'l'rla#tc 'ormu£on" bJ.s!orie.ll d:&I c.h ot. . .. ............ ..... . ....... . ...... . ,...,.
Reoslcle, J. B .. ;r. , res-sils determlc.od by . . . .. . . .... . . .. .. . .. ... ... . 100, lOt. l07-IOS TrtIplo.M ~ t.lem4ll t1l: t.. . ....... : . .... . ..... .. . . ... ..... .......... ... . ... .... . 31
quoted. __ - ••• • _• ••. _ . . •••. __.. .. . .. . . . . _•• . .. . _.. .. _•• •. •. , . . •.... III 112-113 ~.b • . DlIoIm , oo:urrl!lCKlOcl.. ...... . .. .... .. .. ...... ... .. ... .. _ . .. .. 149
fUld Bassler, Bf'lrv-oy, Quoted .... ....... . _.. ... . __ .... . .. . _. .... .. ...... . ffl ~ oL . . ..... . .... .. ... ....... __ ... ... . . .. .. _....... . .... ... .. . . .. .. pt...lOQ
RidROS, monocUnal, pllY II IOKJ'"apblcel!ec~ of ..... .. .. __ ... . . .. .... . . .... .. .. 1:"'9- 131 O'I"Ullllo b y SU'l.tPI ClldHaod:ttOQ$, WAhtrtlt p GJ.... k .. . _ .. ... . ........ pl. 14
+-f
Ra.ds. cb81'8etor 01.. ___ • •• • ___ .•• . . · • • · w·· __ ... ___ .... . ... .... . . ... _.• _. ___ • .,b)"JIcaJ aod.n.nl!rm phle 't',Jtnrel (II. . .. ... .. ....... .... ......... .... ...
."foCI lollS of. .. . .. ....... ... .. .. __ . ... .... 9>4, M. 07-"'. !I!\ 103, 110, 111
01-"
Rook Creek, soctlon of Creta06Ou', rtrota at head oL .• '_ """ " """"" " 111
Rook Creele snt!cJlne, fGHluT"eSof . . .. .... .... . .. __ .. _.. . .... ..... . .. _.. _.... _ Ul \'
Rock Crook OIlO)' On, ~eatur6ll oL ................... _. ... . ..... .... . . . ....... Itt
Rock formotlons, ~f):lOm.lh:8d sactlou of ...... . . __ .. • .. . . • • •. •••• • .. __ ... . .... 36-37 Vallt"o)·lorrn . rtlnL10n 0(, to rxk OOrdfltM . ........ .. .. . ...... .. ... ... .... 1'3li- \!(I
Rock hfU"ducss, rrla.1Iou ofvalloy form to .. ............... ............. ... 128-I~g Valkol's, i'cstures 01 . . • .. .. .. ...... . .. ..... . . ............. .. _. .... ........ .. 13,....1.3
Rockvlllo, sectlo~ lleAr. _ . .. .. .... ............ . .... . ... . . ... . ....... .. ... .. . 72 " aUt )'1I 10 hard iUld solt roeQ, dl!Y'IIlop::»nt of . . .... ... . ... . . .... " . . . . ... IJ1!.-I:lII
" eret. t~, cl1Arl1ctI!J' of. ... ........... .... ........ . .. .. ... ........ . ... .. .... 2.-%i
s VeCiIUltlon, InfluettCll 01, 00 Ilf1llloo . . . ... . ... . . . .. . .. , ... . . . ....... .. I:.'".
SIIIl fiwllt'l p;-roup (JunlS!lc) , '>KO (Iud cornlnt,JQu Qf. . ... ........... _.. .. .. .. __ 71-n
II'
distributloo IUId t..op~ lraph!ee1preq,lou oL ............ . ........ ........ ll.l-ilJ I
Iol:t.-Iocr!tl itmtliTupnle .!loud Ulhnlol(le h tUllllS oL .. . . . ... .. ... . .. . . ... . . ... i ()-';l W!~,;ltIOOX M~, ;;c,;llo)u 01 K"l b.t.llllltIlItClI\tll COt1 ~tlt~l uf... . .. . . . . . . ... .. . .1
i\torriaao _Ol&t"- (CnL1UlC.::US?) !Wi! uodlal!n!DtktLed, IUDOrtJ k.!I.lUrt3 MlCt!on of ShlQarump t'OClaloc:!tntl! lIort h!.o.ut of..... .. ... . ....... .. . .... ~
or_..... ..................................... _................... 78--i19 ~ 1l0f)a: of C hln l& fotmALbn &c!BT. . .. . . .... .. ..... .. .. .. ........ __ . .. .. 65--30
IM!etiom ot......... __ . __ . ............. .... . . ..... . 5O-8 1. 6~.&&~.87-89
S CO U(lDS,
!:ie"'~UJlle
I'l0l<1'' &OI"O$IIllJ~ rCKiOD . • _ . .. .. __ ••• . , _. . ...... . ..... pI. 17 (iu pookIK)
Om, KtJld mlniQ.ft nL __... ...... . ....... _. .. .... .. .. ..... . . ....... 147
Wuh WfAp saodlwno, phY-"Cl.i1 f('lI.ltuft ol . . .. .. .. . .... .... . ......... . .... . t&4- tG)
IliGCC I0otot.. . .. .. ..... .. ... .... .. ... ... .. ................ ... .. ... .. .... ..
St.I'n l«hl CUlTs S3,nd;s(ooe .1141, uud i:futiu tbltod. gtlllll rnlioo tures 01• • . • lIN- W'
ICS

SbillLrUmp cODl:lomernto, g(locr&1 f";ltulU (If._ .•• ... " '" . .. . . .... . . . . . ..... M - .:o;a
Mo.'llkop( ~trl:ll!) Iiod, b DOrthero pn rt of Clrclo Clills .... ... ...... ...... pI. 7
~cll)n3 ot . ... " ' ' ' ' .... __ .• . • __ . .. . .. ... . ..... . ...... ... .. .. . . _. 49,r.o, .j3, 100J
S hutlbkulb SbaJ8111oDloor of ;\X()@nlc:opJ Ccrmo.~lon . v iow or . .. ... ... . ... . .. ... pl .7
Shock Bor, Hold IlllnloltSL .. .. . _. ........... . .. ... __ ... __ .. .. ........ _..... 147
Sml l:::', fURS. OIpl')tllUob.'\ b)· . . . .. . . . ..... . .. _...• . . _.. . .... . ..... .. . ... _.. .. 11-12
8 ",0\:y Mountalo 1Ul ~l cliofl, (eat..un90t .. __ .. . . _. .. ... .. ..... . .. ...... ....... 12t
E'C1U, chMtIoctnr oC __ .. ... .. . .... __. • __ . . •• ... •. • .. .. ....... .. •• ••• .. . ... . . •... 24
Spawshfll1tradu.li, RC(;Qnnl of._ .. _. .. .. ... .. . ... ... ~, ... .. ... . .... .... .... . .. 6-11
Steft.1llboat coMt.rUeled to trtlllSport oosll'tom Warm CrCl61t to Le-N Fe rr,. . ... pl. 29
St(.lo1.: roi:'ling . ... . . . . . ..... . __ .............. ..... .................... ....... lW-a.5
StT8h~ht CIith. new alone (sce oL ... . ....... __ . . ...... ... .. .. . .. .. .. ...... pl . 'II
fif"'fI(bl. C IIft'e.s.lJdsto~e, oo Pai htd& la, oa::w~Dce and cbancter of •• • ••. 101. H9-.1M
f(t...~ils 01 . . .. .. ... ... ... ...... . ___ , ..... .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. .................... )01
on Esea.ta.n\8 RJ"PI' __ . .... . .. . . ~ ...... . . .. .... . . .. . ..... . . .. ....... . .. . . pI. 14
ph)' slcnl featur(',S 01. ... . _ .... .. . . ... . .. ....... ... ... .... .. . .. ... .... . . . 100--101
~ctlons af ....... ..... .. ___ ... ... . .. .... .. . . _.. .... . . .. .. .. .. .. tOl-tti4,lQ9-1l0
t'Lrotiltrnpb, of . . ....... . .... . .. ... . . . ... . ... .... . .... . .. . ... . . __ . . .• .. IOl-IOt
\Ye.hwSft"p slIIodst(l t.e IIJld, undl R"ertotlo.led, It~aend "lurfS of .. .... . ... 105-1011
f:tr&tlg:rapbiG ....11001_ ,euera.l . . . . ..... .. .... ..... . ........... .. . ..... ... .. . ~7
Siturn grad..loOIIl, JoftueoOl of, 00 r.osioo .... . ... .. . __ ... . ... ... . . _... . .... 12G-1.27
8 lr061u" Jocr'" 01 JIow Df. "'It'r founding of setlIMl(lu" .... .. .. . . _... __ ..... 33-34
raJ.HoG of.tostruClU:te • •• . __ ............. .......... . .. .. ........... ... 1l1- 132
SI.ructure, features ot. ..... . ....... .... ... .. .......... ... ...... ..... ... .... 119-124
bls tone:o.},ke-:.oh 01• . . ... . .. ... . . . .. .. . . .. _.. •• •....• ••.•••. . __ •• • •. . . • 11.- 1'8
method 01 dewmlnation 01... .. ... ..... .......... ... ... . . . . ...... .. . .. .. lUI
rClgl ocoll't!l&t!oos or. ....... .... ............................ ...... _.... 118-110
roI(1( IClQ 0( 8treotnS t.o •••• • _ ••. __ • __ .. . . . " __ . • .. _. . . .......... ... . .... . 131-132
SomUlorvUlo (ormt)tlou , lOoe:t".1 Cc:a.turos 01 • ... ........ .. . ....... ... . _. _.. . .7·.8
:sections Qf.. ..... .... ........ " .. .. .. __ .. ......... ........ .... ... _. 80,82,87. 108
Summorville ( !) !orml\Uou, soctlt)us 01........... __ .. . ....... ... . .... _... . ... 73,&5
SUlllmervUle (1) lands'.o!:e, 1l0Qr CannonvUlol, view of....................... pI , 13
.-aU of, OD Wnbwu PCruk .. _ ......... .. ............... ...... .. ... ... 111. H
l\'uhw~p s~ncllnl), rcalurfd of ..... .. . .... . ... . .... . . . .. . .. ... .. _. ........ ••. 121
\\·!U1Woo. p Villi",., fr::Il.u ~ o{ ... ......... ... . .. .. . ... ... .. ...... .. __ • • •• • •••• 140
aee! !ou of Iov.·er pArt of K.'pe.r'Q'A·I!.5 fOtlllnl!oD In uppe.r. _. ... . .. . .. .. .. . 107
Wunl Crtclt, IiInlllytll or ooaI 110m mloe Db....... ..... ........... .. ..... .... 1.'.03
RellOD ot Da~o to (!) tindsCIt[W ."tt
~Itd rodil OQ . • ...•.• .... . •• • • {l7
IIN:UOO of Y.OrTJ.toQ lon1a$lloo .od 810 R.aIa.e.! !Croup ITt'tr !nolll :' 01.• • . •• 81-88
Wtrn.t C rook s1uclJIII', ~'u~ 01. .. . .. ... __ . ............ .... .... _.... ..... .. 121
\\'1Inn Valle y. feIll llTKoI. . . . . ... ..... . .. ...... .. . . . ..... .. .. .. ... ..... .... H'l-l."
WIS810h Ioll11at !OD ( £ 00&00), cllsrrlbus ftin arid lopo,;;rapblol.'".lprt-.*l.lou d.. .. . 11-&
'Irat~Ill PbJc und IItb04oc£c J6i tu rtIJ 01.. . . •. . •.. ..... . __ ... .. .... .. .. .. lj~J:a
uooonlormf~y ft.t but.r ZoloID& .... .. . .. _. . ... . . . ..... .. . .. .. ......... WI
Wl\lorpoclun ?o1/d. IHQllClO .orisoe au pal'U of... . .. .... . .. ..... ... . .. . .. .. . 13\
pa OOf"IUlda ritIIw frow cn:at. 'JI, IUld Retch shollrlbl':tUffftoe, 4b;trtbultou c:I
fornlati()QlIi..... .. .. .. . .......... . . .. . ........ ... . . ... . .... .. Ill. U
litCllO'..J M'rtWS. at Borr mU ..... . ....... ................. .. . _. . ....... 106-1O'J
~ralloYCt~ Na 'f'!JJaalDd'ulOeoo .. .. . . . .. ... . .. . . ...... .. .. .. ...... .. .. . pl .•
WJl.tf'r pockd JOOII(ldJ Il I, fMl um; of........ .. .. .. .. . ... : .. .... .... .. .. .. . ... . Iia
t opDi:rapb(,= and aeoIocIc D!fij) 01 '*'
01 . . . .. .. .. . .... .. ............ .. ... pl . 24
Wr.h)1' pockel', llClCom ~ and ehlU'llCtat 0'- ..... . . _ . ...... .. __ ..... ... . .... \4.~
\'lfd taQlt, precipitation .t. . . . .......... . . . ... _ .. .. ...... .. .......... ........ Iii
temponltu ... ltt ...... ... ...... .. . .... .. .. .. ... ... ... . . __ .. . .. .. ...... .... 2Z
Will ... OtteAl:. ~iou oC lower PIIr! 01 C~~08OOI: ou ••. •••.... . __ ....... ••.• • 'J9
Wind , IlCt h 1t,. of. ...... . ..... .. . . ..... .. _.. ........ .. ... ....... . . . .. . .. ..... '&:I
work nr..... ..... ...... .. ... . . .. . ... . ...... .. . . ........ . . ..... ....... . . .. IU
WJu p la JaiKklCD&, ~ll"ml CuturP.'S of.... .. .... .. ... .. .. .... . . ... .. .... ..... 172
boooycoru b """lIntb(>f1n£ io b lock 01.. ... _ . .......... . . . .... . .. ...... ..... \)1. ~
!ooc:Joa 01 . .... .. . __ .. . .. ... . . ... . .. ....... ....... .. . .... .... ... . _. ....... IGII
\\' rJxhl DlU',l:old m lnlDIt at . . .. ... ... . .. .... ...... . .... . ... . . . . .. ... ... ... . 147
y
YClIIOI. Dr1i!:!SLD, qa:otocl ................... _............ ............... . .... 21

lS040-31-1~
o
 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFE3SIONAL PAPER 164 PLATE 2

iR£l:J{

.
~~
iJl,~
EXPLANATION
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
"''0
OJ",
"II!
o<l>1>
~ .
co
-0
"'{
Zz
......
Uu
0 ...
:n'"
-Q
"'z
~'"
W
AUonum and "'rnee
sand aDd gravel }I
UN CONFORMITY

...z >-
'"'"
...U ;:
...
0 Waaatch fonnation
('ie,st •• ....,. .....,... ...t
...'"
l-

......
. . . . 0 ....;..,.
)
oipiu.tI4~'""
UNCONFORMITY

Kaiparowitl formation
( AriDoric W_· f'NW ....,..... _-..d
. . . . . MaU )

Wahweap _,ilarone
{ ltIfuriH ~ _~G"'"
- . d.. Mal.1
'"
::J
...uo
'"t;
'"
u
...'""-
Straigbt Clift...ndstone
(Y.uowiM to ~ ................
""' to ....... _Ad:totM : COR-
..... .-1)
l~r::~~~~~~~~C~lift' I
'"u
"-
::J

Tropic shale
(Bl................ to.rtd• . w .)

( YeUowiM to ,...,.,.. w.we. .Rd:-

--..~ • • tNt: _ ....
MaZ. : .....i .. til." coal WI)
UNCONFORMITY

:Morrieon formation
(J(........ ~ . . . . .totu
.""~)
UNCONFORMITY
}i
u

lg Navajo 8andstone

d Glen Canyon group

( UN _ _
.
.,iii
'"
::J
j Todilto (1) formation under· ~

~ lain by Wingate sandstone

... ,
(1Wtuo 1')•. . . - - . t.\i~d
.........,..~ • . . , ..•Jld

..........
~:w.,..,..,..
rM tIlil-Nrwti ..
..,.....
cro_ ",11".11
UNCONFORMITY

o:~
... " ,
~'"
o:! Moenkopi formation
~e: (~n4..""~_'"
. . . . .tNt: ..... MaN ; i" ~
~.,....)

UNCONFORMITY

'"
::>
z o
!!
:a Kaibab limestone and '"wu..
...'"
"- ....
~.

M'
Coconino aandstone
hI............ III1r#CYUh. . .-
....,~~ :
CoootU.o. ,,,,At.-ooloNcI
"_.....ueo-.~of
ei t tdd
.
Z
o
0:

'"
U
W~Jl._)

IGNEOUS ROCKS

Extrulive volcanic rocks

u-.._ .... ..."
o
}I
---
Fault
----
(o . ~ ...)

T ~r.phy based on surveys by
R. C. Moore and compilation,
from maps of the Powell Survey.
U. S. GeolO£"ical Survey, and U. S.
forest Sel"¥ice
--
GeoIOD" by H.rbort E. Groe-ory
GEOLOGIC MAP OF KAIPAROWITS REGION, UTAH-ARIZONA and Raymond C. t.toore
Su.-..yad In 1918-1924
"..~==~..~~...I'================~! ..................,~==============~¥.u.
Contour Interval 250 feet
~M it 7UO. NB lnel
1981
 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 164 PLATE 1

i
;
i

EXPLANATION

\ ,0
.....

, ' -I...,
'\ '
-- --.-------

o
G ....
T_~.z.:;;"
lan.i. -J m.

T_,aphy buod on "'MIY' by

ft C. Moore and compilation,
from map' of the Powell Survey.
U. S. GeolociCal Su....". and U. S.
Forest Service
• ---
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OF KAIPAROWITS REGION, UTAH-ARIZONA
I'. .-=~..-=~...·~~~~~~===='~~~~ ......",===============,'' '
CoDtour intenaJ 2IiO feet
Datt&M u . ._ ... J.Hl
1981